151
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Jung IY, Lee J. Unleashing the Therapeutic Potential of CAR-T Cell Therapy Using Gene-Editing Technologies. Mol Cells 2018; 41:717-723. [PMID: 30110720 PMCID: PMC6125425 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, an emerging immunotherapy, has demonstrated promising clinical results in hematological malignancies including B-cell malignancies. However, accessibility to this transformative medicine is highly limited due to the complex process of manufacturing, limited options for target antigens, and insufficient anti-tumor responses against solid tumors. Advances in gene-editing technologies, such as the development of Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs), Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs), and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR/Cas9), have provided novel engineering strategies to address these limitations. Development of next-generation CAR-T cells using gene-editing technologies would enhance the therapeutic potential of CAR-T cell treatment for both hematologic and solid tumors. Here we summarize the unmet medical needs of current CAR-T cell therapies and gene-editing strategies to resolve these challenges as well as safety concerns of gene-edited CAR-T therapies.
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152
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Marshall HT, Djamgoz MBA. Immuno-Oncology: Emerging Targets and Combination Therapies. Front Oncol 2018; 8:315. [PMID: 30191140 PMCID: PMC6115503 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Host immunity recognizes and eliminates most early tumor cells, yet immunological checkpoints, exemplified by CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1, pose a significant obstacle to effective antitumor immune responses. T-lymphocyte co-inhibitory pathways influence intensity, inflammation and duration of antitumor immunity. However, tumors and their immunosuppressive microenvironments exploit them to evade immune destruction. Recent PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors yielded unprecedented efficacies and durable responses across advanced-stage melanoma, showcasing potential to replace conventional radiotherapy regimens. Neverthless, many clinical problems remain in terms of efficacy, patient-to-patient variability, and undesirable outcomes and side effects. In this review, we evaluate recent advances in the immuno-oncology field and discuss ways forward. First, we give an overview of current immunotherapy modalities, involving mainy single agents, including inhibitor monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting T-cell checkpoints of PD-1 and CTLA-4. However, neoantigen recognition alone cannot eliminate tumors effectively in vivo given their inherent complex micro-environment, heterogeneous nature and stemness. Then, based mainly upon CTLA-4 and PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors as a "backbone," we cover a range of emerging ("second-generation") therapies incorporating other immunotherapies or non-immune based strategies in synergistic combination. These include targeted therapies such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, co-stimulatory mAbs, bifunctional agents, epigenetic modulators (such as inhibitors of histone deacetylases or DNA methyltransferase), vaccines, adoptive-T-cell therapy, nanoparticles, oncolytic viruses, and even synthetic "gene circuits." A number of novel immunotherapy co-targets in pre-clinical development are also introduced. The latter include metabolic components, exosomes and ion channels. We discuss in some detail of the personalization of immunotherapy essential for ultimate maximization of clinical outcomes. Finally, we outline possible future technical and conceptual developments including realistic in vitro and in vivo models and inputs from physics, engineering, and artificial intelligence. We conclude that the breadth and quality of immunotherapeutic approaches and the types of cancers that can be treated will increase significantly in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry T Marshall
- Neuroscience Solutions to Cancer Research Group, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mustafa B A Djamgoz
- Neuroscience Solutions to Cancer Research Group, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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153
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Xu X, Gao D, Wang P, Chen J, Ruan J, Xu J, Xia X. Efficient homology-directed gene editing by CRISPR/Cas9 in human stem and primary cells using tube electroporation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11649. [PMID: 30076383 PMCID: PMC6076306 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30227-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 efficiently generates gene knock-out via nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), but the efficiency of precise homology-directed repair (HDR) is substantially lower, especially in the hard-to-transfect human stem cells and primary cells. Herein we report a tube electroporation method that can effectively transfect human stem cells and primary cells with minimal cytotoxicity. When applied to genome editing using CRISPR/Cas9 along with single stranded DNA oligonucleotide (ssODN) template in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), up to 42.1% HDR rate was achieved, drastically higher than many reported before. We demonstrated that the high HDR efficiency can be utilized to increase the gene ablation rate in cells relevant to clinical applications, by knocking-out β2-microglobulin (B2M) in primary human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs, 37.3% to 80.2%), and programmed death-1 (PD-1) in primary human T cells (42.6% to 58.6%). Given the generality and efficiency, we expect that the method will have immediate impacts in cell research as well as immuno- and transplantation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Xu
- Chao Center for BRAIN, Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dongbing Gao
- Chao Center for BRAIN, Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jian Chen
- Celetrix Biotechnologies, Manassas, Virginia, USA
| | - Jinxue Ruan
- Center for Advanced Models and Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2800, USA
| | - Jie Xu
- Center for Advanced Models and Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2800, USA.
| | - Xiaofeng Xia
- Chao Center for BRAIN, Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA.
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA.
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154
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Razzouk S. CRISPR-Cas9: A cornerstone for the evolution of precision medicine. Ann Hum Genet 2018; 82:331-357. [PMID: 30014471 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Modern genetic therapy incorporates genomic testing and genome editing. It is the finest approach for precision medicine. Genome editing is a state-of-the-art technology to manipulate gene expression thus generating a particular genotype. It encompasses multiple programmable nuclease-based approaches leading to genetic changes. Not surprisingly, this method triggered internationally a wide array of controversies in the scientific community and in the public since it transforms the human genome. Given its importance, the pace of this technology is exceptionally fast. In this report, we introduce one aspect of genome editing, the CRISPR/Cas9 system, highlight its potential to correct genetic mutations and explore its utility in clinical setting. Our goal is to enlighten health care providers about genome editing and incite them to take part of this vital debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sleiman Razzouk
- Adjunct Faculty, Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, New York University College of Dentistry, New York.,Private Practice, Beirut, Lebanon
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155
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Huang K, Sun B, Luo N, Guo H, Hu J, Peng J. Programmed Death Receptor 1 (PD1) Knockout and Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (hTERT) Transduction Can Enhance Persistence and Antitumor Efficacy of Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells Against Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:4573-4582. [PMID: 29967316 PMCID: PMC6060692 DOI: 10.12659/msm.910903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The weak antitumor efficacy and limited lifespan are the main obstacles that hinder the therapeutic effect of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell immunotherapy. In the study, we enhanced the persistence and the antitumor efficacy of CIK cell through PD-1 knockout and hTERT transduction. MATERIAL AND METHODS CIK cells were cultured from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and PD-1 gene was knocked out through the Cas9 ribonucleoproteins (Cas9 RNPs) electroporation. TIDE assay, T7E1 mismatch cleavage assay, and clone Sanger sequencing were used to detect PD-1 knockout efficiency. The immunophenotype was analyzed by flow cytometry. After PD-1 knockout, the hTERT gene was transduced into PD-1 KO/CIK cells with lentiviral transduction. The hTERT expression and persistence of hTERT/PD-1 KO/CIK cells were evaluated by Western blotting and proliferation curve. The antitumor efficacy was detected by ELISPOT and cytotoxicity assay. The telomere length was measured by the Q-FISH and qPCR method. The karyotype assay was used to analyze the chromosome structural stability. RESULTS The optimal knockout efficiency of PD-1 gene in CIK cells could reach 41.23±0.52%. PD-1 knockout did not affect the immunophenotype of CIK cells. The hTERT transduction enhanced persistence and increased the telomere length. ELISPOT and cytotoxicity assay showed hTERT/PD-1 KO/CIK cells had an enhanced antitumor efficacy. Meanwhile, PD-1 KO/CIK cells transduced with hTERT showed a normal karyotype. CONCLUSIONS PD-1 knockout combined with hTERT transduction could prolong the lifespan and enhance antitumor efficacy of CIK cells against hepatocellular carcinoma cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanghua Huang
- Department of Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Bowen Sun
- Beijing Sinovaccine Biotechnology Company Limited, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Nan Luo
- Department of Surgery, Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Huahu Guo
- Department of Surgery, Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Jili Hu
- Department of Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland).,Department of Surgery, Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Jirun Peng
- Department of Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland).,Department of Surgery, Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China (mainland)
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156
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Xia AL, He QF, Wang JC, Zhu J, Sha YQ, Sun B, Lu XJ. Applications and advances of CRISPR-Cas9 in cancer immunotherapy. J Med Genet 2018; 56:4-9. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2018-105422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged as one of the most promising therapeutic strategies in cancer. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) system, as an RNA-guided genome editing technology, is triggering a revolutionary change in cancer immunotherapy. With its versatility and ease of use, CRISPR-Cas9 can be implemented to fuel the production of therapeutic immune cells, such as construction of chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells and programmed cell death protein 1 knockout. Therefore, CRISPR-Cas9 technology holds great promise in cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we will introduce the origin, development and mechanism of CRISPR-Cas9. Also, we will focus on its various applications in cancer immunotherapy, especially CAR-T cell-based immunotherapy, and discuss the potential challenges it faces.
