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Abstract
The heat shock proteins (HSPs) are ubiquitous molecules induced in cells exposed to various stress conditions, including carcinogenesis. The HSP70 and HSP27 among HSPs are of special relevance in human cancer inhibiting apoptosis. The aim of this study is to investigate the expressions of HSP70 and HSP27 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in association to tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis. We examined the expressions of HSP70 and HSP27 by immunohistochemical staining in 71 cases of HCC, and then related their expressions to clinicopathologic parameters and expressions of p53, Ki-67 and Apotag. HSP70 and HSP27 were frequently stained in the cytoplasm and nuclei of tumor cells, but not in the non-neoplastic hepatocytes. Immunoreactivities of HSP70 and HSP27 were observed in 56.3% and 61.9% of HCCs, respectively. HSP70 immunoreactivity correlated with high Ki-67 labeling indices (LIs) (p=0.0159), large tumor size (p=0.0129), presence of portal vein invasion (p=0.0231), and high tumor stage (p=0.0392). HSP27 immunoreactivity significantly related with the subgroup of HBV-associated HCCs (p=0.0003), but not with the others. Both HSP70 and HSP27 immunoreactivities showed no relation to Apotag LIs or p53 immunoreactivity. In conclusion, expressions of HSP70 and HSP27 may play an important role in hepatocarcinogenesis, and especially HSP70 showed a close relationship to the pathological parameters associated with tumor progression and high Ki-67 LIs. Our results could be additional evidence that HSP70 expressions can contribute to not only hepatocarcinogenesis but also tumor progression by promoting tumor cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee Joo
- Department of Pathology, Inje University Ilsanpaik Hospital, Goyang, Korea.
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152
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Siatskas C, Underwood J, Ramezani A, Hawley RG, Medin JA. Specific pharmacological dimerization of KDR in lentivirally transduced human hematopoietic cells activates antiapoptotic and proliferative mechanisms. FASEB J 2005; 19:1752-4. [PMID: 16076962 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-4006fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Selective and regulatable expansion of transduced cells could augment gene therapy for many disorders. The activation of modified growth factor receptors via synthetic chemical inducers of dimerization allows for the coordinated growth of transduced cells. This system can also provide information on specific receptor-mediated signaling without interference from other family members. Although several receptor subunits have been investigated in this context, little is known about the precise molecular events associated with dimerizer-initiated signaling. We have constructed and expressed an AP20187-regulated KDR chimeric receptor in human TF1 cells and analyzed activation of this gene switch using functional, biochemical, and microarray analyses. When deprived of natural ligands, GM-CSF, interleukin-3, or erythropoietin, AP20187 prevented apoptosis of transduced TF1 cells, induced dose-dependent proliferation, and supported long-term growth. In addition, AP20187 stimulation activated the signaling molecules associated with mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase/Akt pathways. Microarray analysis determined that a number of transcripts involved in a variety of cellular processes were differentially expressed. Notably, mRNAs affiliated with heat stress, including Hsp70 and Hsp105, were up-regulated. Functional assays showed that Hsp70 and Hsp105 protected transduced TF1 cells from apoptosis and premature senescence, in part through regulation of Akt. These observations delineate specific roles for kinase insert domain-containing receptor, or KDR, signaling and suggest strategies to endow genetically modified cells with a survival advantage enabling the generation of adequate cell numbers for therapeutic outcomes.
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153
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Romanucci M, Bongiovanni L, Marruchella G, Marà M, di Guardo G, Preziosi R, della Salda L. Heat shock proteins expression in canine intracutaneous cornifying epithelioma and squamous cell carcinoma. Vet Dermatol 2005; 16:108-16. [PMID: 15842541 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2005.00436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are strongly implicated in the control of cell growth, differentiation and biological behaviour of many human cutaneous neoplasms. To our knowledge, no data have been published in the veterinary literature concerning either normal or neoplastic skin. In this study, the immunohistochemical expression of Hsp27, Hsp72 and Hsp73 was evaluated in normal canine skin, 14 intracutaneous cornifying epitheliomas (ICE), 10 well-differentiated and 5 moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). Expression was correlated with the histological degree of keratinocyte differentiation and proliferation, and investigated as to its usefulness in the differential diagnosis of these canine tumours. In normal epidermis, Hsp27 exhibited cytoplasmic labelling in the spinous and granular layers, whereas in neoplastic tissues it was detected particularly in those areas showing squamous differentiation. Hsp72 immunoreactivity was more intense in ICE and well-differentiated SCC than in normal skin; however, reduced immunolabelling was observed in moderately differentiated SCC. Unlike Hsp72, Hsp73 showed less intense labelling in ICE and well-differentiated SCC than in normal epithelium and an increased positivity in moderately differentiated SCC. These results indicate that HSP immunoreactivity differs between normal and neoplastic canine skin. Hsp27 expression seems to correlate directly with cellular differentiation; by contrast, the involvement of Hsp72/73 in proliferation and differentiation of tumour cells remains controversial. The pattern and intensity of immunolabelling of each investigated HSP did not show, however, significant differences between ICE and SCC; therefore, they do not seem to be useful in the differential diagnosis of these two canine tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarita Romanucci
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Piazza Aldo Moro, 45-64100 Teramo, Italy
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154
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Zeke T, Morrice N, Vázquez-Martin C, Cohen P. Human protein phosphatase 5 dissociates from heat-shock proteins and is proteolytically activated in response to arachidonic acid and the microtubule-depolymerizing drug nocodazole. Biochem J 2005; 385:45-56. [PMID: 15383005 PMCID: PMC1134672 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ppp5 (protein phosphatase 5) is a serine/threonine protein phosphatase that has been conserved throughout eukaryotic evolution. In mammalian cells, FLAG-tagged Ppp5 and endogenous Ppp5 are found to interact with endogenous Hsp (heat-shock protein) 70, as well as Hsp90. Incubation of cells with arachidonic acid or the microtubule-depolymerizing agent, nocodazole, causes loss of interaction of Hsp70 and Hsp90 with FLAG-tagged Ppp5 and increase of Ppp5 activity. In response to the same treatments, endogenous Ppp5 undergoes proteolytic cleavage of the N- and C-termini, with the subsequent appearance of high-molecular-mass species. The results indicate that Ppp5 is activated by proteolysis on dissociation from Hsps, and is destroyed via the proteasome after ubiquitination. Cleavage at the C-terminus removes a nuclear localization sequence, allowing these active cleaved forms of Ppp5 to translocate to the cytoplasm. The response of Ppp5 to arachidonic acid and nocodazole suggests that Ppp5 may be required for stress-related processes that can sometimes cause cell-cycle arrest, and leads to the first description for in vivo regulation of Ppp5 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Zeke
