151
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Johnston R, D'Costa Z, Ray S, Gorski J, Harkin DP, Mullan P, Panov KI. The identification of a novel role for BRCA1 in regulating RNA polymerase I transcription. Oncotarget 2018; 7:68097-68110. [PMID: 27589844 PMCID: PMC5356541 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The unrestrained proliferation of cancer cells requires a high level of ribosome biogenesis. The first stage of ribosome biogenesis is the transcription of the large ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs); the structural and functional components of the ribosome. Transcription of rRNA is carried out by RNA polymerase I (Pol-I) and its associated holoenzyme complex.Here we report that BRCA1, a nuclear phosphoprotein, and a known tumour suppressor involved in variety of cellular processes such as DNA damage response, transcriptional regulation, cell cycle control and ubiquitylation, is associated with rDNA repeats, in particular with the regulatory regions of the rRNA gene.We demonstrate that BRCA1 interacts directly with the basal Pol-I transcription factors; upstream binding factor (UBF), selectivity factor-1 (SL1) as well as interacting with RNA Pol-I itself. We show that in response to DNA damage, BRCA1 occupancy at the rDNA repeat is decreased and the observed BRCA1 interactions with the Pol-I transcription machinery are weakened.We propose, therefore, that there is a rDNA associated fraction of BRCA1 involved in DNA damage dependent regulation of Pol-I transcription, regulating the stability and formation of the Pol-I holoenzyme during initiation and/or elongation in response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Johnston
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Zenobia D'Costa
- The Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.,Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Swagat Ray
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.,Krebs Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Julia Gorski
- The Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - D Paul Harkin
- The Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Paul Mullan
- The Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Konstantin I Panov
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.,The Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
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152
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Chen Y, Du H. The promising PARP inhibitors in ovarian cancer therapy: From Olaparib to others. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 99:552-560. [PMID: 29895102 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) accounts for 90% of all ovarian cancer. Initially, approaching 80% of EOC patients respond to standard therapeutic strategy, cytoreduction combining with postoperative auxiliary platinum-based chemotherapy. However, relapse is approximately inevitable because of drug-resistance for high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). Recently, the nuclear enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) represents a strikingly novel target in EOC treatment. PARP inhibitors, currently mainly including Olaparib, Niraparib, Velaparib, Rucaparib, and Talazoparib, have demonstrated promising activity in EOC treatment. Especially, studies of Olaparib accelerated it to be approved in Europe and USA. Here, this review focuses on the pre-clinical data, current clinical trials, the development of PARP inhibitors in the last decade and their future roles in clinical treatment for EOC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China; National Clinical Research Centre of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China.
| | - Hui Du
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
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153
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Dutil J, Godoy L, Rivera-Lugo R, Arroyo N, Albino E, Negrón L, Monteiro AN, Matta JL, Echenique M. No Evidence for the Pathogenicity of the BRCA2 c.6937 + 594T>G Deep Intronic Variant: A Case-Control Analysis. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2018; 22:85-89. [PMID: 29356578 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2017.0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of deep intronic variants in hereditary cancer susceptibility has been largely understudied. Previously, the BRCA2 c.6937 + 594T>G variant has been shown to preferentially promote the inclusion of a 95 nucleotide cryptic exon and to introduce a premature termination codon. Our objective was to further assess the pathogenicity of the BRCA2 c.6937 + 594T>G deep intronic variant. PATIENTS AND METHODS We examined the association between BRCA2 c.6937 + 594T>G and breast cancer (BC) risk in 464 BC cases and 497 noncancer controls from Puerto Rico. RESULTS The overall frequency of the G allele was 2.1% in this population. There was no association between the TG/GG genotypes and BC risk in the uncorrected model and after correcting for confounders. There was only one carrier of the GG genotype. This individual did not have personal or family history of cancer and did not meet the National Comprehensive Cancer Network criteria for hereditary cancer genetic testing. CONCLUSIONS Although previous work has demonstrated that the BRCA2 c.6937 + 594T>G variant affects splicing, this association study does not support a pathogenic role for the BRCA2 c.6937 + 594T>G intronic variant in breast and ovarian cancer syndrome susceptibility. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need to take into account multiple diverse populations in association studies for the assessment of variant pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Dutil
- 1 Cancer Biology Division, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University , Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Lenin Godoy
- 1 Cancer Biology Division, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University , Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Rafael Rivera-Lugo
- 2 Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico in Ponce , Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Nelly Arroyo
- 1 Cancer Biology Division, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University , Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Elinette Albino
- 1 Cancer Biology Division, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University , Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Luis Negrón
- 3 Hematology-Oncology Program, VA Caribbean Healthcare System , San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Alvaro N Monteiro
- 4 Cancer Epidemiology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute , Tampa, Florida
| | - Jaime L Matta
- 1 Cancer Biology Division, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University , Ponce, Puerto Rico
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154
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Baert A, Machackova E, Coene I, Cremin C, Turner K, Portigal-Todd C, Asrat MJ, Nuk J, Mindlin A, Young S, MacMillan A, Van Maerken T, Trbusek M, McKinnon W, Wood ME, Foulkes WD, Santamariña M, de la Hoya M, Foretova L, Poppe B, Vral A, Rosseel T, De Leeneer K, Vega A, Claes KBM. Thorough in silico and in vitro cDNA analysis of 21 putative BRCA1 and BRCA2 splice variants and a complex tandem duplication in BRCA2 allowing the identification of activated cryptic splice donor sites in BRCA2 exon 11. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:515-526. [PMID: 29280214 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For 21 putative BRCA1 and BRCA2 splice site variants, the concordance between mRNA analysis and predictions by in silico programs was evaluated. Aberrant splicing was confirmed for 12 alterations. In silico prediction tools were helpful to determine for which variants cDNA analysis is warranted, however, predictions for variants in the Cartegni consensus region but outside the canonical sites, were less reliable. Learning algorithms like Adaboost and Random Forest outperformed the classical tools. Further validations are warranted prior to implementation of these novel tools in clinical settings. Additionally, we report here for the first time activated cryptic donor sites in the large exon 11 of BRCA2 by evaluating the effect at the cDNA level of a novel tandem duplication (5' breakpoint in intron 4; 3' breakpoint in exon 11) and of a variant disrupting the splice donor site of exon 11 (c.6841+1G > C). Additional sites were predicted, but not activated. These sites warrant further research to increase our knowledge on cis and trans acting factors involved in the conservation of correct transcription of this large exon. This may contribute to adequate design of ASOs (antisense oligonucleotides), an emerging therapy to render cancer cells sensitive to PARP inhibitor and platinum therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelot Baert
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eva Machackova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ilse Coene
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carol Cremin
- BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Jennifer Nuk
- BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Sean Young
- BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Cancer Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andree MacMillan
- Provincial Medical Genetics Program, Eastern Health, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Tom Van Maerken
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martin Trbusek
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Wendy McKinnon
- Familial Cancer Program, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, Vermont, United States
| | - Marie E Wood
- Familial Cancer Program, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, Vermont, United States
| | - William D Foulkes
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marta Santamariña
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica-SERGAS, Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, CIBERER, IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel de la Hoya
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory CIBERONC, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, IdISSC (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lenka Foretova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Bruce Poppe
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anne Vral
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Toon Rosseel
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kim De Leeneer
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ana Vega
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica-SERGAS, Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, CIBERER, IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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155
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Pyrosequencing quantified methylation level of BRCA1 promoter as prognostic factor for survival in breast cancer patient. Oncotarget 2018; 7:27499-510. [PMID: 27027444 PMCID: PMC5053667 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 promoter methylation is an essential epigenetic transcriptional silencing mechanism, related to breast cancer (BC) occurrence and progression. We quantified the methylation level of BRCA1 promoter and evaluated its significance as prognostic and predictive factor. BRCA1 promoter methylation level was quantified by pyrosequencing in surgical cancerous and adjacent normal specimens from 154 BC patients. A follow up of 98 months was conducted to assess the correlation between BRCA1-methylation level vs. overall survival (OS) and disease free survival (DFS). The mean methylation level in BC tissues was significantly higher (mean 32.6%; median 31.9%) than in adjacent normal samples (mean 16.2%; median 13.0%) (P < 0.0001). Tumor stage (R = 0.6165, P < 0.0001) and size (R = 0.7328, P < 0.0001) were significantly correlated with the methylation level. Patients with unmethylated BRCA1 had a better OS and DFS compared to the methylated group (each P < 0.0001). BRCA1 promoter methylation level has a statistically significance on survival in BC patients (HazR = 1.465, P = 0.000) and is an independent prognostic factor for OS in BC patients (HazR = 2.042, P = 0.000). Patients with ductal type, HER2 negative, lymph node negative stage 1+2 tumors had a better OS and DFS. Classification of grades and molecular subtypes did not show any prognostic significance. Pyrosequencing is a precise and efficient method to quantify BRCA1 promoter methylation level, with a high potential for future clinical implication, as it identifies subgroups of patients with poorer prognosis.
