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Transcriptomic analysis of pancreatic cancer cells in response to metformin and aspirin: an implication of synergy. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13390. [PMID: 26294325 PMCID: PMC4543968 DOI: 10.1038/srep13390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin and aspirin have been studied extensively as cancer preventative and therapeutic agents. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms for the inhibitory effects of pancreatic cancer development remain undefined. To gain further insight into their biological function in pancreatic cancer, we conducted a transcriptomic analysis using RNA sequencing to assess the differential gene expression induced by metformin (5 mM) and aspirin (2 mM), alone or in combination, after treatment of PANC-1 cells for 48 hours. Compared to an untreated control, metformin down-regulated 58 genes and up-regulated 91 genes, aspirin down-regulated 12 genes only, while metformin plus aspirin down-regulated 656 genes and up-regulated 449 genes (fold-change > 2, P < 10−5). Of the top 10 genes (fold-change > 10, P < 10−10) regulated by metformin plus aspirin, PCDH18, CCL2, RASL11A, FAM111B and BMP5 were down-regulated ≥ 20-fold, while NGFR, NPTX1, C7orf57, MRPL23AS1 and UNC5B were up-regulated ≥ 10-fold. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) revealed that the pathways, “cholesterol biosynthesis”, “cell cycle: G1/S checkpoint regulation”, and “axonal guidance signaling” were the most statistically significant pathways modulated by metformin plus aspirin. Although the results need further functional validation, these data provide the first evidence for the synergistic action between metformin and aspirin in modulating the transcriptional profile of pancreatic cancer cells.
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Rivas-Fuentes S, Salgado-Aguayo A, Pertuz Belloso S, Gorocica Rosete P, Alvarado-Vásquez N, Aquino-Jarquin G. Role of Chemokines in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Angiogenesis and Inflammation. J Cancer 2015; 6:938-52. [PMID: 26316890 PMCID: PMC4543754 DOI: 10.7150/jca.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the most common types of aggressive cancer. The tumor tissue, which shows an active angiogenesis, is composed of neoplastic and stromal cells, and an abundant inflammatory infiltrate. Angiogenesis is important to support tumor growth, while infiltrating cells contribute to the tumor microenvironment through the secretion of growth factors, cytokines and chemokines, important molecules in the progression of the disease. Chemokines are important in development, activation of the immune response, and physiological angiogenesis. Chemokines have emerged as important regulators in the pathophysiology of cancer. These molecules are involved in the angiogenesis/angiostasis balance and in the recruitment of tumor infiltrating hematopoietic cells. In addition, chemokines promote tumor cell survival, as well as the directing and establishment of tumor cells to metastasis sites. The findings summarized here emphasize the central role of chemokines as modulators of tumor angiogenesis and their potential role as therapeutic targets in the inflammatory process of NSCLC angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Rivas-Fuentes
- 1. Department of Biochemistry Research, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Salgado-Aguayo
- 2. Laboratory of Research on Rheumatic Diseases, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Silvana Pertuz Belloso
- 3. Department of Comparative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Patricia Gorocica Rosete
- 1. Department of Biochemistry Research, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Noé Alvarado-Vásquez
- 1. Department of Biochemistry Research, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Aquino-Jarquin
- 4. Laboratory of Research on Genomics, Genetics and Bioinformatics. Tower of Haemato-oncology, Children´s Hospital of Mexico “Federico Gomez”, Mexico City, Mexico
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153
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Lebel-Haziv Y, Meshel T, Soria G, Yeheskel A, Mamon E, Ben-Baruch A. Breast cancer: coordinated regulation of CCL2 secretion by intracellular glycosaminoglycans and chemokine motifs. Neoplasia 2015; 16:723-40. [PMID: 25246273 PMCID: PMC4234876 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine CCL2 (MCP-1) has been identified as a prominent tumor-promoting factor in breast cancer. The major source for CCL2 is in the tumor cells; thus, identifying the mechanisms regulating CCL2 release by these cells may enable the future design of modalities inhibiting CCL2 secretion and consequently reduce tumorigenicity. Using cells deficient in expression of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and short hairpin RNAs reducing heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) expression, we found that intracellular HS and CS (= GAGs) partly controlled the trafficking of CCL2 from the Golgi toward secretion. Next, we determined the secretion levels of GFP-CCL2-WT and GFP-CCL2-variants mutated in GAG-binding domains and/or in the 40s loop of CCL2 (45TIVA48). We have identified partial roles for R18+K19, H66, and the 45TIVA48 motif in regulating CCL2 secretion. We have also demonstrated that in the absence of R24 or R18+K19 +45TIVA48, the secretion of CCL2 by breast tumor cells was almost abolished. Analyses of the intracellular localization of GFP-CCL2-mutants in the Golgi or the endoplasmic reticulum revealed particular intracellular processes in which these CCL2 sequences controlled its intracellular trafficking and secretion. The R24, 45TIVA48 and R18+K19 +45TIVA48 domains controlled CCL2 secretion also in other cell types. We propose that targeting these chemokine regions may lead to reduced secretion of CCL2 by breast cancer cells (and potentially also by other malignant cells). Such a modality may limit tumor growth and metastasis, presumably without affecting general immune activities (as discussed below).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaeli Lebel-Haziv
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tsipi Meshel
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gali Soria
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adva Yeheskel
- Bioinformatics Unit, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Elad Mamon
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adit Ben-Baruch
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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154
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Yumimoto K, Nakayama KI. Fbxw7 suppresses cancer metastasis by inhibiting niche formation. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1022308. [PMID: 26405580 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1022308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Fbxw7 has been identified as an oncosuppressor protein in many types of cancer. We have recently shown that loss of Fbxw7 in bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs) promotes cancer metastasis by increasing production of the chemokine CCL2, which attracts monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (Mo-MDSCs) and macrophages to the metastatic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Yumimoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Medical Institute of Bioregulation; Kyushu University ; Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keiichi I Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Medical Institute of Bioregulation; Kyushu University ; Fukuoka, Japan
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155
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Hu Z, Brooks SA, Dormoy V, Hsu CW, Hsu HY, Lin LT, Massfelder T, Rathmell WK, Xia M, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Amedei A, Brown DG, Prudhomme KR, Colacci A, Hamid RA, Mondello C, Raju J, Ryan EP, Woodrick J, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Vaccari M, Roy R, Forte S, Memeo L, Salem HK, Lowe L, Jensen L, Bisson WH, Kleinstreuer N. Assessing the carcinogenic potential of low-dose exposures to chemical mixtures in the environment: focus on the cancer hallmark of tumor angiogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S184-202. [PMID: 26106137 PMCID: PMC4492067 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the important 'hallmarks' of cancer is angiogenesis, which is the process of formation of new blood vessels that are necessary for tumor expansion, invasion and metastasis. Under normal physiological conditions, angiogenesis is well balanced and controlled by endogenous proangiogenic factors and antiangiogenic factors. However, factors produced by cancer cells, cancer stem cells and other cell types in the tumor stroma can disrupt the balance so that the tumor microenvironment favors tumor angiogenesis. These factors include vascular endothelial growth factor, endothelial tissue factor and other membrane bound receptors that mediate multiple intracellular signaling pathways that contribute to tumor angiogenesis. Though environmental exposures to certain chemicals have been found to initiate and promote tumor development, the role of these exposures (particularly to low doses of multiple substances), is largely unknown in relation to tumor angiogenesis. This review summarizes the evidence of the role of environmental chemical bioactivity and exposure in tumor angiogenesis and carcinogenesis. We identify a number of ubiquitous (prototypical) chemicals with disruptive potential that may warrant further investigation given their selectivity for high-throughput screening assay targets associated with proangiogenic pathways. We also consider the cross-hallmark relationships of a number of important angiogenic pathway targets with other cancer hallmarks and we make recommendations for future research. Understanding of the role of low-dose exposure of chemicals with disruptive potential could help us refine our approach to cancer risk assessment, and may ultimately aid in preventing cancer by reducing or eliminating exposures to synergistic mixtures of chemicals with carcinogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Hu
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 614 685 4606; Fax: +1-614-247-7205;
| | - Samira A. Brooks
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Valérian Dormoy
