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Barteneva NS, Fasler-Kan E, Bernimoulin M, Stern JNH, Ponomarev ED, Duckett L, Vorobjev IA. Circulating microparticles: square the circle. BMC Cell Biol 2013; 14:23. [PMID: 23607880 PMCID: PMC3651414 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-14-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The present review summarizes current knowledge about microparticles (MPs) and provides a systematic overview of last 20 years of research on circulating MPs, with particular focus on their clinical relevance. Results MPs are a heterogeneous population of cell-derived vesicles, with sizes ranging between 50 and 1000 nm. MPs are capable of transferring peptides, proteins, lipid components, microRNA, mRNA, and DNA from one cell to another without direct cell-to-cell contact. Growing evidence suggests that MPs present in peripheral blood and body fluids contribute to the development and progression of cancer, and are of pathophysiological relevance for autoimmune, inflammatory, infectious, cardiovascular, hematological, and other diseases. MPs have large diagnostic potential as biomarkers; however, due to current technological limitations in purification of MPs and an absence of standardized methods of MP detection, challenges remain in validating the potential of MPs as a non-invasive and early diagnostic platform. Conclusions Improvements in the effective deciphering of MP molecular signatures will be critical not only for diagnostics, but also for the evaluation of treatment regimens and predicting disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha S Barteneva
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, D-249, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Takahashi T, Kobayashi S, Fujino N, Suzuki T, Ota C, Tando Y, He M, Yamada M, Kurosawa S, Yamaya M, Kubo H. Differences in the released endothelial microparticle subtypes between human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells and aortic endothelial cells in vitro. Exp Lung Res 2013; 39:155-61. [DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2013.784932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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153
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Fehr EM, Spoerl S, Heyder P, Herrmann M, Bekeredjian-Ding I, Blank N, Lorenz HM, Schiller M. Apoptotic-cell-derived membrane vesicles induce an alternative maturation of human dendritic cells which is disturbed in SLE. J Autoimmun 2013; 40:86-95. [PMID: 23031801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The clearance of apoptotic cells occurs in a non-inflammatory context. Defects in this clearance process have been linked to the emergence of human autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A characteristic of apoptotic cell death is the shedding of membrane coated vesicles from the cellular surfaces. Those vesicles have recently been recognized as mediators of intercellular communication or as adjuvant in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. We analyzed the interactions between these apoptotic cell-derived membrane vesicles and professional antigen presenting cells. These vesicles were engulfed by monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mDC) and stimulated their maturation towards a phenotype comprising an upregulation of CD80, CD83, CD86, and a remarkable downregulation of MHC class II molecules. We observed only a minor release of proinflammatory cytokines from these mDC when compared to LPS stimulation. mDC stimulated by apoptotic vesicles did not cause significant T-cell expansion. Interestingly, when compared to normal healthy donors SLE patients-derived dendritic cells showed a significantly different phenotype lacking the downregulation of MHC class II, which correlated to disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Marie Fehr
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Division of Rheumatology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Advances in genetics and clinical diagnostics, along with recently described clinical entities and refined classification schemes, have improved our understanding of diffuse and interstitial lung diseases in children. This review presents recent updates in these disorders in the context of systemic inflammatory conditions. RECENT FINDINGS Classification of childhood diffuse lung disease (DLD) using adult paradigms is not useful. Distinct clinical-pathologic entities exist in children. Infants are more likely to present with genetic and developmental disorders, and older children with inflammatory and immune-mediated conditions. A combination of clinical evaluation, high-resolution computed tomography scanning, pulmonary function testing and serology, with bronchoscopy and surgical lung biopsy in selected cases, is most useful in the evaluation of DLD in the context of rheumatologic conditions. Common causes of DLD, such as infection, especially in the setting of immunodeficiency, must be ruled out. Optimal therapy for specific disorders will require careful analysis of data from national registries. Emerging use of biomarkers and high-throughput molecular analysis will yield novel insight into these disorders. SUMMARY In the setting of known or suspected rheumatologic disorders, diagnosis and management of DLD are challenging, and require close collaboration among rheumatologists, pulmonologists, and other specialists.
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Microparticle-mediated transfer of the viral receptors CAR and CD46, and the CFTR channel in a CHO cell model confers new functions to target cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52326. [PMID: 23284987 PMCID: PMC3527531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell microparticles (MPs) released in the extracellular milieu can embark plasma membrane and intracellular components which are specific of their cellular origin, and transfer them to target cells. The MP-mediated, cell-to-cell transfer of three human membrane glycoproteins of different degrees of complexity was investigated in the present study, using a CHO cell model system. We first tested the delivery of CAR and CD46, two monospanins which act as adenovirus receptors, to target CHO cells. CHO cells lack CAR and CD46, high affinity receptors for human adenovirus serotype 5 (HAdV5), and serotype 35 (HAdV35), respectively. We found that MPs derived from CHO cells (MP-donor cells) constitutively expressing CAR (MP-CAR) or CD46 (MP-CD46) were able to transfer CAR and CD46 to target CHO cells, and conferred selective permissiveness to HAdV5 and HAdV35. In addition, target CHO cells incubated with MP-CD46 acquired the CD46-associated function in complement regulation. We also explored the MP-mediated delivery of a dodecaspanin membrane glycoprotein, the CFTR to target CHO cells. CFTR functions as a chloride channel in human cells and is implicated in the genetic disease cystic fibrosis. Target CHO cells incubated with MPs produced by CHO cells constitutively expressing GFP-tagged CFTR (MP-GFP-CFTR) were found to gain a new cellular function, the chloride channel activity associated to CFTR. Time-course analysis of the appearance of GFP-CFTR in target cells suggested that MPs could achieve the delivery of CFTR to target cells via two mechanisms: the transfer of mature, membrane-inserted CFTR glycoprotein, and the transfer of CFTR-encoding mRNA. These results confirmed that cell-derived MPs represent a new class of promising therapeutic vehicles for the delivery of bioactive macromolecules, proteins or mRNAs, the latter exerting the desired therapeutic effect in target cells via de novo synthesis of their encoded proteins.
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156
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Walters SB, Kieckbusch J, Nagalingam G, Swain A, Latham SL, Grau GER, Britton WJ, Combes V, Saunders BM. Microparticles from mycobacteria-infected macrophages promote inflammation and cellular migration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 190:669-77. [PMID: 23241892 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is characterized by a strong inflammatory response whereby a few infected macrophages within the granuloma induce sustained cellular accumulation. The mechanisms coordinating this response are poorly characterized. We hypothesized that microparticles (MPs), which are submicron, plasma membrane-derived vesicles released by cells under both physiological and pathological conditions, are involved in this process. Aerosol infection of mice with M. tuberculosis increased CD45(+) MPs in the blood after 4 wk of infection, and in vitro infection of human and murine macrophages with mycobacteria enhanced MP release. MPs derived from mycobacteria-infected macrophages were proinflammatory, and when injected into uninfected mice they induced significant neutrophil, macrophage, and dendritic cell recruitment to the injection site. When incubated with naive macrophages, these MPs enhanced proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine release, and they aided in the disruption of the integrity of a respiratory epithelial cell monolayer, providing a mechanism for the egress of cells to the site of M. tuberculosis infection in the lung. In addition, MPs colocalized with the endocytic recycling marker Rab11a within macrophages, and this association increased when the MPs were isolated from mycobacteria-infected cells. M. tuberculosis-derived MPs also carried mycobacterial Ag and were able to activate M. tuberculosis-specific CD4(+) T cells in vivo and in vitro in a dendritic cell-dependent manner. Collectively, these data identify an unrecognized role for MPs in host response against M. tuberculosis by promoting inflammation, intercellular communication, and cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun B Walters
- Centenary Institute, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia.