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156
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Yamaguchi H, Du Y, Nakai K, Ding M, Chang SS, Hsu JL, Yao J, Wei Y, Nie L, Jiao S, Chang WC, Chen CH, Yu Y, Hortobagyi GN, Hung MC. EZH2 contributes to the response to PARP inhibitors through its PARP-mediated poly-ADP ribosylation in breast cancer. Oncogene 2018; 37:208-217. [PMID: 28925391 PMCID: PMC5786281 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors against poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) are promising targeted agents currently used to treat BRCA-mutant ovarian cancer and are in clinical trials for other cancer types, including BRCA-mutant breast cancer. To enhance the clinical response to PARP inhibitors (PARPis), understanding the mechanisms underlying PARPi sensitivity is urgently needed. Here, we show enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), an enzyme that catalyzes H3 lysine trimethylation and associates with oncogenic function, contributes to PARPi sensitivity in breast cancer cells. Mechanistically, upon oxidative stress or alkylating DNA damage, PARP1 interacts with and attaches poly-ADP-ribose (PAR) chains to EZH2. PARylation of EZH2 by PARP1 then induces PRC2 complex dissociation and EZH2 downregulation, which in turn reduces EZH2-mediated H3 trimethylation. In contrast, inhibition of PARP by PARPi attenuates alkylating DNA damage-induced EZH2 downregulation, thereby promoting EZH2-mediated gene silencing and cancer stem cell property compared with PARPi-untreated cells. Moreover, the addition of an EZH2 inhibitor sensitizes the BRCA-mutant breast cells to PARPi. Thus, these results may provide a rationale for combining PARP and EZH2 inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for BRCA-mutated breast and ovarian cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Y Du
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - K Nakai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M Ding
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - S-S Chang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J L Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J Yao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Y Wei
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L Nie
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S Jiao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - W-C Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - C-H Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Y Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - G N Hortobagyi
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M-C Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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157
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Integrative genomic and transcriptomic analysis of leiomyosarcoma. Nat Commun 2018; 9:144. [PMID: 29321523 PMCID: PMC5762758 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02602-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is an aggressive mesenchymal malignancy with few therapeutic options. The mechanisms underlying LMS development, including clinically actionable genetic vulnerabilities, are largely unknown. Here we show, using whole-exome and transcriptome sequencing, that LMS tumors are characterized by substantial mutational heterogeneity, near-universal inactivation of TP53 and RB1, widespread DNA copy number alterations including chromothripsis, and frequent whole-genome duplication. Furthermore, we detect alternative telomere lengthening in 78% of cases and identify recurrent alterations in telomere maintenance genes such as ATRX, RBL2, and SP100, providing insight into the genetic basis of this mechanism. Finally, most tumors display hallmarks of "BRCAness", including alterations in homologous recombination DNA repair genes, multiple structural rearrangements, and enrichment of specific mutational signatures, and cultured LMS cells are sensitive towards olaparib and cisplatin. This comprehensive study of LMS genomics has uncovered key biological features that may inform future experimental research and enable the design of novel therapies.
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158
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Zhang S, Yuan H, Guo Y, Wang K, Wang X, Guo Z. Towards rational design of RAD51-targeting prodrugs: platinumIV–artesunate conjugates with enhanced cytotoxicity against BRCA-proficient ovarian and breast cancer cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:11717-11720. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc06576d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PtIV–Artesunate prodrugs target the homologous recombination protein RAD51 and exhibit higher cytotoxicity against BRCA-proficient ovarian and breast cancer cells than cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- P. R. China
| | - Hao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- P. R. China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- P. R. China
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- School of Life Sciences
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- P. R. China
| | - Zijian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- P. R. China
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159
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Ferrara R, Simionato F, Ciccarese C, Grego E, Cingarlini S, Iacovelli R, Bria E, Tortora G, Melisi D. The development of PARP as a successful target for cancer therapy. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2017; 18:161-175. [DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2018.1419870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ferrara
- Section of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
- Medical Oncology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
- Medical Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Francesca Simionato
- Section of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
- Medical Oncology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Ciccarese
- Section of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
- Medical Oncology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Grego
- Section of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
- Medical Oncology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Sara Cingarlini
- Medical Oncology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Iacovelli
- Medical Oncology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Emilio Bria
- Section of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
- Medical Oncology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Tortora
- Section of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
- Medical Oncology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Davide Melisi
- Section of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
- Medical Oncology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
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160
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Leão RRN, Price AJ, James Hamilton R. Germline BRCA mutation in male carriers-ripe for precision oncology? Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2017; 21:48-56. [PMID: 29242595 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-017-0018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the known heritable cancers with individual variations attributed to genetic factors. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumour suppressor genes with crucial roles in repairing DNA and thereby maintaining genomic integrity. Germline BRCA mutations predispose to multiple familial tumour types including PC. METHODS We performed a Pubmed database search along with review of reference lists from prominent articles to capture papers exploring the association between BRCA mtuations and prostate cancer risk and prognosis. Articles were retrieved until May 2017 and filtered for relevance, and publication type. RESULTS We explored familial PC genetics; discussed the discovery and magnitude of the association between BRCA mutations and PC risk and outcome; examined implications of factoring BRCA mutations into PC screening; and discussed the rationale for chemoprevention in this high-risk population. We confirmed that BRCA1/2 mutations confer an up to 4.5-fold and 8.3-fold increased risk of PC, respectively. BRCA2 mutations are associated with an increased risk of high-grade disease, progression to metastatic castration-resistant disease, and 5-year cancer-specific survival rates of 50 to 60%. CONCLUSION Despite the growing body of research on DNA repair genes, deeper analysis is needed to understand the aetiological role of germline BRCA mutations in the natural history of PC. There is a need for awareness to screen for this marker of PC risk. There is similarly an opportunity for structured PC screening programs for BRCA mutation carriers. Finally, further research is required to identify potential chemopreventive strategies for this high-risk subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aryeh Joshua Price
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Robert James Hamilton
- Urology Division, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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161
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Sisay M, Edessa D. PARP inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents for various cancers: focus on niraparib and its first global approval for maintenance therapy of gynecologic cancers. GYNECOLOGIC ONCOLOGY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2017; 4:18. [PMID: 29214031 PMCID: PMC5706442 DOI: 10.1186/s40661-017-0055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are an important family of nucleoproteins highly implicated in DNA damage repair. Among the PARP families, the most studied are PARP1, PARP2 and PARP 3. PARP1 is found to be the most abundant nuclear enzyme under the PARP series. These enzymes are primarily involved in base excision repair as one of the major single strand break (SSB) repair mechanisms. Being double stranded, DNA engages itself in reparation of a sub-lethal SSB with the aid of PARP. Moreover, by having a sister chromatid, DNA can also repair double strand breaks with either error-free homologous recombination or error-prone non-homologous end-joining. For effective homologous recombination repair, DNA requires functional heterozygous breast cancer genes (BRCA) which encode BRCA1/2. Currently, the development of PARP inhibitors has been one of the promising breakthroughs for cancer chemotherapy. In March 2017, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved niraparib for maintenance therapy of recurrent gynecologic cancers (epithelial ovarian, primary peritoneal and fallopian tube carcinomas) which are sensitive to previous platinum based chemotherapy irrespective of BRCA mutation and homologous recombination deficiency status. It is the third drug in this class to receive FDA approval, following olaparib and rucaparib and is the first global approval for maintenance therapy of the aforementioned cancers. Niraparib preferentially blocks both PARP1 and PARP2 enzymes. The daily tolerated dose of niraparib is 300 mg, above which dose limiting grade 3 and 4 toxicities were observed. In combination with humanized antibody, pembrolizumab, it is also under investigation for those patients who have triple negative breast cancer. By and large, there are several clinical trials that are underway investigating clinical efficacy and safety, as well as other pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of this drug for various malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mekonnen Sisay
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O.Box 235, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Dumessa Edessa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 235, Harar, Ethiopia
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162
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Han J, Ruan C, Huen MSY, Wang J, Xie A, Fu C, Liu T, Huang J. BRCA2 antagonizes classical and alternative nonhomologous end-joining to prevent gross genomic instability. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1470. [PMID: 29133916 PMCID: PMC5684403 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01759-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA2-deficient cells exhibit gross genomic instability, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we report that inactivation of BRCA2 but not RAD51 destabilizes RPA-coated single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) structures at resected DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and greatly enhances the frequency of nuclear fragmentation following cell exposure to DNA damage. Importantly, these BRCA2-associated deficits are fueled by the aberrant activation of classical (c)- and alternative (alt)- nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ), and rely on the well-defined DNA damage signaling pathway involving the pro-c-NHEJ factor 53BP1 and its downstream effector RIF1. We further show that the 53BP1–RIF1 axis promotes toxic end-joining events via the retention of Artemis at DNA damage sites. Accordingly, loss of 53BP1, RIF1, or Artemis prolongs the stability of RPA-coated DSB intermediates in BRCA2-deficient cells and restores nuclear integrity. We propose that BRCA2 antagonizes 53BP1, RIF1, and Artemis-dependent c-NHEJ and alt-NHEJ to prevent gross genomic instability in a RAD51-independent manner. The genomic instability phenotype characteristic of BRCA2-deficient cells is not fully mechanistically understood. Here the authors show BRCA2 inactivation destabilizes RPA-coated single-stranded DNA and leads to toxic non homologous end-joining events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Han
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Chunyan Ruan
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Michael S Y Huen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiadong Wang
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Anyong Xie
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Chun Fu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
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163
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Weigelt B, Comino-Méndez I, de Bruijn I, Tian L, Meisel JL, García-Murillas I, Fribbens C, Cutts R, Martelotto LG, Ng CKY, Lim RS, Selenica P, Piscuoglio S, Aghajanian C, Norton L, Murali R, Hyman DM, Borsu L, Arcila ME, Konner J, Reis-Filho JS, Greenberg RA, Robson ME, Turner NC. Diverse BRCA1 and BRCA2 Reversion Mutations in Circulating Cell-Free DNA of Therapy-Resistant Breast or Ovarian Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2017. [PMID: 28765325 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0544] [] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy or PARP inhibition in germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers may occur through somatic reversion mutations or intragenic deletions that restore BRCA1 or BRCA2 function. We assessed whether BRCA1/2 reversion mutations could be identified in circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) of patients with ovarian or breast cancer previously treated with platinum and/or PARP inhibitors.Experimental Design: cfDNA from 24 prospectively accrued patients with germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, including 19 patients with platinum-resistant/refractory ovarian cancer and five patients with platinum and/or PARP inhibitor pretreated metastatic breast cancer, was subjected to massively parallel sequencing targeting all exons of 141 genes and all exons and introns of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Functional studies were performed to assess the impact of the putative BRCA1/2 reversion mutations on BRCA1/2 function.Results: Diverse and often polyclonal putative BRCA1 or BRCA2 reversion mutations were identified in cfDNA from four patients with ovarian cancer (21%) and from two patients with breast cancer (40%). BRCA2 reversion mutations were detected in cfDNA prior to PARP inhibitor treatment in a patient with breast cancer who did not respond to treatment and were enriched in plasma samples after PARP inhibitor therapy. Foci formation and immunoprecipitation assays suggest that a subset of the putative reversion mutations restored BRCA1/2 function.Conclusions: Putative BRCA1/2 reversion mutations can be detected by cfDNA sequencing analysis in patients with ovarian and breast cancer. Our findings warrant further investigation of cfDNA sequencing to identify putative BRCA1/2 reversion mutations and to aid the selection of patients for PARP inhibition therapy. Clin Cancer Res; 23(21); 6708-20. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Weigelt
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
| | - Iñaki Comino-Méndez
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ino de Bruijn
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Cancer Biology, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jane L Meisel
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Isaac García-Murillas
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Fribbens
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.,Breast Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ros Cutts
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luciano G Martelotto
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Charlotte K Y Ng
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raymond S Lim
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Pier Selenica
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Salvatore Piscuoglio
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carol Aghajanian
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Larry Norton
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Rajmohan Murali
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - David M Hyman
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Laetitia Borsu
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Maria E Arcila
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jason Konner
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jorge S Reis-Filho
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Department of Cancer Biology, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark E Robson
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Nicholas C Turner
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom. .,Breast Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Road, London, United Kingdom
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164
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Investigating BRCA Mutations: A Breakthrough in Precision Medicine of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Target Oncol 2017; 11:569-577. [PMID: 27402433 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-016-0450-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the development of novel effective therapeutic strategies, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) remains a disease with a lethal course and a high biological and molecular heterogeneity. To date, germline mutations in the BRCA gene represent one of the main risk factors for developing prostate cancer, with a strong association with aggressive phenotype and poor clinical outcomes. A better understanding of the genomic landscape of prostate cancer has strengthened the idea that "synthetic lethality" of this disease might be useful in cancer-drug discovery, focusing on agents such as platinum compounds and poly (adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi). In this review, we summarize the main data available on BRCA mutations and discuss the clinical implications of these genomic aberrations in the management of prostate cancer, stressing the need to identify prognostic and predictive biomarkers and to deeply understand the mechanisms of treatment resistance, in order to maximize personalized medicine protocols and therefore clinical benefit.