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157
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CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Knockout of DGK Improves Antitumor Activities of Human T Cells. Cancer Res 2018; 78:4692-4703. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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158
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Gene-knocked out chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells: Tuning up for the next generation cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2018; 423:95-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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159
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Control of PD-L1 expression by miR-140/142/340/383 and oncogenic activation of the OCT4-miR-18a pathway in cervical cancer. Oncogene 2018; 37:5257-5268. [PMID: 29855617 PMCID: PMC6160397 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0347-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PD-L1, a key inhibitory immune receptor, has crucial functions in cancer immune evasion, but whether PD-L1 promotes the malignant properties of cervical cancer (CC) cells and the mechanism by which PD-L1 is regulated in CC remains unclear. We report that PD-L1 is overexpressed in CC, and shRNA-mediated PD-L1 depletion suppresses the proliferation, invasion, and tumorigenesis of CC cells. Loss of miR-140/142/340/383 contributes to PD-L1 upregulation. miR-18a enhances PD-L1 levels by targeting PTEN, WNK2 (ERK1/2 pathway inhibitor), and SOX6 (Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibitor and p53 pathway activator) to activate the PI3K/AKT, MEK/ERK, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways and inhibit the p53 pathway, and miR-18a also directly suppresses the expression of the tumor suppressors BTG3 and RBSP3 (CTDSPL). miR-18a overexpression in CC cells is triggered by OCT4 overexpression. Our data implicate PD-L1 as a novel oncoprotein and indicate that miR-140/142/340/383 and miR-18a are key upstream regulators of PD-L1 and potential targets for CC treatment.
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160
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Xu CL, Cho GY, Sengillo JD, Park KS, Mahajan VB, Tsang SH. Translation of CRISPR Genome Surgery to the Bedside for Retinal Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:46. [PMID: 29876348 PMCID: PMC5974543 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been accelerated growth of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) genome surgery techniques. Genome surgery holds promise for diseases for which a cure currently does not exist. In the field of ophthalmology, CRISPR offers possibilities for treating inherited retinal dystrophies. The retina has little regenerative potential, which makes treatment particularly difficult. For such conditions, CRISPR genome surgery methods have shown great potential for therapeutic applications in animal models of retinal dystrophies. Much anticipation surrounds the potential for CRISPR as a therapeutic, as clinical trials of ophthalmic genome surgery are expected to begin as early as 2018. This mini-review summarizes preclinical CRISPR applications in the retina and current CRISPR clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Xu
- Jonas Children's Vision Care, Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Galaxy Y Cho
- Jonas Children's Vision Care, Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Frank. H. Netter MD School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, North Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jesse D Sengillo
- Jonas Children's Vision Care, Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Karen S Park
- Jonas Children's Vision Care, Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Omics Lab, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States.,Palo Alto Veterans Administration, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Jonas Children's Vision Care, Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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161
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Nguyen HT, Duong HQ. The molecular characteristics of colorectal cancer: Implications for diagnosis and therapy. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:9-18. [PMID: 29928381 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) results from the progressive accumulation of multiple genetic and epigenetic aberrations within cells. The progression from colorectal adenoma to carcinoma is caused by three major pathways: Microsatellite instability, chromosomal instability and CpG island methylator phenotype. A growing body of scientific evidences suggests that CRC is a heterogeneous disease, and genetic characteristics of the tumors determine their prognostic outcome and response to targeted therapies. Early diagnosis and effective targeted therapies based on a current knowledge of the molecular characteristics of CRC are essential to the successful treatment of CRC. Therefore, the present review summarized the current understanding of the molecular characteristics of CRC, and discussed its implications for diagnosis and targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Thi Nguyen
- Center for Molecular Biology, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Hong-Quan Duong
- Department of Cancer Research, Vinmec Research Institute of Stem Cell and Gene Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
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162
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Reading JL, Gálvez-Cancino F, Swanton C, Lladser A, Peggs KS, Quezada SA. The function and dysfunction of memory CD8 + T cells in tumor immunity. Immunol Rev 2018; 283:194-212. [PMID: 29664561 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The generation and maintenance of CD8+ T cell memory is crucial to long-term host survival, yet the basic tenets of CD8+ T cell immunity are still being established. Recent work has led to the discovery of tissue-resident memory cells and refined our understanding of the transcriptional and epigenetic basis of CD8+ T cell differentiation and dysregulation. In parallel, the unprecedented clinical success of immunotherapy has galvanized an intense, global research effort to decipher and de-repress the anti-tumor response. However, the progress of immunotherapy is at a critical juncture, since the efficacy of immuno-oncology agents remains confined to a fraction of patients and often fails to provide durable benefit. Unlocking the potential of immunotherapy requires the design of strategies that both induce a potent effector response and reliably forge stable, functional memory T cell pools capable of protecting from recurrence or relapse. It is therefore essential that basic and emerging concepts of memory T cell biology are rapidly and faithfully transposed to advance therapeutic development in cancer immunotherapy. This review highlights seminal and recent reports in CD8+ T cell memory and tumor immunology, and evaluates recent data from solid cancer specimens in the context of the key paradigms from preclinical models. We elucidate the potential significance of circulating effector cells poised downstream of neoantigen recognition and upstream of T cell dysfunction and propose that cells in this immunological 'sweet spot' may be key anti-tumor effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Reading
- Cancer Immunology Unit, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Alvaro Lladser
- Laboratory of Gene Immunotherapy, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karl S Peggs
- Cancer Immunology Unit, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sergio A Quezada
- Cancer Immunology Unit, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
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163
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Gutting T, Burgermeister E, Härtel N, Ebert MP. Checkpoints and beyond - Immunotherapy in colorectal cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 55:78-89. [PMID: 29716829 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is the latest revolution in cancer therapy. It continues to show impressive results in malignancies like melanoma and others. At least so far, effects are modest in colorectal cancer (CRC) and only a subset of patients benefits from already approved checkpoint inhibitors. In this review, we discuss major hurdles of immunotherapy like the immunosuppressive niche and low immunogenicity of CRC next to current achievements of checkpoint inhibitors, interleukin treatment and adoptive cell transfer (dendritic cells/cytokine induced killer cells, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, chimeric antigen receptor cells, T cell receptor transfer) in pre-clinical models and clinical trials. We intensively examine approaches to overcome low immunogenicity by combination of different therapies and address future strategies of therapy as well as the need of predictive factors in this emerging field of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Gutting