- INSERM U1113, team 3 “Cell Signalling and Communication in Kidney and Prostate Cancer”, University of Strasbourg, Facultée de Médecine, 67085 Strasbourg, France
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Chia-Wen Hsu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3375, USA
| | - Hsue-Yin Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Liang-Tzung Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Thierry Massfelder
- INSERM U1113, team 3 “Cell Signalling and Communication in Kidney and Prostate Cancer”, University of Strasbourg, Facultée de Médecine, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - W. Kimryn Rathmell
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3375, USA
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Dustin G. Brown
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences
, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kalan R. Prudhomme
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Annamaria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roslida A. Hamid
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Jayadev Raju
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate
, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Elizabeth P. Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences
, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, WashingtonDC 20057, USA
| | - A. Ivana Scovassi
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Neetu Singh
- Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre (Centre for Advance Research), King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, WashingtonDC 20057, USA
| | - Stefano Forte
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy
| | - Hosni K. Salem
- Urology Department, kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer, Truro, Nova Scotia B2N 1X5, Canada
| | - Lasse Jensen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden and
| | - William H. Bisson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., in support of the National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, NIEHS, MD K2-16, RTP, NC 27709, USA
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156
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Fujishita T, Kajino-Sakamoto R, Kojima Y, Taketo MM, Aoki M. Antitumor activity of the MEK inhibitor trametinib on intestinal polyp formation in Apc(Δ716) mice involves stromal COX-2. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:692-699. [PMID: 25855137 PMCID: PMC4471789 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase is an MAPK that is most closely associated with cell proliferation, and the MEK/ERK signaling pathway is implicated in various human cancers. Although epidermal growth factor receptor, KRAS, and BRAF are considered major targets for colon cancer treatment, the precise roles of the MEK/ERK pathway, one of their major downstream effectors, during colon cancer development remain to be determined. Using ApcΔ716 mice, a mouse model of familial adenomatous polyposis and early-stage sporadic colon cancer formation, we show that MEK/ERK signaling is activated not only in adenoma epithelial cells, but also in tumor stromal cells including fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells. Eight-week treatment of ApcΔ716 mice with trametinib, a small-molecule MEK inhibitor, significantly reduced the number of polyps in the large size class, accompanied by reduced angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. Trametinib treatment reduced the COX-2 level in ApcΔ716 tumors in vivo and in primary culture of intestinal fibroblasts in vitro. Antibody array analysis revealed that trametinib and the COX-2 inhibitor rofecoxib both reduced the level of CCL2, a chemokine known to be essential for the growth of Apc mutant polyps, in intestinal fibroblasts in vitro. Consistently, trametinib treatment reduced the Ccl2 mRNA level in ApcΔ716 tumors in vivo. These results suggest that MEK/ERK signaling plays key roles in intestinal adenoma formation in ApcΔ716 mice, at least in part, through COX-2 induction in tumor stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Fujishita
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Rie Kajino-Sakamoto
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kojima
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Makoto Mark Taketo
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Aoki
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
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157