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165
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Penel N. [Prostate cancer and DNA repair genes]. Bull Cancer 2017; 104:958-961. [PMID: 29032803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Penel
- Centre Oscar-Lambret, département de cancérologie générale, 3, rue F.-Combemale, 59000 Lille, France.
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166
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"Back to a false normality": new intriguing mechanisms of resistance to PARP inhibitors. Oncotarget 2017; 8:23891-23904. [PMID: 28055979 PMCID: PMC5410353 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several evidences have shown that BRCA mutations increased tumor-cells sensitivity to PARP inhibitors by synthetic lethality leading to an accelerated development of several compounds targeting the PARP enzymes system as anticancer agents for clinical setting. Most of such compounds have been investigated in ovarian and breast cancer, showing promising efficacy in BRCA-mutated patients. Recently clinical studies of PARP-inhibitors have been extended across different tumor types harboring BRCA-mutations, including also “BRCA-like” sporadic tumors with homologous recombination deficiency (HRD). This review summarizes the biological background underlying PARP-inhibition, reporting the results of the most relevant clinical trials carried out in patients treated with PARP inhibitors alone or in combination with chemotherapy. Molecular mechanisms responsible for the occurrence of both primary and acquired resistance have been elucidated, in order to support the development of new treatment strategies.
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167
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Abstract
Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome is an inherited cancer-susceptibility syndrome characterized by multiple family members with breast cancer, ovarian cancer, or both. Based on the contemporary understanding of the origins and management of ovarian cancer and for simplicity in this document, ovarian cancer also refers to fallopian tube cancer and primary peritoneal cancer. Clinical genetic testing for gene mutations allows more precise identification of those women who are at an increased risk of inherited breast cancer and ovarian cancer. For these individuals, screening and prevention strategies can be instituted to reduce their risks. Obstetrician-gynecologists play an important role in the identification and management of women with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome. If an obstetrician-gynecologist or other gynecologic care provider does not have the necessary knowledge or expertise in cancer genetics to counsel a patient appropriately, referral to a genetic counselor, gynecologic or medical oncologist, or other genetics specialist should be considered (1). More genes are being discovered that impart varying risks of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and other types of cancer, and new technologies are being developed for genetic testing. This Practice Bulletin focuses on the primary genetic mutations associated with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome, BRCA1 and BRCA2, but also will briefly discuss some of the other genes that have been implicated.
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168
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Abstract
Breast cancer 1 (BRCA1), as a tumor suppressor, exerts an effective influence on protecting DNA integrity to suppress the development of breast cancer (BC). BRCA1 expression is induced in response to DNA-damaging agents such as etoposide. Germline BRCA1 gene mutations are associated with development of hereditary BC. However, besides BRCA-mutated BCs, some sporadic cancers may also exhibit a BRCA-like phenotype, displaying so-called ‘BRCAness’. This common phenotype may respond to similar therapeutic approaches as BRCA-mutated tumors and may thus have important implications for the clinical management of these cancers. In order to determine whether and how etoposide regulates the protein levels of BRCA1 in BC cells, we exposed a panel of five selected cell lines to etoposide, compared the results to untreated control cells, and then stained the cells with the specific, reliable, and reproducible MS110 antibody directed against phosphorylated Ser1423 BRCA1. By evaluating cytoplasmic BRCA1 protein levels, we were able to distinguish three aggressive BC subtypes with BRCAness characteristics. In addition, determination of early and late apoptosis helped to complete the analysis of BRCA1 functions in the DNA damage pathway of aggressive BC. In conclusion, our study suggested that high cytoplasmic BRCA1 protein levels could be considered as a potential predictive marker for response to chemotherapy in both sporadic and hereditary BC. Tumors with either BRCAness phenotype or germline BRCA1 mutation are both aggressive BCs associated with poor prognosis and could both be subjected to targeted therapies against BRCA1-mutated BC in future clinical management strategies.
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169
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Pavlopoulou A, Bagos PG, Koutsandrea V, Georgakilas AG. Molecular determinants of radiosensitivity in normal and tumor tissue: A bioinformatic approach. Cancer Lett 2017; 403:37-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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170
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Khosravi-Shahi P, Cabezón-Gutiérrez L, Custodio-Cabello S. Metastatic triple negative breast cancer: Optimizing treatment options, new and emerging targeted therapies. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2017; 14:32-39. [DOI: 10.1111/ajco.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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171
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FDA Approval of PARP Inhibitors and the Impact on Genetic Counseling and Genetic Testing Practices. J Genet Couns 2017; 27:131-139. [PMID: 28780754 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-017-0130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In December 2014, the FDA approved olaparib, a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi) for ovarian cancer patients who have failed three or more lines of chemotherapy and have a germline BRCA1/2 mutation identified through a companion diagnostic test (BRACAnalysis CDx™ (CDx™)) offered exclusively by Myriad Genetic Laboratories. This study explored the impact of PARPi/CDx™ on genetic counselors' (GCs) counseling and testing practices. One hundred twenty three GCs responded to an online survey regarding pre- and post-FDA approval referral patterns, testing strategies/influences, and anecdotal experiences with insurance coverage of PARPi for BRCA1/2 positive patients through a non-CDx™ platform. Following PARPi approval, 40% of respondents reported an increase in overall referrals of ovarian cancer patients and 20% had an increase in post-test counseling only referrals. The majority (61.9%) of respondents reported no change in genetic testing strategy, and there was no change in factors influencing choice of testing laboratory. Nearly all (98.1%) respondents who had experience with insurance covering PARPi indicated approval with mutations identified via non-CDx™ testing. Respondents indicated an increase in referral volume following FDA approval of PARPi/CDx™, but did not report changes in testing practices. Respondents were not aware of PARPi insurance coverage denial in the absence of CDx™.