- Department of Medicine II, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Elke Burgermeister
- Department of Medicine II, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nicolai Härtel
- Department of Medicine II, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; Heilig-Geist Hospital Bensheim, Rodensteinstraße 94, 64625 Bensheim, Germany
| | - Matthias P Ebert
- Department of Medicine II, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
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164
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Moreno AM, Fu X, Zhu J, Katrekar D, Shih YRV, Marlett J, Cabotaje J, Tat J, Naughton J, Lisowski L, Varghese S, Zhang K, Mali P. In Situ Gene Therapy via AAV-CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Targeted Gene Regulation. Mol Ther 2018; 26:1818-1827. [PMID: 29754775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of efficacious in vivo delivery platforms for CRISPR-Cas9-based epigenome engineering will be critical to enable the ability to target human diseases without permanent modification of the genome. Toward this, we utilized split-Cas9 systems to develop a modular adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector platform for CRISPR-Cas9 delivery to enable the full spectrum of targeted in situ gene regulation functionalities, demonstrating robust transcriptional repression (up to 80%) and activation (up to 6-fold) of target genes in cell culture and mice. We also applied our platform for targeted in vivo gene-repression-mediated gene therapy for retinitis pigmentosa. Specifically, we engineered targeted repression of Nrl, a master regulator of rod photoreceptor determination, and demonstrated Nrl knockdown mediates in situ reprogramming of rod cells into cone-like cells that are resistant to retinitis pigmentosa-specific mutations, with concomitant prevention of secondary cone loss. Furthermore, we benchmarked our results from Nrl knockdown with those from in vivo Nrl knockout via gene editing. Taken together, our AAV-CRISPR-Cas9 platform for in vivo epigenome engineering enables a robust approach to target disease in a genomically scarless and potentially reversible manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Moreno
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Xin Fu
- Shiley Eye Institute, Institute for Engineering in Medicine, Institute for Genomics Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Shiley Eye Institute, Institute for Engineering in Medicine, Institute for Genomics Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dhruva Katrekar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Ru V Shih
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - John Marlett
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Cabotaje
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jasmine Tat
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - John Naughton
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Translational Vectorology Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, The Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Centre, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Shyni Varghese
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kang Zhang
- Shiley Eye Institute, Institute for Engineering in Medicine, Institute for Genomics Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Veterans Administration Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Prashant Mali
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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165
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Ligtenberg MA, Pico de Coaña Y, Shmushkovich T, Yoshimoto Y, Truxova I, Yang Y, Betancur-Boissel M, Eliseev AV, Wolfson AD, Kiessling R. Self-Delivering RNAi Targeting PD-1 Improves Tumor-Specific T Cell Functionality for Adoptive Cell Therapy of Malignant Melanoma. Mol Ther 2018; 26:1482-1493. [PMID: 29735366 PMCID: PMC5986970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) is becoming a prominent alternative therapeutic treatment for cancer patients relapsing on traditional therapies. In parallel, antibodies targeting immune checkpoint molecules, such as cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and cell death protein 1 pathway (PD-1), are rapidly being approved for multiple cancer types, including as first line therapy for PD-L1-expressing non-small-cell lung cancer. The combination of ACT and checkpoint blockade could substantially boost the efficacy of ACT. In this study, we generated a novel self-delivering small interfering RNA (siRNA) (sdRNA) that knocked down PD-1 expression on healthy donor T cells as well as patient-derived tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). We have developed an alternative chemical modification of RNA backbone for improved stability and increased efficacy. Our results show that T cells treated with sdRNA specific for PD-1 had increased interferon γ (IFN-γ) secreting capacity and that this modality of gene expression interference could be utilized in our rapid expansion protocol for production of TIL for therapy. TIL expanded in the presence of PD-1-specific sdRNA performed with increased functionality against autologous tumor as compared to control TIL. This method of introducing RNAi into T cells to modify the expression of proteins could easily be adopted into any ACT protocol and will lead to the exploration of new combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten A Ligtenberg
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Yago Pico de Coaña
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden.
| | | | - Yuya Yoshimoto
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden; Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8510, Japan
| | - Iva Truxova
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden; Charles University, 2(nd) Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic; Sotio A.S., 170 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden; Clinical Research Center, Guizhou Medical University Hospital, Guiyang 550025, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | - Rolf Kiessling
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
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166
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Non-invasive assessment of murine PD-L1 levels in syngeneic tumor models by nuclear imaging with nanobody tracers. Oncotarget 2018; 8:41932-41946. [PMID: 28410210 PMCID: PMC5522039 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Blockade of the inhibitory PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint axis is a promising cancer treatment. Nonetheless, a significant number of patients and malignancies do not respond to this therapy. To develop a screen for response to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition, it is critical to develop a non-invasive tool to accurately assess dynamic immune checkpoint expression. Here we evaluated non-invasive SPECT/CT imaging of PD-L1 expression, in murine tumor models with varying PD-L1 expression, using high affinity PD-L1-specific nanobodies (Nbs). We generated and characterized 37 Nbs recognizing mouse PD-L1. Among those, four Nbs C3, C7, E2 and E4 were selected and evaluated for preclinical imaging of PD-L1 in syngeneic mice. We performed SPECT/CT imaging in wild type versus PD-L1 knock-out mice, using Technetium-99m (99mTc) labeled Nbs. Nb C3 and E2 showed specific antigen binding and beneficial biodistribution. Through the use of CRISPR/Cas9 PD-L1 knock-out TC-1 lung epithelial cell lines, we demonstrate that SPECT/CT imaging using Nb C3 and E2 identifies PD-L1 expressing tumors, but not PD-L1 non-expressing tumors, thereby confirming the diagnostic potential of the selected Nbs. In conclusion, these data show that Nbs C3 and E2 can be used to non-invasively image PD-L1 levels in the tumor, with the strength of the signal correlating with PD-L1 levels. These findings warrant further research into the use of Nbs as a tool to image inhibitory signals in the tumor environment.