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation Unit, Division of Cell Signalling, School of Life Sciences, MSI/WTB Complex, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - Nick Morrice
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation Unit, Division of Cell Signalling, School of Life Sciences, MSI/WTB Complex, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - Cristina Vázquez-Martin
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation Unit, Division of Cell Signalling, School of Life Sciences, MSI/WTB Complex, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - Patricia T. W. Cohen
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation Unit, Division of Cell Signalling, School of Life Sciences, MSI/WTB Complex, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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155
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Maniwa J, Izumi S, Isobe N, Terada T. Studies on substantially increased proteins in follicular fluid of bovine ovarian follicular cysts using 2-D PAGE and MALDI-TOF MS. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2005; 3:23. [PMID: 15941490 PMCID: PMC1177988 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-3-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2005] [Accepted: 06/08/2005] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to identify substantially increased proteins in bovine cystic follicular fluid (FF) in order to clarify the pathology and etiology of bovine ovarian follicular cysts (BOFC). METHODS Proteins in normal and cystic FF samples were subjected to two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) and were compared using silver stained gel images with PDQuest image analysis software. Peptides from these increased spots were analyzed by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and were identified based on the NCBI database by a peptide mass fingerprinting method. RESULTS Comparative proteomic analysis showed 8 increased protein spots present in cystic FF. MS analysis and database searching revealed that the increased proteins in cystic FF were bovine mitochondrial f1-atpase (BMFA), erythroid associated factor (EAF), methionine synthase (MeS), VEGF-receptor, glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) and succinate dehydrogenase Ip subunit (SD). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that these proteins are overexpressed in BOFC, and that they may play important roles in the pathogenesis of BOFC. Furthermore, these proteins in the FF could be useful biomarkers for BOFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Maniwa
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
- Preclinical Sciences Department, AstraZeneca KK, Osaka 531-0076, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Izumi
- Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Naoki Isobe
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Takato Terada
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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156
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Lim SO, Park SG, Yoo JH, Park YM, Kim HJ, Jang KT, Cho JW, Yoo BC, Jung GH, Park CK. Expression of heat shock proteins (HSP27, HSP60, HSP70, HSP90, GRP78, GRP94) in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinomas and dysplastic nodules. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:2072-9. [PMID: 15810071 PMCID: PMC4305774 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i14.2072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: Expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) is frequently up-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which evolves from dysplastic nodule (DN) and early HCC to advanced HCC. However, little is known about the differential expression of HSPs in multistep hepatocarcinogenesis. It was the purpose of this study to monitor the expression of HSPs in multistep hepatocarcinogenesis and to evaluate their prognostic significance in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related HCC.
METHODS: Thirty-eight HCC and 19 DN samples were obtained from 52 hepatitis B surface antigen-positive Korean patients. Immunohistochemical and dot immunoblot analyses of HSP27, HSP60, HSP70, HSP90, glucose regulated protein (GRP)78, and GRP94 were performed and their expression at different stages of HCC development was statistically analyzed.
RESULTS: Expression of HSP27, HSP70, HSP90, GRP78, and GRP94 increased along with the stepwise progression of hepatocarcinogenesis. Strong correlation was found only in GRP78 (Spearman’s r = 0.802). There was a positive correlation between the expressions of GRP78, GRP94, HSP90, or HSP70 and prognostic factors of HCC. Specifically, the expression of GRP78, GRP94, or HSP90 was associated significantly with vascular invasion and intrahepatic metastasis.
CONCLUSION: The expressions of HSPs are commonly up-regulated in HBV-related HCCs and GRP78 might play an important role in the stepwise progression of HBV-related hepatocarcinogenesis. GRP78, GRP94, and HSP90 may be important prognostic markers of HBV-related HCC, strongly suggesting vascular invasion and intrahepatic metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Oe Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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157
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Manjili MH, Wang XY, MacDonald IJ, Arnouk H, Yang GY, Pritchard MT, Subjeck JR. Cancer immunotherapy and heat-shock proteins: promises and challenges. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2005; 4:363-73. [PMID: 15006730 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.4.3.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent mechanistic studies on the role of heat-shock proteins (HSPs) to induce innate and adaptive immune responses have resulted in conflicting reports. Whereas some groups reported that HSPs have direct immunological function, others emphasised the endotoxin contamination of HSP preparations and questioned the antigen-specificity of HSP vaccines. The present review will discuss these issues and suggest that HSPs have diverse and distinct immunological functions that could be superimposed on effects resulting from endotoxin contamination or misunderstood by using experimental procedures with inadequate controls. To understand the actual function of HSPs in their interaction with the immune system, methods and procedures need to be optimised and appropriate controls need to be used. These points should also clarify the conflicting findings about HSPs and promote our knowledge about other immuologically important components that may be present in HSP preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud H Manjili
- Department of Cellular Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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158
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Altieri DC. Molecular circuits of apoptosis regulation and cell division control: the survivin paradigm. J Cell Biochem 2005; 92:656-63. [PMID: 15211564 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The coupling of cell proliferation to cell death is thought to function as a pivotal crossroad, essential to preserve normal homeostasis and to eliminate dangerous cells before they divide. Survivin is a prototype molecule at this crossroad, intercalated in protection against mitochondrial cell death and orchestrating various aspects of cell division. Dramatically exploited in cancer and an unfavorable gene signature for disease outcome, the survivin pathway has now provided tangible opportunities for targeted, rational cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario C Altieri
- Department of Cancer Biology and the Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA.