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172
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Weigelt B, Comino-Méndez I, de Bruijn I, Tian L, Meisel JL, García-Murillas I, Fribbens C, Cutts R, Martelotto LG, Ng CKY, Lim RS, Selenica P, Piscuoglio S, Aghajanian C, Norton L, Murali R, Hyman DM, Borsu L, Arcila ME, Konner J, Reis-Filho JS, Greenberg RA, Robson ME, Turner NC. Diverse BRCA1 and BRCA2 Reversion Mutations in Circulating Cell-Free DNA of Therapy-Resistant Breast or Ovarian Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:6708-6720. [PMID: 28765325 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy or PARP inhibition in germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers may occur through somatic reversion mutations or intragenic deletions that restore BRCA1 or BRCA2 function. We assessed whether BRCA1/2 reversion mutations could be identified in circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) of patients with ovarian or breast cancer previously treated with platinum and/or PARP inhibitors.Experimental Design: cfDNA from 24 prospectively accrued patients with germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, including 19 patients with platinum-resistant/refractory ovarian cancer and five patients with platinum and/or PARP inhibitor pretreated metastatic breast cancer, was subjected to massively parallel sequencing targeting all exons of 141 genes and all exons and introns of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Functional studies were performed to assess the impact of the putative BRCA1/2 reversion mutations on BRCA1/2 function.Results: Diverse and often polyclonal putative BRCA1 or BRCA2 reversion mutations were identified in cfDNA from four patients with ovarian cancer (21%) and from two patients with breast cancer (40%). BRCA2 reversion mutations were detected in cfDNA prior to PARP inhibitor treatment in a patient with breast cancer who did not respond to treatment and were enriched in plasma samples after PARP inhibitor therapy. Foci formation and immunoprecipitation assays suggest that a subset of the putative reversion mutations restored BRCA1/2 function.Conclusions: Putative BRCA1/2 reversion mutations can be detected by cfDNA sequencing analysis in patients with ovarian and breast cancer. Our findings warrant further investigation of cfDNA sequencing to identify putative BRCA1/2 reversion mutations and to aid the selection of patients for PARP inhibition therapy. Clin Cancer Res; 23(21); 6708-20. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Weigelt
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
| | - Iñaki Comino-Méndez
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ino de Bruijn
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Cancer Biology, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jane L Meisel
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Isaac García-Murillas
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Fribbens
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.,Breast Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ros Cutts
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luciano G Martelotto
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Charlotte K Y Ng
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raymond S Lim
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Pier Selenica
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Salvatore Piscuoglio
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carol Aghajanian
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Larry Norton
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Rajmohan Murali
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - David M Hyman
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Laetitia Borsu
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Maria E Arcila
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jason Konner
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jorge S Reis-Filho
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Department of Cancer Biology, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark E Robson
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Nicholas C Turner
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom. .,Breast Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Road, London, United Kingdom
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173
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Bueno R, Mar JC. Changes in gene expression variability reveal a stable synthetic lethal interaction network in BRCA2-ovarian cancers. Methods 2017; 131:74-82. [PMID: 28754563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic lethal interactions (SLIs) are robust mechanisms that provide cells with the ability to remain viable despite having mutations in genes critical to the DNA damage response, a core cellular process. Studies in model organisms such as S. cerevisiae showed that thousands of genes important in maintaining DNA integrity cooperated in a SLI network. Two genes participate in a SLI when a mutation in one gene has no effect on the cell, but mutations in both interacting genes are lethal. Furthermore in C. elegans, a mutation in a critical gene that is important for development induced a change in expression variability in the synthetic lethal interactor. In cancer, targeting SLIs shows promise in selectively killing cancer cells. For example, targeting PARP1 is an effective treatment for BRCA1/2- breast and ovarian cancers. Although PARP1 is already identified as having a SLI with BRCA1/2-, computationally searching for other genes that cooperate in the SLI network could highlight genes that may have promise for being a cancer-specific drug target. Using RNA sequencing data for ovarian cancer patients with BRCA2 mutations and the R Bioconductor package pathVar, we showed that genes whose expression changes to an invariant, stable expression state are likely candidates for SLIs with BRCA2. Our results highlight the interactions between the genes with predicted SLIs and protein-coding genes that are functionally important in the DNA damage response. The method of analyzing expression variability to computationally identify genes with SLIs can be applied to query SLIs in other tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymund Bueno
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Jessica C Mar
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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174
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Zhu J, Tucker M, Wang E, Grossman JS, Armstrong AJ, George DJ, Zhang T. Acute Myeloid Leukemia After Olaparib Treatment in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2017; 15:e1137-e1141. [PMID: 28780018 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Zhu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Matthew Tucker
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Endi Wang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Joel S Grossman
- Florida Cancer Specialists and Research Institute, Naples, FL
| | - Andrew J Armstrong
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Daniel J George
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Tian Zhang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
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175
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Caruso D, Papa A, Tomao S, Vici P, Panici PB, Tomao F. Niraparib in ovarian cancer: results to date and clinical potential. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2017; 9:579-588. [PMID: 29081841 PMCID: PMC5564880 DOI: 10.1177/1758834017718775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the first cause of death from gynaecological malignancy. Germline mutation in BRCA1 and 2, two genes involved in the mechanisms of reparation of DNA damage, are showed to be related with the incidence of breast and ovarian cancer, both sporadic and familiar. PARP is a family of enzymes involved in the base excision repair (BER) system. The introduction of inhibitors of PARP in patients with BRCA-mutated ovarian cancer is correlated with the concept of synthetic lethality. Among the PARP inhibitors introduced in clinical practice, niraparib showed interesting results in a phase III trial in the setting of maintenance treatment in ovarian cancer, after platinum-based chemotherapy. Interestingly, was niraparib showed to be efficacious not only in BRCA-mutated patients, but also in patients with other alterations of the homologous recombination (HR) system and in patients with unknown alterations. These results position niraparib as the first PARP-inhibitor with clinically and statistically significant results also in patients with no alterations in BRCA 1/2 and other genes involved in the DNA repair system. Even if the results are potentially practice-changing, the action of niraparib must be further studied and deepened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Caruso
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome 'Sapienza', Latina, Italy
| | - Anselmo Papa
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome 'Sapienza', Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy
| | - Silverio Tomao
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome 'Sapienza', Latina, Italy
| | - Patrizia Vici
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, 'Regina Elena' National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Federica Tomao
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University of Rome 'Sapienza', Rome, Italy; Department of Gynecology, University of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
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176
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Neff RT, Senter L, Salani R. BRCA mutation in ovarian cancer: testing, implications and treatment considerations. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2017; 9:519-531. [PMID: 28794804 PMCID: PMC5524247 DOI: 10.1177/1758834017714993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous disease that encompasses a number of different cellular subtypes, the most common of which is high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). Still today, ovarian cancer is primarily treated with chemotherapy and surgery. Recent advances in the hereditary understanding of this disease have shown a significant role for the BRCA gene. While only a minority of patients with HGSOC will have a germline BRCA mutation, many others may have tumor genetic aberrations within BRCA or other homologous recombination proteins. Genetic screening for these BRCA mutations has allowed improved preventative measures and therapeutic development. This review focuses on the understanding of BRCA mutations and their relationship with ovarian cancer development, as well as future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Neff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Leigha Senter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Human Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ritu Salani
- Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center - James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 320 West 10th Avenue, M210 Starling-Loving Hall, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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177
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Labocha MK, Yuan W, Aleman-Meza B, Zhong W. A strategy to apply quantitative epistasis analysis on developmental traits. BMC Genet 2017; 18:42. [PMID: 28506208 PMCID: PMC5433158 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-017-0508-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic interactions are keys to understand complex traits and evolution. Epistasis analysis is an effective method to map genetic interactions. Large-scale quantitative epistasis analysis has been well established for single cells. However, there is a substantial lack of such studies in multicellular organisms and their complex phenotypes such as development. Here we present a method to extend quantitative epistasis analysis to developmental traits. METHODS In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, we applied RNA interference on mutants to inactivate two genes, used an imaging system to quantitatively measure phenotypes, and developed a set of statistical methods to extract genetic interactions from phenotypic measurement. RESULTS Using two different C. elegans developmental phenotypes, body length and sex ratio, as examples, we showed that this method could accommodate various metazoan phenotypes with performances comparable to those methods in single cell growth studies. Comparing with qualitative observations, this method of quantitative epistasis enabled detection of new interactions involving subtle phenotypes. For example, several sex-ratio genes were found to interact with brc-1 and brd-1, the orthologs of the human breast cancer genes BRCA1 and BARD1, respectively. We confirmed the brc-1 interactions with the following genes in DNA damage response: C34F6.1, him-3 (ortholog of HORMAD1, HORMAD2), sdc-1, and set-2 (ortholog of SETD1A, SETD1B, KMT2C, KMT2D), validating the effectiveness of our method in detecting genetic interactions. CONCLUSIONS We developed a reliable, high-throughput method for quantitative epistasis analysis of developmental phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta K Labocha
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Present address: Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wang Yuan
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | | | - Weiwei Zhong
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
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178
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Concolino P, Rizza R, Hackmann K, Paris I, Minucci A, De Paolis E, Scambia G, Zuppi C, Schrock E, Capoluongo E. Characterization of a new BRCA1 rearrangement in an Italian woman with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2017; 164:497-503. [PMID: 28488140 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-017-4275-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We report a novel BRCA1 LGR, involving the complete duplication of exon 3, in an Italian patient with a strong family history of breast and ovarian cancer. Our purpose is to provide an effective characterization of this LGR using a combination of different methods able to establish the exact breakpoints of the duplication. METHODS MAQ assay was used as primary screening method in LGRs detection. Array CGH, RT-PCR, and Long-PCR were used for a careful characterization of rearrangement and breakpoint regions. The Repeat Masker program was employed to identify Alu sequences at breakpoint junctions. RESULTS RNA analysis showed that this in tandem duplication of exon 3 causes an in frame insertion of 18 amino acids within the protein. Array CGH and Long-PCR strategies revealed that the duplication (g.100411_102863dup) involves exactly 2.452 nucleotides between intron 2 and intron 3 of the gene. In addition, while an Alu Sx sequence was identified at upstream breakpoint, no Alu repeats were found at downstream junction. This supports the hypothesis that the new duplication was the result of a non-homologous recombination event between Alu and Non-Alu sequences. CONCLUSION Our strategy, which combines a comprehensive set of methodologies, has been able to characterize the new BRCA1 duplication confirming, as previously reported, that MAQ assay represents a reliable and effective method for a primary screening of BRCA rearrangements. We underline the relevance of incorporating quantitative methods for BRCA genes dosage testing into routine diagnostic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Concolino
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy.