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167
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Zhang C, Peng Y, Hublitz P, Zhang H, Dong T. Genetic abrogation of immune checkpoints in antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte as a potential alternative to blockade immunotherapy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5549. [PMID: 29615718 PMCID: PMC5882910 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23803-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell function can be compromised during chronic infections or through continuous exposure to tumor antigens by the action of immune checkpoint receptors, such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). Systemic administration of blocking antibodies against the PD-1 pathway can restore T cell function, and has been approved for the treatment of several malignancies, although there is a risk of adverse immune-related side-effects. We have developed a method for generating gene knockouts in human antigen (Ag)-specific cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte (CTLs) using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) genome editing. Using this method, we generated several transduced CD4+ or CD8+ antigen-specific polyclonal CTL lines and clones, and validated gene modifications of the PD-1 gene. We compared these T-cell lines and clones with control groups in the presence of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and observed improved effector functions in the PD1-disrupted cell group. Overall, we have developed a versatile tool for functional genomics in human antigen-specific CTL studies. Furthermore, we provide an alternative strategy for current cell-based immunotherapy that will minimize the side effects caused by antibody blockade therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Yanchun Peng
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,Center for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Philip Hublitz
- Genome Engineering Department, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Haokang Zhang
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Tao Dong
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK. .,Center for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
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168
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Hochheiser K, Kueh AJ, Gebhardt T, Herold MJ. CRISPR/Cas9: A tool for immunological research. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:576-583. [PMID: 29415333 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9-system was originally identified as part of the adaptive immune system in bacteria and has since been adapted for the genetic manipulation of eukaryotic cells. The technique is of particular value for biomedical sciences, as it enables the genetic manipulation of cell lines and primary cells as well as whole organisms with unprecedented ease and efficiency. Furthermore, the CRISPR/Cas9-technology has the potential for future therapeutic applications in the clinic. Here, we discuss the use of CRISPR/Cas9 for the genetic modification of haematopoietic cells and the generation of mouse models for immunological research. Additionally, we explain how the technique can be applied as a screening-tool to identify genes involved in different immunological processes. Moreover, we will talk about recent extensions of using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology, such as a transcriptional activator or repressor. Finally, we discuss the first clinical trials that use CRISPR/Cas9 and discuss potential future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hochheiser
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne, the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew J Kueh
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne, the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marco J Herold
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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169
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Kamiya T, Wong D, Png YT, Campana D. A novel method to generate T-cell receptor-deficient chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Blood Adv 2018; 2:517-528. [PMID: 29507075 PMCID: PMC5851418 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017012823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Practical methods are needed to increase the applicability and efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies. Using donor-derived CAR-T cells is attractive, but expression of endogenous T-cell receptors (TCRs) carries the risk for graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD). To remove surface TCRαβ, we combined an antibody-derived single-chain variable fragment specific for CD3ε with 21 different amino acid sequences predicted to retain it intracellularly. After transduction in T cells, several of these protein expression blockers (PEBLs) colocalized intracellularly with CD3ε, blocking surface CD3 and TCRαβ expression. In 25 experiments, median TCRαβ expression in T lymphocytes was reduced from 95.7% to 25.0%; CD3/TCRαβ cell depletion yielded virtually pure TCRαβ-negative T cells. Anti-CD3ε PEBLs abrogated TCRαβ-mediated signaling, without affecting immunophenotype or proliferation. In anti-CD3ε PEBL-T cells, expression of an anti-CD19-41BB-CD3ζ CAR induced cytokine secretion, long-term proliferation, and CD19+ leukemia cell killing, at rates meeting or exceeding those of CAR-T cells with normal CD3/TCRαβ expression. In immunodeficient mice, anti-CD3ε PEBL-T cells had markedly reduced GVHD potential; when transduced with anti-CD19 CAR, these T cells killed engrafted leukemic cells. PEBL blockade of surface CD3/TCRαβ expression is an effective tool to prepare allogeneic CAR-T cells. Combined PEBL and CAR expression can be achieved in a single-step procedure, is easily adaptable to current cell manufacturing protocols, and can be used to target other T-cell molecules to further enhance CAR-T-cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kamiya
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Desmond Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi Tian Png
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dario Campana
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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170
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Seki A, Rutz S. Optimized RNP transfection for highly efficient CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout in primary T cells. J Exp Med 2018; 215:985-997. [PMID: 29436394 PMCID: PMC5839763 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR (clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9) has become the tool of choice for generating gene knockouts across a variety of species. The ability for efficient gene editing in primary T cells not only represents a valuable research tool to study gene function but also holds great promise for T cell-based immunotherapies, such as next-generation chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. Previous attempts to apply CRIPSR/Cas9 for gene editing in primary T cells have resulted in highly variable knockout efficiency and required T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation, thus largely precluding the study of genes involved in T cell activation or differentiation. Here, we describe an optimized approach for Cas9/RNP transfection of primary mouse and human T cells without TCR stimulation that results in near complete loss of target gene expression at the population level, mitigating the need for selection. We believe that this method will greatly extend the feasibly of target gene discovery and validation in primary T cells and simplify the gene editing process for next-generation immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Seki
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Sascha Rutz
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
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171
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Krupkova O, Cambria E, Besse L, Besse A, Bowles R, Wuertz‐Kozak K. The potential of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing for the study and treatment of intervertebral disc pathologies. JOR Spine 2018; 1:e1003. [PMID: 31463435 PMCID: PMC6686831 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 system has emerged as a powerful tool for mammalian genome engineering. In basic and translational intervertebral disc (IVD) research, this technique has remarkable potential to answer fundamental questions on pathway interactions, to simulate IVD pathologies, and to promote drug development. Furthermore, the precisely targeted CRISPR/Cas9 gene therapy holds promise for the effective and targeted treatment of degenerative disc disease and low back pain. In this perspective, we provide an overview of recent CRISPR/Cas9 advances stemming from/with transferability to IVD research, outline possible treatment approaches for degenerative disc disease, and discuss current limitations that may hinder clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Krupkova
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologyInstitute for BiomechanicsETH ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Elena Cambria
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologyInstitute for BiomechanicsETH ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Lenka Besse
- Department of Oncology and HematologyCantonal Hospital St GallenSt GallenSwitzerland
| | - Andrej Besse
- Department of Oncology and HematologyCantonal Hospital St GallenSt GallenSwitzerland
| | - Robert Bowles
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtah
- Department of OrthopaedicsUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtah
| | - Karin Wuertz‐Kozak
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologyInstitute for BiomechanicsETH ZurichSwitzerland
