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Moriya H, Saito K, Helsby N, Sugino S, Yamakage M, Takasaki M, Kato H, Kurosawa N. The Association Between Heterozygosity forUGT1A1*6,UGT1A1*28, and Variation in the Serum Total-Bilirubin Level in Healthy Young Japanese Adults. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2013; 17:464-9. [DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2012.0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Moriya
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Otaru, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Saito
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Otaru, Japan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, National Hospital Organization Hokkaido Cancer Center, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nuala Helsby
- Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shigekazu Sugino
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Michiaki Yamakage
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takasaki
- Department of Pharmacy, National Hospital Organization Hokkaido Cancer Center, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Kato
- Department of Gynecology, National Hospital Organization Hokkaido Cancer Center, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nahoko Kurosawa
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Otaru, Japan
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Kim HJ, Jeong ES, Seo KA, Shin KJ, Choi YJ, Lee SJ, Ghim JL, Sohn DR, Shin JG, Kim DH. Glucuronidation of a sarpogrelate active metabolite is mediated by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases 1A4, 1A9, and 2B4. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1529-37. [PMID: 23704698 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.051862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarpogrelate is a selective serotonin 5-HT2A-receptor antagonist used to treat patients with peripheral arterial disease. This drug is rapidly hydrolyzed to its main metabolite (R,S)-1-[2-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]phenoxy]-3-(dimethylamino)-2-propanol (M-1), which is mainly excreted as a glucuronide conjugate. Sarpogrelate was also directly glucuronidated to an O-acyl glucuronide and a N-glucuronide by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) in human liver microsomes (HLMs). Since M-1 is pharmacologically more active than sarpogrelate, we examined glucuronidation of this metabolite in HLMs and characterized the UGTs responsible for M-1 glucuronidation. Diastereomers of O-glucuronide (SMG1 and SMG3) and a N-glucuronide (SMG2) were identified by incubation of M-1 with HLMs in the presence of uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid (UDPGA), and their structures were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry analyses. Two O-glucuronides were identified as chiral isomers: SMG1 as R-isomer and SMG3 as S-isomer. Using recombinant UGT enzymes, we determined that SMG1 and SMG3 were predominantly catalyzed by UGT1A9 and UGT2B4, respectively, whereas SMG2 was generated by UGT1A4. In addition, significant correlations were noted between the SMG1 formation rate and propofol glucuronidation (a marker reaction of UGT1A9; r = 0.6269, P < 0.0031), and between the SMG2 formation rate and trifluoperazine glucuronidation (a marker reaction of UGT1A4; r = 0.6623, P < 0.0015) in a panel of HLMs. Inhibition of SMG1, SMG2, and SMG3 formation by niflumic acid, hecogenin, and fluconazole further substantiated the involvement of UGT1A9, UGT1A4, and UGT2B4, respectively. These findings collectively indicate that UGT1A4, UGT1A9, and UGT2B4 are the major UGT isoforms responsible for glucuronidation of M-1, an active metabolite of sarpogrelate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Ji Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, #633-165 Gaegum-Dong, Jin-Gu, Busan 614-735, Korea
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153
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Grosse L, Campeau AS, Caron S, Morin FA, Meunier K, Trottier J, Caron P, Verreault M, Barbier O. Enantiomer selective glucuronidation of the non-steroidal pure anti-androgen bicalutamide by human liver and kidney: role of the human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)1A9 enzyme. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 113:92-102. [PMID: 23527766 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bicalutamide (Casodex(®) ) is a non-steroidal pure anti-androgen used in the treatment of localized prostate cancer. It is a racemate drug, and its activity resides in the (R)-enantiomer, with little in the (S)-enantiomer. A major metabolic pathway for bicalutamide is glucuronidation catalysed by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes. While (S)bicalutamide is directly glucuronidated, (R)bicalutamide requires hydroxylation prior to glucuronidation. The contribution of human tissues and UGT isoforms in the metabolism of these enantiomers has not been extensively investigated. In this study, both (R) and/or (S)bicalutamide were converted into glucuronide (-G) derivatives after incubation of pure and racemic solutions with microsomal extracts from human liver and kidney. Intestinal microsomes exhibited only low reactivity with these substrates. Km values of liver and kidney samples for (S)bicalutamide glucuronidation were similar, and lower than values obtained with the (R)-enantiomer. Among the 16 human UGTs tested, UGT1A8 and UGT1A9 were able to form both (S) and (R)bicalutamide-G from pure or racemic substrates. UGT2B7 was also able to form (R)bicalutamide-G. Kinetic parameters of the recombinant UGT2B7, UGT1A8 and UGT1A9 enzymes support a predominant role of the UGT1A9 isoform in bicalutamide metabolism. Accordingly, (S)bicalutamide inhibited the ability of human liver and kidney microsomes to glucuronidate the UGT1A9 probe substrate, propofol. In conclusion, the present study provides the first comprehensive analysis of in vitro bicalutamide glucuronidation by human tissues and UGTs and identifies UGT1A9 as a major contributor for (R) and (S) glucuronidation in the human liver and kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Grosse
- Laboratory of molecular pharmacology, CHU-Québec Research Centre and the Faculty of pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
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154
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Early upper digestive tract side effects of zidovudine with tenofovir plus emtricitabine in West African adults with high CD4 counts. J Int AIDS Soc 2013; 16:18059. [PMID: 23639243 PMCID: PMC3643089 DOI: 10.7448/ias.16.1.18059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tenofovir (TDF) with emtricitabine (FTC) and zidovudine (ZDV) is a recognized alternate first-line antiretroviral (ART) regimen for patients who cannot start treatment with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Clinical studies comparing TDF+FTC+ZDV to other regimens are lacking. METHODS Participants in a trial of early ART in Côte d'Ivoire (Temprano ANRS 12136) started treatment with TDF/FTC plus either efavirenz (EFV) or ZDV (HIV-1+2 dually infected patients and women refusing contraception or previously treated with nevirapine). We compared rates of upper digestive serious adverse events (sAEs) between TDF/FTC+EFV and TDF/FTC+ZDV patients during the first six months of treatment. sAEs were defined as either grade 3-4 AEs or persistent grade 1-2 AEs leading to drug discontinuation. RESULTS A total of 197 patients (76% women, median CD4 count 395/mm(3)) started therapy with TDF/FTC, 126 with EFV and 71 with ZDV. During the first six months of ART, 94 patients had digestive AEs (nausea/vomiting) of any grade (EFV 36/126, 29%; ZDV 58/71, 82%, p<0.0001), including 20 sAEs (EFV 3/126, 5%; ZDV 17/71, 24%, p<0.0001). In-patients on TDF/FTC+ZDV with digestive AEs, the median time to the first symptom was two days (IQR: 1-4). Plasma ZDV (Cmax) distributions and pill ZDV dosages were normal. Patients with digestive AEs had higher haemoglobin levels and tended to have higher body mass indices and more frequent past histories of cotrimoxazole (CTX) prophylaxis. CONCLUSIONS We observed an unexpectedly high rate of digestive sAEs in West African adults, mostly women, who started a 3-nuc ART with TDF/FTC+ZDV in Côte d'Ivoire. These adults were participating in a trial of early ART and had much higher CD4 counts than those who currently routinely start ART in sub-Saharan Africa. They all received CTX concomitantly with ZDV. We suggest that further early prescriptions of TDF+XTC+ZDV should be carefully monitored and that whenever possible, the rate of early upper digestive adverse events should be compared to that occurring in-patients taking other drug regimens. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER NCT00495651.
