151
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Guidelines for development and implementation of biocatalytic P450 processes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:2465-83. [PMID: 25652652 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6403-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalytic reactions performed by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are interesting in pharmaceutical research since they are involved in human drug metabolism. Furthermore, they are potentially interesting as biocatalysts for synthetic chemistry because of the exquisite selectivity of the chemistry they undertake. For example, selective hydroxylation can be undertaken on a highly functionalized molecule without the need for functional group protection. Recent progress in the discovery of novel P450s as well as protein engineering of these enzymes strongly encourages further development of their application, including use in synthetic processes. The biological characteristics of P450s (e.g., cofactor dependence) motivate the use of whole-cell systems for synthetic processes, and those processes implemented in industry are so far dominated by growing cells and native host systems. However, for an economically feasible process, the expression of P450 systems in a heterologous host with sufficient biocatalyst yield (g/g cdw) for non-growing systems or space-time yield (g/L/h) for growing systems remains a major challenge. This review summarizes the opportunities to improve P450 whole-cell processes and strategies in order to apply and implement them in industrial processes, both from a biological and process perspective. Indeed, a combined approach of host selection and cell engineering, integrated with process engineering, is suggested as the most effective route to implementation.
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152
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Roiban GD, Reetz MT. Expanding the toolbox of organic chemists: directed evolution of P450 monooxygenases as catalysts in regio- and stereoselective oxidative hydroxylation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:2208-24. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09218j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) have been used for more than six decades as catalysts for the CH-activating oxidative hydroxylation of organic compounds with formation of added-value products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manfred T. Reetz
- Department of Chemistry
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35032 Marburg
- Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung
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153
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Tataruch M, Heider J, Bryjak J, Nowak P, Knack D, Czerniak A, Liesiene J, Szaleniec M. Suitability of the hydrocarbon-hydroxylating molybdenum-enzyme ethylbenzene dehydrogenase for industrial chiral alcohol production. J Biotechnol 2014; 192 Pt B:400-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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154
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The microbial cell—functional unit for energy dependent multistep biocatalysis. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 30:178-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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155
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Pennec A, Jacobs CL, Opperman DJ, Smit MS. Revisiting Cytochrome P450-Mediated Oxyfunctionalization of Linear and Cyclic Alkanes. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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156
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Köhler V, Turner NJ. Artificial concurrent catalytic processes involving enzymes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 51:450-64. [PMID: 25350691 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07277d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The concurrent operation of multiple catalysts can lead to enhanced reaction features including (i) simultaneous linear multi-step transformations in a single reaction flask (ii) the control of intermediate equilibria (iii) stereoconvergent transformations (iv) rapid processing of labile reaction products. Enzymes occupy a prominent position for the development of such processes, due to their high potential compatibility with other biocatalysts. Genes for different enzymes can be co-expressed to reconstruct natural or construct artificial pathways and applied in the form of engineered whole cell biocatalysts to carry out complex transformations or, alternatively, the enzymes can be combined in vitro after isolation. Moreover, enzyme variants provide a wider substrate scope for a given reaction and often display altered selectivities and specificities. Man-made transition metal catalysts and engineered or artificial metalloenzymes also widen the range of reactivities and catalysed reactions that are potentially employable. Cascades for simultaneous cofactor or co-substrate regeneration or co-product removal are now firmly established. Many applications of more ambitious concurrent cascade catalysis are only just beginning to appear in the literature. The current review presents some of the most recent examples, with an emphasis on the combination of transition metal with enzymatic catalysis and aims to encourage researchers to contribute to this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Köhler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalststrasse 51, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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157
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Engineering of Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120 for constitutive solvent tolerance and increased specific styrene epoxidation activity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:6539-48. [PMID: 25128338 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01940-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of whole cells as biocatalysts is often limited by the toxicity of organic solvents, which constitute interesting substrates/products or can be used as a second phase for in situ product removal and as tools to control multistep biocatalysis. Solvent-tolerant bacteria, especially Pseudomonas strains, are proposed as promising hosts to overcome such limitations due to their inherent solvent tolerance mechanisms. However, potential industrial applications suffer from tedious, unproductive adaptation processes, phenotypic variability, and instable solvent-tolerant phenotypes. In this study, genes described to be involved in solvent tolerance were identified in Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120, and adaptive solvent tolerance was proven by cultivation in the presence of 1% (vol/vol) toluene. Deletion of ttgV, coding for the specific transcriptional repressor of solvent efflux pump TtgGHI gene expression, led to constitutively solvent-tolerant mutants of P. taiwanensis VLB120 and VLB120ΔC. Interestingly, the increased amount of solvent efflux pumps enhanced not only growth in the presence of toluene and styrene but also the biocatalytic performance in terms of stereospecific styrene epoxidation, although proton-driven solvent efflux is expected to compete with the styrene monooxygenase for metabolic energy. Compared to that of the P. taiwanensis VLB120ΔC parent strain, the maximum specific epoxidation activity of P. taiwanensis VLB120ΔCΔttgV doubled to 67 U/g of cells (dry weight). This study shows that solvent tolerance mechanisms, e.g., the solvent efflux pump TtgGHI, not only allow for growth in the presence of organic compounds but can also be used as tools to improve redox biocatalysis involving organic solvents.