- Spine CenterSchön Klinik München HarlachingMunichGermany
- Academic Teaching Hospital and Spine Research InstituteParacelsus Private Medical University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
- Department of Health SciencesUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
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172
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Safari F, Farajnia S, Arya M, Zarredar H, Nasrolahi A. CRISPR and personalized Treg therapy: new insights into the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2018; 40:201-211. [DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2018.1437625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Safari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Safar Farajnia
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Arya
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Habib Zarredar
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ava Nasrolahi
- Molecular Medicine Department, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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173
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Hu Z, Shi Z, Guo X, Jiang B, Wang G, Luo D, Chen Y, Zhu YS. Ligase IV inhibitor SCR7 enhances gene editing directed by CRISPR-Cas9 and ssODN in human cancer cells. Cell Biosci 2018; 8:12. [PMID: 29468011 PMCID: PMC5819182 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-018-0200-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Precise genome editing is essential for both basic and translational research. The recently developed CRISPR/Cas9 system can specifically cleave a designated site of target gene to create a DNA double-strand break, which triggers cellular DNA repair mechanism of either inaccurate non-homologous end joining, or site-specific homologous recombination. Unfortunately, homology-directed repair (HDR) is challenging due to its very low efficiency. Herein, we focused on improving the efficiency of HDR using a combination of CRISPR/Cas9, eGFP, DNA ligase IV inhibitor SCR7, and single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ssODN) in human cancer cells. Results When Cas9, gRNA and eGFP were assembled into a co-expression vector, the disruption rate more than doubled following GFP-positive cell sorting in transfected cells compared to those unsorted cells. Using ssODNs as templates, SCR7 treatment increased targeted insertion efficiency threefold in transfected cells compared to those without SCR7 treatment. Moreover, this combinatorial approach greatly improved the efficiency of HDR and targeted gene mutation correction at both the GFP-silent mutation and the β-catenin Ser45 deletion mutation cells. Conclusion The data of this study suggests that a combination of co-expression vector, ssODN, and ligase IV inhibitor can markedly improve the CRISPR/Cas9-directed gene editing, which should have significant application in targeted gene editing and genetic disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Hu
- 1Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410078 Hunan China.,2Translational Medicine Institute, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for High-through Molecular Diagnosis Technology, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou, 432000 Hunan China
| | - Zhaoying Shi
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong China
| | - Xiaogang Guo
- 4Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530 Guangdong China
| | - Baishan Jiang
- 5Institute of Chemical Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530 Guangdong China
| | - Guo Wang
- 1Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410078 Hunan China
| | - Dixian Luo
- 2Translational Medicine Institute, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for High-through Molecular Diagnosis Technology, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou, 432000 Hunan China
| | - Yonglong Chen
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong China
| | - Yuan-Shan Zhu
- 1Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410078 Hunan China.,6Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065 USA
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174
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D'Aloia MM, Zizzari IG, Sacchetti B, Pierelli L, Alimandi M. CAR-T cells: the long and winding road to solid tumors. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:282. [PMID: 29449531 PMCID: PMC5833816 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy of solid tumors with reprogrammed T cells can be considered the “next generation” of cancer hallmarks. CAR-T cells fail to be as effective as in liquid tumors for the inability to reach and survive in the microenvironment surrounding the neoplastic foci. The intricate net of cross-interactions occurring between tumor components, stromal and immune cells leads to an ineffective anergic status favoring the evasion from the host’s defenses. Our goal is hereby to trace the road imposed by solid tumors to CAR-T cells, highlighting pitfalls and strategies to be developed and refined to possibly overcome these hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Michela D'Aloia
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Luca Pierelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Alimandi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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175
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Zhu H, Lai YS, Li Y, Blum R, Kaufman D. Concise Review: Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Produce Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapy. Stem Cells 2018; 36:134-145. [PMID: 29235195 PMCID: PMC5914526 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) provide a promising resource to produce immune cells for adoptive cellular immunotherapy to better treat and potentially cure otherwise lethal cancers. Cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cells can now be routinely produced from human PSCs. These PSC-derived lymphocytes have phenotype and function similar to primary lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood. PSC-derived T and NK cells have advantages compared with primary immune cells, as they can be precisely engineered to introduce improved anti-tumor activity and produced in essentially unlimited numbers. Stem Cells 2018;36:134-145.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Yi-Shin Lai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Robert Blum
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Dan Kaufman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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176
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Gomes-Silva D, Ramos CA. Cancer Immunotherapy Using CAR-T Cells: From the Research Bench to the Assembly Line. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:10.1002/biot.201700097. [PMID: 28960810 PMCID: PMC5966018 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The focus of cancer treatment has recently shifted toward targeted therapies, including immunotherapy, which allow better individualization of care and are hoped to increase the probability of success for patients. Specifically, T cells genetically modified to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs; CAR-T cells) have generated exciting results. Recent clinical successes with this cutting-edge therapy have helped to push CAR-T cells toward approval for wider use. However, several limitations need to be addressed before the widespread use of CAR-T cells as a standard treatment. Here, a succinct background on adoptive T-cell therapy (ATCT)is given. A brief overview of the structure of CARs, how they are introduced into T cells, and how CAR-T cell expansion and selection is achieved in vitro is then presented. Some of the challenges in CAR design are discussed, as well as the difficulties that arise in large-scale CAR-T cell manufacture that will need to be addressed to achieve successful commercialization of this type of cell therapy. Finally, developments already on the horizon are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Gomes-Silva
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos A Ramos
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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177
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Zych AO, Bajor M, Zagozdzon R. Application of Genome Editing Techniques in Immunology. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2018; 66:289-298. [PMID: 29344676 PMCID: PMC6061149 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-018-0504-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The idea of using the effector immune cells to specifically fight cancer has recently evolved into an exciting concept of adoptive cell therapies. Indeed, genetically engineered T cells expressing on their surface recombinant, cancer-targeted receptors have been shown to induce promising response in oncological patients. However, in addition to exogenous expression of such receptors, there is also a need for disruption of certain genes in the immune cells to achieve more potent disease-targeted actions, to produce universal chimeric antigen receptor-based therapies or to study the signaling pathways in detail. In this review, we present novel genetic engineering methods, mainly TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9 systems, that can be used for such purposes. These unique techniques may contribute to creating more successful immune therapies against cancer or prospectively other diseases as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata O Zych
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Bajor
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Radoslaw Zagozdzon
- Department of Immunology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. .,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland. .,Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka 59, 02-006, Warsaw, Poland.