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159
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Hirasaka K, Nikawa T, Asanoma Y, Furochi H, Onishi Y, Ogawa T, Suzue N, Oarada M, Shimazu T, Kishi K. Short-term hypergravity does not affect protein-ubiquitination and proliferation in rat L6 myoblastic cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 19:3-7. [PMID: 16118477 DOI: 10.2187/bss.19.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that spaceflight (STS-90) and tail-suspension stimulated muscle protein ubiquitination and accumulated the degradation fragments. However, in space experiments the side-effects of hypergravity on samples are inevitable during the launch of a space shuttle into space or the reentry. To examine whether hypergravity also caused protein-ubiquitination in skeletal muscle cells, we exposed rat myoblastic L6 cells to various hypergravity conditions. Immunoblot analysis showed that the centrifugation at 2, 3, 30 or 100 G for 10 min did not increase the amount of ubiquitinated proteins in L6 cells, whereas the centrifugation at 100 G for 1 or 2 hrs significantly induced the protein-ubiquitination. In contrast, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), another stress-responsive protein, in L6 cells was accumulated only by centrifugation at 100 G for more than 10 min. Short-term (10 min) hypergravity including 3 or 100 G did not affect the proliferation and morphological changes in L6 cells. Our present results suggest that the ubiquitination of muscle proteins is less sensitive to hypergravity than the induction of HSP70, and that the effect of hypergravity on protein-ubiquitination and proliferation of skeletal muscle cells may be negligible, as far as its duration is short-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Hirasaka
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tokushima School of Medicine, Tokushima, Japan
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160
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Mo J. A novel theory: biological processes mostly involve two types of mediators, namely general and specific mediators. Med Hypotheses 2005; 65:728-35. [PMID: 15961255 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2005.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2004] [Accepted: 03/16/2005] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A great number of papers have shown that free radicals as well as bioactive molecules can play a role of mediator in a wide spectrum of biological processes, but the biological actions and chemical reactivity of the free radicals are quite different from that of the bioactive molecules, and that a wide variety of bioactive molecules can be easily modified by free radicals due to having functional groups sensitive to redox, and the significance of the interaction between the free radicals and the bioactive molecules in biological processes has been confirmed by the results of some in vitro and in vivo studies. Based on these evidence, this article presented a novel theory about the mediators of biological processes. The essentials of the theory are: (a) mediators of biological processes can be classified into general and specific mediators; the general mediators include two types of free radicals, namely superoxide and nitric oxide; the specific mediators include a wide variety of bioactive molecules, such as specific enzymes, transcription factors, cytokines and eicosanoids; (b) a general mediator can modify almost any class of the biomolecules, and thus play a role of mediator in nearly every biological process via diverse mechanisms; a specific mediator always acts selectively on certain classes of the biomolecules, and may play a role of mediator in different biological processes via a same mechanism; (c) biological processes are mostly controlled by networks of their mediators, so the free radicals can regulate the last consequence of a biological process by modifying some types of the bioactive molecules, or in cooperation with these bioactive molecules; the biological actions of superoxide and nitric oxide may be synergistic or antagonistic. According to this theory, keeping the integrity of these networks and the balance between the free radicals and the bioactive molecules as well as the balance between the free radicals and the free radical scavengers would be of vital importance for physiological processes, and disturbance of these networks and balances would be a critical factor of pathological processes. Therefore, the investigators who want to get a deep and full understanding of the mechanism of a biological process should pay attention to the roles of both free radical and bioactive molecule species, and the free radical scavengers, which are used for health protection, such a vitamin E and carotenoid, should be taken in a suitable dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Mo
- The Fourth Military Medical University, 621-19, 17 Changlexilu, Xian 710032, PR China.
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161
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Myung JK, Afjehi-Sadat L, Felizardo-Cabatic M, Slavc I, Lubec G. Expressional patterns of chaperones in ten human tumor cell lines. Proteome Sci 2004; 2:8. [PMID: 15598346 PMCID: PMC543454 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2004] [Accepted: 12/14/2004] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chaperones (CH) play an important role in tumor biology but no systematic work on expressional patterns has been reported so far. The aim of the study was therefore to present an analytical method for the concomitant determination of several CH in human tumor cell lines, to generate expressional patterns in the individual cell lines and to search for tumor and non-tumor cell line specific CH expression. Human tumor cell lines of neuroblastoma, colorectal and adenocarcinoma of the ovary, osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, malignant melanoma, lung, cervical and breast cancer, promyelocytic leukaemia were homogenised, proteins were separated on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with in-gel digestion of proteins and MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis was carried out for the identification of CH. Results A series of CH was identified including the main CH groups as HSP90/HATPas_C, HSP70, Cpn60_TCP1, DnaJ, Thioredoxin, TPR, Pro_isomerase, HSP20, ERP29_C, KE2, Prefoldin, DUF704, BAG, GrpE and DcpS. Conclusions The ten individual tumor cell lines showed different expression patterns, which are important for the design of CH studies in tumor cell lines. The results can serve as a reference map and form the basis of a concomitant determination of CH by a protein chemical rather than an immunochemical method, independent of antibody availability or specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Kyung Myung
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Irene Slavc
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gert Lubec
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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162
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Longshaw VM, Chapple JP, Balda MS, Cheetham ME, Blatch GL. Nuclear translocation of the Hsp70/Hsp90 organizing protein mSTI1 is regulated by cell cycle kinases. J Cell Sci 2004; 117:701-10. [PMID: 14754904 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The co-chaperone murine stress-inducible protein 1 (mSTI1), an Hsp70/Hsp90 organizing protein (Hop) homologue, mediates the assembly of the Hsp70/Hsp90 chaperone heterocomplex. The mSTI1 protein can be phosphorylated in vitro by cell cycle kinases proximal to a putative nuclear localization signal (NLS), which substantiated a predicted casein kinase II (CKII)-cdc2 kinase-NLS (CcN) motif at position 180-239 and suggested that mSTI1 might move between the cytoplasm and the nucleus under certain cell cycle conditions. The mechanism responsible for the cellular localization of mSTI1 was probed using NIH3T3 fibroblasts to investigate the localization of endogenous mSTI1 and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-tagged mSTI1 mutants. Localization studies on cell lines stably expressing NLS(mSTI1)-EGFP and EGFP demonstrated that the NLS(mSTI1) was able to promote a nuclear localization of EGFP. The mSTI1 protein was exclusively cytoplasmic in most cells under normal conditions but was present in the nucleus of a subpopulation of cells and accumulated in the nucleus following inhibition of nuclear export (leptomycin B treatment). G1/S-phase arrest (using hydroxyurea) and inhibition of cdc2 kinase (using olomoucine) but not inhibition of casein kinase II (using 5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole riboside), increased the proportion of cells with endogenous mSTI1 nuclear staining. mSTI1-EGFP behaved identically to endogenous mSTI1. The functional importance of key residues was tested using modified mSTI1-EGFP proteins. Inactivation and phosphorylation mimicking of potential phosphorylation sites in mSTI1 altered the nuclear translocation. Mimicking of phosphorylation at the mSTI1 CKII phosphorylation site (S189E) promoted nuclear localization of mSTI1-EGFP. Mimicking phosphorylation at the cdc2 kinase phosphorylation site (T198E) promoted cytoplasmic localization of mSTI1-EGFP at the G1/S-phase transition,whereas removal of this site (T198A) promoted the nuclear localization of mSTI1-EGFP under the same conditions. These data provide the first evidence of nuclear import and export of a major Hsp70/Hsp90 co-chaperone and the regulation of this nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling by cell cycle status and cell cycle kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M Longshaw