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Katanov C, Lerrer S, Liubomirski Y, Leider-Trejo L, Meshel T, Bar J, Feniger-Barish R, Kamer I, Soria-Artzi G, Kahani H, Banerjee D, Ben-Baruch A. Regulation of the inflammatory profile of stromal cells in human breast cancer: prominent roles for TNF-α and the NF-κB pathway. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:87. [PMID: 25928089 PMCID: PMC4469428 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0080-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Breast cancer progression is promoted by stromal cells that populate the tumors, including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). The activities of CAFs and MSCs in breast cancer are integrated within an intimate inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME) that includes high levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β). Here, we identified the impact of TNF-α and IL-1β on the inflammatory phenotype of CAFs and MSCs by determining the expression of inflammatory chemokines that are well-characterized as pro-tumorigenic in breast cancer: CCL2 (MCP-1), CXCL8 (IL-8) and CCL5 (RANTES). Methods Chemokine expression was determined in breast cancer patient-derived CAFs by ELISA and in patient biopsies by immunohistochemistry. Chemokine levels were determined by ELISA in (1) human bone marrow-derived MSCs stimulated by tumor conditioned media (Tumor CM) of breast tumor cells (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) at the end of MSC-to-CAF-conversion process; (2) Tumor CM-derived CAFs, patient CAFs and MSCs stimulated by TNF-α (and IL-1β). The roles of AP-1 and NF-κB in chemokine secretion were analyzed by Western blotting and by siRNAs to c-Jun and p65, respectively. Migration of monocytic cells was determined in modified Boyden chambers. Results TNF-α (and IL-1β) induced the release of CCL2, CXCL8 and CCL5 by MSCs and CAFs generated by prolonged stimulation of MSCs with Tumor CM of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. Patient-derived CAFs expressed CCL2 and CXCL8, and secreted CCL5 following TNF-α (and IL-1β) stimulation. CCL2 was expressed in CAFs residing in proximity to breast tumor cells in biopsies of patients diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma. CCL2 release by TNF-α-stimulated MSCs was mediated by TNF-RI and TNF-RII, through the NF-κB but not via the AP-1 pathway. Exposure of MSCs to TNF-α led to potent CCL2-induced migration of monocytic cells, a process that may yield pro-cancerous myeloid infiltrates in breast tumors. Conclusions Our novel results emphasize the important roles of inflammation-stroma interactions in breast cancer, and suggest that NF-κB may be a potential target for inhibition in tumor-adjacent stromal cells, enabling improved tumor control in inflammation-driven malignancies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0080-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Katanov
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
| | - Shalom Lerrer
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
| | - Yulia Liubomirski
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
| | - Leonor Leider-Trejo
- Department of Pathology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6 Weizmann Street, Tel Aviv, 64239, Israel.
| | - Tsipi Meshel
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
| | - Jair Bar
- Institute of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, 5262100, Israel.
| | - Rotem Feniger-Barish
- Institute of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, 5262100, Israel.
| | - Iris Kamer
- Institute of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, 5262100, Israel.
| | - Gali Soria-Artzi
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
| | - Hadar Kahani
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
| | - Debabrata Banerjee
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Adit Ben-Baruch
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
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158
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Atrial natriuretic peptide prevents cancer metastasis through vascular endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:4086-91. [PMID: 25775533 PMCID: PMC4386325 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1417273112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Most patients suffering from cancer die of metastatic disease. Surgical removal of solid tumors is performed as an initial attempt to cure patients; however, surgery is often accompanied with trauma, which can promote early recurrence by provoking detachment of tumor cells into the blood stream or inducing systemic inflammation or both. We have previously reported that administration of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) during the perioperative period reduces inflammatory response and has a prophylactic effect on postoperative cardiopulmonary complications in lung cancer surgery. Here we demonstrate that cancer recurrence after curative surgery was significantly lower in ANP-treated patients than in control patients (surgery alone). ANP is known to bind specifically to NPR1 [also called guanylyl cyclase-A (GC-A) receptor]. In mouse models, we found that metastasis of GC-A-nonexpressing tumor cells (i.e., B16 mouse melanoma cells) to the lung was increased in vascular endothelium-specific GC-A knockout mice and decreased in vascular endothelium-specific GC-A transgenic mice compared with control mice. We examined the effect of ANP on tumor metastasis in mice treated with lipopolysaccharide, which mimics systemic inflammation induced by surgical stress. ANP inhibited the adhesion of cancer cells to pulmonary arterial and micro-vascular endothelial cells by suppressing the E-selectin expression that is promoted by inflammation. These results suggest that ANP prevents cancer metastasis by inhibiting the adhesion of tumor cells to inflamed endothelial cells.