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157
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Cloutier N, Tan S, Boudreau LH, Cramb C, Subbaiah R, Lahey L, Albert A, Shnayder R, Gobezie R, Nigrovic PA, Farndale RW, Robinson WH, Brisson A, Lee DM, Boilard E. The exposure of autoantigens by microparticles underlies the formation of potent inflammatory components: the microparticle-associated immune complexes. EMBO Mol Med 2012; 5:235-49. [PMID: 23165896 PMCID: PMC3569640 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201201846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulins, antigens and complement can assemble to form immune complexes (IC). ICs can be detrimental as they propagate inflammation in autoimmune diseases. Like ICs, submicron extracellular vesicles termed microparticles (MP) are present in the synovial fluid from patients affected with autoimmune arthritis. We examined MPs in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using high sensitivity flow cytometry and electron microscopy. We find that the MPs in RA synovial fluid are highly heterogeneous in size. The observed larger MPs were in fact MP-containing ICs (mpICs) and account for the majority of the detectable ICs. These mpICs frequently express the integrin CD41, consistent with platelet origin. Despite expression of the Fc receptor FcγRIIa by platelet-derived MPs, we find that the mpICs form independently of this receptor. Rather, mpICs display autoantigens vimentin and fibrinogen, and recognition of these targets by anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies contributes to the production of mpICs. Functionally, platelet mpICs are highly pro-inflammatory, eliciting leukotriene production by neutrophils. Taken together, our data suggest a unique role for platelet MPs as autoantigen-expressing elements capable of perpetuating formation of inflammatory ICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Cloutier
- Faculté de Médecine de l'Université Laval, Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
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158
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Frank M, Dahlhaus M, Filkova M, Kolling C, Michel BA, Kyburz D, Rozman B, Gay RE, Pisetsky D, Gay S, Jüngel A. Immune cell - derived microparticles contribute to the resistance of rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts to death receptor-mediated apoptosis. Arthritis Res Ther 2012. [PMCID: PMC3332515 DOI: 10.1186/ar3616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Cell-derived microparticles in stored blood products: innocent-bystanders or effective mediators of post-transfusion reactions? BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2012; 10 Suppl 2:s25-38. [PMID: 22890265 DOI: 10.2450/2012.006s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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160
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Ayers L, Stoewhas AC, Ferry B, Stradling J, Kohler M. Elevated levels of endothelial cell-derived microparticles following short-term withdrawal of continuous positive airway pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: data from a randomized controlled trial. Respiration 2012; 85:478-85. [PMID: 23154449 DOI: 10.1159/000342877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive sleep apnea has been associated with impaired endothelial function; however, the mechanisms underlying this association are not completely understood. Cell-derived microparticles may provide a link between obstructive sleep apnea and endothelial dysfunction. OBJECTIVES This randomized controlled trial aimed to examine the effect of a 2-week withdrawal of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy on levels of circulating microparticles. METHODS Forty-one obstructive sleep apnea patients established on CPAP treatment were randomized to either CPAP withdrawal (subtherapeutic CPAP) or continuing therapeutic CPAP, for 2 weeks. Polysomnography was performed and circulating levels of microparticles were analyzed by flow cytometry at baseline and 2 weeks. RESULTS CPAP withdrawal led to a recurrence of obstructive sleep apnea. Levels of CD62E+ endothelium-derived microparticles increased significantly in the CPAP withdrawal group compared to the continuing therapeutic CPAP group (median difference in change +32.4 per µl; 95% CI +7.3 to +64.1 per µl, p = 0.010). CPAP withdrawal was not associated with a statistically significant increase in granulocyte, leukocyte, and platelet-derived microparticles when compared with therapeutic CPAP. CONCLUSIONS Short-term withdrawal of CPAP therapy leads to a significant increase in endothelium-derived microparticles, suggesting that microparticle formation may be causally linked to obstructive sleep apnea and may promote endothelial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ayers
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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161
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Kornek M, Schuppan D. Microparticles: Modulators and biomarkers of liver disease. J Hepatol 2012; 57:1144-6. [PMID: 22878465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslaw Kornek
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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162
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163
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Dinarello CA, Simon A, van der Meer JWM. Treating inflammation by blocking interleukin-1 in a broad spectrum of diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11:633-52. [PMID: 22850787 PMCID: PMC3644509 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1278] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a highly active pro-inflammatory cytokine that lowers pain thresholds and damages tissues. Monotherapy blocking IL-1 activity in autoinflammatory syndromes results in a rapid and sustained reduction in disease severity, including reversal of inflammation-mediated loss of sight, hearing and organ function. This approach can therefore be effective in treating common conditions such as post-infarction heart failure, and trials targeting a broad spectrum of new indications are underway. So far, three IL-1-targeted agents have been approved: the IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra, the soluble decoy receptor rilonacept and the neutralizing monoclonal anti-IL-1β antibody canakinumab. In addition, a monoclonal antibody directed against the IL-1 receptor and a neutralizing anti-IL-1α antibody are in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
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164
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Kornek M, Lynch M, Mehta SH, Lai M, Exley M, Afdhal NH, Schuppan D. Circulating microparticles as disease-specific biomarkers of severity of inflammation in patients with hepatitis C or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology 2012; 143:448-58. [PMID: 22537612 PMCID: PMC3404266 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Microparticles released into the bloodstream upon activation or apoptosis of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells correlate with inflammation as determined by histologic analysis in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) can be differentiated from those with CHC based on activation of distinct sets of immune cells in the liver. METHODS We compared profiles of circulating microparticles from patients with NAFL and NASH (n = 67) to those of CHC (n = 42), with healthy individuals (controls) using flow cytometry; the profiles were correlated with inflammation grade and fibrosis stage based on histologic analyses. We assessed the ability of the profiles to determine the severity of inflammation and fibrosis based on serologic and histologic analyses. RESULTS Patients with CHC had increased levels of microparticles from CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells; the levels correlated with disease severity based on histologic analysis and levels of alanine aminotransferase. Patients with NAFL or NASH had significant increases in numbers of microparticles from invariant natural killer T cells and macrophages/monocytes (CD14(+)), which mediate pathogenesis of NASH. Microparticles from CD14(+) and invariant natural killer T cells correlated with levels of alanine aminotransferase and severity of NASH (based on histology). Levels of microparticles could differentiate between patients with NAFL or NASH and those with CHC, or either group of patients and controls (area under the receiver operating characteristic curves ranging from 0.56 to 0.99). CONCLUSIONS Quantification of immune cell microparticles from serum samples can be used to assess the extent and characteristics of hepatic inflammation in patients with chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslaw Kornek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Lynch
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Michelle Lai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark Exley
- Cancer Biology Program, Hematology-Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nezam H. Afdhal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Dept. of Medicine I, Univ. of Mainz Medical School, Mainz, Germany
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165