| | - Roberta Rizza
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Karl Hackmann
- Institut fuer Klinische Genetik, Medizinische Fakultaet Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Dresden, Germany
| | - Ida Paris
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Minucci
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa De Paolis
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Scambia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Zuppi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Evelin Schrock
- Institut fuer Klinische Genetik, Medizinische Fakultaet Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Dresden, Germany
| | - Ettore Capoluongo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
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179
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Tassi RA, Todeschini P, Siegel ER, Calza S, Cappella P, Ardighieri L, Cadei M, Bugatti M, Romani C, Bandiera E, Zanotti L, Tassone L, Guarino D, Santonocito C, Capoluongo ED, Beltrame L, Erba E, Marchini S, D'Incalci M, Donzelli C, Santin AD, Pecorelli S, Sartori E, Bignotti E, Odicino F, Ravaggi A. FOXM1 expression is significantly associated with chemotherapy resistance and adverse prognosis in non-serous epithelial ovarian cancer patients. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:63. [PMID: 28482906 PMCID: PMC5422964 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0536-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a spectrum of different diseases, which makes their treatment a challenge. Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) is an oncogene aberrantly expressed in many solid cancers including serous EOC, but its role in non-serous EOCs remains undefined. We examined FOXM1 expression and its correlation to prognosis across the three major EOC subtypes, and its role in tumorigenesis and chemo-resistance in vitro. METHODS Gene signatures were generated by microarray for 14 clear-cell and 26 endometrioid EOCs, and 15 normal endometrium snap-frozen biopsies. Validation of FOXM1 expression was performed by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry in the same samples and additionally in 50 high-grade serous EOCs and in their most adequate normal controls (10 luminal fallopian tube and 20 ovarian surface epithelial brushings). Correlations of FOXM1 expression to clinic-pathological parameters and patients' prognosis were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional-hazards analyses. OVCAR-3 and two novel deeply characterized EOC cell lines (EOC-CC1 and OSPC2, with clear-cell and serous subtype, respectively) were employed for in vitro studies. Effects of FOXM1 inhibition by transient siRNA transfection were evaluated on cell-proliferation, cell-cycle, colony formation, invasion, and response to conventional first- and second-line anticancer agents, and to the PARP-inhibitor olaparib. Gene signatures of FOXM1-silenced cell lines were generated by microarray and confirmed by RT-qPCR. RESULTS A significant FOXM1 mRNA up-regulation was found in EOCs compared to normal controls. FOXM1 protein overexpression significantly correlated to serous histology (p = 0.001) and advanced FIGO stage (p = 0.004). Multivariate analyses confirmed FOXM1 protein overexpression as an independent indicator of worse disease specific survival in non-serous EOCs, and of shorter time to progression in platinum-resistant cases. FOXM1 downregulation in EOC cell lines inhibited cell growth and clonogenicity, and promoted the cytotoxic effects of platinum compounds, doxorubicin hydrochloride and olaparib. Upon FOXM1 knock-down in EOC-CC1 and OSPC2 cells, microarray and RT-qPCR analyses revealed the deregulation of several common and other unique subtype-specific FOXM1 putative targets involved in cell cycle, metastasis, DNA repair and drug response. CONCLUSIONS FOXM1 is up-regulated in all three major EOCs subtypes, and is a prognostic biomarker and a potential combinatorial therapeutic target in platinum resistant disease, irrespective of tumor histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata A Tassi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Paola Todeschini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eric R Siegel
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Stefano Calza
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Unit of Biostatistics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Laura Ardighieri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Pathology, University-ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Moris Cadei
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Pathology, University-ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mattia Bugatti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Pathology, University-ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Romani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bandiera
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Zanotti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Tassone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Donatella Guarino
- Laboratory of Clinical Molecular and Personalized Diagnostics, Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University and Foundation Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Santonocito
- Laboratory of Clinical Molecular and Personalized Diagnostics, Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University and Foundation Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Ettore D Capoluongo
- Laboratory of Clinical Molecular and Personalized Diagnostics, Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University and Foundation Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Beltrame
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS - "Mario Negri" Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Eugenio Erba
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS - "Mario Negri" Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Marchini
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS - "Mario Negri" Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio D'Incalci
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS - "Mario Negri" Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Donzelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Pathology, University-ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro D Santin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sergio Pecorelli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Enrico Sartori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eliana Bignotti
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Franco Odicino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonella Ravaggi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Talens F, Jalving M, Gietema JA, Van Vugt MA. Therapeutic targeting and patient selection for cancers with homologous recombination defects. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:565-581. [PMID: 28425306 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1322061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are toxic DNA lesions that can be repaired by non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR). Mutations in HR genes elicit a predisposition to cancer; yet, they also result in increased sensitivity to certain DNA damaging agents and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. To optimally implement PARP inhibitor treatment, it is important that patients with HR-deficient tumors are adequately selected. Areas covered: Herein, the authors describe the HR pathway mechanistically and review the treatment of HR-deficient cancers, with a specific focus on PARP inhibition for BRCA1/2-mutated breast and ovarian cancer. In addition, mechanisms of acquired PARP inhibitor resistance are discussed. Furthermore, combination therapies with PARP inhibitors are reviewed, in the context of both HR-deficient and HR-proficient tumors and methods for proper patient selection are also discussed. Expert opinion: Currently, only patients with germline or somatic BRCA1/2 mutations are eligible for PARP inhibitor treatment and only a proportion of patients respond. Patients with HR-deficient tumors caused by other (epi)genetic events may also benefit from PARP inhibitor treatment. Ideally, selection of eligible patients for PARP inhibitor treatment include a functional HR read-out, in which cancer cells are interrogated for their ability to perform HR repair and maintain replication fork stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francien Talens
- a Department of Medical Oncology , University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Jalving
- a Department of Medical Oncology , University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Jourik A Gietema
- a Department of Medical Oncology , University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Marcel A Van Vugt
- a Department of Medical Oncology , University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
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181
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McNair C, Urbanucci A, Comstock CES, Augello MA, Goodwin JF, Launchbury R, Zhao SG, Schiewer MJ, Ertel A, Karnes J, Davicioni E, Wang L, Wang Q, Mills IG, Feng FY, Li W, Carroll JS, Knudsen KE. Cell cycle-coupled expansion of AR activity promotes cancer progression. Oncogene 2017; 36:1655-1668. [PMID: 27669432 PMCID: PMC5364060 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is required for prostate cancer (PCa) survival and progression, and ablation of AR activity is the first line of therapeutic intervention for disseminated disease. While initially effective, recurrent tumors ultimately arise for which there is no durable cure. Despite the dependence of PCa on AR activity throughout the course of disease, delineation of the AR-dependent transcriptional network that governs disease progression remains elusive, and the function of AR in mitotically active cells is not well understood. Analyzing AR activity as a function of cell cycle revealed an unexpected and highly expanded repertoire of AR-regulated gene networks in actively cycling cells. New AR functions segregated into two major clusters: those that are specific to cycling cells and retained throughout the mitotic cell cycle ('Cell Cycle Common'), versus those that were specifically enriched in a subset of cell cycle phases ('Phase Restricted'). Further analyses identified previously unrecognized AR functions in major pathways associated with clinical PCa progression. Illustrating the impact of these unmasked AR-driven pathways, dihydroceramide desaturase 1 was identified as an AR-regulated gene in mitotically active cells that promoted pro-metastatic phenotypes, and in advanced PCa proved to be highly associated with development of metastases, recurrence after therapeutic intervention and reduced overall survival. Taken together, these findings delineate AR function in mitotically active tumor cells, thus providing critical insight into the molecular basis by which AR promotes development of lethal PCa and nominate new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- C McNair
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A Urbanucci
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospitals, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospitals, Oslo, Norway
| | - C E S Comstock
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M A Augello
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J F Goodwin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R Launchbury
- Cambridge Research Institute, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - S G Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M J Schiewer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A Ertel
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J Karnes
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - L Wang
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Q Wang
- Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - I G Mills
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospitals, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospitals, Oslo, Norway
- Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence for Prostate Cancer Research, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - F Y Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Urology, and Medicine and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - W Li
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J S Carroll
- Cambridge Research Institute, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - K E Knudsen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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182
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Thorvaldsdottir B, Aradottir M, Stefansson OA, Bodvarsdottir SK, Eyfjörd JE. Telomere Length Is Predictive of Breast Cancer Risk in BRCA2 Mutation Carriers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017; 26:1248-1254. [PMID: 28235830 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-16-0946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Germline BRCA2 mutations increase risk of breast cancer and other malignancies. BRCA2 has been shown to play a role in telomere protection and maintenance. Telomere length (TL) has been studied as a modifying factor for various diseases, including breast cancer. Previous research on TL in BRCA mutation carriers has produced contradicting results.Methods: We measured blood TL, using a high-throughput monochrome multiplex qPCR method, in a well-defined Icelandic cohort of female BRCA2 mutation carriers (n = 169), sporadic breast cancer patients (n = 561), and healthy controls (n = 537).Results: Breast cancer cases had significantly shorter TL than unaffected women (P < 0.0001), both BRCA2 mutation carriers (P = 0.0097) and noncarriers (P = 0.00006). Using exclusively samples acquired before breast cancer diagnosis, we found that shorter telomeres were significantly associated with increased breast cancer risk in BRCA2 mutation carriers [HR, 3.60; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.17-11.28; P, 0.025] but not in non-carriers (HR,1.40; 95% CI, 0.89-2.22; P, 0.15). We found no association between TL and breast cancer-specific survival.Conclusions: Blood TL is predictive of breast cancer risk in BRCA2 mutation carriers. Breast cancer cases have significantly shorter TL than unaffected women, regardless of BRCA2 status, indicating that samples taken after breast cancer diagnosis should not be included in evaluations of TL and breast cancer risk.Impact: Our study is built on a well-defined cohort, highly accurate methods, and long follow-up and can therefore help to clarify some previously published, contradictory results. Our findings also suggest that BRCA2 has an important role in telomere maintenance, even in normal blood cells. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(8); 1248-54. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birna Thorvaldsdottir
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Margret Aradottir
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Olafur A Stefansson
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Sigridur K Bodvarsdottir
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jorunn E Eyfjörd
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
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Jiang J, Lu Y, Li Z, Li L, Niu D, Xu W, Liu J, Fu L, Zhou Z, Gu Y, Xia F. Ganetespib overcomes resistance to PARP inhibitors in breast cancer by targeting core proteins in the DNA repair machinery. Invest New Drugs 2017; 35:251-259. [PMID: 28111726 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-016-0424-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage repair plays essential roles in drug resistance, especially resistance to Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors in the clinic. A subset of DNA repair proteins such as Breast cancer gene 1 (BRCA1), BRCA2 and RecA homolog (RAD51) are client proteins of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). Clearance of these DNA repair proteins by inhibition of Hsp90 is a promising strategy for overcoming resistance to PARP inhibitors. Here we report the pharmacological analysis of the highly potent second-generation Hsp90 inhibitor, ganetespib. Methods Nuclear BRCA1, BRCA2, and RAD51 expression in breast cancer cells were detected by subcellular fractionation and western blot analysis. Formation of nuclear RAD51 and γ-H2AX foci was analyzed by immunofluorescent staining. The cytotoxicity of ganetespib and ABT-888 in breast cancer cells were evaluated by cell proliferation, colony survival, and apoptosis assay. To investigate the efficacy of this therapy in vivo, SCID mice bearing MCF7 xenografts were treated with ganetespib and ABT-888, both as single agents and in combination. Results Ganetespib significantly destabilized nuclear BRCA1, BRCA2, and RAD51, and efficiently disrupted homologous recombination-mediated DNA double-strand break repair in breast cancer cells. The synergistic antitumor effects of ganetespib and the PARP inhibitor, ABT-888 were observed, and concurrent treatment with both inhibitors synergistically inhibited xenograft tumor growth. Importantly, the combined treatment was well tolerated, without significant loss of body weight or major histological changes in the breast cancer xenograft model. Conclusion These data provide a novel strategy for the treatment of breast cancer with wild type BRCA1 using combination therapy targeting Hsp90 to overcome resistance to PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhong Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Yuanzhi Lu
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, #601 West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Liping Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguang, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Daoli Niu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Wenwei Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jing Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Lin Fu
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Ziqing Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Yingying Gu
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China.