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155
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Fluid intake, genetic variants of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, and bladder cancer risk. Br J Cancer 2013; 108:2372-80. [PMID: 23632476 PMCID: PMC3681021 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Results of studies of fluid consumption and its association with bladder cancer have been inconsistent. Few studies have considered modification effects from genetic variants that may interact with the type of consumed fluids. UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), which are membrane-bound conjugating enzymes, catalyse the transformation of hydrophobic substrates to more water-soluble glucuronides to facilitate renal or biliary excretion. Whether genetic variants in UGTs could modulate the association between fluid intake and bladder cancer has not been studied. Methods: We conducted a case–control study with 1007 patients with histopathologically confirmed bladder cancer and 1299 healthy matched controls. Fluid intake and epidemiologic data were collected via in-person interview. Multivariate unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and the 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: After adjustment for potential confounders, high quantity of total fluid intake (⩾2789 vs <1696 ml per day) conferred a 41% increased risk of bladder cancer (OR=1.41; 95% CI=1.10–1.81). Specific fluids such as regular soft drinks and decaffeinated coffee were also associated with increased risks, whereas tea, wine, and liquor were associated with decreased risks. Among 83 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the UGT gene family, 18 were significantly associated with bladder cancer risk. The most significant one was rs7571337, with the variant genotype conferring a 29% reduction in risk (OR=0.71; 95% CI=0.56–0.90). Conclusions: Total and specific fluid intakes are associated with bladder cancer risk in the study population and that genetic variants of UGT genes could modulate the effects. These results facilitate identification of high-risk individuals and have important implications in bladder cancer prevention.
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156
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Uchaipichat V, Suthisisang C, Miners JO. The Glucuronidation of R- and S-Lorazepam: Human Liver Microsomal Kinetics, UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Enzyme Selectivity, and Inhibition by Drugs. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1273-84. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.051656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Tripathi SP, Bhadauriya A, Patil A, Sangamwar AT. Substrate selectivity of human intestinal UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs): in silico and in vitro insights. Drug Metab Rev 2013; 45:231-52. [PMID: 23461702 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2013.767345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The current drug development process aims to produce safe, effective drugs within a reasonable time and at a reasonable cost. Phase II metabolism (glucuronidation) can affect drug action and pharmacokinetics to a considerable extent and so its studies and prediction at initial stages of drug development are very imperative. Extensive glucuronidation is an obstacle to oral bioavailability because the first-pass glucuronidation [or premature clearance by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs)] of orally administered agents frequently results in poor oral bioavailability and lack of efficacy. Modeling of new chemical entities/drugs for UGTs and their kinetic data can be useful in understanding the binding patterns to be used in the design of better molecules. This review concentrates on first-pass glucuronidation by intestinal UGTs, including their topology, expression profile, and pharmacogenomics. In addition, recent advances are discussed with respect to substrate selectivity at the binding pocket, structural requirements, and mechanism of enzyme actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Prakash Tripathi
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Punjab, India
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158
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Stringer F, Ploeger BA, Jongh JD, Scott G, Urquhart R, Karim A, Danhof M. Evaluation of the Impact of UGT Polymorphism on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of the Novel PPAR Agonist Sipoglitazar. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 53:256-63. [DOI: 10.1177/0091270012447121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bart A. Ploeger
- Leiden-Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research; Division of Pharmacology; Leiden; The Netherlands
| | | | - Graham Scott
- Takeda Global Research & Development; London; UK
| | | | - Aziz Karim
- Takeda Global Research & Development; USA
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159
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Lundmark J, Gårevik N, Thörngren JO, Garle M, Ekström L, Rane A, Schulze JJ. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs do not influence the urinary testosterone/epitestosterone glucuronide ratio. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:51. [PMID: 23720652 PMCID: PMC3655282 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The UDP Glucuronosyl Transferase (UGT) enzymes are important in the pharmacokinetics, and conjugation, of a variety of drugs including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as well as anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS). Testosterone glucuronidation capacity is strongly associated with a deletion polymorphism in the UGT2B17 gene. As the use of high doses of NSAIDs has been observed in athletes there is a risk for a drug-drug interaction that may influence the doping tests for AAS. In vitro studies show inhibitory potential on UGT2B7, 2B15, and 2B17 enzymes by NSAIDs. The aim of this study was to investigate if concomitant use of NSAIDs and a single dose of testosterone enanthate would affect the excretion rate of testosterone and epitestosterone glucuronide (TG and EG) as well as the T/E ratio, thereby affecting the outcome of the testosterone doping test. The study was designed as an open, randomized, cross-over study with subjects being their own control. The 23 male healthy volunteers, with either two, one or no allele (ins/ins, ins/del, or del/del) of the UGT2B17 gene, received the maximum recommended dose of NSAID (Ibuprofen or Diclofenac) for 6 days. On day three, 500 mg of testosterone enanthate was administered. Spot urine samples were collected for 17 days. After a wash-out period of 4 months the volunteers received 500 mg testosterone enanthate only, with subsequent spot urine collection for 14 days. The glucuronides of testosterone and epitestosterone were quantified. NSAIDs did not affect the excretion of TG or EG before the administration of testosterone. The concomitant use of NSAIDs and testosterone slightly increased the TG excretion while the EG excretion was less suppressed compared to testosterone use only. The effects of the NSAIDs on the TG and EG excretion did not differ between the UGT2B17 genotype groups. In conclusion, the outcome of testosterone doping tests does not seem to be affected by the use of NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Lundmark
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
| | - Nina Gårevik
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
| | - John-Olof Thörngren
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Garle
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Ekström
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Rane
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny J. Schulze
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Jenny J. Schulze, Clinical Pharmacology C1:68, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden. e-mail:
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160
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Nishihara M, Hiura Y, Kawaguchi N, Takahashi J, Asahi S. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B15 (UGT2B15) Is the Major Enzyme Responsible for Sipoglitazar Glucuronidation in Humans: Retrospective Identification of the UGT Isoform by In Vitro Analysis and the Effect of UGT2B15*2 Mutation. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2013; 28:475-84. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-13-rg-004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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161
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Miyake Y, Mayumi K, Jinno H, Tanaka-Kagawa T, Narimatsu S, Hanioka N. cDNA Cloning and Functional Analysis of Minipig Uridine Diphosphate-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A1. Biol Pharm Bull 2013; 36:452-61. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b12-00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuuka Miyake
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
| | - Kei Mayumi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
| | - Hideto Jinno
- Division of Environmental Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | | | - Shizuo Narimatsu
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
| | - Nobumitsu Hanioka
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
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Glucuronidation of the second-generation antipsychotic clozapine and its active metabolite N-desmethylclozapine. Potential importance of the UGT1A1 A(TA)₇TAA and UGT1A4 L48V polymorphisms. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2012; 22:561-76. [PMID: 22565219 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e328354026b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clozapine (CLZ) is an FDA approved second-generation antipsychotic for refractory schizophrenia, and glucuronidation is an important pathway in its metabolism. The aim of this study was to fully characterize the CLZ glucuronidation pathway and examine whether polymorphisms in active glucuronidating enzymes could contribute to variability in CLZ metabolism. METHODS Cell lines overexpressing wild-type or variant uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes were used to determine which UGTs show activity against CLZ and its major active metabolite N-desmethylclozapine (dmCLZ). Human liver microsomes (HLM) were used to compare hepatic glucuronidation activity against the UGT genotype. RESULTS Several UGTs including 1A1 and 1A4 were active against CLZ; only UGT1A4 showed activity against dmCLZ. UGT1A1 showed a 2.1-fold (P <0.0001) higher V(max)/K(M) for formation of the CLZ-N⁺-glucuronide than UGT1A4; UGT1A4 was the only UGT for which CLZ-5-N-glucuronide kinetics could be determined. The UGT1A4(24Pro/48Val) variant showed a 5.2-, 2.0-, and 3.4-fold (P < 0.0001 for all) higher V(max)/K(M) for the formation of CLZ-5-N-glucuronide, CLZ-N⁺-glucuronide, and dmCLZ-5-N-glucuronide, respectively, as compared with that of wild-type UGT1A4(24Pro/48Leu). There was a 37% (P< 0.05) decrease in the rate of CLZ-N⁺-glucuronide formation in HLM with the UGT1A1 (*28/*28)/UGT1A4 (*1/*1) genotype, and a 2.2- and 1.8-fold (P < 0.05 for both) increase in the formation of CLZ-5-N-glucuronide and CLZ-N⁺-glucuronide in UGT1A1 (*1/*1)/UGT1A4 (*3/*3) HLM compared with UGT1A1 (*1/*1)/UGT1A4 (*1/*1) HLM. The UGT1A1*28 allele was a significant (P = 0.045) predictor of CLZ-N⁺-glucuronide formation; the UGT1A4*3 allele was a significant (P < 0.0001) predictor of CLZ-5-N-glucuronide and dmCLZ-glucuronide formation. CONCLUSION These data suggest that the UGT1A1*28 and UGT1A4*3 alleles contribute significantly to the interindividual variability in CLZ and dmCLZ metabolism.