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Liu ML, Scalia R, Mehta JL, Williams KJ. Cholesterol-induced membrane microvesicles as novel carriers of damage-associated molecular patterns: mechanisms of formation, action, and detoxification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:2113-21. [PMID: 22814745 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.255471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cholesterol enrichment occurs in vivo when phagocytes ingest retained and aggregated lipoproteins, damaged or senescent cells, and related debris. We previously reported that enrichment of human monocyte/macrophages with unesterified cholesterol (UC) triggers the release of highly procoagulant microvesicles ([MVs], also called microparticles) through induction of apoptosis. We determined whether UC-induced MVs (UCMVs) might transmit endogenous danger signals and, if so, what molecular processes might be responsible for their production, recognition, and detoxification. METHODS AND RESULTS Injection of UCMVs into rats provoked extensive leukocyte rolling and adherence to postcapillary venules in vivo. Likewise, exposure of mouse aortic explants or cultured human endothelial cells to UCMVs augmented the adhesion of human monocytes by several fold and increased endothelial cell intercellular adhesion molecule-1 via nuclear factor-κB activation. To explore molecular mechanisms, we found that UC enrichment of human monocytes, in the absence of other stimuli, induced mitochondrial complex II-dependent accumulation of superoxide and peroxides. A subset of these moieties was exported on UCMVs and mediated endothelial activation. Strikingly, aortic explants from mice lacking lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1, a pattern-recognition receptor, were essentially unable to respond to UCMVs, whereas simultaneously treated explants from wild-type mice responded robustly by increasing monocyte recruitment. Moreover, high-density lipoprotein and its associated enzyme paraoxonase-1 exerted unexpected roles in the detoxification of UCMVs. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our study implicates MVs from cholesterol-loaded human cells as novel carriers of danger signals. By promoting maladaptive immunologic and thrombotic responses, these particles may contribute to atherothrombosis and other conditions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Lin Liu
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Temple University School of Medicine, 3322 North Broad Street, Medical Office Building, room 212, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Van Der Meijden PEJ, Van Schilfgaarde M, Van Oerle R, Renné T, ten Cate H, Spronk HMH. Platelet- and erythrocyte-derived microparticles trigger thrombin generation via factor XIIa. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:1355-62. [PMID: 22537188 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04758.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The procoagulant properties of microparticles (MPs) are due to the of the presence of phosphatidylserine (PS) and tissue factor (TF) on their surface. The latter has been demonstrated especially on MPs derived from monocytes. OBJECTIVES To investigate the relative contribution of TF and factor (F)XII in initiating coagulation on MPs derived from monocytes, platelets and erythrocytes. METHODS Microparticles were isolated from calcium ionophore-stimulated platelets, erythrocytes and monocytic THP-1 cells. MPs were quantified, characterized for cell-specific antigens and analyzed for TF, PS exposure and their thrombin-generating potential. RESULTS The MP number was not proportional to PS exposure and the majority of the MPs exposed PS. TF activity was undetectable on platelet- and erythrocyte-derived MPs (< 1 fM nM(-1) PS), whereas monocyte-derived MPs exposed TF (32 fM nM(-1) PS). Platelet-, erythrocyte- and monocyte-derived MPs, but not purified phospholipids, initiated thrombin generation in normal plasma in the absence of an external trigger (lag time < 11 min). Deficiency or inhibition of FVII had no effect on thrombin generation induced by platelet- and erythrocyte-derived MPs, but interfered with monocyte MP-triggered coagulation. Platelet- and erythrocyte-derived MPs completely failed to induce thrombin generation in FXII-deficient plasma. In contrast, monocyte-derived MPs induced similar thrombin generation in normal vs. FXII-deficient plasma. CONCLUSION MPs from platelets and erythrocytes not only propagate coagulation by exposing PS but also initiate thrombin generation independently of TF in a FXII-dependent manner. In contrast, monocyte-derived MPs trigger coagulation predominantly via TF.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E J Van Der Meijden
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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167
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McVey M, Tabuchi A, Kuebler WM. Microparticles and acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 303:L364-81. [PMID: 22728467 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00354.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of acute lung injury (ALI) and its most severe form, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), is characterized by increased vascular and epithelial permeability, hypercoagulation and hypofibrinolysis, inflammation, and immune modulation. These detrimental changes are orchestrated by cross talk between a complex network of cells, mediators, and signaling pathways. A rapidly growing number of studies have reported the appearance of distinct populations of microparticles (MPs) in both the vascular and alveolar compartments in animal models of ALI/ARDS or respective patient populations, where they may serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. MPs are small cytosolic vesicles with an intact lipid bilayer that can be released by a variety of vascular, parenchymal, or blood cells and that contain membrane and cytosolic proteins, organelles, lipids, and RNA supplied from and characteristic for their respective parental cells. Owing to this endowment, MPs can effectively interact with other cell types via fusion, receptor-mediated interaction, uptake, or mediator release, thereby acting as intrinsic stimulators, modulators, or even attenuators in a variety of disease processes. This review summarizes current knowledge on the formation and potential functional role of different MPs in inflammatory diseases with a specific focus on ALI/ARDS. ALI has been associated with the formation of MPs from such diverse cellular origins as platelets, neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, red blood cells, and endothelial and epithelial cells. Because of their considerable heterogeneity in terms of origin and functional properties, MPs may contribute via both harmful and beneficial effects to the characteristic pathological features of ALI/ARDS. A better understanding of the formation, function, and relevance of MPs may give rise to new promising therapeutic strategies to modulate coagulation, inflammation, endothelial function, and permeability either through removal or inhibition of "detrimental" MPs or through administration or stimulation of "favorable" MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark McVey
- The Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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van der Pol E, Böing AN, Harrison P, Sturk A, Nieuwland R. Classification, Functions, and Clinical Relevance of Extracellular Vesicles. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:676-705. [PMID: 22722893 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.005983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1277] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin van der Pol
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Fluorescent labeling of nano-sized vesicles released by cells and subsequent quantitative and qualitative analysis by high-resolution flow cytometry. Nat Protoc 2012; 7:1311-26. [PMID: 22722367 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2012.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We provide a protocol for a high-resolution flow cytometry-based method for quantitative and qualitative analysis of individual nano-sized vesicles released by cells, as developed and previously described by our group. The method involves (i) bright fluorescent labeling of cell-derived vesicles and (ii) flow cytometric analysis of these vesicles using an optimized configuration of the commercially available BD Influx flow cytometer. The method allows the detection and analysis of fluorescent cell-derived vesicles of ∼100 nm. Integrated information can be obtained regarding the light scattering, quantity, buoyant density and surface proteins of these nano-sized vesicles. This method can be applied in nanobiology to study basic aspects of cell-derived vesicles. Potential clinical applications include the detailed analysis of vesicle-based biomarkers in body fluids and quality control analysis of (biological) vesicles used as therapeutic agents. Isolation, fluorescent labeling and purification of vesicles can be done within 24 h. Flow cytometer setup, calibration and subsequent data acquisition can be done within 2-4 h by an experienced flow cytometer operator.