| | - Fen Xia
- Arkansas College of Medicine, 4301 W. Markham, Slot 771, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
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Afghahi A, Timms KM, Vinayak S, Jensen KC, Kurian AW, Carlson RW, Chang PJ, Schackmann E, Hartman AR, Ford JM, Telli ML. Tumor BRCA1 Reversion Mutation Arising during Neoadjuvant Platinum-Based Chemotherapy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Is Associated with Therapy Resistance. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:3365-3370. [PMID: 28087643 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: In germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) mutation carriers, restoration of tumor BRCA1/2 function by a secondary mutation is recognized as a mechanism of resistance to platinum and PARP inhibitors, primarily in ovarian cancer. We evaluated this mechanism of resistance in newly diagnosed patients with BRCA1/2-mutant breast cancer with poor response to neoadjuvant platinum-based therapy.Experimental Design: PrECOG 0105 was a phase II neoadjuvant study of gemcitabine, carboplatin, and iniparib in patients with stage I-IIIA triple-negative or BRCA1/2 mutation-associated breast cancer (n = 80). All patients underwent comprehensive BRCA1/2 genotyping. For mutation carriers with moderate or extensive residual disease after neoadjuvant therapy, BRCA1/2 status was resequenced in the residual surgical breast tumor tissue.Results: Nineteen patients had a deleterious germline BRCA1/2 mutation, and four had moderate residual disease at surgery. BRCA1/2 sequencing of residual tissue was performed on three patients. These patients had BRCA1 1479delAG, 3374insGA, and W1712X mutations, respectively, with LOH at these loci in the pretreatment tumors. In the first case, a new BRCA1 mutation was detected in the residual disease. This resulted in a 14-amino acid deletion and restoration of the BRCA1 reading frame. A local relapse biopsy 4 months later revealed the identical reversion mutation, and the patient subsequently died from metastatic breast cancer.Conclusions: We report a BRCA1 reversion mutation in a patient newly diagnosed with triple-negative breast cancer that developed over 18 weeks of platinum-based neoadjuvant therapy. This was associated with poor therapy response, early relapse, and death. Clin Cancer Res; 23(13); 3365-70. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anosheh Afghahi
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Shaveta Vinayak
- Department of Medicine, University, Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kristin C Jensen
- Department of Medicine, Stanford, University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Allison W Kurian
- Department of Medicine, Stanford, University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Robert W Carlson
- National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania
| | - Pei-Jen Chang
- Department of Medicine, Stanford, University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Elizabeth Schackmann
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - James M Ford
- Department of Medicine, Stanford, University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Melinda L Telli
- Department of Medicine, Stanford, University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
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185
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Kristeleit RS, Miller RE, Kohn EC. Gynecologic Cancers: Emerging Novel Strategies for Targeting DNA Repair Deficiency. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2017; 35:e259-68. [PMID: 27249731 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_159086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The presence of a BRCA mutation, somatic or germline, is now established as a standard of care for selecting patients with ovarian cancer for treatment with a PARP inhibitor. During the clinical development of the PARP inhibitor class of agents, a subset of women without BRCA mutations were shown to respond to these drugs (termed "BRCAness"). It was hypothesized that other genetic abnormalities causing a homologous recombinant deficiency (HRD) were sensitizing the BRCA wild-type cancers to PARP inhibition. The molecular basis for these other causes of HRD are being defined. They include individual gene defects (e.g., RAD51 mutation, CHEK2 mutation), homozygous somatic loss, and whole genome properties such as genomic scarring. Testing this knowledge is possible when selecting patients to receive molecular therapy targeting DNA repair, not only for patients with ovarian cancer but also endometrial and cervical cancers. The validity of HRD assays and multiple gene sequencing panels to select a broader population of patients for treatment with PARP inhibitor therapy is under evaluation. Other non-HRD targets for exploiting DNA repair defects in gynecologic cancers include mismatch repair (MMR), checkpoint signaling, and nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) DNA repair. This article describes recent evidence supporting strategies in addition to BRCA mutation for selecting patients for treatment with PARP inhibitor therapy. Additionally, the challenges and opportunities of exploiting DNA repair pathways other than homologous recombination for molecular therapy in gynecologic cancers is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Kristeleit
- From the Department of Medical Oncology, University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom; UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Clinical Investigations Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Rowan E Miller
- From the Department of Medical Oncology, University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom; UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Clinical Investigations Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Elise C Kohn
- From the Department of Medical Oncology, University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom; UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Clinical Investigations Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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186
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Okuma HS, Yonemori K. BRCA Gene Mutations and Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1026:271-286. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6020-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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187
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Lohse I, Kumareswaran R, Cao P, Pitcher B, Gallinger S, Bristow RG, Hedley DW. Effects of Combined Treatment with Ionizing Radiation and the PARP Inhibitor Olaparib in BRCA Mutant and Wild Type Patient-Derived Pancreatic Cancer Xenografts. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167272. [PMID: 28033382 PMCID: PMC5199060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The BRCA2 gene product plays an important role in DNA double strand break repair. Therefore, we asked whether radiation sensitivity of pancreatic cancers developing in individuals with germline BRCA2 mutations can be enhanced by agents that inhibit poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Methods We compared the sensitivity of two patient-derived pancreatic cancer xenografts, expressing a truncated or wild type BRCA 2, to ionizing radiation alone or in combination with olaparib (AZD-2281). Animals were treated with either a single dose of 12Gy, 7 days of olaparib or 7 days of olaparib followed by a single dose of 12Gy. Response was assessed by tumour growth delay and the activation of damage response pathways. Results The BRCA2 mutated and wild type tumours showed similar radiation sensitivity, and treatment with olaparib did not further sensitize either model when compared to IR alone. Conclusions While PARP inhibition has been shown to be effective in BRCA-mutated breast and ovarian cancers, it is less well established in pancreatic cancer patients. Our results show no radiosensitization in a germline BRCA 2 mutant and suggest that combining PARP inhibition and IR may not be beneficial in BRCA 2 related pancreatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Lohse
- Ontario Cancer Institute and Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ramya Kumareswaran
- Ontario Cancer Institute and Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pinjiang Cao
- Ontario Cancer Institute and Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bethany Pitcher
- Ontario Cancer Institute and Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven Gallinger
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Joseph and Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Translational Research Initiative in Pancreas Cancer, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert G. Bristow
- Ontario Cancer Institute and Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David W. Hedley
- Ontario Cancer Institute and Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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188
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Mei Z, Zhang X, Yi J, Huang J, He J, Tao Y. Sirtuins in metabolism, DNA repair and cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:182. [PMID: 27916001 PMCID: PMC5137222 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0461-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian sirtuin family has attracted tremendous attention over the past few years as stress adaptors and post-translational modifier. They have involved in diverse cellular processes including DNA repair, energy metabolism, and tumorigenesis. Notably, genomic instability and metabolic reprogramming are two of characteristic hallmarks in cancer. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the functions of sirtuins mainly regarding DNA repair and energy metabolism, and further discuss the implication of sirtuins in cancer specifically by regulating genome integrity and cancer-related metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Mei
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Jiarong Yi
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Junjie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Jian He
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Yongguang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China. .,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.
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189
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Huang Z, Jebb D, Teeling EC. Blood miRNomes and transcriptomes reveal novel longevity mechanisms in the long-lived bat, Myotis myotis. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:906. [PMID: 27832764 PMCID: PMC5103334 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3227-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chiroptera, the bats, are the only order of mammals capable of true self-powered flight. Bats exhibit a number of other exceptional traits such as echolocation, viral tolerance and, perhaps most puzzlingly, extreme longevity given their body size. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms driving their extended longevity particularly at the levels of gene expression and post-transcriptional regulation. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms that may underlie their unusual longevity, we have deep sequenced 246.5 million small RNA reads from whole blood of the long-lived greater mouse-eared bats, Myotis myotis, and conducted a series of genome-wide comparative analyses between bat and non-bat mammals (human, pig and cow) in both blood miRNomes and transcriptomes, for the first time. RESULTS We identified 539 miRNA gene candidates from bats, of which 468 unique mature miRNA were obtained. More than half of these miRNA (65.1 %) were regarded as bat-specific, regulating genes involved in the immune, ageing and tumorigenesis pathways. We have also developed a stringent pipeline for genome-wide miRNome comparisons across species, and identified 37 orthologous miRNA groups shared with bat, human, pig and cow, 6 of which were differentially expressed. For bats, 3 out of 4 up-regulated miRNA (miR-101-3p, miR-16-5p, miR-143-3p) likely function as tumor suppressors against various kinds of cancers, while one down-regulated miRNA (miR-221-5p) acts as a tumorigenesis promoter in human breast and pancreatic cancers. Additionally, a genome-wide comparison of mRNA transcriptomes across species also revealed specific gene expression patterns in bats. 127 up-regulated genes were enriched mainly in mitotic cell cycle and DNA repair mechanisms, while 364 down-regulated genes were involved primarily in mitochondrial activity. CONCLUSIONS Our comprehensive and integrative analyses revealed bat-specific and differentially expressed miRNA and mRNA that function in key longevity pathways, producing a distinct bat gene expression pattern. For the first time, we show that bats may possess unique regulatory mechanisms for resisting tumorigenesis, repairing cellular damage and preventing oxidative stresses, all of which likely contribute to the extraordinary lifespan of Myotis myotis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixia Huang
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - David Jebb
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Emma C Teeling
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland.