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158
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Weber N, Gorwa-Grauslund M, Carlquist M. Engineered baker's yeast as whole-cell biocatalyst for one-pot stereo-selective conversion of amines to alcohols. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:118. [PMID: 25266107 PMCID: PMC4423645 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-014-0118-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One-pot multi-step biocatalysis is advantageous over step-by-step synthesis as it reduces the number of process operation units, leading to significant process intensification. Whole-cell biocatalysis with metabolically active cells is especially valuable since all enzymes can be co-expressed in the cell whose metabolism can be exploited for supply of co-substrates and co-factors. Results In this study, a heterologous enzymatic system consisting of ω-transaminase and ketone reductase was introduced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and evaluated for one-pot stereo-selective conversion of amines to alcohols. The system was applied for simultaneous kinetic resolution of racemic 1-phenylethylamine to (R)-1-phenylethylamine and reduction of the ketone intermediate to (R)-1-phenylethanol. Glucose was used as sole co-substrate for both the supply of amine acceptor and the regeneration of NADPH in the reduction step. Conclusions The whole-cell biocatalyst was shown to sustain transaminase-reductase-catalyzed enantioselective conversion of amines to alcohols with glucose as co-substrate. The transamination catalyzed by recombinant vanillin aminotransferase from Capsicum chinense proved to be the rate-limiting step as a three-fold increase in transaminase gene copy number led to a two-fold increased conversion. The (R)-selective NADPH-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus kefir proved to be efficient in catalyzing the reduction of the acetophenone generated in the transamination reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Weber
- Division of Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, SE-22100, Sweden.
| | - Marie Gorwa-Grauslund
- Division of Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, SE-22100, Sweden.
| | - Magnus Carlquist
- Division of Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, SE-22100, Sweden.
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159
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Müller CA, Dennig A, Welters T, Winkler T, Ruff AJ, Hummel W, Gröger H, Schwaneberg U. Whole-cell double oxidation of n-heptane. J Biotechnol 2014; 191:196-204. [PMID: 24925696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Biocascades allow one-pot synthesis of chemical building blocks omitting purification of reaction intermediates and expenses for downstream processing. Here we show the first whole cell double oxidation of n-heptane to produce chiral alcohols and heptanones. The concept of an artificial operon for co-expression of a monooxygenase from Bacillus megaterium (P450 BM3) and an alcohol dehydrogenase (RE-ADH) from Rhodococcus erythropolis is reported and compared to the widely used two-plasmid or Duet-vector expression systems. Both catalysts are co-expressed on a polycistronic constructs (single mRNA) that reduces recombinant DNA content and metabolic burden for the host cell, therefore increasing growth rate and expression level. Using the artificial operon system, the expression of P450 BM3 reached 81mgg(-1) cell dry weight. In addition, in situ cofactor regeneration through the P450 BM3/RE-ADH couple was enhanced by coupling to glucose oxidation by E. coli. Under optimized reaction conditions the artificial operon system displayed a product formation of 656mgL(-1) (5.7mM) of reaction products (heptanols+heptanones), which is 3-fold higher than the previously reported values for an in vitro oxidation cascade. In conjunction with the high product concentrations it was possible to obtain ee values of >99% for (S)-3-heptanol. Coexpression of a third alcohol dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus brevis (Lb-ADH) in the same host yielded complete oxidation of all heptanol isomers. Introduction of a second ADH enabled further to utilize both cofactors in the host cell (NADH and NADPH) which illustrates the simplicity and modular character of the whole cell oxidation concept employing an artificial operon system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Müller
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Dennig
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tim Welters
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Till Winkler
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology at the Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Research Centre Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, 52426 Jülich, Germany
| | - Anna Joelle Ruff
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Werner Hummel