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Bardelli C, Amoruso A, Federici Canova D, Fresu L, Balbo P, Neri T, Celi A, Brunelleschi S. Autocrine activation of human monocyte/macrophages by monocyte-derived microparticles and modulation by PPARγ ligands. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:716-28. [PMID: 21745193 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Microparticles (MPs), small membrane-bound particles originating from different cell types during activation or apoptosis, mediate intercellular communication, exert pro-coagulant activity and affect inflammation and other pathophysiological conditions. Monocyte-derived MPs have undergone little investigation and, to our knowledge, have never been evaluated for their possible autocrine effects. Therefore, we assessed the ability of monocyte-derived MPs to stimulate human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH MPs were generated from supernatants of human monocytes stimulated by the calcium ionophore A23187 (12 µM), and then characterized. Human monocytes and MDM of healthy donors were isolated by standard procedures. Cells were challenged by MPs or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, used as standard stimulus), in the absence or presence of PPARγ agonists and antagonists. Superoxide anion production (measured spectrophotometrically), cytokine release (elisa), PPARγ protein expression (immunoblotting) and NF-κB activation (EMSA assay) were evaluated. KEY RESULTS Monocyte-derived MPs induced, in a concentration-dependent manner, oxygen radical production, cytokine release and NF-κB activation in human monocytes and macrophages, with lower effects than PMA. In both cell types, the PPARγ agonists rosiglitazone and 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14) -prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2) ) inhibited MPs-induced stimulation and this inhibition was reversed by a PPARγ antagonist. In human monocyte/macrophages, MPs as well as rosiglitazone and 15d-PGJ(2) induced PPARγ protein expression. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS In human monocyte/macrophages, monocyte-derived MPs exert an autocrine activation that was modulated by PPARγ ligands, inducing both pro-inflammatory (superoxide anion production, cytokine release and NF-κB activation) and anti-inflammatory (PPARγ expression) effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bardelli
- Department of Medical Sciences, University A. Avogadro, Via Solaroli, Novara, Italy
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171
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Rykova EY, Morozkin ES, Ponomaryova AA, Loseva EM, Zaporozhchenko IA, Cherdyntseva NV, Vlassov VV, Laktionov PP. Cell-free and cell-bound circulating nucleic acid complexes: mechanisms of generation, concentration and content. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012; 12 Suppl 1:S141-53. [PMID: 22500614 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.673577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extracellular nucleic acids are found in human blood and cell culture medium as cell-free or being adsorbed at cell surface. In the last years, the circulating extracellular nucleic acids in blood were shown to be associated with certain diseases. Attempts are made to develop non-invasive methods of early tumor diagnostics based on analysis of circulating DNA and RNA. AREAS COVERED This article reviews accumulating data regarding cell-free and cell-surface-bound extracellular nucleic acid nature and generation mechanisms. Their existence as a constituent of the naturally occurring complexes with proteins or membrane-bearing particles is discussed with regard to their homeostatic concentration and distribution in healthy donor blood which are significantly altered in cancer patients. Gene-target and whole-genome studies reveal significant differences in gene representation between extracellular DNA and genome DNA. Overrepresentation of regions with high transcription activity has led to proposal that extracellular DNA generation is strongly dependent on the parent genome functionality, which is associated with chromosome packaging and DNA methylation levels. EXPERT OPINION Recent studies provide evidence of the circulating nucleome organization complexity indicating that discovery of extracellular DNA generation and circulation patterns in healthy condition and cancer is essential to enable the development of proper approaches for the selection of valid diagnostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Y Rykova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, Acad. Lavrentyev Prosp., Novosibirsk, Russia.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Microvesicles (also known as microparticles) are small membranous structures that are released from platelets and cells upon activation or during apoptosis. Microvesicles have been found in blood, urine, synovial fluid, extracellular spaces of solid organs, atherosclerotic plaques, tumors, and elsewhere. Here, we focus on new clinical and basic work that implicates microvesicles as markers and mediators of endothelial dysfunction and hence novel contributors to cardiovascular and other diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Advances in the detection of microvesicles and the use of cell type-specific markers to determine their origin have allowed studies that associated plasma concentrations of specific microvesicles with major types of endothelial dysfunction - namely, inappropriate or maladaptive vascular tone, leukocyte recruitment, and thrombosis. Recent investigations have highlighted microvesicular transport of key biologically active molecules besides tissue factor, such as ligands for pattern-recognition receptors, elements of the inflammasome, and morphogens. Microvesicles generated from human cells under different pathologic circumstances, for example, during cholesterol loading or exposure to endotoxin, carry different subsets of these molecules and thereby alter endothelial function through several distinct, well characterized molecular pathways. SUMMARY Clinical and basic studies indicate that microvesicles may be novel markers and mediators of endothelial dysfunction. This work has advanced our understanding of the development of cardiovascular and other diseases. Opportunities and obstacles to clinical applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Lin Liu
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA.
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Pisetsky DS, Ullal AJ, Gauley J, Ning TC. Microparticles as mediators and biomarkers of rheumatic disease. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012; 51:1737-46. [PMID: 22403183 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kes028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Microparticles (MPs) are small membrane-bound vesicles that arise from activated and dying cells and enter the blood to display pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic activities. MPs are 0.1-1.0 μm in size and incorporate nuclear, cytoplasmic and membrane molecules as they detach from cells. This process can occur with cell activation as well as cell death, with particles likely corresponding to blebs that form on the cell surface during apoptosis. To measure particle expression, flow cytometry allows determination of particle numbers based on size as well as surface markers that denote the cell of origin; platelet MPs are usually the most abundant type in blood. As shown in in vitro and in vivo systems, MPs can promote inflammation and thrombosis resulting from their content of cytokines like IL-1 and pro-coagulant molecules like tissue factor. Certain particle types can be anti-inflammatory, however, suggesting a range of immunomodulatory activities depending on the cell of origin. Studies on patients with a wide range of rheumatic disease show increased MP numbers in blood, with platelet and endothelial particles associated with vascular manifestations; increased numbers of particles also occur in the joint fluid where they may drive cytokine production and activate synoviocytes. In autoimmune diseases such as SLE and RA, MPs may also contribute to disease pathogenesis by the formation of immune complexes. MPs thus represent novel subcellular structures that can impact on the pathogenesis of rheumatic disease and serve as biomarkers of underlying cellular disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Pisetsky
- Medical Research Service, Durham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
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Hudson M, Pope J, Mahler M, Tatibouet S, Steele R, Baron M, Fritzler MJ. Clinical significance of antibodies to Ro52/TRIM21 in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R50. [PMID: 22394602 PMCID: PMC3446416 DOI: 10.1186/ar3763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autoantibodies to Ro52 recently identified as TRIM21 are among the most common autoantibodies in systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases, but their clinical association remains poorly understood. We undertook this study to determine the clinical and serologic associations of anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS Detailed clinical data and sera from 963 patients with SSc enrolled in a multicenter cohort study were collected and entered into a central database. Antibodies to Ro52/TRIM21 and other autoantibodies were detected with an addressable laser-bead immunoassay and different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) systems. Associations between anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies and clinical and other serologic manifestations of SSc were investigated. RESULTS Anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies were present in 20% of SSc patients and overlapped with other main SSc-related antibodies, including anti-centromere (by immunofluorescence and centromere protein (CENP)-A and CENP-B ELISA), anti-topoisomerase I, anti-RNA polymerase III, and anti-Pm/Scl antibodies. Anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies were strongly associated with interstitial lung disease (odds ratio (OR), 1.53; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.11 to 2.12; P = 0.0091) and overlap syndrome (OR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.01 to 4.19; P = 0.0059). CONCLUSIONS Anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies were the second most common autoantibodies in this SSc cohort. In SSc, anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies may be a marker of interstitial lung disease and overlap syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hudson
- Division of Rheumatology, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Cote Ste Catherine, Montréal H3T 1E3, Quebec, Canada.