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163
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Song JH, Fang ZZ, Zhu LL, Cao YF, Hu CM, Ge GB, Zhao DW. Glucuronidation of the broad-spectrum antiviral drug arbidol by UGT isoforms. J Pharm Pharmacol 2012; 65:521-7. [PMID: 23488780 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this work was to identify the uridine glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoforms involved in the metabolism of the broad-spectrum antiviral drug arbidol. METHODS A human liver microsome (HLM) incubation system was employed to catalyse the formation of arbidol glucuronide. The glucuronidation activity of commercially recombinant UGT isoforms towards arbidol was screened. A combination of kinetic analysis and chemical inhibition study was used to determine the UGT isoforms involved in arbidol's glucuronidation. KEY FINDINGS The arbidol glucuronide was detected when arbidol was incubated with HLMs in the presence of UDP-glucuronic acid. The Eadie-Hofstee plot showed that glucuronidation of arbidol was best fit to the Michaelis-Menten kinetic model, and K(m) and apparent V(max) were calculated to be 8.0 ± 0.7 μm and 2.03 ± 0.05 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively. Assessment of a panel of recombinant UGT isoforms revealed that UGT1A1, UGT1A3 and UGT1A9 could catalyse the glucuronidation of arbidol. Kinetic analysis and chemical inhibition study demonstrated that UGT1A9 was the predominant UGT isoform involved in arbidol glucuronidation in HLMs. CONCLUSIONS The major contribution of UGT1A9 towards arbidol glucuronidation was demonstrated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hui Song
- Orthopedics Department, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China.
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164
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Zhang L, Jin Y, Huang M, Penning TM. The Role of Human Aldo-Keto Reductases in the Metabolic Activation and Detoxication of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Interconversion of PAH Catechols and PAH o-Quinones. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:193. [PMID: 23162467 PMCID: PMC3499756 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants. They are procarcinogens requiring metabolic activation to elicit their deleterious effects. Aldo-keto reductases (AKR) catalyze the oxidation of proximate carcinogenic PAH trans-dihydrodiols to yield electrophilic and redox-active PAH o-quinones. AKRs are also found to be capable of reducing PAH o-quinones to form PAH catechols. The interconversion of o-quinones and catechols results in the redox-cycling of PAH o-quinones to give rise to the generation of reactive oxygen species and subsequent oxidative DNA damage. On the other hand, PAH catechols can be intercepted through phase II metabolism by which PAH o-quinones could be detoxified and eliminated. The aim of the present review is to summarize the role of human AKRs in the metabolic activation/detoxication of PAH and the relevance of phase II conjugation reactions to human lung carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
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165
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Chung CJ, Pu YS, Shiue HS, Lee HL, Lin P, Yang HY, Su CT, Hsueh YM. 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) metabolism-related enzymes gene polymorphisms, NNK metabolites levels and urothelial carcinoma. Toxicol Lett 2012; 216:16-22. [PMID: 23142425 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gene polymorphisms of the 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) metabolism-related enzymes-cytochrome P450 (CYP) monooxygenase 2A13 (CYP2A13) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT)-2B7 could contribute to the levels of NNK-related metabolites in urine, thereby increasing the susceptibility to urothelial carcinoma (UC). Therefore, our study aimed to evaluate the roles of two gene polymorphisms (CYP2A13 and UGT2B7) of NNK metabolism-related enzymes in the carcinogenesis of UC in Taiwan. A hospital-based pilot case-control study was conducted. There were 121 UC cases and 121 age- and sex-matched healthy participants recruited from March 2007 to April 2009. Urine samples were analyzed for NNK-related metabolites using the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Genotyping was conducted using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. ANCOVA and multivariate logistic regression were applied for data analyses. In healthy controls, former smokers had significantly higher total NNAL and higher NNAL-Gluc than never smokers or current smokers. Subjects carrying the UGT2B7 268 His/Tyr or Tyr/Tyr genotype had significantly lower total NNAL than those carrying His/His genotype. However, no association was seen between gene polymorphisms of CYP2A13 and UGT2B7 and UC risk after adjustment for age and sex. Significant dose -response associations between total NNAL, free NNAL, the ratios of free NNAL/total NNAL and NNAL-Gluc/total NNAL and UC risk were observed. In the future, large-scale studies will be required to verify the association between the single nucleotide polymorphisms of NNK metabolism-related enzymes and UC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Jung Chung
- Department of Health Risk Management, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Dietary dry bean effects on hepatic expression of stress and toxicity-related genes in rats. Br J Nutr 2012; 108 Suppl 1:S37-45. [PMID: 22916814 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512000815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) consumption is associated with reduced risk for a number of chronic diseases. In westernised societies, dry bean consumption is particularly low (approximately 2-4 kg/capita per year) and little information is available about the safety of increasing dietary intake in humans to achieve levels that prevent and control chronic diseases. In anticipation of a human intervention study to address the safety and efficacy of increasing bean consumption, a dose-response study with dietary beans was conducted to establish whether increased bean consumption in rats exhibits changes indicative of hepatic stress or toxicity. Transcript levels from a panel of stress and toxicity-related genes were analysed in female Sprague-Dawley rats fed a dose range of dietary beans that bracketed amounts relevant to human consumption globally. Cooked red bean was incorporated into a purified diet formulation at 0, 7·5, 15, 30 or 60 % w/w for the assessment of adaptive patterns of gene expression using quantitative PCR array. Of the eighty-four genes evaluated, the expressions of Cyp3a11, Cyp7a1, Fmo1, Gstm1, Mif and Ugt1a6 were elevated, whereas the expression of Hspa8 was down-regulated. Liver gene expression was not modulated in a manner indicative of an adverse response. Only the expression of the cholesterol 7α hydoxylase and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase genes increased in a dose-dependent manner at nutritionally relevant dietary bean concentrations. These candidate genes may contribute to the health benefits attributed to increased bean consumption.