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
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163
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Wang Y, Thuillier R, Culty M. Prenatal estrogen exposure differentially affects estrogen receptor-associated proteins in rat testis gonocytes. Biol Reprod 2004; 71:1652-64. [PMID: 15229138 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.030205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that gonocytes from 3-day-old rat testes proliferate in response to estradiol. In the present study, we found that purified gonocytes contained the mRNAs of estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) and the chaperones Hsp90, p23, and Cyp40, but no inducible Hsp70. Immunoblot analysis showed high levels of ERbeta, Hsp90, p23, Cyp40, and the constitutive Hsc70 in gonocytes. Prenatal exposure to the estrogenic compounds diethylstilbestrol, bisphenol A, genistein, and coumestrol led to significantly increased Hsp90 mRNA levels in testis, but not p23 and Cyp40. In situ hybridization analysis indicated that Hsp90 mRNA was prominent in gonocytes, where it was increased following phytoestrogen exposure, whereas bisphenol A induced a more generalized increase throughout the testis. Immunoblot analysis of testicular extracts demonstrated that Hsp90 protein levels were significantly increased following estrogen exposure, and immunohistochemical analysis indicated that this increase occurred predominantly in gonocytes. By contrast, no change was observed in the expression of Cyp40, p23, and ERbeta, whereas Hsc70 was increased by bisphenol A only. Using an antibody and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction probes specific for Hsp90alpha, we subsequently confirmed that Hsp90alpha was primarily expressed in gonocytes, and that it was increased following estrogen exposure. Hsp90 immunolocalization in fetal and prepubertal testes showed an increased expression in fetal gonocytes upon estrogen exposure, but no difference in the subsets of Hsp90-positive germ cells in prepubertal testes. These results demonstrate that prenatal estrogen exposure specifically affects Hsp90 expression in gonocytes. Considering the interaction of Hsp90 with several signaling molecules, changes in its expression levels may lead to subsequent changes in gonocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3900 Reservoir Road NW, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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164
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Araki M, Hiratsuka K, Kiyama-Kishikawa M, Abiko Y. Monitoring of dnaK gene expression in Porphyromonas gingivalis by oxygen stress using DNA microarray. J Oral Sci 2004; 46:93-100. [PMID: 15287542 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.46.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a Gram-negative anaerobe associated with adult periodontitis, expresses numerous potential virulence factors. dnaK, a member of the heat shock protein family, functions as a molecular chaperone and plays a role in microbial pathogenicity. However, little is known regarding its gene expression caused by oxygen stress in P. gingivalis. In the present study, a custom-made DNA microarray was designed and used to monitor dnaK gene expression in P. gingivalis caused by oxygen stress. The results demonstrated that dnaK mRNA was up-regulated in a short time, and the DNA microarray results were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. These findings suggest that oxygen stress stimulates gene expression of dnaK and may have a relationship to the aerotolerance activity of this organism as well as its expression of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Araki
- Department of Biochemistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
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165
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Sreedhar AS, Csermely P. Heat shock proteins in the regulation of apoptosis: new strategies in tumor therapy: a comprehensive review. Pharmacol Ther 2004; 101:227-57. [PMID: 15031001 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2003.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsp) form the most ancient defense system in all living organisms on earth. These proteins act as molecular chaperones by helping in the refolding of misfolded proteins and assisting in their elimination if they become irreversibly damaged. Hsp interact with a number of cellular systems and form efficient cytoprotective mechanisms. However, in some cases, wherein it is better if the cell dies, there is no reason for any further defense. Programmed cell death is a widely conserved general phenomenon helping in many processes involving the reconstruction of multicellular organisms, as well as in the elimination of old or damaged cells. Here, we review some novel elements of the apoptotic process, such as its interrelationship with cellular senescence and necrosis, as well as bacterial apoptosis. We also give a survey of the most important elements of the apoptotic machinery and show the various modes of how Hsp interact with the apoptotic events in detail. We review caspase-independent apoptotic pathways and anoikis as well. Finally, we show the emerging variety of pharmacological interventions inhibiting or, just conversely, inducing Hsp and review the emergence of Hsp as novel therapeutic targets in anticancer protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amere Subbarao Sreedhar
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, P.O. Box 260, H-1444 Budapest, Hungary
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Rusin M, Zientek H, Krześniak M, Małusecka E, Zborek A, Krzyzowska-Gruca S, Butkiewicz D, Vaitiekunaite R, Lisowska K, Grzybowska E, Krawczyk Z. Intronic polymorphism (1541-1542delGT) of the constitutive heat shock protein 70 gene has functional significance and shows evidence of association with lung cancer risk. Mol Carcinog 2004; 39:155-63. [PMID: 14991745 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Somatic mutations of 11q23.3-linked constitutive heat shock protein 70 gene (HSPA8 alias HSC70) are detected by others in breast carcinomas. To examine whether intragenic, somatic mutations of HSPA8 occur in lung carcinomas, we sequenced its exons 2-8, with adjacent intronic sequences, in a series of DNA samples from non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLC). Twenty-one polymorphisms were detected, but no somatic mutation. However, we observed an association between the HSC70 1541-1542delGT genotype and the immunohistochemical staining pattern of HSC70 protein. Tumors with weak (+) HSC70 protein staining were more frequent in the carriers of the polymorphic 1541-1542delGT allele than in the homozygotes of the major allele (20% vs. 6%, P=0.05 by Fisher's exact test). This statistically significant association prompted us to test the polymorphism functionally. The method we developed for the functional evaluation of intronic sequence alterations showed that the HSPA8 intron 2 with the deleted GT dinucleotide was associated with noticeable (approximately 20%) and statistically significant (P=0.005) reduction of the reporter gene activity. Our case-control analysis showed that the 1541-1542delGT heterozygous genotype was associated with significantly decreased risk for lung cancer (crude odds ratio (OR)=0.44; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.23-0.84). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the association between a polymorphism of a gene coding for the chaperone protein and lung cancer risk. Moreover, the simple method reported here, based on the dual-luciferase reporter assay system, can be useful for testing functional significance of polymorphisms located in introns of other genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Rusin
- Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Oncology-Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Gliwice, Poland
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167