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175
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Cellular biomarkers of endothelial health: microparticles, endothelial progenitor cells, and circulating endothelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 6:85-99. [PMID: 22321962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction, the shift from a healthy endothelium to a damaged pro-coagulative, pro-inflammatory, and pro-vasoconstrictive phenotype, is an early event in many chronic diseases that frequently precedes cardiovascular complications. Functional assessment of the endothelium can identify endothelial damage and predict cardiovascular risk; however, this assessment provides little information as to the mechanisms underlying development of endothelial dysfunction. Changes in plasma asymmetric dimethyl arginine levels, markers of lipid peroxidation, circulating levels of inflammatory mediators, indices of coagulation and cellular surrogates such as microparticles, circulating endothelial cells, and endothelial progenitor cells may reflect alterations in endothelial status and as such have been defined as "biomarkers" of endothelial function. Biomarkers may be chemical or cellular. This review examines some markers of endothelial dysfunction, with a particular focus on cellular biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and their diagnostic potential.
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Castro-Seoane R, Hummerich H, Sweeting T, Tattum MH, Linehan JM, Fernandez de Marco M, Brandner S, Collinge J, Klöhn PC. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells sequester high prion titres at early stages of prion infection. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002538. [PMID: 22359509 PMCID: PMC3280992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In most transmissible spongiform encephalopathies prions accumulate in the lymphoreticular system (LRS) long before they are detectable in the central nervous system. While a considerable body of evidence showed that B lymphocytes and follicular dendritic cells play a major role in prion colonization of lymphoid organs, the contribution of various other cell types, including antigen-presenting cells, to the accumulation and the spread of prions in the LRS are not well understood. A comprehensive study to compare prion titers of candidate cell types has not been performed to date, mainly due to limitations in the scope of animal bioassays where prohibitively large numbers of mice would be required to obtain sufficiently accurate data. By taking advantage of quantitative in vitro prion determination and magnetic-activated cell sorting, we studied the kinetics of prion accumulation in various splenic cell types at early stages of prion infection. Robust estimates for infectious titers were obtained by statistical modelling using a generalized linear model. Whilst prions were detectable in B and T lymphocytes and in antigen-presenting cells like dendritic cells and macrophages, highest infectious titers were determined in two cell types that have previously not been associated with prion pathogenesis, plasmacytoid dendritic (pDC) and natural killer (NK) cells. At 30 days after infection, NK cells were more than twice, and pDCs about seven-fold, as infectious as lymphocytes respectively. This result was unexpected since, in accordance to previous reports prion protein, an obligate requirement for prion replication, was undetectable in pDCs. This underscores the importance of prion sequestration and dissemination by antigen-presenting cells which are among the first cells of the immune system to encounter pathogens. We furthermore report the first evidence for a release of prions from lymphocytes and DCs of scrapie-infected mice ex vivo, a process that is associated with a release of exosome-like membrane vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Castro-Seoane
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Holger Hummerich
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor Sweeting
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - M. Howard Tattum
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline M. Linehan
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mar Fernandez de Marco
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Collinge
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter-Christian Klöhn
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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Silva AKA, Wilhelm C, Kolosnjaj-Tabi J, Luciani N, Gazeau F. Cellular Transfer of Magnetic Nanoparticles Via Cell Microvesicles: Impact on Cell Tracking by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Pharm Res 2012; 29:1392-403. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0680-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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178
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Nielsen CT, Østergaard O, Stener L, Iversen LV, Truedsson L, Gullstrand B, Jacobsen S, Heegaard NHH. Increased IgG on cell-derived plasma microparticles in systemic lupus erythematosus is associated with autoantibodies and complement activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:1227-36. [PMID: 22238051 DOI: 10.1002/art.34381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify immunoglobulin and C1q on circulating cell-derived microparticles (MPs) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and to determine whether immunoglobulin and C1q levels are correlated with clinical and serologic parameters. METHODS Sixty-eight clinically well-characterized SLE patients, 38 healthy controls, 6 patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc), and 6 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were included. The numbers of annexin V-binding MPs displaying IgG, IgM, or C1q were enumerated by flow cytometry. MP protein levels were determined by mass spectrometry in clinically defined subsets of SLE patients and controls. The MP IgG load was determined by flow cytometric analysis of all samples from SLE patients and healthy controls. RESULTS SLE patients had significantly increased total and relative numbers of IgG-positive MPs (P = 0.0004), with a much higher average IgG load per MP (P < 0.0001) than healthy controls. Quantitative mass spectrometry of purified MPs verified significantly increased IgG, IgM, and C1q levels in SLE patients. In RA and SSc patients, the average IgG load per MP was significantly lower than in SLE patients (P = 0.006 and P = 0.05, respectively). Also, the IgM load and C1q load per MP were significantly higher in SLE patients than in the control groups (P < 0.05), except for IgM in the RA group. IgG-positive MPs were significantly associated with the presence of anti-double-stranded DNA, anti-extractable nuclear antigen, and antihistone antibodies, with total IgG, and with decreased leukocyte counts. Average IgG load per MP was associated with lower concentrations of MPs, the presence of anti-C1q antibodies, and complement consumption. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that circulating cell-derived MPs in SLE patients carry increased loads of IgG, IgM, and C1q and that IgG MPs are associated with autoantibodies and complement activation. The findings link immunologic reactions on MPs with the etiology of SLE.
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Zampetaki A, Willeit P, Drozdov I, Kiechl S, Mayr M. Profiling of circulating microRNAs: from single biomarkers to re-wired networks. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 93:555-62. [PMID: 22028337 PMCID: PMC3291086 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery that microRNAs (miRNAs) are present in the circulation sparked interest in their use as potential biomarkers. In this review, we will summarize the latest findings on circulating miRNAs and cardiovascular disease but also discuss analytical challenges. While research on circulating miRNAs is still in its infancy, high analytical standards in statistics and study design are a prerequisite to obtain robust data and avoid repeating the mistakes of the early genetic association studies. Otherwise, studies tend to get published because of their novelty despite low numbers, poorly matched cases and controls and no multivariate adjustment for conventional risk factors. Research on circulating miRNAs can only progress by bringing more statistical rigour to bear in this field and by evaluating changes of individual miRNAs in the context of the overall miRNA network. Such miRNA signatures may have better diagnostic and prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zampetaki
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King' s College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
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181
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Quantitative and qualitative flow cytometric analysis of nanosized cell-derived membrane vesicles. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 8:712-20. [PMID: 22024193 PMCID: PMC7106164 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanosized cell-derived membrane vesicles are increasingly recognized as therapeutic vehicles and high-potential biomarkers for several diseases. Currently available methods allow bulk analysis of vesicles but are not suited for accurate quantification and fail to reveal phenotypic heterogeneity in membrane vesicle populations. For such analyses, single vesicle-based, multiparameter, high-throughput methods are needed. We developed a fluorescence-based, high-resolution flow cytometric method for quantitative and qualitative analysis of nanosized membrane vesicles. Proof of principle was obtained by single-particle analysis of virions and liposomes. Further validation was obtained by quantification of cell-derived nanosized membrane vesicles from cell cultures and body fluids. An important aspect was that the technology was extended to detect specific proteins on individual vesicles. This allowed identification of exosome subsets and phenotyping of individual exosomes produced by dendritic cells (DCs) undergoing different modes of activation. The described technology allows quantitative, multiparameter, and high-throughput analysis of a wide variety of nanosized particles and has broad applications. From the Clinical Editor The authors developed a fluorescence-based, high-resolution flow cytometric method for quantitative and qualitative analysis of nanosized cell-derived membrane vesicles that are increasingly recognized both as therapeutic vehicles and high-potential biomarkers for several diseases. A high throughput, easily available, and sensitive detection method such as the one discussed here is a critically important prerequisite for further refinements of this technology.