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178
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Zhang E, Gu J, Xu H. Prospects for chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cell therapy for solid tumors. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:7. [PMID: 29329591 PMCID: PMC5767005 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0759-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential for adoptive cell immunotherapy as a treatment against cancers has been demonstrated by the remarkable response in some patients with hematological malignancies using autologous T cells endowed with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) specific for CD19. Clinical efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy for the treatment of solid tumors, however, is rare due to physical and biochemical factors. This review focuses on different aspects of multiple mechanisms of immunosuppression in solid tumors. We characterize the current state of CAR-modified T cell therapy and summarize the various strategies to combat the immunosuppressive microenvironment of solid tumors, with the aim of promoting T cell cytotoxicity and enhancing tumor cell eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhao Zhang
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieyi Gu
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanmei Xu
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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179
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Bethune MT, Joglekar AV. Personalized T cell-mediated cancer immunotherapy: progress and challenges. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 48:142-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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180
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Dugnani E, Pasquale V, Bordignon C, Canu A, Piemonti L, Monti P. Integrating T cell metabolism in cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2017; 411:12-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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181
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Oda SK, Daman AW, Garcia NM, Wagener F, Schmitt TM, Tan X, Chapuis AG, Greenberg PD. A CD200R-CD28 fusion protein appropriates an inhibitory signal to enhance T-cell function and therapy of murine leukemia. Blood 2017; 130:2410-2419. [PMID: 29042364 PMCID: PMC5709784 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-04-777052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the most common adult acute leukemia in the United States, has the poorest survival rate, with 26% of patients surviving 5 years. Adoptive immunotherapy with T cells genetically modified to recognize tumors is a promising and evolving treatment option. However, antitumor activity, particularly in the context of progressive leukemia, can be dampened both by limited costimulation and triggering of immunoregulatory checkpoints that attenuate T-cell responses. Expression of CD200 (OX2), a negative regulator of T-cell function that binds CD200 receptor (CD200R), is commonly increased in leukemia and other malignancies and is associated with poor prognosis in leukemia patients. To appropriate and redirect the inhibitory effects of CD200R signaling on transferred CD8+ T cells, we engineered CD200R immunomodulatory fusion proteins (IFPs) with the cytoplasmic tail replaced by the signaling domain of the costimulatory receptor, CD28. An analysis of a panel of CD200R-CD28 IFP constructs revealed that the most effective costimulation was achieved in IFPs containing a dimerizing motif and a predicted tumor-T-cell distance that facilitates localization to the immunological synapse. T cells transduced with the optimized CD200R-CD28 IFPs exhibited enhanced proliferation and effector function in response to CD200+ leukemic cells in vitro. In adoptive therapy of disseminated leukemia, CD200R-CD28-transduced leukemia-specific CD8 T cells eradicated otherwise lethal disease more efficiently than wild-type cells and bypassed the requirement for interleukin-2 administration to sustain in vivo activity. The transduction of human primary T cells with the equivalent human IFPs increased proliferation and cytokine production in response to CD200+ leukemia cells, supporting clinical translation. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01640301.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon K Oda
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; and
| | - Andrew W Daman
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; and
| | - Nicolas M Garcia
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; and
| | - Felecia Wagener
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; and
| | - Thomas M Schmitt
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; and
| | - Xiaoxia Tan
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Aude G Chapuis
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; and
| | - Philip D Greenberg
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; and
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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182
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Beezhold K, Byersdorfer CA. Targeting immuno-metabolism to improve anti-cancer therapies. Cancer Lett 2017; 414:127-135. [PMID: 29126914 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The immunology community has made significant strides in recent years in using the immune system to target and eliminate cancer. Therapies such as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are the standard of care treatment for several malignancies, while therapies incorporating chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells or checkpoint molecule blockade have been revolutionary. However, these approaches are not optimal for all cancers and in some cases, have failed outright. The greatest obstacle to making these therapies more effective may be rooted in one of the most basic concepts of cell biology, metabolism. Research over the last decade has revealed that T cell proliferation and differentiation is intimately linked to robust changes in metabolic activity, delineation of which may provide ways to manipulate the immuno-oncologic responses to our advantage. Here, we provide a basic overview of T cell metabolism, discuss what is known about metabolic regulation of T cells during allogeneic HSCT, point to evidence on the importance of T cell metabolism during CAR T cell and solid tumor therapies, and speculate about the role for compounds that might have dual-action on both immune cells and tumor cells simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Beezhold
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Craig A Byersdorfer
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
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183
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Carvalho M, Sepodes B, Martins AP. Regulatory and Scientific Advancements in Gene Therapy: State-of-the-Art of Clinical Applications and of the Supporting European Regulatory Framework. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:182. [PMID: 29124055 PMCID: PMC5662580 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) have a massive potential to address existing unmet medical needs. Specifically, gene therapy medicinal products (GTMPs) may potentially provide cure for several genetic diseases. In Europe, the ATMP regulation was fully implemented in 2009 and, at this point, the Committee for Advanced Therapies was created as a dedicated group of specialists to evaluate medicinal products requiring specific expertise in this area. To date, there are three authorized GTMPs, and the first one was approved in 2012. Broad research has been conducted in this field over the last few decades and different clinical applications are being investigated worldwide, using different strategies that range from direct gene replacement or addition to more complex pathways such as specific gene editing or RNA targeting. Important safety risks, limited efficacy, manufacturing hurdles, or ethical conflicts may represent challenges in the success of a candidate GTMP. During the development process, it is fundamental to take such aspects into account and establish overcoming strategies. This article reviews the current European legal framework of ATMPs, provides an overview of the clinical applications for approved and investigational GTMPs, and discusses critical challenges in the development of GTMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Carvalho
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sepodes
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Martins
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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184
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Ectopic expression of RAD52 and dn53BP1 improves homology-directed repair during CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing. Nat Biomed Eng 2017; 1:878-888. [PMID: 31015609 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-017-0145-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gene disruption by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) is highly efficient and relies on the error-prone non-homologous end-joining pathway. Conversely, precise gene editing requires homology-directed repair (HDR), which occurs at a lower frequency than non-homologous end-joining in mammalian cells. Here, by testing whether manipulation of DNA repair factors improves HDR efficacy, we show that transient ectopic co-expression of RAD52 and a dominant-negative form of tumour protein p53-binding protein 1 (dn53BP1) synergize to enable efficient HDR using a single-stranded oligonucleotide DNA donor template at multiple loci in human cells, including patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Co-expression of RAD52 and dn53BP1 improves multiplexed HDR-mediated editing, whereas expression of RAD52 alone enhances HDR with Cas9 nickase. Our data show that the frequency of non-homologous end-joining-mediated double-strand break repair in the presence of these two factors is not suppressed and suggest that dn53BP1 competitively antagonizes 53BP1 to augment HDR in combination with RAD52. Importantly, co-expression of RAD52 and dn53BP1 does not alter Cas9 off-target activity. These findings support the use of RAD52 and dn53BP1 co-expression to overcome bottlenecks that limit HDR in precision genome editing.