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167
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Evaluation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B17 (UGT2B17) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) genes deletion and the expression level of NGX6 mRNA in breast cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:10531-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1938-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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168
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Abstract
BACKGROUND UGT1A4 is primarily expressed in the liver and exhibits catalytic activities for various drugs. Amongst the few UGT1A4 polymorphisms evaluated, studies support the alteration of UGT1A4-mediated glucuronidation by a few variations including the Pro²⁴Thr and Leu⁴⁸Val variants (referred to as UGT1A4*2 and *3). METHODS We therefore investigated genetic mechanisms that might contribute to interindividual variation in UGT1A4 expression and activity. The UGT1A4 gene was sequenced from -4963 bp relative to the ATG to 2000 bp after the first exon in 184 unrelated Caucasians and African-Americans. RESULTS We identified a large number of genetic variations, including 13 intronic, 39 promoter, as well as 14 exonic polymorphisms, with 10 that lead to amino-acid changes. Of the nucleotide variations found in the -5 kb promoter region, five are located in the proximal region (first 500 bp), and positioned in putative HNF-1 and OCT-1 binding sites. Four of these variants, placed at -163, -219, -419 and -463, are in complete linkage disequilibrium with the Leu⁴⁸Val coding region variant and with several variants in the upstream region of the promoter. Transient transfections of reference and variant promoter constructs (from position -500 to +1) in different cell lines with or without co-expression of HNF-1 and/or OCT-1 showed limited effect of these variations. CONCLUSION Additional functional studies on promoter variants are still required to predict their potential influence on UGT1A4 expression in vivo. Besides, several coding variants significantly modified the enzyme kinetics for tamoxifen and Z-4-hydroxytamoxifen (Val⁴⁸, Asp⁵⁰, Gln⁵⁶, Phe¹⁷⁶, Asn²⁵⁰, Leu²⁷⁶) and are expected to have a potential in vivo effect.
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The effect of genetic polymorphisms in UGT2B15 on the pharmacokinetic profile of sipoglitazar, a novel anti-diabetic agent. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 69:423-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00228-012-1382-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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170
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López M, Dorado P, Monroy N, Alonso ME, Jung-Cook H, Machín E, Peñas-Lledó E, Llerena A. Pharmacogenetics of the antiepileptic drugs phenytoin and lamotrigine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 26:5-12. [PMID: 21557672 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi.2011.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Patients treated with antiepileptic drugs can exhibit large interindividual variability in clinical efficacy or adverse effects. This could be partially due to genetic variants in genes coding for proteins that function as drug metabolizing enzymes, drug transporters or drug targets. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the current knowledge on the pharmacogenetics of two commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs with similar mechanisms of action; phenytoin (PHT) and lamotrigine (LTG). These two drugs have been selected in order to model the pharmacogenetics of Phase I and Phase II metabolism for PHT and LTG, respectively. In light of the present evidence, patients treated with PHT could benefit from CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 genotyping/phenotyping. For those under treatment with LTG, UGT1A4 and UGT2B7 genotyping might be of clinical use and could contribute to the interindividual variability in LTG concentration to dose ratio in epileptic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol López
- Department of Biological Systems, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico
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171
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Han SX, Wang L, Wu DQ. The association between UGT1A7 polymorphism and cancer risk: A meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol 2012; 36:e201-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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172
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Oda S, Nakajima M, Hatakeyama M, Fukami T, Yokoi T. Preparation of a Specific Monoclonal Antibody against Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A9 and Evaluation of UGT1A9 Protein Levels in Human Tissues. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:1620-7. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.045625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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174
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Hiljadnikova Bajro M, Josifovski T, Panovski M, Jankulovski N, Kapedanovska Nestorovska A, Matevska N, Petrusevska N, Dimovski AJ. Promoter length polymorphism in UGT1A1 and the risk of sporadic colorectal cancer. Cancer Genet 2012; 205:163-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2012.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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175
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Li J, Menard V, Benish RL, Jurevic RJ, Guillemette C, Stoneking M, Zimmerman PA, Mehlotra RK. Worldwide variation in human drug-metabolism enzyme genes CYP2B6 and UGT2B7: implications for HIV/AIDS treatment. Pharmacogenomics 2012; 13:555-70. [PMID: 22462748 PMCID: PMC3390746 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.11.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Hepatic enzymes, CYP2B6 and UGT2B7 play a major role in the metabolism of the widely used antiretroviral drugs efavirenz, nevirapine and zidovudine. In the present study, we provide a view of UGT2B7 haplotype structure, and quantify the genetic diversity and differentiation at both CYP2B6 and UGT2B7 genes on a worldwide scale. MATERIALS & METHODS We genotyped one intronic and three promoter SNPs, and together with three nonsynonymous SNPs, inferred UGT2B7 alleles in north American (n = 326), west African (n = 133) and Papua New Guinean (n = 142) populations. We also included genotype data for five CYP2B6 and six UGT2B7 SNPs from an additional 12 worldwide populations (n = 629) analyzed in the 1000 Genomes Project. RESULTS We observed significant differences in certain SNP and allele frequencies of CYP2B6 and UGT2B7 among worldwide populations. Diversity values were higher for UGT2B7 than for CYP2B6, although there was more diversity between populations for CYP2B6. For both genes, most of the genetic variation was observed among individuals within populations, with the Papua New Guinean population showing the highest pairwise differentiation values for CYP2B6, and the Asian and European populations showing higher pairwise differentiation values for UGT2B7. CONCLUSION These new genetic distinctions provide additional insights for investigating differences in antiretroviral pharmacokinetics and therapy outcomes among ethnically and geographically diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vincent Menard
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, CHUQ Research Center & Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, QC, Canada
| | - Rebekah L Benish
- Center for Global Health & Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Richard J Jurevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Chantal Guillemette
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, CHUQ Research Center & Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, QC, Canada
| | - Mark Stoneking
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter A Zimmerman
- Center for Global Health & Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rajeev K Mehlotra
- Center for Global Health & Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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176
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Na DH, Ji HY, Park EJ, Kim MS, Liu KH, Lee HS. Evaluation of metabolism-mediated herb-drug interactions. Arch Pharm Res 2011; 34:1829-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-011-1105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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177