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159
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Lim JB, Chung HW. Serum ENA78/CXCL5, SDF-1/CXCL12, and their combinations as potential biomarkers for prediction of the presence and distant metastasis of primary gastric cancer. Cytokine 2015; 73:16-22. [PMID: 25689618 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokines play important roles in cancer development and progression. Epithelial-derived neutrophil-activating peptide-78 (ENA78/CXCL5) and stromal cell-derived factor (SDF-1/CXCL12) supposedly contribute to gastric cancer (GC) development and progression. This study aims to evaluate serum levels of ENA78/CXCL5 and SDF-1/CXCL12 along the GC carcinogenesis, and analyze their clinical significance, and diagnostic potentials through human serum samples. METHODS A total of 300 subjects were enrolled in this study. Serum levels of ENA78/CXCL5 and SDF-1/CXCL12, measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay, were compared among 4 disease groups; normal, high-risk (intestinal metaplasia and adenoma), early GC (EGC), and advanced GC (AGC) groups in both training (n=25 per group) and validation dataset (n=70, 30, 50, 50, respectively) by ANOVA test (post hoc Bonferroni). Correlations between serum ENA78/CXCL5 or SDF-1/CXCL12 levels and clinicopathological parameters of GC patients were evaluated (Spearman's correlation; γs). To validate the diagnostic accuracy, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and logistic regression analysis was performed. RESULTS Serum ENA78/CXCL5 and SDF-1/CXCL12 levels were significantly higher in AGC groups than EGC, high-risk and normal groups in both training and validation dataset (Bonferroni, from p<0.01 to p<0.001). Clinicopathologically, serum ENA78/CXCL5 was correlated with T-stage (γs=0.231, p=0.021) and distant metastasis (γs=0.357, p<0.001), while serum SDF-1/CXCL12 was correlated with lymph node (γs=0.220, p=0.029) and distant (γs=0.425, p<0.001) metastasis. ROC curve and logistic regression demonstrated that serum ENA78/CXCL5 and SDF-1/CXCL12 showed higher diagnostic accuracy compared with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in predicting GC. Serum ENA78/CXCL5 could predict both the presence of GC and distant metastasis, while serum SDF-1/CXCL12 could mainly predict its distant metastasis. All combination of serum ENA78/CXCL5, SDF-1/CXCL12, and CEA achieved 92.8% specificity at 75.0% sensitivity to predict distant metastasis of GC. CONCLUSIONS Combinations of initial serum ENA78/CXCL5, SDF-1/CXCL12, and CEA before any treatment for GC can produce valuable serum biomarker panels to predict the presence and distant metastasis of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Baeck Lim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Won Chung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon Metropolitan City, Republic of Korea.