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190
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Konecny GE, Kristeleit RS. PARP inhibitors for BRCA1/2-mutated and sporadic ovarian cancer: current practice and future directions. Br J Cancer 2016; 115:1157-1173. [PMID: 27736844 PMCID: PMC5104889 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors cause targeted tumour cell death in homologous recombination (HR)-deficient cancers, including BRCA-mutated tumours, by exploiting synthetic lethality. PARP inhibitors are being evaluated in late-stage clinical trials of ovarian cancer (OC). Recently, olaparib was the first PARP inhibitor approved in the European Union and United States for the treatment of advanced BRCA-mutated OC. This paper reviews the role of BRCA mutations for tumorigenesis and PARP inhibitor sensitivity, and summarises the clinical development of PARP inhibitors for the treatment of patients diagnosed with OC. Among the five key PARP inhibitors currently in clinical development, olaparib has undergone the most extensive clinical investigation. PARP inhibitors have demonstrated durable antitumour activity in BRCA-mutated advanced OC as a single agent in the treatment and maintenance setting, particularly in platinum-sensitive disease. PARP inhibitors are well tolerated; however, further careful assessment of moderate and late-onset toxicity is mandatory in the maintenance and adjuvant setting, respectively. PARP inhibitors are also being evaluated in combination with chemotherapeutic and novel targeted agents to potentiate antitumour activities. Current research is extending the use of PARP inhibitors beyond BRCA mutations to other sensitising molecular defects that result in HR-deficient cancer, and is defining an HR-deficiency signature. Trials are underway to determine whether such a signature will predict sensitivity to PARP inhibitors in women with sporadic OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Konecny
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 2825 Santa Monica Blvd., Suite 200, Santa Monica, CA 90404–2429, USA
| | - R S Kristeleit
- Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, Paul Gorman Building, Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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191
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Alayev A, Salamon RS, Manna S, Schwartz NS, Berman AY, Holz MK. Estrogen induces RAD51C expression and localization to sites of DNA damage. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:3230-3239. [PMID: 27753535 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1241927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) is a conserved process that maintains genome stability and cell survival by repairing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). The RAD51-related family of proteins is involved in repair of DSBs; consequently, deregulation of RAD51 causes chromosomal rearrangements and stimulates tumorigenesis. RAD51C has been identified as a potential tumor suppressor and a breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene. Recent studies have also implicated estrogen as a DNA-damaging agent that causes DSBs. We found that in ERα-positive breast cancer cells, estrogen transcriptionally regulates RAD51C expression in ERα-dependent mechanism. Moreover, estrogen induces RAD51C assembly into nuclear foci at DSBs, which is a precursor to RAD51 complex recruitment to the nucleus. Additionally, disruption of ERα signaling by either anti-estrogens or siRNA prevented estrogen induced upregulation of RAD51C. We have also found an association of a worse clinical outcome between RAD51C expression and ERα status of tumors. These findings provide insight into the mechanism of genomic instability in ERα-positive breast cancer and suggest that individuals with mutations in RAD51C that are exposed to estrogen would be more susceptible to accumulation of DNA damage, leading to cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya Alayev
- a Department of Biology , Yeshiva University , New York , NY , USA
| | - Rachel S Salamon
- a Department of Biology , Yeshiva University , New York , NY , USA
| | - Subrata Manna
- a Department of Biology , Yeshiva University , New York , NY , USA
| | - Naomi S Schwartz
- a Department of Biology , Yeshiva University , New York , NY , USA
| | - Adi Y Berman
- a Department of Biology , Yeshiva University , New York , NY , USA
| | - Marina K Holz
- a Department of Biology , Yeshiva University , New York , NY , USA.,b Department of Molecular Pharmacology and the Albert Einstein Cancer Center , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , USA
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192
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Papa A, Caruso D, Strudel M, Tomao S, Tomao F. Update on Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase inhibition for ovarian cancer treatment. J Transl Med 2016; 14:267. [PMID: 27634150 PMCID: PMC5024442 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-1027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite standard treatment for epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), that involves cytoreductive surgery followed by platinum-based chemotherapy, and initial high response rates to these, up to 80 % of patients experience relapses with a median progression-free survival of 12-18 months. There remains an urgent need for novel targeted therapies to improve clinical outcomes in ovarian cancer. Of the many targeted therapies currently under evaluation, the most promising strategies developed thus far are antiangiogenic agents and Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. Particularly, PARP inhibitors are active in cells that have impaired repair of DNA by the homologous recombination (HR) pathway. Cells with mutated breast related cancer antigens (BRCA) function have HR deficiency, which is also present in a significant proportion of non-BRCA-mutated ovarian cancer ("BRCAness" ovarian cancer). The prevalence of germline BRCA mutations in EOC has historically been estimated to be around 10-15 %. However, recent reports suggest that this may be a gross underestimate, especially in women with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). The emergence of the DNA repair pathway as a rational target in various cancers led to the development of the PARP inhibitors. The concept of tumor-selective synthetic lethality heralded the beginning of an eventful decade, culminating in the approval by regulatory authorities both in Europe as a maintenance therapy and in the United States treatment for advanced recurrent disease of the first oral PARP inhibitor, olaparib, for the treatment of BRCA-mutated ovarian cancer patients. Other PARP inhibitors are clearly effective in this disease and, within the next years, the results of ongoing randomized trials will clarify their respective roles. CONCLUSION This review will discuss the different PARP inhibitors in development and the potential use of this class of agents in the future. Moreover, combination strategies involving PARP inhibitors are likely to receive increasing attention. The utility of PARP inhibitors combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy is of doubtful value, because of enhanced toxicity of this combination; while, more promising strategies include the combination with antiangiogenic agents, or with inhibitors of the P13K/AKT pathway and new generation of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anselmo Papa
- Oncology Unit, Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Latina, Italy
| | - Davide Caruso
- Oncology Unit, Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Latina, Italy
| | - Martina Strudel
- Oncology Unit, Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Latina, Italy
| | - Silverio Tomao
- Oncology Unit, Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Pathology, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Latina, Italy
| | - Federica Tomao
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Policlinico “Umberto I”, Rome, Italy
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193
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Abstract
Through years of evolutionary selection pressures, organisms have developed potent toxins that coincidentally have marked antineoplastic activity. These natural products have been vital for the development of multiagent treatment regimens currently employed in cancer chemotherapy, and are used in the treatment of a variety of malignancies. Therefore, this review catalogs recent advances in natural product-based drug discovery via the examination of mechanisms of action and available clinical data to highlight the utility of these novel compounds in the burgeoning age of precision medicine. The review also highlights the recent development of antibody-drug conjugates and other immunotoxins, which are capable of delivering highly cytotoxic agents previously deemed too toxic to elicit therapeutic benefit preferentially to neoplastic cells. Finally, the review examines natural products not currently used in the clinic that have novel mechanisms of action, and may serve to supplement current chemotherapeutic protocols.
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194
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Stoppa-Lyonnet D. The biological effects and clinical implications of BRCA mutations: where do we go from here? Eur J Hum Genet 2016; 24 Suppl 1:S3-9. [PMID: 27514841 PMCID: PMC5141575 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2016.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumour-suppressor genes encoding proteins that are essential for the repair of DNA double-strand breaks by homologous recombination (HR). Cells that lack either BRCA1 or BRCA2 repair these lesions by alternative, more error-prone mechanisms. Individuals carrying germline pathogenic mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 are at highly elevated risk of developing breast and/or ovarian cancer. Genetic testing for germline pathogenic mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 has proved to be a valuable tool for determining eligibility for cancer screening and prevention programmes. In view of increasing evidence that the HR DNA repair pathway can also be disrupted by sequence variants in other genes, screening for other BRCA-like defects has potential implications for patient care. Additionally, there is a growing argument for directly testing tumours for pathogenic mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2 and other genes involved in HR-DNA repair as inactivation of these genes may be strictly somatic. Tumours in which HR-DNA repair is altered are most likely to respond to emerging targeted therapies, such as inhibitors of poly-ADP ribose polymerase. This review highlights the biological role of pathogenic BRCA mutations and other associated defects in DNA damage repair mechanisms in breast and ovarian cancer, with particular focus on implications for patient management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Stoppa-Lyonnet
- Department of Tumour Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- INSERM U830, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Department de Génétique, Université Paris Descartes, Service de Génétique, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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195
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Chehade R, Pettapiece-Phillips R, Salmena L, Kotlyar M, Jurisica I, Narod SA, Akbari MR, Kotsopoulos J. Reduced BRCA1 transcript levels in freshly isolated blood leukocytes from BRCA1 mutation carriers is mutation specific. Breast Cancer Res 2016; 18:87. [PMID: 27534398 PMCID: PMC4989508 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-016-0739-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background BRCA1 mutation carriers face a high lifetime risk of developing both breast and ovarian cancer. Haploinsufficiency is thought to predispose these women to cancer by reducing the pool of available BRCA1 transcript and protein, thereby compromising BRCA1 function. Whether or not cancer-free BRCA1 mutation carriers have lower messenger (m)RNA transcript levels in peripheral blood leukocytes has not been evaluated. The primary aim of this study was to characterize an association between BRCA1 mutation status and BRCA1 mRNA leukocyte expression levels among healthy women with a BRCA1 mutation. Method RNA was extracted from freshly isolated peripheral blood leukocytes of 58 cancer-free, female participants (22 BRCA1 mutation carriers and 36 non-carriers). The expression levels of 236 cancer-associated genes, including BRCA1, were quantified using the Human Cancer Reference gene panel from the Nanostring Technologies nCounter Analysis System. Results Multivariate modeling demonstrated that carrying a BRCA1 mutation was the most significant predictor of BRCA1 mRNA levels. BRCA1 mRNA levels were significantly lower in BRCA1 mutation carriers compared to non-carriers (146.7 counts vs. 175.1 counts; P = 0.002). Samples with BRCA1 mutations within exon 11 had lower BRCA1 mRNA levels than samples with mutations within the 5′ and 3′ regions of the BRCA1 gene (122.1 counts vs. 138.9 and 168.6 counts, respectively; P = 0.003). Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of gene expression profiles from freshly isolated blood leukocytes revealed that BRCA1 mutation carriers cluster more closely with other BRCA1 mutation carriers than with BRCA1 wild-type samples. Moreover, a set of 17 genes (including BRCA1) previously shown to be involved in carcinogenesis, were differentially expressed between BRCA1 mutation carriers and non-carriers. Conclusion Overall, these findings support the concept of BRCA1 haploinsufficiency wherein a specific mutation results in dosage-dependent alteration of BRCA1 at the transcriptional level. This study is the first to show a decrease in BRCA1 mRNA expression in freshly isolated blood leukocytes from healthy, unaffected BRCA1 mutation carriers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-016-0739-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Chehade
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, 76 Grenville Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 2J2.00 WC Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rachael Pettapiece-Phillips
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, 76 Grenville Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, FitzGerald Building, 150 College Street, Room 316, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Leonardo Salmena
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Max Kotlyar
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Steven A Narod
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, 76 Grenville Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, FitzGerald Building, 150 College Street, Room 316, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street Health Science Building, 6th Floor, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mohammad R Akbari
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, 76 Grenville Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street Health Science Building, 6th Floor, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joanne Kotsopoulos