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Schwaninger AE, Meyer MR, Barnes AJ, Kolbrich-Spargo EA, Gorelick DA, Goodwin RS, Huestis MA, Maurer HH. Urinary excretion kinetics of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) and its phase I and phase II metabolites in humans following controlled MDMA administration. Clin Chem 2011; 57:1748-56. [PMID: 21980168 PMCID: PMC3717351 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2011.172254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3,4-Methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is excreted inhuman urine as unchanged drug and phase I and II metabolites. Previous urinary excretion studies after controlled oral MDMA administration have been performed only after conjugate cleavage. Therefore, we investigated intact MDMA glucuronide and sulfate metabolite excretion. METHODS We used LC-high-resolution MS and GC-MS to reanalyze blind urine samples from 10 participants receiving 1.0 or 1.6 mg/kg MDMA orally. We determined median C(max),t(max), first and last detection times, and total urinary recovery; calculated ratios of sulfates and glucuronides; and performed in vitro-in vivo correlations. RESULTS Phase II metabolites of 3,4-dihydroxymethamphetamine (DHMA),4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA),3,4-dihydroxyamphetamine (DHA), and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine were identified, although only DHMA sulfates, HMMA sulfate, and HMMA glucuronide had substantial abundance. Good correlation was observed for HMMA measured after acid hydrolysis and the sum of unconjugated HMMA, HMMA glucuronide, and HMMA sulfate (R(2) = 0.87). More than 90% of total DHMA and HMMA were excreted as conjugates. The analyte with the longest detection time was HMMA sulfate. Median HMMA sulfate/glucuronide and DHMA 3-sulfate/4-sulfate ratios for the first 24 h were 2.0 and 5.3, respectively, in accordance with previous in vitro calculations from human liver microsomes and cytosol experiments. CONCLUSIONS Human MDMA urinary metabolites are primarily sulfates and glucuronides,with sulfates present in higher concentrations than glucuronides. This new knowledge may lead to improvements in urine MDMA and metabolite analysis in clinical and forensic toxicology, particularly for the performance of direct urine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E. Schwaninger
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Markus R. Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Allan J. Barnes
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD
| | - Erin A. Kolbrich-Spargo
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD
- Southwestern Institute of Forensic Sciences, Dallas, TX
| | - David A. Gorelick
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD
| | - Robert S. Goodwin
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD
| | - Hans H. Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg (Saar), Germany
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178
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Zhou J, Argikar UA, Remmel RP. Functional analysis of UGT1A4P24T and UGT1A4L48V variant enzymes. Pharmacogenomics 2011; 12:1671-9. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.11.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the effects of two nonsynonymous SNPs, UGT1A4*2 (rs#: 6755571, 70C>A, P24T) and UGT1A4*3 (rs#: 2011425, 142T>G, L48V), on the function of UGT1A4 against dihydrotestosterone (DHT), transandrosterone (t-AND), lamotrigine (LTG) and tamoxifen (TAM). Materials & methods: Detailed kinetic experiments were conducted with recombinant UGT1A4wild-type, UGT1A4P24T and UGT1A4L48V, which were overexpressed in HEK293 cell lines. The kinetic profiles and kinetic parameters (Km, Vmax and CLint) obtained with either UGT1A4P24T or UGT1A4L48V were compared with those obtained with the wild-type enzyme. The interaction of TAM on UG1A4-catalyzed DHT glucuronidation was also investigated with the three UGT1A4 polymorphic enzymes. Results: UGT1A4L48V had higher enzyme efficiency (CLint) compared with wild-type UGT1A4 on DHT glucuronidation; UGT1A4P24T and UGT1A4L48V had lower CLint than wild-type UGT1A4 for t-AND and LTG glucuronidation. The TAM CLint with UGT1A4P24T and UGT1A4L48V glucuronidation and the UGT1A4P24T-catalyzed DHT glucuronidation were, on the other hand, similar to those of the wild-type enzyme. With all three enzymes, TAM activated UGT1A4-catalyzed DHT glucuronidation in a concentration-dependent fashion. Conclusion: Decreased CLint of UGT1A4P24T and UGT1A4L48V on LTG glucuronidation may lead to interindividual variations in LTG metabolism in vivo. However, it is less likely that these polymorphisms would have impact on DHT and t-AND metabolism in vivo because these compounds are glucuronidated by multiple enzymes. Original submitted 31 May 2011; Revision submitted 19 July 2011
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rory P Remmel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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179
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Sun C, Huo D, Southard C, Nemesure B, Hennis A, Cristina Leske M, Wu SY, Witonsky DB, Olopade OI, Di Rienzo A. A signature of balancing selection in the region upstream to the human UGT2B4 gene and implications for breast cancer risk. Hum Genet 2011; 130:767-75. [PMID: 21660508 PMCID: PMC4478588 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-011-1025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2 family, polypeptide B4 (UGT2B4) is an important metabolizing enzyme involved in the clearance of many xenobiotics and endogenous substrates, especially steroid hormones and bile acids. The HapMap data show that numerous SNPs upstream of UGT2B4 are in near-perfect linkage disequilibrium with each other and occur at intermediate frequency, indicating that this region might contain a target of natural selection. To investigate this possibility, we chose three regions (4.8 kb in total) for resequencing and observed a striking excess of intermediate-frequency alleles that define two major haplotypes separated by many mutation events and with little differentiation across populations, thus suggesting that the variation pattern upstream UGT2B4 is highly unusual and may be the result of balancing selection. We propose that this pattern is due to the maintenance of a regulatory polymorphism involved in the fine tuning of UGT2B4 expression so that heterozygous genotypes result in optimal enzyme levels. Considering the important role of steroid hormones in breast cancer susceptibility, we hypothesized that variation in this region could predispose to breast cancer. To test this hypothesis, we genotyped tag SNP rs13129471 in 1,261 patients and 825 normal women of African ancestry from three populations. The frequency comparison indicated that rs13129471 was significantly associated with breast cancer after adjusting for ethnicity [P = 0.003; heterozygous odds ratio (OR) 1.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81-1.28; homozygous OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.15-1.95]. Our results provide new insights into UGT2B4 sequence variation and indicate that a signal of natural selection may lead to the identification of disease susceptibility variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Sun
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 920 E. 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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180
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Lu PH, Chen MB, Wu XY, Gu JH, Liu Y, Gu RM. Genetic Polymorphisms of UGT1A7 and Cancer Risk: Evidence From 21 Case–Control Studies. Cancer Invest 2011; 29:645-54. [DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2011.626477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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181
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Hanioka N, Iwabu H, Hanafusa H, Nakada S, Narimatsu S. Expression and Inducibility of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1As in MCF-7 Human Breast Carcinoma Cells. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 110:253-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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182
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Turesky RJ, Le Marchand L. Metabolism and biomarkers of heterocyclic aromatic amines in molecular epidemiology studies: lessons learned from aromatic amines. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1169-214. [PMID: 21688801 PMCID: PMC3156293 DOI: 10.1021/tx200135s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic amines and heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are structurally related classes of carcinogens that are formed during the combustion of tobacco or during the high-temperature cooking of meats. Both classes of procarcinogens undergo metabolic activation by N-hydroxylation of the exocyclic amine group to produce a common proposed intermediate, the arylnitrenium ion, which is the critical metabolite implicated in toxicity and DNA damage. However, the biochemistry and chemical properties of these compounds are distinct, and different biomarkers of aromatic amines and HAAs have been developed for human biomonitoring studies. Hemoglobin adducts have been extensively used as biomarkers to monitor occupational and environmental exposures to a number of aromatic amines; however, HAAs do not form hemoglobin adducts at appreciable levels, and other biomarkers have been sought. A number of epidemiologic studies that have investigated dietary consumption of well-done meat in relation to various tumor sites reported a positive association between cancer risk and well-done meat consumption, although some studies have shown no associations between well-done meat and cancer risk. A major limiting factor in most epidemiological studies is the uncertainty in quantitative estimates of chronic exposure to HAAs, and thus, the association of HAAs formed in cooked meat and cancer risk has been difficult to establish. There is a critical need to establish long-term biomarkers of HAAs that can be implemented in molecular epidemioIogy studies. In this review, we highlight and contrast the biochemistry of several prototypical carcinogenic aromatic amines and HAAs to which humans are chronically exposed. The biochemical properties and the impact of polymorphisms of the major xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes on the biological effects of these chemicals are examined. Lastly, the analytical approaches that have been successfully employed to biomonitor aromatic amines and HAAs, and emerging biomarkers of HAAs that may be implemented in molecular epidemiology studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Turesky
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center , Albany, New York 12201, United States.