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Pisetsky DS, Gauley J, Ullal AJ. HMGB1 and microparticles as mediators of the immune response to cell death. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2209-19. [PMID: 21194388 PMCID: PMC3166182 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In a wide variety of diseases, cell death represents both an outcome and an important step in pathogenesis. This duality occurs because cell death leads to the extracellular release of molecules and structures that can potently induce the innate immune system. These mediators include the alarmins which are endogenous cellular constituents that exit activated or dying cells to stimulate toll-like receptors (TLRs) as well as non-TLR receptors. Of alarmins, the nonhistone protein HMGB1 is the prototype. Like DNA and RNA, HMGB1 can translocate from cells as they die. The activity of HMGB1 may reflect its interaction with other molecules such as LPS, DNA, and cytokines. In addition to alarmins, dead and dying cells can release subcellular organelles called microparticles that contain cytoplasmic and nuclear constituents, including DNA and RNA. These particles can impact on many cell types to induce inflammation. The release of HMGB1 and microparticles shows important similarities, occurring with cell death as well as stimulation of certain but not all TLRs. Furthermore, nitric oxide can induce the release of both. These observations suggest that the products of dead cells can serve as important mediators to drive immune responses and promote inflammation and autoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Pisetsky
- Medical Research Service, Durham VA Hospital, 508 Fulton Street, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
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Abstract
Microparticles are small membrane-bound vesicles that display pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic activities important in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of diseases. These particles are released from activated and dying cells and incorporate nuclear and cytoplasmic molecules for extracellular export. Of these molecules, DNA is a central autoantigen in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). As studies in our laboratory show, DNA occurs prominently in microparticles, translocating into these structures during apoptotic cell death. This DNA is antigenically active and can bind to lupus anti-DNA autoantibodies. These findings suggest that microparticles are an important source of extracellular DNA to serve as an autoantigen and autoadjuvant in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Pisetsky
- Medical Research Service, Durham VAMC, 151G, 508 Fulton Street, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
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Reich N, Beyer C, Gelse K, Akhmetshina A, Dees C, Zwerina J, Schett G, Distler O, Distler JHW. Microparticles stimulate angiogenesis by inducing ELR(+) CXC-chemokines in synovial fibroblasts. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 15:756-62. [PMID: 20219013 PMCID: PMC3922664 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microparticles (MPs) are small membrane-vesicles that accumulate in the synovial fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In the arthritic joints, MPs induce a pro-inflammatory and invasive phenotype in synovial fibroblasts (SFs). The present study investigated whether activation of SFs by MPs stimulates angiogenesis in the inflamed joints of patients with RA. MPs were isolated from Jurkat cells and U937 cells by differential centrifugation. SFs were co-cultured with increasing numbers of MPs. The effects of supernatants from co-cultures on endothelial cells were studied in vitro and in vivo using MTT assays, annexin V and propidium iodide staining, trans-well migration assays and modified matrigel pouch assays. MPs strongly induced the expression of the pro-angiogenic ELR+ chemokines CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL5 and CXCL6 in RASFs. Other vascular growth factors were not induced. Supernatants from co-cultures enhanced the migration of endothelial cells, which could be blocked by neutralizing antibodies against ELR+ chemokines. Consistent with the specific induction of ELR+ chemokines, proliferation and viability of endothelial cells were not affected by the supernatants. In the in vivo bio-chamber assay, supernatants from RASFs co-cultured with MPs stimulated angiogenesis with a significant increase of vessels infiltrating into the matrigel chamber. We demonstrated that MPs activate RASFs to release pro-angiogenic ELR+ chemokines. These pro-angiogenic mediators enhance migration of endothelial cells and stimulate the formation of new vessels. Our data suggest that MPs may contribute to the hypervascularization of inflamed joints in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Reich
- Department for Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Effects of progesterone and estradiol sex hormones on the release of microparticles by RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated by Poly(I:C). CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:1420-6. [PMID: 21653747 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05110-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Microparticles (MPs) are small membrane-bound vesicles that display proinflammatory and prothrombotic properties. These particles can be released by macrophages stimulated by ligands of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in a process that depends on nitric oxide (NO) production. Since sex hormones can modulate macrophage responses, we investigated the effects of progesterone and estradiol on macrophage particle release in vitro, comparing the responses with those induced by the glucocorticoid dexamethasone. As a model system for particle release, RAW 264.7 cells were stimulated in vitro with poly(I:C), a ligand of TLR3. Microparticles were measured by flow cytometry, while NO was measured by the Griess reaction. As the results of these studies showed, progesterone but not estradiol can block particle release by RAW264.7 cells treated with poly(I:C); dexamethasone was also active. Furthermore, while progesterone and dexamethasone inhibited NO production under the same culture conditions, neither agent blocked the production of particles stimulated by the NO donors dipropylenetriamine NONOate {(z)-1-[N-(3-aminopropyl)-N-(3-ammoniopropyl)amino] diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate} and (z)-1-[(2-aminoethyl)-N-(2-ammonioethyl)amino] diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate. Studies using RU486 to assess the role of hormone receptors indicated that while this agent blocked the inhibition of particle and NO production by dexamethasone, it did not affect the inhibition by progesterone. Together, these results indicate that progesterone but not estradiol can inhibit particle release by stimulated macrophages and suggest a mechanism that may contribute to the immunomodulatory effects of this sex hormone.