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, 76 Grenville Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, FitzGerald Building, 150 College Street, Room 316, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street Health Science Building, 6th Floor, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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196
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Young K, Starling N, Cunningham D. Targeting deficient DNA damage repair in gastric cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2016; 17:1757-66. [PMID: 27488684 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2016.1217992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over recent years our understanding of DNA damage repair has evolved leading to an expansion of therapies attempting to exploit DNA damage repair deficiencies across multiple solid tumours. Gastric cancer has been identified as a tumour where a subgroup of patients demonstrates deficiencies in the homologous recombination pathway providing a potential novel treatment approach for this poor prognosis disease. AREA COVERED This review provides an overview of DNA damage repair and how this has been targeted to date in other tumour types exploiting the concept of synthetic lethality. This is followed by a discussion of how deficiencies in homologous recombination may be identified across tumour types and on recent progress in targeting DNA repair deficiencies in gastric cancer. EXPERT OPINION Gastric cancer remains a difficult malignancy to treat and the possibility of targeting deficient DNA repair in a subgroup of patients is an exciting prospect. Future combinations with immunotherapy and radiotherapy are appealing and appear to have a sound biological rationale. However, much work remains to be done to understand the significance of the genetic and epigenetic alterations involved, to elucidate the optimum predictive signatures or biomarkers and to consider means of overcoming treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Young
- a Department of Medicine , The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, GI and Lymphoma Unit , Sutton , UK
| | - Naureen Starling
- a Department of Medicine , The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, GI and Lymphoma Unit , Sutton , UK
| | - David Cunningham
- a Department of Medicine , The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, GI and Lymphoma Unit , Sutton , UK
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197
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Mullane SA, Werner L, Guancial EA, Lis RT, Stack EC, Loda M, Kantoff PW, Choueiri TK, Rosenberg J, Bellmunt J. Expression Levels of DNA Damage Repair Proteins Are Associated With Overall Survival in Platinum-Treated Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2016; 14:352-9. [PMID: 26778300 PMCID: PMC5508512 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2015.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combination platinum chemotherapy is standard first-line therapy for metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC). Defining the platinum response biomarkers for patients with mUC could establish personalize medicine and provide insights into mUC biology. Although DNA repair mechanisms have been hypothesized to mediate the platinum response, we sought to analyze whether increased expression of DNA damage genes would correlate with worse overall survival (OS) in patients with mUC. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively identified a clinically annotated cohort of patients with mUC, who had been treated with first-line platinum combination chemotherapy. A tissue microarray was constructed from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue from the primary tumor before treatment. Immunohistochemical analysis of the following DNA repair proteins was performed: ERCC1, RAD51, BRCA1/2, PAR, and PARP-1. Nuclear and cytoplasmic expression was analyzed using multispectral imaging. Nuclear staining was used for the survival analysis. Cox regression analysis was used to evaluate the associations between the percentage of positive nuclear staining and OS in multivariable analysis, controlling for known prognostic variables. RESULTS In a cohort of 104 patients with mUC, a greater percentage of nuclear staining of ERCC1 (hazard ratio [HR], 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-4.9; P = .0007), RAD51 (HR, 5.6; 95% CI, 1.7-18.3; P = .005), and PAR (HR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.1-4.4; P = .026) was associated with worse OS. BRCA1, BRCA2, and PARP-1 expression was not associated with OS (P = .76, P = .38, and P = .09, respectively). A greater percentage of combined ERCC1 and RAD51 nuclear staining was strongly associated with worse OS (P = .005). CONCLUSION A high percentage of nuclear staining of ERCC1, RAD51, and PAR, assessed by immunohistochemistry, correlated with worse OS for patients with mUC treated with first-line platinum combination chemotherapy, supporting the evidence of the DNA repair pathways' role in the prognosis of mUC. We also report new evidence that RAD51 and PAR might play a role in the platinum response. Additional prospective studies are required to determine the prognostic or predictive nature of these biomarkers in mUC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Mullane
- Bladder Cancer Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Lillian Werner
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Elizabeth A Guancial
- Department of Medicine, Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - Rosina T Lis
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Edward C Stack
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Massimo Loda
- Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Philip W Kantoff
- Bladder Cancer Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Toni K Choueiri
- Bladder Cancer Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Joaquim Bellmunt
- Bladder Cancer Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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198
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Sahin IH, Lowery MA, Stadler ZK, Salo-Mullen E, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA, Kelsen DP, O’Reilly EM. Genomic instability in pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a new step towards precision medicine and novel therapeutic approaches. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 10:893-905. [PMID: 26881472 PMCID: PMC4988832 DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2016.1153424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most challenging cancers. Whole genome sequencing studies have been conducted to elucidate the underlying fundamentals underscoring disease behavior. Studies have identified a subgroup of pancreatic cancer patients with distinct molecular and clinical features. Genetic fingerprinting of these tumors is consistent with an unstable genome and defective DNA repair pathways, which creates unique susceptibility to agents inducing DNA damage. BRCA1/2 mutations, both germline and somatic, which lead to impaired DNA repair, are found to be important biomarkers of genomic instability as well as of response to DNA damaging agents. Recent studies have elucidated that PARP inhibitors and platinum agents may be effective to induce tumor regression in solid tumors bearing an unstable genome including pancreatic cancer. In this review we discuss the characteristics of genomic instability in pancreatic cancer along with its clinical implications and the utility of DNA targeting agents particularly PARP inhibitors as a novel treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim H. Sahin
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai St Luke’s Roosevelt Hospital Center
| | - Maeve A. Lowery
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center,Weill Cornell Medical College
| | - Zsofia K. Stadler
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center,Weill Cornell Medical College
| | | | | | - David P. Kelsen
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center,Weill Cornell Medical College
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199
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Eoh KJ, Park HS, Park JS, Lee ST, Han J, Lee JY, Kim SW, Kim S, Kim YT, Nam EJ. Comparison of Clinical Outcomes of BRCA1/2 Pathologic Mutation, Variants of Unknown Significance, or Wild Type Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Patients. Cancer Res Treat 2016; 49:408-415. [PMID: 27488874 PMCID: PMC5398388 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2016.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical features of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients according to BRCA1/2 mutation status (mutation, variant of uncertain significance [VUS], or wild type). MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed 116 patients whose BRCA1/2 genetic test results were available for mutation type and clinical features, including progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and response rate. These characteristics were compared according to BRCA1/2 mutation status. RESULTS Thirty-seven (37/116, 31.9%) BRCA1/2mutations were identified (BRCA1, 30; BRCA2, 7). Mutation of c.3627_3628insA (p.Leu1209_Glu1210?fs) in BRCA1 was observed in five patients (5/37, 13.5%). Twenty-five patients had BRCA1/2 VUSs (25/116, 21.6%). Personal histories of breast cancer were observed in 48.6% of patients with BRCA1/2 mutation (18/37), 16.0% of patients with BRCA1/2 VUS (4/25), and 7.4% of patients with BRCA wild type (4/54) (p < 0.001). Patients with BRCA1/2 mutation showed longer OS than those with BRCA1/2 wild type (p=0.005). No significant differences were detected in PFS, OS, or response rates between patients with BRCA1/2 VUS and BRCA1/2 mutation (p=0.772, p=0.459, and p=0.898, respectively). CONCLUSION Patientswith BRCA1/2 mutation had longer OS than thosewith BRCA1/2wild type. Patients with BRCA1/2 mutation and BRCA1/2 VUS displayed similar prognoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Jin Eoh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Women's Cancer Clinic, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Seok Park
- Hereditary Cancer Clinic of Cancer Prevention Center, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Soo Park
- Hereditary Cancer Clinic of Cancer Prevention Center, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Prevention Center, Yonsei Cancer Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Tae Lee
- Hereditary Cancer Clinic of Cancer Prevention Center, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeongwoo Han
- Hereditary Cancer Clinic of Cancer Prevention Center, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Yun Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Women's Cancer Clinic, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Wun Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Women's Cancer Clinic, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Women's Cancer Clinic, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Tae Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Women's Cancer Clinic, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Ji Nam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Women's Cancer Clinic, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Hereditary Cancer Clinic of Cancer Prevention Center, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Hamam D, Abdouh M, Gao ZH, Arena V, Arena M, Arena GO. Transfer of malignant trait to BRCA1 deficient human fibroblasts following exposure to serum of cancer patients. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:80. [PMID: 27179759 PMCID: PMC4868000 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0360-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background It was reported that metastases might occur via transfer of biologically active blood circulating molecules from the primary tumor to distant organs rather than only migration of cancer cells. We showed in an earlier study that exposure of immortalized human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293) to cancer patient sera, induce their transformation into undifferentiated cancers due to a horizontal transfer of malignant traits. In the present work, we tested the hypothesis that even other human cells as long as they are deficient for a single oncosuppressor gene might undergo malignant transformation when exposed to human cancer serum. Methods We used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to establish a stable BRCA1 knockout (KO) in human fibroblasts. The BRCA1-KO fibroblasts were exposed to cancer patients’ sera or healthy patients’ sera for 2 weeks. Treated cells were analyzed for cell proliferation and transformation to study their susceptibility to the oncogenic potential of cancer patients’ sera and to determine the possible mechanisms underlying their hypothesized transformation. Results BRCA1-KO fibroblasts treated with cancer patients’ sera displayed higher proliferation and underwent malignant transformation as opposed to wild type control fibroblasts, which were not affected by exposure to cancer patients’ sera. The malignant transformation was not seen when BRCA1-KO fibroblasts were treated with healthy human sera. Histological analysis of tumors generated by BRCA1-KO fibroblasts showed that they were carcinomas with phenotypical characteristics related to the cancers of the blood donor patients. Interestingly, BRCA1-KO fibroblasts were significantly more prone to internalize serum-derived exosomes, when compared to wild type fibroblasts. This suggests that oncosuppressor genes might protect the integrity of the cell genome also by blocking integration of cancer-derived exosomes. Conclusion These data support the hypothesis that any human cells carrying a single oncosuppressor mutation is capable of integrating cancer factors carried in the blood and undergo complete malignant transformation. Oncosuppressor genes might protect the cell genome by impeding the integration inside the cells of these mutating factors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-016-0360-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Hamam
- Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre-Research Institute, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, H4A 3J1, QC, Canada.,Department of Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 845 Rue Sherbrooke O, Montreal, H3A 0G4, QC, Canada
| | - Mohamed Abdouh
- Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre-Research Institute, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, H4A 3J1, QC, Canada
| | - Zu-Hua Gao
- Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre-Research Institute, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, H4A 3J1, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Arena
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Santo Bambino Hospital, via Torre del Vescovo 4, Catania, Italy
| | - Manuel Arena
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Organ Transplantation and Advances Technologies, University of Catania, via Santa Sofia 84, Catania, Italy
| | - Goffredo Orazio Arena
- Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre-Research Institute, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, H4A 3J1, QC, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, McGill University, St. Mary Hospital, 3830 Lacombe Avenue, Montreal, H3T 1M5, QC, Canada.
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