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183
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Long J, Zhang S, Fang X, Luo Y, Liu J. Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and Gly71Arg mutation of UGT1A1 gene: a Chinese case-control study followed by systematic review of existing evidence. Acta Paediatr 2011; 100:966-71. [PMID: 21272068 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM To determine whether the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 gene (UGT1A1) Gly71Arg (211G>A) mutation is associated with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. METHODS The study consisted of two parts. The case-control study included 112 hyperbilirubinemic infants and 105 control subjects from the Fifth People's Hospital of Shenzhen. Polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment length polymorphisms and agarose gel electrophoresis techniques were used to detect the UGT1A1 211G>A mutation. Meta-analyses was performed to assess the association between neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and UGT1A1 211G>A. RESULTS Our case-control study revealed that the likelihood of developing neonatal hyperbilirubinemia was 2.65 times higher in the infants with the A allele in the UGT1A1 211G>A than in the infants with the G allele (95% CI, 1.60-4.39). Meta-analyses (including data from our study) revealed that UGT1A1 211G>A is associated with an increased risk of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia [odds ratio (OR), 2.37; 95% CI, 2.05-2.74]. In the subgroup analyses based on ethnicity, significantly elevated risks were found in Asian populations (OR, 2.45; 95% CI, 2.10-2.84), but no significant associations were present in Caucasian populations (OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 0.87-2.75). CONCLUSION The UGT1A1 211G>A mutation is associated with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in Asians, but not in Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Long
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
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184
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Li T, Zheng Y, Fu F, Ji H, Chen X, Zhao Y, Zhao D, Li N, Zhang L. Assessment of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase catalyzed formation of Picroside II glucuronide in microsomes of different species and recombinant UGTs. Xenobiotica 2011; 41:530-7. [PMID: 21524190 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2011.573018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the hepatic glucuronidation of Picroside II in different species and characterized the glucuronidation activities of human intestinal microsomes (HIMs) and recombinant human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) for Picroside II. The rank order of hepatic microsomal glucuronidation activity of Picroside II was rat > mouse > human > dog. The intrinsic clearance of Picroside II hepatic glucuronidation in rat, mouse and dog was about 10.6-, 6.0- and 2.3-fold of that in human, respectively. Among the 12 recombinant human UGTs, UGT1A7, UGT1A8, UGT1A9 and UGT1A10 catalyzed the glucuronidation. UGT1A10, which are expressed in extrahepatic tissues, showed the highest activity of Picroside II glucuronidation (K(m) = 45.1 μM, V(max) = 831.9 pmol/min/mg protein). UGT1A9 played a primary role in glucuronidation in human liver microsomes (HLM; K(m) = 81.3 μM, V(max) = 242.2 pmol/min/mg protein). In addition, both mycophenolic acid (substrate of UGT1A9) and emodin (substrate of UGT1A8 and UGT1A10) could inhibit the glucuronidation of Picroside II with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) values of 173.6 and 76.2 μM, respectively. Enzyme kinetics was also performed in HIMs. The K(m) value of Picroside II glucuronidation was close to that in recombinant human UGT1A10 (K(m) = 58.6 μM, V(max) = 721.4 pmol/min/mg protein). The intrinsic clearance was 5.4-fold of HLMs. Intestinal UGT enzymes play an important role in Picroside II glucuronidation in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P R China
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185
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Sun C, Southard C, Olopade OI, Di Rienzo A. Differential allelic expression of c.1568C > A at UGT2B15 is due to variation in a novel cis-regulatory element in the 3'UTR. Gene 2011; 481:24-8. [PMID: 21513781 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Differential allelic expression (DAE) is a powerful tool to identify cis-regulatory elements for gene expression. The UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2 family, polypeptide B15 (UGT2B15), is an important enzyme involved in the metabolism of multiple endobiotics and xenobiotics. In the present study, we measured the relative expression of two alleles at SNP c.1568C>A (rs4148269) in this gene, which causes an amino acid substitution (T523K). An excess of the C over the A allele was consistently observed in both liver (P=0.0021) and breast (P=0.012) samples, suggesting that SNP(s) in strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) with c.1568C>A can regulate UGT2B15 expression in both tissues. By resequencing, one such SNP, c.1761T>C (rs3100) in 3' untranslated region (UTR), was identified. Reporter gene assays showed that the 1761T allele results in a significantly higher gene expression level than the 1761C allele in HepG2, MCF-7, LNCaP, and Caco-2 cell lines (all P<0.001), thus indicating that this variation can regulate UGT2B15 gene expression in liver, breast, colon, and prostate tissues. Considering its location, we postulated that this SNP is within an unknown microRNA binding site and can influence microRNA targeting. Considering the importance of UGT2B15 in metabolism, we proposed that this SNP might contribute to multiple cancer risk and variability in drug response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Sun
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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186
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Li J, Bluth MH. Pharmacogenomics of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters: implications for cancer therapy. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2011; 4:11-33. [PMID: 23226051 PMCID: PMC3513217 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s18861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The new era of personalized medicine, which integrates the uniqueness of an individual with respect to the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a drug, holds promise as a means to provide greater safety and efficacy in drug design and development. Personalized medicine is particularly important in oncology, whereby most clinically used anticancer drugs have a narrow therapeutic window and exhibit a large interindividual pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability. This variability can be explained, at least in part, by genetic variations in the genes encoding drug metabolizing enzymes, transporters, or drug targets. Understanding of how genetic variations influence drug disposition and action could help in tailoring cancer therapy based on individual's genetic makeup. This review focuses on the pharmacogenomics of drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters, with a particular highlight of examples whereby genetic variations in the metabolizing enzymes and transporters influence the pharmacokinetics and/or response of chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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187
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Yong M, Schwartz SM, Atkinson C, Makar KW, Thomas SS, Stanczyk FZ, Westerlind KC, Newton KM, Holt VL, Leisenring WM, Lampe JW. Associations between polymorphisms in glucuronidation and sulfation enzymes and sex steroid concentrations in premenopausal women in the United States. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 124:10-8. [PMID: 21193038 PMCID: PMC3065887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Glucuronidation, catalyzed by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) and sulfation, catalyzed by sulfotransferases (SULT), are pathways through which sex steroids are metabolized to less active compounds. These enzymes are highly polymorphic and genetic variants frequently result in higher or lower activity. The phenotypic effects of these polymorphisms on circulating sex steroids in premenopausal women have not yet been investigated. One hundred and seventy women aged 40-45 years had a blood sample drawn during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle for sex steroid measures and to obtain genomic DNA. Urine was collected for 2-hydroxy (OH) estrone (E(1)) and 16α-OH E(1) measures. Generalized linear regression models were used to assess associations between sex steroids and polymorphisms in the UGT1A and UGT2B families, SULT1A1, and SULT1E1. Women with the UGT1A1(TA7/TA7) genotype had 25% lower mean estradiol (E(2)) concentrations compared to the wildtype (TA6/TA6) (p=0.02). Similar associations were observed between SULT1A1(R213/H213) and E(1) (13% lower mean E(1) concentration vs. wildtype; p-value=0.02) and UGT2B4(E458/E458) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (20% lower mean DHEA vs. wildtype; p-value=0.03). The SULT1E1(A/C) and the UGT1A1(TA7)-UGT1A3(R11) haplotypes were associated with reduced estrogen concentrations. Further study of UGT and SULT polymorphisms and circulating sex steroid measures in larger populations of premenopausal women is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mellissa Yong
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
- University of Washington Department of Epidemiology, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Stephen M. Schwartz
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
- University of Washington Department of Epidemiology, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Charlotte Atkinson
- Department of Oral and Dental Science, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS1 2LY UK
| | - Karen W. Makar
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - Sushma S. Thomas
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - Frank Z. Stanczyk
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Kim C. Westerlind
- AMC Cancer Research Center, 1600 Pierce Street, Lakewood, CO 80214 USA
| | - Katherine M. Newton
- Group Health Research Institute, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1600, Seattle, WA 98101 USA
| | - Victoria L. Holt
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
- University of Washington Department of Epidemiology, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Wendy M. Leisenring
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - Johanna W. Lampe
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
- University of Washington Department of Epidemiology, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Corresponding author: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Cancer Prevention Program, Public Health Sciences, 1100 Fairview Ave, M4-B402, Seattle, WA 98109 USA; Phone: 206-667-680; Fax: 206-667-7850;
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188