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Larreta R, Soto M, Quijada L, Folgueira C, Abanades DR, Alonso C, Requena JM. The expression of HSP83 genes in Leishmania infantum is affected by temperature and by stage-differentiation and is regulated at the levels of mRNA stability and translation. BMC Mol Biol 2004; 5:3. [PMID: 15176985 PMCID: PMC436058 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-5-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2004] [Accepted: 06/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure of Leishmania promastigotes to the temperature of their mammalian hosts results in the induction of a typical heat shock response. It has been suggested that heat shock proteins play an important role in parasite survival and differentiation. Results Here we report the studies on the expression of the heat shock protein 83 (HSP83) genes of Leishmania infantum. Confirming previous observations for other Leishmania species, we found that the L. infantum HSP83 transcripts also show a temperature-dependent accumulation that is controlled by a post-transcriptional mechanism involving sequences located in the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR). However, contrary to that described for L. amazonensis, the accumulation of the HSP83 transcripts in L. infantum is dependent on active protein synthesis. The translation of HSP83 transcripts is enhanced during heat shock and, as first described in L. amazonensis, we show that the 3'-UTR of the L. infantum HSP83 gene is essential for this translational control. Measurement of the steady-state levels of HSP83 transcripts along the promastigote-to-amastigote differentiation evidenced a specific profile of HSP83 RNAs: after an initial accumulation of HSP83 transcripts observed short after (2 h) incubation in the differentiation conditions, the amount of HSP83 RNA decreased to a steady-state level lower than in undifferentiated promastigotes. We show that this transient accumulation is linked to the presence of the 3'-UTR and flanking regions. Again, an 8-fold increase in translation of the HSP83 transcripts is observed short after the initiation of the axenic differentiation, but it is not sustained after 9 h. Conclusions This transient expression of HSP83 genes could be relevant for the differentiation of Leishmania, and the underlying regulatory mechanism may be part of the developmental program of this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Larreta
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Soto
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Quijada
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Folgueira
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel R Abanades
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Requena
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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168
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Becker B, Multhoff G, Farkas B, Wild PJ, Landthaler M, Stolz W, Vogt T. Induction of Hsp90 protein expression in malignant melanomas and melanoma metastases. Exp Dermatol 2004; 13:27-32. [PMID: 15009113 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2004.00114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The heat-shock protein Hsp90 has been shown to be essential for the functional integrity of the telomerase complex. The telomerase activity is enhanced in melanoma and stabilizes the chromosomal integrity in proliferating cells. Furthermore, overexpression of Hsp90 induces silencing of point mutations in transcription factors which, otherwise, would result in a loss-of-function phenotype. In melanocytic lesions there is a higher risk of mutations caused by the enhanced proliferation in melanocytic cells. By analyzing microdissected melanocytic tumors by semiquantitative PCR, we demonstrate an overexpression of Hsp90 mRNA in malignant melanomas (10/14) and in melanoma metastases (6/6) as well as in melanoma cell lines (9/9) when compared with melanocytic nevi (2/9). These results could be confirmed on protein level by immunohistochemistry. While melanocytic nevi show discrete Hsp90 expression only in a minor fraction (2/9), malignant melanomas and metastases show a positive Hsp90 immunohistochemistry in the majority of cases; (7/9) and (13/14), respectively. In addition, by analyzing melanoma metastases by flow cytometry we show that Hsp90 is expressed on the surface of tumor cells (7/8). From these data we conclude that Hsp90 is present in advanced malignant melanomas and may have a stabilizing effect on the cellular functions in proliferating cells of melanocytic lesions and could thereby be a prerequisite for the tumor progression. As Hsp90 is expressed on the cell surface, it might also be a potential immunorelevant target structure for immunotherapy of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Becker
- Department of Dermatology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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169
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Abstract
Protein-damaging stresses induce the expression of 'heat-shock proteins', which have essential roles in protecting cells from the potentially lethal effects of stress and proteotoxicity. These stress-protective heat-shock proteins are often overexpressed in cells of various cancers and have been suggested to be contributing factors in tumorigenesis. An underlying basis of oncogenesis is the acquisition and accumulation of mutations that provide the transformed cell with the combined characteristics of deregulated cell proliferation and suppressed cell death. Heat-shock proteins with dual roles as regulators of protein conformation and stress sensors may therefore have intriguing and central roles in both cell proliferation and apoptosis. It has been established that heat-shock proteins exhibit specificity to particular classes of polypeptide substrates and client proteins in vivo, and that chaperones can stabilize mutations that affect the folded conformation. Likewise, overexpression of chaperones has also been shown to protect cells against apoptotic cell death. The involvement of chaperones, therefore, in such diverse roles might suggest novel anticancer therapeutic approaches targeting heat-shock protein function for a broad spectrum of tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick D Mosser
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
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170
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Li YH, Tao PZ, Liu YZ, Jiang JD. Geldanamycin, a ligand of heat shock protein 90, inhibits the replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:867-72. [PMID: 14982777 PMCID: PMC353133 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.3.867-872.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Geldanamycin (GA) is an antibiotic targeting the ADP/ATP binding site of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). In screening for anti-herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) candidates, we found GA active against HSV-1. HSV-1 replication in vitro was significantly inhibited by GA with an 50% inhibitory concentration of 0.093 microM and a concentration that inhibited cellular growth 50% in comparison with the results seen with untreated controls of 350 microM. The therapeutic index of GA was over 3700 (comparable to the results seen with acyclovir). GA did not inhibit HSV-1 thymidine kinase. Cells infected with HSV-1 demonstrated cell cycle arrest at the G(1)/S transition; however, treatment with GA resulted in a cell cycle distribution pattern identical to that of untreated cells, indicating a restoration of cell growth in HSV-1-infected cells by GA treatment. Accordingly, HSV-1 DNA synthesis was suppressed in HSV-1(+) cells treated with GA. The antiviral mechanism of GA appears to be associated with Hsp90 inactivation and cell cycle restoration, which indicates that GA exhibits broad-spectrum antiviral activity. Indeed, GA exhibited activities in vitro against other viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Since GA inhibits HSV-1 through a cellular mechanism unique among HSV-1 agents, we consider it a new candidate agent for HSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Huan Li
- Laboratory of Antiviral Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
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171
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Zhang L, Pelech S, Uitto VJ. Bacterial GroEL-like heat shock protein 60 protects epithelial cells from stress-induced death through activation of ERK and inhibition of caspase 3. Exp Cell Res 2004; 292:231-40. [PMID: 14720522 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2003.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial heat shock proteins (hsps) can have various effects on human cells. We investigated whether bacterial hsp60s can protect epithelial cells from cell death by affecting the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathways. Cell protection was studied by adding bacterial hsp60s to skin keratinocyte cultures (HaCaT cell line) before UV radiation. The results show that hsp60 significantly protected against UV radiation-induced cell death. Effects of UV radiation and exogenous hsp60 on phosphorylation of MAPKs and on activation of caspase 3 were examined by Western blot analysis. UV radiation strongly induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and formation of active caspase 3. A p38 inhibitor, SB 203580, totally blocked UV radiation-mediated activation of caspase 3. Preincubation with hsp60 strongly induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and inhibited UV radiation-mediated activation of caspase 3. PD 98059, a specific inhibitor of the ERK1/2 pathway, blocked this inhibitory effect of exogenous hsp60. Studies on the association between activity of MAPKs or caspase 3 and cell death showed that the ERK1/2 pathway inhibitor reversed protective effect of hsp60 while specific inhibition of p38 and caspase 3 reduced cell death. These results indicate that in HaCaT cells UV radiation mediates cell death through activation of p38 followed by caspase 3 activation. Exogenous hsp60 partially protects against UV radiation-mediated epithelial cell death through activation of ERK1/2, which inhibits caspase 3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangxuan Zhang