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György B, Szabó TG, Pásztói M, Pál Z, Misják P, Aradi B, László V, Pállinger E, Pap E, Kittel A, Nagy G, Falus A, Buzás EI. Membrane vesicles, current state-of-the-art: emerging role of extracellular vesicles. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2667-88. [PMID: 21560073 PMCID: PMC3142546 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0689-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1540] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Release of membrane vesicles, a process conserved in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, represents an evolutionary link, and suggests essential functions of a dynamic extracellular vesicular compartment (including exosomes, microparticles or microvesicles and apoptotic bodies). Compelling evidence supports the significance of this compartment in a broad range of physiological and pathological processes. However, classification of membrane vesicles, protocols of their isolation and detection, molecular details of vesicular release, clearance and biological functions are still under intense investigation. Here, we give a comprehensive overview of extracellular vesicles. After discussing the technical pitfalls and potential artifacts of the rapidly emerging field, we compare results from meta-analyses of published proteomic studies on membrane vesicles. We also summarize clinical implications of membrane vesicles. Lessons from this compartment challenge current paradigms concerning the mechanisms of intercellular communication and immune regulation. Furthermore, its clinical implementation may open new perspectives in translational medicine both in diagnostics and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence György
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Nagyvárad tér, Hungary
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187
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Microparticles as antigenic targets of antibodies to DNA and nucleosomes in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Autoimmun 2011; 36:173-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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188
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Dong XQ, Huang M, Hu YY, Yu WH, Zhang ZY. Time course of plasma microparticle concentrations after acute spontaneous basal ganglia hemorrhage. Acta Neurol Scand 2011; 123:280-8. [PMID: 20597866 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the changes in plasma microparticle (MP) levels in patients after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and assess their association with outcome along with biological markers of the acute phase response. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty healthy controls and 86 patients with acute ICH were recruited. Plasma samples were obtained on admission and at days 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 after ICH. MPs with procoagulant potential were measured with a prothrombinase assay. RESULTS Plasma MP levels in patients were substantially higher than those in healthy controls during the 7-day period. Plasma MP levels were strongly associated with outcome and with biological markers of the acute phase response. Multivariate analysis showed baseline plasma MP level was a good predictor of 1-week mortality (odds ratio, 1.930; 95% confidence interval, 1.229-3.031; P=0.004). A receiver operating characteristic curve identified the plasma MP cutoff level (8.4 nmol/l phosphatidylserine equivalent) that predicted 1-week mortality with high sensitivity (90.6%) and specificity (68.5.0%) (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Increased membrane microparticle levels occur after ICH and may contribute to the subsequent brain injury, in association with a poor clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-Q Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hangzhou Municipal People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou, China.
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Abstract
In this issue of Blood, György and colleagues used multiple methods to characterize cell-derived microparticles (MPs) in the plasma and synovial fluid of arthritis patients and discovered that MPs and immune complexes (ICs) have overlapping biophysical properties.
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191
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Peters DL, Pretorius PJ. Origin, translocation and destination of extracellular occurring DNA--a new paradigm in genetic behaviour. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:806-11. [PMID: 21277292 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The diagnostic value of extracellular occurring DNA (eoDNA) is limited by our lack of understanding its biological function. eoDNA exists in a number of forms, namely vesicle bound DNA (apoptotic bodies, micro particles, micro vesicles and exosomes), histone/DNA complexes or nucleosomes and virtosomes. These forms of DNA can also be categorized under the terms circulating DNA, cell free DNA, free DNA and extracellular DNA. The DNA can be released by means of form-specific mechanisms and seem to be governed by cell cycle phases and apoptosis. Active release is supported by evidence of energy dependent release mechanisms and various immunological- and messenger functions. Sequencing has shown that eoDNA sequences present in the nucleosome reflects traits and distribution of genome sequences and are regulated by ways of release and/or clearance. eoDNA enables the horizontal transfer of gene sequences from one cell to another, over various distances. The ability of eoDNA to partake in horizontal gene transfer makes it an important facet in the field of epigenetic variation. Clinical implementation of eoDNA diagnostics requires that all of the subgroups of eoDNA be properly investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimetrie L Peters
- Centre for Human Metabonomics, School for Physical and Chemical Sciences, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
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192
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Ayers L, Kohler M, Harrison P, Sargent I, Dragovic R, Schaap M, Nieuwland R, Brooks SA, Ferry B. Measurement of circulating cell-derived microparticles by flow cytometry: sources of variability within the assay. Thromb Res 2011; 127:370-7. [PMID: 21257195 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2010.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Circulating cell-derived microparticles (MPs) have been implicated in several disease processes and elevated levels are found in many pathological conditions. The detection and accurate measurement of MPs, although attracting widespread interest, is hampered by a lack of standardisation. The aim of this study was to establish a reliable flow cytometric assay to measure distinct subtypes of MPs in disease and to identify any significant causes of variability in MP quantification. MATERIALS AND METHODS Circulating MPs within plasma were identified by their phenotype (platelet, endothelial, leukocyte and annexin-V positivity (AnnV+). The influence of key variables (i.e. time between venepuncture and centrifugation, washing steps, the number of centrifugation steps, freezing/long-term storage and temperature of thawing) on MP measurement were investigated. RESULTS Increasing time between venepuncture and centrifugation leads to increased MP levels. Washing samples results in decreased AnnV+MPs (P=0.002) and platelet-derived MPs (PMPs) (P=0.002). Double centrifugation of MPs prior to freezing decreases numbers of AnnV+MPs (P=0.0004) and PMPs (P=0.0004). A single freeze thaw cycle of samples led to an increase in AnnV+MPs (P=0.0020) and PMPs (P=0.0039). Long-term storage of MP samples at -80° resulted in decreased MP levels. CONCLUSIONS This study found that minor protocol changes significantly affected MP levels. This is one of the first studies attempting to standardise a method for obtaining and measuring circulating MPs. Standardisation will be essential for successful development of MP technologies, allowing direct comparison of results between studies and leading to a greater understanding of MPs in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ayers
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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193
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Oyabu C, Morinobu A, Sugiyama D, Saegusa J, Tanaka S, Morinobu S, Tsuji G, Kasagi S, Kawano S, Kumagai S. Plasma platelet-derived microparticles in patients with connective tissue diseases. J Rheumatol 2011; 38:680-4. [PMID: 21239749 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.100780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify the role of platelet-derived microparticles (PDMP), which are small vesicles with thrombotic and immunological properties, in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc), dermatomyositis/polymyositis (PM/DM), and mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). METHODS Plasma levels of PDMP were measured by ELISA, and compared among patients with one of the 4 diseases. Association of PDMP levels with clinical characteristics and medication of the patients was also examined. RESULTS PDMP levels were higher in patients with MCTD and SSc than in controls. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that patients with Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) showed higher PDMP levels than those without. PDMP levels in individual patients did not fluctuate significantly over several months. CONCLUSION PDMP level is associated with MCTD, SSc, and RP, and could be a novel marker for RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinami Oyabu
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Immunology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunoki-cho, 650-0017, Kobe, Japan
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194