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160
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Vela M, Aris M, Llorente M, Garcia-Sanz JA, Kremer L. Chemokine receptor-specific antibodies in cancer immunotherapy: achievements and challenges. Front Immunol 2015; 6:12. [PMID: 25688243 PMCID: PMC4311683 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1990s brought a burst of information regarding the structure, expression pattern, and role in leukocyte migration and adhesion of chemokines and their receptors. At that time, the FDA approved the first therapeutic antibodies for cancer treatment. A few years later, it was reported that the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR7 were involved on directing metastases to liver, lung, bone marrow, or lymph nodes, and the over-expression of CCR4, CCR6, and CCR9 by certain tumors. The possibility of inhibiting the interaction of chemokine receptors present on the surface of tumor cells with their ligands emerged as a new therapeutic approach. Therefore, many research groups and companies began to develop small molecule antagonists and specific antibodies, aiming to neutralize signaling from these receptors. Despite great expectations, so far, only one anti-chemokine receptor antibody has been approved for its clinical use, mogamulizumab, an anti-CCR4 antibody, granted in Japan to treat refractory adult T-cell leukemia and lymphoma. Here, we review the main achievements obtained with anti-chemokine receptor antibodies for cancer immunotherapy, including discovery and clinical studies, proposed mechanisms of action, and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vela
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariana Aris
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Fundación Cáncer, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Llorente
- Protein Tools Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose A. Garcia-Sanz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIB/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonor Kremer
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Protein Tools Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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161
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Human 3D vascularized organotypic microfluidic assays to study breast cancer cell extravasation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 112:214-9. [PMID: 25524628 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1417115112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 514] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A key aspect of cancer metastases is the tendency for specific cancer cells to home to defined subsets of secondary organs. Despite these known tendencies, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we develop a microfluidic 3D in vitro model to analyze organ-specific human breast cancer cell extravasation into bone- and muscle-mimicking microenvironments through a microvascular network concentrically wrapped with mural cells. Extravasation rates and microvasculature permeabilities were significantly different in the bone-mimicking microenvironment compared with unconditioned or myoblast containing matrices. Blocking breast cancer cell A3 adenosine receptors resulted in higher extravasation rates of cancer cells into the myoblast-containing matrices compared with untreated cells, suggesting a role for adenosine in reducing extravasation. These results demonstrate the efficacy of our model as a drug screening platform and a promising tool to investigate specific molecular pathways involved in cancer biology, with potential applications to personalized medicine.
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162
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Hirshberg A, Berger R, Allon I, Kaplan I. Metastatic tumors to the jaws and mouth. Head Neck Pathol 2014; 8:463-74. [PMID: 25409855 PMCID: PMC4245411 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-014-0591-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic dissemination to the oral cavity is rare and is usually the evidence of a wide spread disease with an average survival rate of 7 months. In almost a quarter of the cases, oral metastasis was found to be the first indication of an occult malignancy at a distant site. Metastatic lesions can be found anywhere in the oral cavity, however, the jaw bones with the molar area is the most frequently involved site. In the oral soft tissues, the gingiva is the most common site, suggesting the possible role of inflammation in the attraction of metastatic deposits. The most common primary malignancies presenting oral metastases were the lung, kidney, liver, and prostate for men, and breast, female genital organs, kidney, and colo-rectum for women. Most patients with jawbone metastasis complain of swelling, pain, and paresthesia. An exophytic lesion is the most common clinical presentation of metastatic lesions in the oral soft tissues. Early lesions, mainly those located in the gingiva, may resemble a hyperplastic or reactive lesion. Once a lesion is recognized as metastasis, the primary tumor site should be identified following clinical, radiological and histopathological investigations. If standardized diagnostic workup fails to detect the site of origin, then the term carcinoma of unknown primary is applied. Personalized medicine tools such as tissue-of-origin assays should be applied, either by immunohistochemical testing or by molecular-profiling methods as these may lead to a more favorable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Hirshberg
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel,
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163
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CCL5 promotes vascular endothelial growth factor expression and induces angiogenesis by down-regulating miR-199a in human chondrosarcoma cells. Cancer Lett 2014; 357:476-87. [PMID: 25444917 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma is a primary malignant bone cancer, with a potent capacity to invade locally and cause distant metastasis. Angiogenesis is a critical step in tumor growth and metastasis. Chemokine CCL5 (previously called RANTES) has been shown to facilitate tumor progression and metastasis. However, the relationship of CCL5 with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and angiogenesis in human chondrosarcoma is mostly unknown. In this study, CCL5 increased VEGF expression and also promoted chondrosarcoma medium-mediated angiogenesis in vitro as well as angiogenesis effects in the chick chorioallantoic membrane and Matrigel plug nude mice model in vivo. MicroRNA analysis was performed in CCL5-treated chondrosarcoma cells versus control cells to investigate the mechanism of CCL5-mediated promotion of chondrosarcoma angiogenesis. Among the miRNAs regulated by CCL5, miR-199a was the most downregulated miRNA after CCL5 treatment. In addition, co-transfection with miR-199a mimic reversed the CCL5-mediated VEGF expression and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, overexpression of CCL5 increased tumor-associated angiogenesis and tumor growth by downregulating miR-199a in the xenograft tumor angiogenesis model. Taken together, these results demonstrated that CCL5 promotes VEGF-dependent angiogenesis in human chondrosarcoma cells by downregulating miR-199a.