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z3
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172
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Hunt CR, Dix DJ, Sharma GG, Pandita RK, Gupta A, Funk M, Pandita TK. Genomic instability and enhanced radiosensitivity in Hsp70.1- and Hsp70.3-deficient mice. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:899-911. [PMID: 14701760 PMCID: PMC343815 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.2.899-911.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are highly conserved among all organisms from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. In mice, the HSP genes Hsp70.1 and Hsp70.3 are induced by both endogenous and exogenous stressors, such as heat and toxicants. In order to determine whether such proteins specifically influence genomic instability, mice deficient for Hsp70.1 and Hsp70.3 (Hsp70.1/3(-/-) mice) were generated by gene targeting. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) prepared from Hsp70.1/3(-/-) mice did not synthesize Hsp70.1 or Hsp70.3 after heat-induced stress. While the Hsp70.1/3(-/-) mutant mice were fertile, their cells displayed genomic instability that was enhanced by heat treatment. Cells from Hsp70.1/3(-/-) mice also display a higher frequency of chromosome end-to-end associations than do control Hsp70.1/3(+/+) cells. To determine whether observed genomic instability was related to defective chromosome repair, Hsp70.1/3(-/-) and Hsp70.1/3(+/+) fibroblasts were treated with ionizing radiation (IR) alone or heat and IR. Exposure to IR led to more residual chromosome aberrations, radioresistant DNA synthesis (a hallmark of genomic instability), increased cell killing, and enhanced IR-induced oncogenic transformation in Hsp70.1/3(-/-) cells. Heat treatment prior to IR exposure enhanced cell killing, S-phase-specific chromosome damage, and the frequency of transformants in Hsp70.1/3(-/-) cells in comparison to Hsp70.1/3(+/+) cells. Both in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrate for the first time that Hsp70.1 and Hsp70.3 have an essential role in maintaining genomic stability under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton R Hunt
- Department of Oncology, Radiation, Washington University School of Medicine, 4511 Forest Park, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
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173
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Abstract
The role of stress proteins in immunity and their feasibility as vaccine vehicles against infectious disease have been the focus of intensive examination. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident stress proteins in particular are interesting model proteins as they perform crucial functions in an organelle that responds promptly to cell stress. We describe transcriptional regulation of ER-resident stress proteins, their involvement in the cellular response to infection and discuss their potential as vaccine candidates against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike K Rapp
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Schumannstrasse 21-22, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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174
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Dai Q, Zhang C, Wu Y, McDonough H, Whaley RA, Godfrey V, Li HH, Madamanchi N, Xu W, Neckers L, Cyr D, Patterson C. CHIP activates HSF1 and confers protection against apoptosis and cellular stress. EMBO J 2004; 22:5446-58. [PMID: 14532117 PMCID: PMC213783 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdg529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of molecular chaperones is the characteristic protective response to environmental stress, and is regulated by a transcriptional program that depends on heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), which is normally under negative regulatory control by molecular chaperones Hsp70 and Hsp90. In metazoan species, the chaperone system also provides protection against apoptosis. We demonstrate that the dual function co-chaperone/ubiquitin ligase CHIP (C-terminus of Hsp70-interacting protein) regulates activation of the stress-chaperone response through induced trimerization and transcriptional activation of HSF1, and is required for protection against stress-induced apoptosis in murine fibroblasts. The consequences of this function are demonstrated by the phenotype of mice lacking CHIP, which develop normally but are temperature-sensitive and develop apoptosis in multiple organs after environmental challenge. CHIP exerts a central and unique role in tuning the response to stress at multiple levels by regulation of protein quality control and transcriptional activation of stress response signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Dai
- Carolina Cardiovascular Biology Center, and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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175
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Lagunas L, Bradbury CM, Laszlo A, Hunt CR, Gius D. Indomethacin and ibuprofen induce Hsc70 nuclear localization and activation of the heat shock response in HeLa cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 313:863-70. [PMID: 14706622 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It has been established that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as sodium salicylate, sulindac, ibuprofen, and indomethacin, induce anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects independent of cyclooxygenase. These cyclooxygenase-independent pharmacodynamic effects appear to regulate several signaling pathways involving proliferation, apoptosis, and heat shock response. However, the mechanisms of these actions remain an area of ongoing investigation. Hsc70 is a cytoplasmic chaperone protein involved in folding and trafficking of client proteins to different subcellular compartments, plays roles in signal transduction and apoptosis processes, and translocates to the nucleus following exposure to heat shock. Since NSAIDs induce some aspects of the heat shock response, we hypothesized that they may also induce Hsc70 nuclear translocation. Western immunoblotting and indirect cellular immunofluorescence showed that indomethacin and ibuprofen induce Hsc70 nuclear translocation at concentrations previously shown to induce HSF DNA-binding activity. Chemical inhibition of both p38(MAPK) and Erk42/44 had no effect on localization patterns. In addition, while indomethacin has been shown to behave as an oxidative stressor, the radical scavenging agent, N-acetyl cysteine, did not inhibit nuclear translocation. These results indicate that induction of the heat shock response by NSAIDs occurs at concentrations fivefold greater than those required to inhibit cyclooxygenase activity, suggesting a cyclooxygenase-independent mechanism, and in the presence or absence of kinase inhibitors and a free radical scavenger, suggesting independence of Erk42/44 or p38(MAPK) activities and intracellular oxidoreductive state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Lagunas
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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176
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D'Ambrosi N, Murra B, Vacca F, Volonté C. Pathways of survival induced by NGF and extracellular ATP after growth factor deprivation. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2004; 146:93-100. [PMID: 14699958 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(03)46006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In a previous work we demonstrated that extracellular adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP), acting on P2 receptors, exerts neuritogenic and trophic effects on the phaeochromocytoma PC12 cell line. These actions are comparable to those sustained by nerve growth factor (NGF) and involve several overlapping pathways. In this work, we describe some of the mechanisms recruited by ATP and NGF in maintaining PC12 cell survival after serum deprivation. We show that both ATP and NGF upregulate the expression of the stress-induced heat shock protein HSP70 and HSP90, whilst glucose-response protein GRP75 and GRP78 are not affected. In parallel with NGF, ATP prevents the cleavage and activation of caspase-2 and inhibits the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytoplasm. Finally, neither NGF, nor ATP directly modulate the expression of P2 receptors in the induction of cell survival. Our data contribute to dissect the biological mechanisms activated by extracellular purines exerting trophic actions and to establish that survival and neurite outgrowth lie on different mechanistic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia D'Ambrosi
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Neuroscience, Rome, Italy
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177