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Sun C, Southard C, Huo D, Hernandez RD, Witonsky DB, Olopade OI, Di Rienzo A. SNP discovery, expression and cis-regulatory variation in the UGT2B genes. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2011; 12:287-96. [PMID: 21358749 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2011.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
UGT2B enzymes metabolize multiple endogenous and exogenous molecules, including steroid hormones and clinical drugs. However, little is known about the inter-individual variation in gene expression and its determinants. We re-sequenced candidate regulatory regions and the partial coding regions (41.1 kb) of UGT2B genes and identified 332 genetic variants. We measured gene expression in normal breast and liver samples and observed different patterns. The expression levels varied greatly across individuals in both tissues and were significantly correlated with each other in liver. Genotyping of tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the same samples and association tests between genotype and transcript levels identified 62 variants that were associated with at least one UGT2B mRNA levels in either tissue. Most of these cis-regulatory SNPs were not shared between tissues, suggesting that this gene family is regulated in a tissue-specific manner. Our results provide insight into studying the role of UGT2B variation in hormone-dependent cancers and drug response.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sun
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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189
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Miners JO, Bowalgaha K, Elliot DJ, Baranczewski P, Knights KM. Characterization of Niflumic Acid as a Selective Inhibitor of Human Liver Microsomal UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A9: Application to the Reaction Phenotyping of Acetaminophen Glucuronidation. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:644-52. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.037036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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190
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Evaluation of the association studies of single nucleotide polymorphisms and hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2011; 137:1095-104. [PMID: 21240526 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-010-0970-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE For decades of years, hundreds of candidate gene-based association studies explored the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). There was no systematic review summarized the results of these association studies of candidate SNPs and HCC to date. In order to summarize the results of the association studies, we conducted a concise systematic review. METHODS By searching Pubmed database before October 2010, we reviewed all the association studies about candidate SNPs and HCC. If the eligible study number on a given SNP was more than three, we conducted a meta-analysis. We reported here only the overall positive-association results with statistical significance and evaluated the reliability of the associations by using false-positive report probability (FPRP) analysis and the Venice guidelines on genetic epidemiology studies. RESULTS Six SNPs of five genes (rs1800562 of HFE, rs17868323 and rs11692021 of UGT1A7, rs2279744 of MDM2, rs1143627 of IL-1B, and rs4880 of MnSOD) showed overall significant associations with HCC. The eligible number of the studies varied from three to nine. Two SNPs (rs1800562 of HFE and rs2279744 of MDM2) passed the FPRP threshold (FPRP < 0.20). According to the Venice guidelines, the associations between the two SNPs (rs1800562 and rs2279744) and HCC were of moderate evidence. CONCLUSIONS Two SNPs (rs1800562 of HFE and rs2279744 of MDM2) were associated with HCC with moderate epidemiological evidence and deserve further study and additional biological and clinical assessment.
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191
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Song WY, Ji HY, Baek NI, Jeong TS, Lee HS. In vitro metabolism of jaceosidin and characterization of cytochrome P450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes in human liver microsomes. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:1985-96. [PMID: 21191764 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-1214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Jaceosidin is an active component in Artemisia species as well as Eupatorium species and it exhibits antiallergic, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimutagenic activities. Jaceosidin was metabolized to jaceosidin glucuronide, 6-O-desmethyljaceosidin, hydroxyjaceosidin, 6-O-desmethyljaceosidin glucuronide, and hydroxyjaceosidin glucuronide in human liver microsomes. This study characterized the human liver cytochrome P450 (CYP) and UDPglucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes responsible for the metabolism of jaceosidin. CYP1A2 was identified as the major enzyme responsible for the formation of 6-O-desmethyljaceosidin and hydroxyjaceosidin from jaceosidin on the basis of a combination of correlation analysis and experiments including immuno-inhibition, chemical inhibition in human liver microsomes, and metabolism by human cDNA-expressed CYP enzymes. Jaceosidin glucuronidation was catalyzed by UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A7, UGT1A8, UGT1A9, and UGT1A10. These results suggest that the pharmacokinetics of jaceosidin may be dramatically affected by polymorphic CYP1A2, UGT1A1, and UGT1A7 responsible for the metabolism of jaceosidin or by the coadministration of relevant CYP1A2 or UGT inhibitors or inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Young Song
- Drug Metabolism & Bioanalysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea
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192
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Jancova P, Anzenbacher P, Anzenbacherova E. Phase II drug metabolizing enzymes. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2010; 154:103-16. [PMID: 20668491 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2010.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phase II biotransformation reactions (also 'conjugation reactions') generally serve as a detoxifying step in drug metabolism. Phase II drug metabolising enzymes are mainly transferases. This review covers the major phase II enzymes: UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, sulfotransferases, N-acetyltransferases, glutathione S-transferases and methyltransferases (mainly thiopurine S-methyl transferase and catechol O-methyl transferase). The focus is on the presence of various forms, on tissue and cellular distribution, on the respective substrates, on genetic polymorphism and finally on the interspecies differences in these enzymes. METHODS AND RESULTS A literature search using the following databases PubMed, Science Direct and EBSCO for the years, 1969-2010. CONCLUSIONS Phase II drug metabolizing enzymes play an important role in biotransformation of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics to more easily excretable forms as well as in the metabolic inactivation of pharmacologically active compounds. Reduced metabolising capacity of Phase II enzymes can lead to toxic effects of clinically used drugs. Gene polymorphism/ lack of these enzymes may often play a role in several forms of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Jancova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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193
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Liu Y, She M, Wu Z, Dai R. The inhibition study of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases with cytochrome P450 selective substrates and inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 26:386-93. [PMID: 20939765 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2010.518965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human uridine-5'-diphosphoglucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are the major phase II metabolizing enzymes. In the present study, five human UGTs (UGT1A1, 1A4, 1A6, 2B7, and 2B10) were individually expressed and used to examine the inhibition IC(50) values of 20 selective substrates and inhibitors of major cytochromes P450 (CYPs). The inhibition kinetics of UGT1A1 was also analyzed. The results showed that some compounds like α-naphthoflavone, paclitaxel, midazolam, cyclosporine A, and ketoconazole displayed strong inhibitions on UGT activities with their IC(50) values in a range of 4.1-26 µM. Especially, the IC(50) values were 4.1 ± 0.8 µM for ketoconazole in inhibiting UGT1A1-mediated β-estradiol-3-glucuronidation, and 4.9 ± 0.3 µM for paclitaxel towards UGT1A4-mediated midazolam-N-glucuronidation. Additionally, the IC(50) values of bupropion, tolbutamide, and testosterone in inhibiting UGT-mediated metabolisms were similar with the K(m) values of respective CYPs. Some kinetic behaviours of UGTs were following Michaelis-Menten kinetics, while some were not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Liu
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Science Park, Luo Gang District, Guangzhou, China
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194
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Effects of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of ezetimibe in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2010; 67:39-45. [PMID: 20865252 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-010-0899-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ezetimibe is the first lipid-lowering drug that inhibits the intestinal uptake of dietary and biliary cholesterol without affecting the absorption of fat-soluble nutrients. Ezetimibe is readily absorbed, and undergoes rapid and almost complete glucuronidation by UGT, particularly UGT1A1, in enterocytes during its first pass. Genetic polymorphisms of UGT1A1 may decrease ezetimibe glucuronidation. Therefore, we tested the effects of the UGT1A1*6 and *28 alleles on the pharmacokinetics of ezetimibe. METHODS Three hundred and ninety healthy Korean subjects (347 male and 43 female) were recruited and genotyped for UGT1A1 (*6 and *28 variants). Forty-three subjects among them participated in a pharmacokinetic study of ezetimibe. These 43 subjects were divided into three groups (UGT1A1*1/*1, UGT1A1*1/*X, and UGT1A1*X/*X; where *X = *6 or *28) according to the number of UGT1A1 variant alleles. All received a single 10-mg oral dose of ezetimibe. The concentrations of unchanged ezetimibe and ezetimibe-glucuronide in plasma were determined by LC-MS/MS. RESULTS The frequencies of the UGT1A1 genotypes were 47.69%, 23.85%, 19.49%, 3.33%, 3.33%, and 2.31% for the *1/*1, *1/*6, *1/*28, *6/*6, *6/*28, and *28/*28 genotypes respectively. Besides the C(max) of unchanged ezetimibe, no significant difference was found in any other pharmacokinetic parameter of unchanged ezetimibe or ezetimibe-glucuronide in the three groups. C(max) and AUC(0-48) in subjects with UGT1A1*28/*28 in the UGT1A1*X/*X group were significantly different from those in the wild-type. CONCLUSIONS The UGT1A1*6 allele was not found to significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of ezetimibe, but the UGT1A1*28 allele might.