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology at the Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Research Centre Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, 52426 Jülich, Germany
| | - Harald Gröger
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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160
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Schrewe M, Julsing MK, Lange K, Czarnotta E, Schmid A, Bühler B. Reaction and catalyst engineering to exploit kinetically controlled whole-cell multistep biocatalysis for terminal FAME oxyfunctionalization. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 111:1820-30. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Schrewe
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering; TU Dortmund University; Emil-Figge-Strasse 66 Dortmund 44227 Germany
| | - Mattijs K. Julsing
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering; TU Dortmund University; Emil-Figge-Strasse 66 Dortmund 44227 Germany
| | - Kerstin Lange
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering; TU Dortmund University; Emil-Figge-Strasse 66 Dortmund 44227 Germany
| | - Eik Czarnotta
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering; TU Dortmund University; Emil-Figge-Strasse 66 Dortmund 44227 Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering; TU Dortmund University; Emil-Figge-Strasse 66 Dortmund 44227 Germany
| | - Bruno Bühler
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering; TU Dortmund University; Emil-Figge-Strasse 66 Dortmund 44227 Germany
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161
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Metabolic engineering of Pseudomonas sp. strain VLB120 as platform biocatalyst for the production of isobutyric acid and other secondary metabolites. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:2. [PMID: 24397404 PMCID: PMC3897908 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-13-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the recent years the production of Ehrlich pathway derived chemicals was shown in a variety of hosts such as Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium glutamicum, and yeast. Exemplarily the production of isobutyric acid was demonstrated in Escherichia coli with remarkable titers and yields. However, these examples suffer from byproduct formation due to the fermentative growth mode of the respective organism. We aim at establishing a new aerobic, chassis for the synthesis of isobutyric acid and other interesting metabolites using Pseudomonas sp. strain VLB120, an obligate aerobe organism, as host strain. RESULTS The overexpression of kivd, coding for a 2-ketoacid decarboxylase from Lactococcus lactis in Ps. sp. strain VLB120 enabled for the production of isobutyric acid and isobutanol via the valine synthesis route (Ehrlich pathway). This indicates the existence of chromosomally encoded alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases catalyzing the reduction and oxidation of isobutyraldehyde. In addition we showed that the strain possesses a complete pathway for isobutyric acid metabolization, channeling the compound via isobutyryl-CoA into valine degradation. Three key issues were addressed to allow and optimize isobutyric acid synthesis: i) minimizing isobutyric acid degradation by host intrinsic enzymes, ii) construction of suitable expression systems and iii) streamlining of central carbon metabolism finally leading to production of up to 26.8 ± 1.5 mM isobutyric acid with a carbon yield of 0.12 ± 0.01 g g(glc)⁻¹. CONCLUSION The combination of an increased flux towards isobutyric acid using a tailor-made expression system and the prevention of precursor and product degradation allowed efficient production of isobutyric acid in Ps. sp. strain VLB120. This will be the basis for the development of a continuous reaction process for this bulk chemicals.
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162
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Simon RC, Richter N, Busto E, Kroutil W. Recent Developments of Cascade Reactions Involving ω-Transaminases. ACS Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/cs400930v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Simon
- Department
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nina Richter
- ACIB GmbH, c/o Heinrichstraße
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eduardo Busto
- Department
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Department
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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163
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Oberleitner N, Peters C, Muschiol J, Kadow M, Saß S, Bayer T, Schaaf P, Iqbal N, Rudroff F, Mihovilovic MD, Bornscheuer UT. An Enzymatic Toolbox for Cascade Reactions: A Showcase for an In Vivo Redox Sequence in Asymmetric Synthesis. ChemCatChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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164
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