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Brum LM, Lopez MC, Varela JC, Baker HV, Moyer RW. Microarray analysis of A549 cells infected with rabbitpox virus (RPV): a comparison of wild-type RPV and RPV deleted for the host range gene, SPI-1. Virology 2003; 315:322-34. [PMID: 14585335 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00532-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A documented consequence of poxvirus infections is global inhibition of host protein synthesis and reduction in mRNA levels. We examined this mRNA decrease by infecting A549 cells, derived from a human lung carcinoma, with rabbitpox virus (RPV), or RPV deleted for the serine protease inhibitor SPI-1 (RPVDeltaSPI-1), which exhibits a growth defect on A549 cells. At various times postinfection, mRNA profiles were analyzed using Affymetrix U95AV2 microarrays. There was a decline in overall cellular mRNA levels beginning at 2.5 hpi, and by 5 hpi, mRNA levels were drastically reduced for the majority of genes. However, several mRNAs increased, including those of heat-shock genes. Finally, a comparison of host mRNA profiles of RPV- to RPVDeltaSPI-1-infected cells revealed subtle differences in mRNA levels at 5 and 12 hpi. In summary, while there was a global decrease of host mRNA levels, the induction of selected mRNAs may be required for a successful poxvirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Brum
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and The Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0266, USA
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178
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Sachs NA, Vaillancourt RR. Cyclin-dependent kinase 11p110 activity in the absence of CK2. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2003; 1624:98-108. [PMID: 14642819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2003.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)11(p110), formerly known as PITSLRE, is a serine/threonine kinase whose catalytic activity has been associated with transcription and RNA processing. To further evaluate the regulation of CDK11(p110) catalytic activity, interacting proteins were identified by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Following the immunoprecipitation of CDK11(p110) from COS-7 cells, the serine/threonine kinase CK2 was identified by LC-MS/MS. These results were extended through the observation that CDK11(p110) serves as a substrate for CK2 and the identification of a phosphorylation site on CDK11(p110) at Ser227 by LC-MS/MS. To obtain CDK11(p110) devoid of CK2, CDK11(p110) was expressed in High Five insect cells and secreted into the media due to the presence of a honeybee melittin signal sequence encoded at the amino-terminus of CDK11(p110). Recombinant CDK11(p110) was purified from the media and phosphorylation of histone H1 subsequently demonstrated. After demonstrating retention of CDK11(p110) kinase activity, it was evaluated for activity on the carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RNAP II), but only CK2 was found to phosphorylate the CTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A Sachs
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0207, USA
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179
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Kleinjung T, Arndt O, Feldmann HJ, Bockmühl U, Gehrmann M, Zilch T, Pfister K, Schönberger J, Marienhagen J, Eilles C, Rossbacher L, Multhoff G. Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) membrane expression on head-and-neck cancer biopsy-a target for natural killer (NK) cells. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003; 57:820-6. [PMID: 14529789 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(03)00629-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) was detected on the cell membrane of human tumor cell lines, but not on normal cells. Here we studied Hsp70 membrane expression as a target for natural killer (NK) cells on tumor material and control tissues of head-and-neck cancer patients. METHODS AND MATERIALS Membrane-bound Hsp70 was determined by flow cytometry on single-cell suspensions of tumors and the corresponding normal tissues of head-and-neck cancer patients. The cytolytic activity of NK cells against Hsp70-positive tumor cells was measured in a standard cytotoxicity assay. RESULTS In total, 54 of 74 primary tumors were found to be Hsp70 membrane-positive (73%); tongue/mouth, 21 of 24 (88%); oropharynx, 13 of 20 (65%); hypopharynx, 3 of 6 (50%); larynx, 8 of 11 (73%); trachea 1 of 2 (50%); esophagus, 4 of 5 (80%); lymph node metastases, 4 of 6 (67%). The corresponding control tissue was negative for membrane-bound Hsp70. Biopsies (6 of 6) of patients after in vivo gamma-irradiation (fractionated 5 x 2 Gy) were strongly Hsp70 membrane-positive. Irradiated, Hsp70-positive tumor cells are targets for Hsp70-peptide stimulated NK cells. CONCLUSION An irradiation-inducible, tumor-selective Hsp70 membrane localization provides a target structure for Hsp70-peptide stimulated human NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kleinjung
- Department of Ear, Nose, and Throat Medicine (ENT), Regensburg, Germany
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180
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Wang YJ, Brock HW. Polyhomeotic stably associates with molecular chaperones Hsc4 and Droj2 in Drosophila Kc1 cells. Dev Biol 2003; 262:350-60. [PMID: 14550797 DOI: 10.1016/s0012-1606(03)00396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polycomb group (PcG) proteins silence target loci in Drosophila. Although the mechanism of PcG-mediated silencing remains unknown, there is considerable evidence that PcG proteins act via multiple complexes. We have epitope-tagged Polyhomeotic Proximal, PHP, the major isoform of the proximal product of the polyhomeotic locus, at both termini (F-PHP-HA) and generated a stable Kc1 cell line in order to isolate F-PHP-HA-associated proteins. Using either column chromatography followed by immunoaffinity precipitation or a double immunoaffinity precipitation procedure, we observed multiple proteins that stably associate with F-PHP-HA. Sequencing the five major bands identified PHP-170 and PHP-140 isoforms, Polycomb, Heat shock cognate 4 (Hsc4), and a novel Drosophila J class chaperone we term Droj2. Mutations in both chaperone genes enhance homeotic transformations in PcG genes, suggesting that they have a role in silencing. We show by Western blotting that minor components of F-PHP-HA-associated proteins include TBP, TAF(II)42, TAF(II)85, and p55. However, unlike in PRC1, Psc, TAF(II)62, Modulo, dMI-2, or Rpd3/HDAC1 do not associate with F-PHP-HA. We discuss the role of chaperones and F-PHP-HA-associated proteins in PcG-mediated silencing and the evidence for different complexes containing Polyhomeotic in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jun Wang
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, V6T 1Z4, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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181
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Vladan B, Milićević Z, Biljana PS, Nedeljkovic-Kurepa A. Apoptotic versus genotoxic potential of anti-tumor agents: a concept of duality in unity. Med Hypotheses 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0306-9877(03)00266-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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182
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Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are conserved molecular chaperones that are upregulated following exposure to environmental stress and during aging. The mechanisms underlying the aging process are only beginning to be understood. The beneficial effects of Hsps on aging revealed in mild stress and overexpression experiments suggest that these proteins are part of an important cell protection system rather than being unspecific molecular chaperones. Among the Hsps families, small Hsps have the greatest influence on aging and the modulation of their expression during aging in Drosophila suggest that they are involved in pathways of longevity determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Morrow
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Genetics, Department of Medicine and CREFSIP, Université Laval, Pavillon C.E. Marchand, Ste-Foy, Que., Canada G1K 7P4
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183
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Hirono S, Dibrov E, Hurtado C, Kostenuk A, Ducas R, Pierce GN. Chlamydia pneumoniae stimulates proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells through induction of endogenous heat shock protein 60. Circ Res 2003; 93:710-6. [PMID: 14500333 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000095720.46043.f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae infection has been linked with atherosclerosis. However, the mechanism responsible for the atherogenic effects of C pneumoniae remains unclear. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) have been found in atherosclerotic lesions. HSPs of HSP70 and HSP90 families are involved in the regulation of cell cycle progression and cell proliferation. We assessed the hypothesis that HSP60 is induced in vascular cells infected with C pneumoniae and stimulates cell proliferation. Rabbit vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were infected with C pneumoniae. Western blot analysis demonstrated the induction of endogenous HSP60 expression in C pneumoniae-infected VSMCs. C pneumoniae infection significantly increased the number of VSMCs, and the mitogenic effect correlated with the expression level of endogenous HSP60. In contrast to VSMCs, C pneumoniae infection had no effect on the expression level of HSP60 and did not stimulate cell proliferation in HUVECs. Exogenous addition of recombinant chlamydial HSP60 had no mitogenic effect on VSMCs and HUVECs. However, overexpression of HSP60 within VSMCs by infection with adenovirus encoding human HSP60 resulted in a significant increase in cell numbers compared with uninfected VSMCs. These results suggest that overexpression of endogenous HSP60 may be a central intracellular event responsible for the mitogenic effects induced by C pneumoniae infection. In addition to C pneumoniae, other infectious agents and atherogenic risk factors may also stimulate VSMC proliferation and contribute to the lesion formation through the induction of HSP60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Hirono