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185
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Rogers GL, Cannon PM. Gene Therapy Approaches to Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Other Infectious Diseases. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2017; 31:883-895. [PMID: 28895854 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Advances in gene therapy technologies, particularly in gene editing, are suggesting new avenues for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus and other infectious diseases. This article outlines recent developments in antiviral gene therapies, including those based on the disruption of entry receptors or that target viral genomes using targeted nucleases, such as the CRISPR/Cas9 system. In addition, new ways to express circulating antiviral factors, such as antibodies, and approaches to harness and engineer the immune system to provide an antiviral effect that is not naturally achieved are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey L Rogers
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR 413A, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Paula M Cannon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR 413A, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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186
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Simon S, Labarriere N. PD-1 expression on tumor-specific T cells: Friend or foe for immunotherapy? Oncoimmunology 2017; 7:e1364828. [PMID: 29296515 PMCID: PMC5739549 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1364828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory properties of PD-1 receptor engagement on activated T cells are well established in physiologic and pathological contexts. In cancer, the use of checkpoint blockade, such as anti-PD-1 antibodies, becomes progressively a reference treatment of a growing number of tumors. Nonetheless, it is also established that PD-1 expression on antigen-specific T cells reflects the functional avidity and anti-tumor reactivity of these T cells. We will discuss this dual significance of PD-1 expression on tumor-specific T cells, due to a complex regulation and the opportunity to exploit this expression to define, monitor and exploit tumor-reactive T cells for immunotherapy purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Simon
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology," Nantes, France
| | - Nathalie Labarriere
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology," Nantes, France.,Nantes Hospital, Nantes, France
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187
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Human CD3+ T-Cells with the Anti-ERBB2 Chimeric Antigen Receptor Exhibit Efficient Targeting and Induce Apoptosis in ERBB2 Overexpressing Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091797. [PMID: 28885562 PMCID: PMC5618474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a common malignancy among women. The innate and adaptive immune responses failed to be activated owing to immune modulation in the tumour microenvironment. Decades of scientific study links the overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (ERBB2) antigen with aggressive tumours. The Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) coding for specific tumour-associated antigens could initiate intrinsic T-cell signalling, inducing T-cell activation, and cytotoxic activity without the need for major histocompatibility complex recognition. This renders CAR as a potentially universal immunotherapeutic option. Herein, we aimed to establish CAR in CD3+ T-cells, isolated from human peripheral blood mononucleated cells that could subsequently target and induce apoptosis in the ERBB2 overexpressing human breast cancer cell line, SKBR3. Constructed CAR was inserted into a lentiviral plasmid containing a green fluorescent protein tag and produced as lentiviral particles that were used to transduce activated T-cells. Transduced CAR-T cells were then primed with SKBR3 cells to evaluate their functionality. Results showed increased apoptosis in SKBR3 cells co-cultured with CAR-T cells compared to the control (non–transduced T-cells). This study demonstrates that CAR introduction helps overcome the innate limitations of native T-cells leading to cancer cell apoptosis. We recommend future studies should focus on in vivo cytotoxicity of CAR-T cells against ERBB2 expressing tumours.
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188
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Shao J, Xu Q, Su S, Meng F, Zou Z, Chen F, Du J, Qian X, Liu B. Engineered cells for costimulatory enhancement combined with IL-21 enhance the generation of PD-1-disrupted CTLs for adoptive immunotherapy. Cell Immunol 2017; 320:38-45. [PMID: 28935250 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Blockade of the immune cell checkpoint inhibitors programmed death 1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) has become a powerful tool in cancer treatment, which is effective across various solid cancer types and hematologic malignancies. Our previous studies showed that by reducing immune tolerance, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) modified cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) rank highly in terms of immune responses and cytotoxicity. In this study, a genetically modified K562 cell line with surface expression of 4-1BBL was developed to expand PD-1-disrupted CTLs in vitro for further adoptive immunotherapy against cancer. Our findings demonstrate that after a long-term, up to 28days, engineered cells for costimulatory enhancement (ECCE) combined with IL-21 promote the expansion of PD-1-disrupted CTLs with a less differentiated "young" phenotype, enhanced immune response and superior cytotoxic effector characteristics. These new in vitro conditions represent a nimble and cost-effective approach to developing PD-1-disrupted CTLs with improved therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shao
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Qiuping Xu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Shu Su
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Fanyan Meng
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhengyun Zou
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Fangjun Chen
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Juan Du
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xiaoping Qian
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Baorui Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.
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189
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Zhang Y, Mu W, Wang H. Gene editing in T cell therapy. J Genet Genomics 2017; 44:415-422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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190
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Abstract
Development of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have led to remarkable successes in the treatment of B-cell malignancies with anti-CD19 CAR. Here we discuss the development of novel antigen receptors for use in solid malignancies with respect to target antigens, receptor design, and T cell manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Chen
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
| | - James Yang
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
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191
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Fan M, Li M, Gao L, Geng S, Wang J, Wang Y, Yan Z, Yu L. Chimeric antigen receptors for adoptive T cell therapy in acute myeloid leukemia. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:151. [PMID: 28851445 PMCID: PMC5576380 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0519-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, conventional therapies for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have high failure and relapse rates. Thus, developing new strategies is crucial for improving the treatment of AML. With the clinical success of anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies against B-lineage malignancies, many studies have attempted to translate the success of CAR T cell therapy to other malignancies, including AML. This review summarizes the current advances in CAR T cell therapy against AML, including preclinical studies and clinical trials, and discusses the potential AML-associated surface markers that could be used for further CAR technology. Finally, we describe strategies that might address the current issues of employing CAR T cell therapy in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxue Fan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, NO. 3663 Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghao Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, NO. 3663 Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Lipeng Gao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, NO. 3663 Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Sicong Geng
- China Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Co., Ltd., GDD/TRD/Chemical and Pharmaceutical Profiling, 5F, Building 3, Novartis Campus 4218 Jinke Rd, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, NO. 3663 Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiting Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, NO. 3663 Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Yan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, NO. 3663 Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, NO. 3663 Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, People's Republic of China.
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192
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Mussolino C, Alzubi J, Pennucci V, Turchiano G, Cathomen T. Genome and Epigenome Editing to Treat Disorders of the Hematopoietic System. Hum Gene Ther 2017; 28:1105-1115. [PMID: 28806883 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The possibility of editing complex genomes in a targeted fashion has revolutionized basic research as well as biomedical and biotechnological applications in the last 5 years. The targeted introduction of genetic changes has allowed researchers to create smart model systems for basic research, bio-engineers to modify crops and farm animals, and translational scientists to develop novel treatment approaches for inherited and acquired disorders for which curative treatment options are not yet available. With the rapid development of genome editing tools, in particular zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the CRISPR-Cas system, a wide range of therapeutic options have been-and will be-developed at an unprecedented speed, which will change the clinical routine of various disciplines in a revolutionary way. This review summarizes the fundamentals of genome editing and the current state of research. It particularly focuses on the advances made in employing engineered nucleases in hematopoietic stem cells for the treatment of primary immunodeficiencies and hemoglobinopathies, provides a perspective of combining gene editing with the chimeric antigen receptor T cell technology, and concludes by presenting targeted epigenome editing as a novel potential treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Mussolino
- 1 Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg , Germany .,2 Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg , Germany
| | - Jamal Alzubi
- 1 Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg , Germany .,2 Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg , Germany
| | - Valentina Pennucci
- 1 Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg , Germany .,2 Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg , Germany
| | - Giandomenico Turchiano
- 1 Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg , Germany .,2 Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg , Germany
| | - Toni Cathomen
- 1 Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg , Germany .,2 Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg , Germany .,3 Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg , Freiburg, Germany
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193
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Refining strategies to translate genome editing to the clinic. Nat Med 2017; 23:415-423. [PMID: 28388605 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in developing programmable nucleases, such as zinc-finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas nucleases, have paved the way for gene editing to enter clinical practice. This translation is a result of combining high nuclease activity with high specificity and successfully applying this technology in various preclinical disease models, including infectious disease, primary immunodeficiencies, hemoglobinopathies, hemophilia and muscular dystrophy. Several clinical gene-editing trials, both ex vivo and in vivo, have been initiated in the past 2 years, including studies that aim to knockout genes as well as to add therapeutic transgenes. Here we discuss the advances made in the gene-editing field in recent years, and specify priorities that need to be addressed to expand therapeutic genome editing to further disease entities.