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164
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el Aziz LMA. Blood neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio predicts survival in locally advanced cancer stomach treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy FOLFOX 4. Med Oncol 2014; 31:311. [PMID: 25367855 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0311-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Accurate predictors of survival for patients with advanced gastric cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy are currently lacking. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in patients with stage III-IV gastric cancer who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy FOLFOX 4 as neoadjuvant chemotherapy. We enrolled 70 patients with stage III-IV cancer stomach in this study. Patients received FOLFOX 4 as neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Blood sample was collected before chemotherapy. The NLR was divided into two groups: high (>3) and low (≤ 3). Univariate analysis on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) was performed using the Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests, and multivariate analysis was conducted using the Cox proportional hazards regression model. The toxicity was evaluated according to National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria. The univariate analysis showed that PFS and OS were both worse for patients with high NLR than for those with low NLR before chemotherapy (median PFS 28 and 44 months, respectively, P = 0.001; median OS 30 and 48 months, P = 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that NLRs before chemotherapy were independent prognostic factors of OS but not for progression-free survival. NLR may serve as a potential biomarker for survival prognosis in patients with stage III-IV gastric cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The FOLFOX 4 demonstrated an acceptable toxicity.
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165
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Wang SW, Liu SC, Sun HL, Huang TY, Chan CH, Yang CY, Yeh HI, Huang YL, Chou WY, Lin YM, Tang CH. CCL5/CCR5 axis induces vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated tumor angiogenesis in human osteosarcoma microenvironment. Carcinogenesis 2014; 36:104-14. [PMID: 25330803 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines modulate angiogenesis and metastasis that dictate cancer development in tumor microenvironment. Osteosarcoma is the most frequent bone tumor and is characterized by a high metastatic potential. Chemokine CCL5 (previously called RANTES) has been reported to facilitate tumor progression and metastasis. However, the crosstalk between chemokine CCL5 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as well as tumor angiogenesis in human osteosarcoma microenvironment has not been well explored. In this study, we found that CCL5 increased VEGF expression and production in human osteosarcoma cells. The conditioned medium (CM) from CCL5-treated osteosarcoma cells significantly induced tube formation and migration of human endothelial progenitor cells. Pretreatment of cells with CCR5 antibody or transfection with CCR5 specific siRNA blocked CCL5-induced VEGF expression and angiogenesis. CCL5/CCR5 axis demonstrably activated protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ), c-Src and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) signaling cascades to induce VEGF-dependent angiogenesis. Furthermore, knockdown of CCL5 suppressed VEGF expression and attenuated osteosarcoma CM-induced angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. CCL5 knockdown dramatically abolished tumor growth and angiogenesis in the osteosarcoma xenograft animal model. Importantly, we demonstrated that the expression of CCL5 and VEGF were correlated with tumor stage according the immunohistochemistry analysis of human osteosarcoma tissues. Taken together, our findings provide evidence that CCL5/CCR5 axis promotes VEGF-dependent tumor angiogenesis in human osteosarcoma microenvironment through PKCδ/c-Src/HIF-1α signaling pathway. CCL5 may represent a potential therapeutic target against human osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Wei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chia Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Lung Sun
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio state University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Te-Yang Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Han Chan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan
| | - Hung-I Yeh
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Li Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yi Chou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Medical Center, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Lin
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan,
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan, Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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166