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van der Heyde HC, Gramaglia I, Combes V, George TC, Grau GE. Flow cytometric analysis of microparticles. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 699:337-354. [PMID: 21116991 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61737-950-5_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cell-derived microparticles (MPs) are increasingly recognized as important cell-to-cell signaling mechanisms and may exhibit important functions in homeostasis but also in pathogenesis. Indeed, MPs are associated with a number of diseases inhibiting their production that protects against pathogenesis. MPs are distinct from exosomes and apoptotic bodies, often exhibiting the membrane proteins of the activated or apoptotic cell from which they are derived. Electron microscopic analyses have shown that MPs are produced by all cell types tested to date, and ELISA-based assays have established that increased numbers of MPs are produced following cell activation. These approaches do not, however, determine the exact number of MPs and distribution of functional proteins on their surface. Flow cytometry represents an obvious approach to analyze MPs, and we present here a method to assess the number and phenotype of MPs by using a conventional flow cytometer. We also present the caveats with this method and describe a new imaging flow cytometry approach that overcomes these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri C van der Heyde
- Cell Analysis Core Facility, Flow Cytometry, La Jolla Infectious Disease Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
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195
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Kornek M, Popov Y, Libermann TA, Afdhal NH, Schuppan D. Human T cell microparticles circulate in blood of hepatitis patients and induce fibrolytic activation of hepatic stellate cells. Hepatology 2011; 53:230-42. [PMID: 20979056 PMCID: PMC3505073 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Microparticles (MPs) are small cell membrane vesicles that are released from cells during apoptosis or activation. Although circulating platelet MPs have been studied in some detail, the existence and functional role of T cell MPs remain elusive. We show that blood from patients with active hepatitis C (alanine aminotransferase [ALT] level >100 IU/mL) contains elevated numbers of T cell MPs compared with patients with mild hepatitis C (ALT <40 IU/mL) and healthy controls. T cell MPs fuse with cell membranes of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), the major effector cells for excess matrix deposition in liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. MP uptake is partly intercellular adhesion molecule 1-dependent and leads to activation of nuclear factor kappa B and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 and subsequent up-regulation of fibrolytic genes in HSCs, down-regulation of procollagen α1(I) messenger RNA, and blunting of profibrogenic activities of transforming growth factor β1. Ex vivo, the induced fibrolytic activity is evident in MPs derived from activated CD4+ T cells and is highest in MPs derived from activated and apoptotic CD8+ T cells. Mass spectrometry, fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis, and function blocking antibodies revealed CD147/Emmprin as a candidate transmembrane molecule in HSC fibrolytic activation by CD8+ T cell MPs. CONCLUSION Circulating T cell MPs are a novel diagnostic marker for inflammatory liver diseases, and in vivo induction of T cell MPs may be a novel strategy to induce regression of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslaw Kornek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215 USA
| | - Yury Popov
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215 USA
| | - Towia A. Libermann
- BIDMC Genomics and Proteomics Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215 USA
| | - Nezam H. Afdhal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215 USA
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215 USA
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196
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Braeckmans K, Buyens K, Bouquet W, Vervaet C, Joye P, De Vos F, Plawinski L, Doeuvre L, Angles-Cano E, Sanders NN, Demeester J, De Smedt SC. Sizing nanomatter in biological fluids by fluorescence single particle tracking. NANO LETTERS 2010; 10:4435-42. [PMID: 20923181 DOI: 10.1021/nl103264u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Accurate sizing of nanoparticles in biological media is important for drug delivery and biomedical imaging applications since size directly influences the nanoparticle processing and nanotoxicity in vivo. Using fluorescence single particle tracking we have succeeded for the first time in following the aggregation of drug delivery nanoparticles in real time in undiluted whole blood. We demonstrate that, by using a suitable surface functionalization, nanoparticle aggregation in the blood circulation is prevented to a large extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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197
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Detection and isolation of cell-derived microparticles are compromised by protein complexes resulting from shared biophysical parameters. Blood 2010; 117:e39-48. [PMID: 21041717 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-09-307595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous diseases, recently reported to associate with elevated microvesicle/microparticle (MP) counts, have also long been known to be characterized by accelerated immune complex (IC) formation. The goal of this study was to investigate the potential overlap between parameters of protein complexes (eg, ICs or avidin-biotin complexes) and MPs, which might perturb detection and/or isolation of MPs. In this work, after comprehensive characterization of MPs by electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, dynamic light-scattering analysis, and flow cytometry, for the first time, we drive attention to the fact that protein complexes, especially insoluble ICs, overlap in biophysical properties (size, light scattering, and sedimentation) with MPs. This, in turn, affects MP quantification by flow cytometry and purification by differential centrifugation, especially in diseases in which IC formation is common, including not only autoimmune diseases, but also hematologic disorders, infections, and cancer. These data may necessitate reevaluation of certain published data on patient-derived MPs and contribute to correct the clinical laboratory assessment of the presence and biologic functions of MPs in health and disease.
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198
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Anderson HC, Mulhall D, Garimella R. Role of extracellular membrane vesicles in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cancer, renal diseases, atherosclerosis, and arthritis. J Transl Med 2010; 90:1549-57. [PMID: 20805791 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2010.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular membrane vesicles (MVs) 30-1000 nm in diameter and of varying cellular origins are increasingly recognized for their participation in a range of processes, including the pathogenesis of various diseases, such as: (1) atherosclerosis, (2) thromboembolism, (3) osteoarthritis (OA), (4) chronic renal disease and pulmonary hypertension, (5) tissue invasion and metastasis by cancer cells, (6) gastric ulcers and bacterial infections, and (7) periodontitis. MVs are derived from many different cell types and intracellular mechanisms, and perform different metabolic functions or roles, depending on the cell of origin.The presence of a metabolically active, outer membrane is a distinguishing feature of all MVs, regardless of their cell type of origin and irrespective of terminologies applied to them such as exosomes, microparticles, or matrix vesicles. The MV membrane provides one of the few protected and controlled internal microenvironments outside cells in which specific metabolic objectives of the host cell may be pursued vigorously at a distance from the host cell. MVs are also involved in various forms of normal and abnormal intercellular communication. Evidence is emerging that circulating MVs are good predictors of the severity of several diseases. In addition, recently, the role of MVs in inducing immunity against cancer cells and bacterial infections has become a topic of interest to researchers in the area of therapeutics. The main objective of this review is to list and briefly describe the increasingly well-defined roles of MVs in selected diseases in which they seem to have a significant role in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Clarke Anderson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160-7410, USA.
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McKenna KC, Vicetti Miguel RD, Beatty KM, Bilonick RA. A caveat for T cell transfer studies: generation of cytotoxic anti-Thy1.2 antibodies in Thy1.1 congenic mice given Thy1.2+ tumors or T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 89:291-300. [PMID: 20959413 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0610333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thy1.1 congenic B6.PL mice were used to simultaneously monitor Thy1.2+ E.G7-OVA tumors transplanted in the a.c. of the eye and i.v.-transferred tumor-specific Thy1.2+ CTLs to determine mechanisms that inhibit the tumoricidal activity of CTL responses in mice with established ocular tumors. Transferred CTLs were systemically deleted in mice with established ocular tumors. However, this deletion was not a unique mechanism of immune evasion by ocular tumors. Rather, development of Thy1.2+ tumors in the eye or skin of B6.PL mice generated cytotoxic anti-Thy1.2 antibodies that eliminated a subsequent Thy1.2+ T cell transfer. Anti-Thy1.2 immune responses in B6.PL mice were influenced by the route of antigen administration, as the serum concentration of cytotoxic anti-Thy1.2 antibodies was 92-fold greater in mice with eye tumors in comparison with mice with skin tumors. In addition, anti-Thy1.2 immune responses were detected in B6.PL mice given naïve Thy1.2+ T cells i.p. but not i.v. Anti-Thy1.2 responses were augmented in B6.PL mice with ocular Thy1.2+ EL-4 tumors that did not express OVA, suggesting immunodominance of OVA antigen over Thy1.2. Thy1.1+ T cells given i.p. was not immunogenic in Thy1.2 congenic mice. These data reaffirm that the introduction of antigens in the a.c. induces robust antibody responses. Experimentation using allotypic differences in Thy1 between donor cells and recipient mice must consider cytotoxic anti-Thy1 antibody generation in the interpretation of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle C McKenna
- University of Pittsburgh, Eye and Ear Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Prati C, Racadot E, Wendling D. Microparticles and inflammatory joint disease. Joint Bone Spine 2010; 77:496-8. [PMID: 20851030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2010.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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