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195
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Seo KA, Bae SK, Choi YK, Choi CS, Liu KH, Shin JG. Metabolism of 1′- and 4-Hydroxymidazolam by Glucuronide Conjugation Is Largely Mediated by UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases 1A4, 2B4, and 2B7. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:2007-13. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.035295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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196
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Ishii Y, Nurrochmad A, Yamada H. Modulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity by endogenous compounds. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2010; 25:134-48. [PMID: 20460819 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.25.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucuronidation is one of the major pathways of metabolism of endo- and xenobiotics. UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)-catalyzed glucuronidation accounts for up to 35% of phase II reactions. The expression and function of UGT is modulated by gene regulation, post-translational modifications and protein-protein association. Many studies have focused on drug-drug interactions involving UGT, and there are a number of reports describing the inhibition of UGT by xenobiotics. However, studies about the role of endogenous compounds as an inhibitor or activator of UGT are limited, and it is important to understand any change in the function and regulation of UGT by endogenous compounds. Recent studies in our laboratory have shown that fatty acyl-CoAs are endogenous activators of UGT, although fatty acyl-CoAs had been considered as inhibitors of UGT. Further, we have also suggested that adenine and related compounds are endogenous allosteric inhibitors of UGT. In this review, we summarize the endogenous modulators of UGT and discuss their relevance to UGT function.
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197
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Hanioka N, Tanabe N, Jinno H, Tanaka-Kagawa T, Nagaoka K, Naito S, Koeda A, Narimatsu S. Functional characterization of human and cynomolgus monkey UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 enzymes. Life Sci 2010; 87:261-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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198
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Schweiger W, Boddu J, Shin S, Poppenberger B, Berthiller F, Lemmens M, Muehlbauer GJ, Adam G. Validation of a candidate deoxynivalenol-inactivating UDP-glucosyltransferase from barley by heterologous expression in yeast. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2010; 23:977-86. [PMID: 20521959 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-23-7-0977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to the virulence factor deoxynivalenol (DON) due to formation of DON-3-O-glucoside (D3G) is considered to be an important component of resistance against Fusarium spp. which produce this toxin. Multiple candidate UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) genes from different crop plants that are either induced by Fusarium spp. or differentially expressed in cultivars varying in Fusarium disease resistance have been described. However, UGT are encoded by a very large gene family in plants. The study of candidate plant UGT is highly warranted because of the potential relevance for developing Fusarium-spp.-resistant crops. We tested Arabidopsis thaliana genes closely related to a previously identified DON-glucosyltransferase gene by heterologous expression in yeast and showed that gene products with very high sequence similarity can have pronounced differences in detoxification capabilities. We also tested four candidate barley glucosyltransferases, which are highly DON inducible. Upon heterologous expression of full-length cDNAs, only one gene, HvUGT13248, conferred DON resistance. The conjugate D3G accumulated in the supernatant of DON-treated yeast transformants. We also present evidence that the product of the TaUGT3 gene recently proposed to encode a DON-detoxification enzyme of wheat does not protect yeast against DON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Schweiger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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199
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Fujiwara Y, Minami H. An overview of the recent progress in irinotecan pharmacogenetics. Pharmacogenomics 2010; 11:391-406. [PMID: 20235794 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.10.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in a number of molecular profiling technologies, including genomic/genetic testing, proteomic profiling and metabolomic analysis have allowed the development of 'personalized medicine'. Irinotecan is one of the models for personalized medicine based on pharmacogenetics, and a number of clinical studies have revealed significant associations between UGT1A1*28 and irinotecan toxicity. Based on this cumulative evidence, the US FDA and pharmaceutical companies revised the irinotecan label in June 2005. However, a recommended strategy for irinotecan-dose adjustments based on individual genetic factors has not yet been fully established. This article provides an overview of recent progress in irinotecan pharmacogenetics and discusses the clinical significance of the UGT1A1 genotype/haplotype with regard to severe irinotecan toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Fujiwara
- Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital & Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
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200
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Lépine J, Audet-Walsh E, Grégoire J, Têtu B, Plante M, Ménard V, Ayotte P, Brisson J, Caron P, Villeneuve L, Bélanger A, Guillemette C. Circulating estrogens in endometrial cancer cases and their relationship with tissular expression of key estrogen biosynthesis and metabolic pathways. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:2689-98. [PMID: 20371658 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-2648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological malignancy. Estrogen exposure is strongly associated with endometrial cancer. Whereas this cancer occurs predominantly in postmenopausal women lacking estrogen production by ovaries, the conversion of adrenal androgen-estrogen precursors to estradiol (E(2)), estrone (E(1)), and its sulfate (E(1)-S) has been well documented in peripheral tissues. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We initially explored whether circulating levels of estrogens, measured by validated mass spectrometry assays, differ in women with endometrial cancer (n = 126) compared with healthy women (n = 110). We then evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR from purified RNA whether the expression profile of 19 estrogen-related synthesis and metabolic genes is modified in peritumoral normal endometrium (n = 36) compared with tumoral (n = 49) tissues. RESULTS In endometrial cancer cases, circulating levels of E(1), E(2), and E(1)-S were significantly higher compared with unaffected controls. In agreement with plasma levels, findings support an enhanced biosynthesis of E(2) in tumors. The expression of E(2) biosynthesis pathways [E(1)-S (sulfatase) --> E(1) (17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) --> E(2)] was shown to predominate in peritumoral normal endometrium and was significantly increased in tumors. In addition, the inactivation pathways mediated by several uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferases were also enhanced in endometrial tumors compared with peritumoral normal endometrium. CONCLUSION We concluded that the higher levels of circulating estrogens in women with endometrial cancer are likely associated with an imbalance of multiple biotransformation pathways in endometrial tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanie Lépine
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada G1V 4G2
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