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Kim MJ, Kim KM, Kim J, Kim KN. BMP-2 promotes oral squamous carcinoma cell invasion by inducing CCL5 release. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108170. [PMID: 25271422 PMCID: PMC4182698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2)-containing bone grafts are useful regenerative materials for oral and maxillofacial surgery; however, several in vitro and in vivo studies previously reported cancer progression-related adverse effects caused by BMP-2. In this study, by quantifying the rhBMP-2 content released from bone grafts, the rhBMP-2 concentration that did not show cytotoxicity in each cell line was determined and applied to the in vitro monoculture or coculture model in the invasion assay. Our results showed that 1 ng/ml rhBMP-2, while not affecting cancer cell viability, significantly increased the invasion ability of the cancer cells cocultured with fibroblasts. Cocultured medium with rhBMP-2 also contained increased levels of matrix metalloproteinases. rhBMP-2-treated cocultured fibroblasts did not show a prominent difference in mRNA expression profile. Some cytokines, however, were detected in the conditioned medium by a human cytokine antibody array. Among them, the cancer invasion-related factor CCL5 was quantified by ELISA. Interestingly, CCL5 neutralizing antibodies significantly reduced the invasion of oral cancer cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that 1 ng/ml rhBMP-2 may induce invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells by CCL5 release in coculture models. Therefore, we propose that a careful clinical examination before the use of rhBMP-2-containing biomaterials is indispensable for using rhBMP-2 treatment to prevent cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-joo Kim
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Dental Devices Testing & Evaluation Center, Brain Korea 21 Plus project, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-mahn Kim
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Dental Devices Testing & Evaluation Center, Brain Korea 21 Plus project, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, Brain Korea 21 Plus project, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-nam Kim
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Dental Devices Testing & Evaluation Center, Brain Korea 21 Plus project, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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167
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Reddy UG, Danovitch GM. Transplantation. T-cell depletion--balancing acute rejection and cancer risk. Nat Rev Nephrol 2014; 10:301-2. [PMID: 24709843 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2014.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The authors of a new study suggest that the proinflammatory state of acute rejection combined with the use of T-cell-depleting antibody therapy might explain the increased risk of cancer after kidney transplantation. However, their findings do not fully support this conclusion; use of T-cell-depleting antibodies alone is likely to increase cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam G Reddy
- Division of Nephrology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 7-155 Factor Building, 10833 Le Conte Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1689, USA
| | - Gabriel M Danovitch
- Division of Nephrology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 7-155 Factor Building, 10833 Le Conte Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1689, USA
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168
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Lipid-polymer nanoparticles encapsulating curcumin for modulating the vascular deposition of breast cancer cells. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 10:991-1002. [PMID: 24566270 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Vascular adhesion and endothelial transmigration are critical steps in the establishment of distant metastasis by circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Also, vascular inflammation plays a pivotal role in steering CTCs out of the blood stream. Here, long circulating lipid-polymer nanoparticles encapsulating curcumin (NANOCurc) are proposed for modulating the vascular deposition of CTCs. Upon treatment with NANOCurc, the adhesion propensity of highly metastatic breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) onto TNF-α stimulated endothelial cells (HUVECs) reduces by ~70%, in a capillary flow. Remarkably, the CTCs vascular deposition already reduces up to ~50% by treating solely the inflamed HUVECs. The CTCs arrest is mediated by the interaction between ICAM-1 on HUVECs and MUC-1 on cancer cells, and moderate doses of curcumin down-regulate the expression of both molecules. This suggests that NANOCurc could prevent metastasis and limit the progression of the disease by modulating vascular inflammation and impairing the CTCs arrest. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR In this novel study, lipid nanoparticles encapsulating curcumin were able to prevent metastasis formation and limited the progression of the disease by modulating vascular inflammation and impairing the circulating tumor cells' arrest as a result of down-regulation of ICAM1 and MUC1 in a highly metastatic breast cancer cell line model.
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