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194
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Ramachandran M, Dimberg A, Essand M. The cancer-immunity cycle as rational design for synthetic cancer drugs: Novel DC vaccines and CAR T-cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 45:23-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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195
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Kumar R, Yu F, Zhen YH, Li B, Wang J, Yang Y, Ge HX, Hu PS, Xiu J. PD-1 blockade restores impaired function of ex vivo expanded CD8 + T cells and enhances apoptosis in mismatch repair deficient EpCAM +PD-L1 + cancer cells. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:3453-3465. [PMID: 28761354 PMCID: PMC5516878 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s130131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adoptive T cell therapy has been proven to be a promising modality for the treatment of cancer patients in recent years. However, the increased expression of inhibitory receptors could negatively regulate the function and persistence of transferred T cells which mediates T cell anergy, exhaustion, and tumor regression. In this study, we investigated increased cytotoxic activity after the blockade of PD-1 for effective immunotherapy. METHODS The cytotoxic function of expanded CD8+ CTLs and interactions with tumor cells investigated after blocking of PD-1. Ex vivo expanded CD8+ CTLs were co-cultured with mismatch repair (MMR) stable or deficient (high microsatellite instability [MSI-H]) EpCAM+ tumor cells. The levels of IFN-γ and GrB were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy were used to assess CD107a mobilization, cytosolic uptake, and cell migration. RESULTS A dramatic increase in PD-1 expression on the surface of CD8+ CTLs during ex vivo expansion was observed. PD-1 level was downregulated by approximately 40% after incubation of the CD8+ CTLs with monoclonal antibody which enhanced the secretion of IFN-γ, GrB, and CD107a. Additionally, PD-1 blockade enhanced cell migration and cytosolic exchange between CD8+ CTLs and MMR deficient (MSI-H) EpCAM+PD-L1+ tumor cells. CONCLUSION The blockade of PD-1 enhanced the cytotoxic efficacy of CD8+ CTLs toward MMR deficient tumor cells. In conclusion, we propose that blocking of PD-1 during the expansion of CD8+ CTLs may improve the clinical efficacy of cell-based adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Kumar
- Clinical Research Centre, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Yu
- Clinical Research Centre, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Huan Zhen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Li
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- Clinical Research Centre, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Clinical Research Centre, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Xin Ge
- Department of Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping-Sheng Hu
- Clinical Research Centre, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Xiu
- Clinical Research Centre, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
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196
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Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is an increasingly successful strategy for the treatment of patients who have advanced or conventional therapy-resistant cancers. T cells are key mediators of tumor destruction and their specificity for tumor-expressed antigens is of paramount importance, but other T cell-intrinsic qualities, such as durability, longevity, and functionality also play important roles in determining the efficacy of immunotherapy. The cellular energetic pathways that are utilized by T cells play a key role in regulating each of these qualities. Metabolic activity, which both regulates and is regulated by cellular signaling pathways and epigenetics, also profoundly influences the trajectories of T cell differentiation and fate. In this Review, we discuss how cell metabolism influences T cell anti-tumor activity, the metabolic qualities of highly-functional T cells, and strategies to modulate metabolism for improving the immune response to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rigel J Kishton
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Madhusudhanan Sukumar
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicholas P Restifo
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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197
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Pacheco-Lugo L, Díaz-Olmos Y, Sáenz-García J, Probst CM, DaRocha WD. Effective gene delivery to Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes through nucleofection. Parasitol Int 2017; 66:236-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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198
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Therapeutic gene editing: delivery and regulatory perspectives. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:738-753. [PMID: 28392568 PMCID: PMC5520188 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene-editing technology is an emerging therapeutic modality for manipulating the eukaryotic genome by using target-sequence-specific engineered nucleases. Because of the exceptional advantages that gene-editing technology offers in facilitating the accurate correction of sequences in a genome, gene editing-based therapy is being aggressively developed as a next-generation therapeutic approach to treat a wide range of diseases. However, strategies for precise engineering and delivery of gene-editing nucleases, including zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nuclease, and CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated nuclease Cas9), present major obstacles to the development of gene-editing therapies, as with other gene-targeting therapeutics. Currently, viral and non-viral vectors are being studied for the delivery of these nucleases into cells in the form of DNA, mRNA, or proteins. Clinical trials are already ongoing, and in vivo studies are actively investigating the applicability of CRISPR/Cas9 techniques. However, the concept of correcting the genome poses major concerns from a regulatory perspective, especially in terms of safety. This review addresses current research trends and delivery strategies for gene editing-based therapeutics in non-clinical and clinical settings and considers the associated regulatory issues.
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199
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Liu Y, Xu CF, Iqbal S, Yang XZ, Wang J. Responsive Nanocarriers as an Emerging Platform for Cascaded Delivery of Nucleic Acids to Cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 115:98-114. [PMID: 28396204 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cascades of systemic and intracellular obstacles, including low stability in blood, little tumor accumulation, weak tumor penetration, poor cellular uptake, inefficient endosomal escape and deficient disassembly in the cytoplasm, must be overcome in order to deliver nucleic acid drugs for cancer therapy. Nanocarriers that are sensitive to a variety of physiological stimuli, such as pH, redox status, and cell enzymes, are substantially changing the landscape of nucleic acid drug delivery by helping to overcome cascaded systemic and intracellular barriers. This review discusses nucleic acid-based therapeutics, systemic and intracellular barriers to efficient nucleic acid delivery, and nanocarriers responsive to extracellular and intracellular biological stimuli to overcome individual barriers. In particular, responsive nanocarriers for the cascaded delivery of nucleic acids in vivo are highlighted. Developing novel cascaded nanocarriers that transform their physicochemical properties in response to various stimuli in a timely and spatially controlled manner for nucleic acid drug delivery holds great potential for translating the promise of nucleic acid drugs and achieving clinically successful cancer therapy.
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200
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Song M. The CRISPR/Cas9 system: Their delivery, in vivo and ex vivo applications and clinical development by startups. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:1035-1045. [PMID: 28440027 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system was originally derived from the prokaryotic adaptive immune system mediated by Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated proteins (Cas). The system has been successfully applied to genome editing in eukaryotes and has contributed to remarkable advances in the life sciences, in areas ranging from agriculture to genetic disease therapies. For efficient editing and extending the influence of this system, proper delivery of its components is crucial. Both viral and nonviral delivery methods are reviewed here, along with the advantages and disadvantages of each. In addition, we review ex vivo and in vivo CRISPR/Cas9 applications for disease therapies. Related remarkable studies are highlighted and relevant startup companies and their drug development pipelines are described. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:1035-1045, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjung Song
- Dept. of Food Biotechnology, Silla University, Baekyangdaero 700, Sasang-ku, Busan, Korea
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