- Division of Stroke and Vascular Disease, St Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, and the Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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184
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Gushwa NN, Hayashi D, Kemper A, Abram B, Taylor JE, Upton J, Tay CF, Fiedler S, Pullen S, Miller LP, Tallman G. Thermotolerant guard cell protoplasts of tree tobacco do not require exogenous hormones to survive in culture and are blocked from reentering the cell cycle at the G1-to-S transition. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 132:1925-40. [PMID: 12913149 PMCID: PMC181278 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.024067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2003] [Revised: 04/22/2003] [Accepted: 05/05/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
When guard cell protoplasts (GCPs) of tree tobacco [Nicotiana glauca (Graham)] are cultured at 32 degrees C with an auxin (1-napthaleneacetic acid) and a cytokinin (6-benzylaminopurine), they reenter the cell cycle, dedifferentiate, and divide. GCPs cultured similarly but at 38 degrees C and with 0.1 micro M +/- -cis,trans-abscisic acid (ABA) remain differentiated. GCPs cultured at 38 degrees C without ABA dedifferentiate partially but do not divide. Cell survival after 1 week is 70% to 80% under all of these conditions. In this study, we show that GCPs cultured for 12 to 24 h at 38 degrees C accumulate heat shock protein 70 and develop a thermotolerance that, upon transfer of cells to 32 degrees C, enhances cell survival but inhibits cell cycle reentry, dedifferentiation, and division. GCPs dedifferentiating at 32 degrees C require both 1-napthaleneacetic acid and 6-benzylaminopurine to survive, but thermotolerant GCPs cultured at 38 degrees C +/- ABA do not require either hormone for survival. Pulse-labeling experiments using 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine indicate that culture at 38 degrees C +/- ABA prevents dedifferentiation of GCPs by blocking cell cycle reentry at G1/S. Cell cycle reentry at 32 degrees C is accompanied by loss of a 41-kD polypeptide that cross-reacts with antibodies to rat (Rattus norvegicus) extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1; thermotolerant GCPs retain this polypeptide. A number of polypeptides unique to thermotolerant cells have been uncovered by Boolean analysis of two-dimensional gels and are targets for further analysis. GCPs of tree tobacco can be isolated in sufficient numbers and with the purity required to study plant cell thermotolerance and its relationship to plant cell survival, growth, dedifferentiation, and division in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan N Gushwa
- Department of Biology, Willamette University, 900 State Street, Salem, Oregon 97301, USA
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185
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Cheng Q, Fowler R, Tam LW, Edwards L, Miller SM. The role of GlsA in the evolution of asymmetric cell division in the green alga Volvox carteri. Dev Genes Evol 2003; 213:328-35. [PMID: 12743823 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-003-0332-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2003] [Accepted: 03/07/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Volvox carteri, a green alga in the order Volvocales, contains two completely differentiated cell types, small motile somatic cells and large reproductive cells called gonidia, that are set apart from each other during embryogenesis by a series of visibly asymmetric cell divisions. Mutational analysis has revealed a class of genes (gonidialess, gls) that are required specifically for asymmetric divisions in V. carteri, but that are dispensable for symmetric divisions. Previously we cloned one of these genes, glsA, and showed that it encodes a chaperone-like protein (GlsA) that has close orthologs in a diverse set of eukaryotes, ranging from fungi to vertebrates and higher plants. In the present study we set out to explore the role of glsA in the evolution of asymmetric division in the volvocine algae by cloning and characterizing a glsA ortholog from one of the simplest members of the group, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which does not undergo asymmetric divisions. This ortholog (which we have named gar1, for glsA related) is predicted to encode a protein that is 70% identical to GlsA overall, and that is most closely related to GlsA in the same domains that are most highly conserved between GlsA and its other known orthologs. We report that a gar1 transgene fully complements the glsA mutation in V. carteri, a result that suggests that asymmetric division probably arose through the modification of a gene whose product interacts with GlsA, but not through a modification of glsA itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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186
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Thaler F, Valsasina B, Baldi R, Xie J, Stewart A, Isacchi A, Kalisz HM, Rusconi L. A new approach to phosphoserine and phosphothreonine analysis in peptides and proteins: chemical modification, enrichment via solid-phase reversible binding, and analysis by mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2003; 376:366-73. [PMID: 12734628 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-003-1919-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2002] [Revised: 03/12/2003] [Accepted: 03/14/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
beta-Elimination of the phosphate group on phosphoserine and phosphothreonine residues and addition of an alkyldithiol is a useful tool for analysis of the phosphorylation states of proteins and peptides. We have explored the influence of several conditions on the efficiency of this PO(4)(3-) elimination reaction upon addition of propanedithiol. In addition to the described influence of different bases, the solvent composition was also found to have a major effect on the yield of the reaction. In particular, an increase in the percentage of DMSO enhances the conversion rate, whereas a higher amount of protic polar solvents, such as water or isopropanol, induces the opposite effect. We have also developed a protocol for enrichment of the modified peptides, which is based on solid-phase covalent capture/release with a dithiopyridino-resin. The procedure for beta-elimination and isolation of phosphorylated peptides by solid-phase capture/release was developed with commercially available alpha-casein. Enriched peptide fragments were characterized by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometric analysis before and after alkylation with iodoacetamide, which allowed rapid confirmation of the purposely introduced thiol moiety. Sensitivity studies, carried out in order to determine the detection limit, demonstrated that samples could be detected even in the low picomolar range by mass spectrometry. The developed solid-phase enrichment procedure based on reversible covalent binding of the modified peptides is more effective and significantly simpler than methods based on the interaction between biotin and avidin, which require additional steps such as tagging the modified peptides and work-up of the samples prior to the affinity capture step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Thaler
- Biology Department, Discovery Research Oncology, Pharmacia Corporation, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Italy.
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187
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Datta B, Datta R. Mutation at the acidic residue-rich domain of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2alpha)-associated glycoprotein p67 increases the protection of eIF2alpha phosphorylation during heat shock. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 413:116-22. [PMID: 12706348 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(03)00092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2)-associated glycoprotein p67 protects eIF2alpha phosphorylation from kinases. The N-terminal lysine-rich domains increase this activity and the acidic residue-rich domain inhibits it. Conserved amino acid residues D251, D262, E364, and E459 are involved in this inhibition. During heat shock, the overall protein synthesis rate decreases due to the increased levels of eIF2alpha phosphorylation. In this study, we examined whether the above inhibition is also found during heat shock. Indeed, the acidic residue-rich domain mutant (D6/2) showed a decreased level of eIF2alpha phosphorylation, and its second-site alanine substitutions at D251, D262, and E459 reversed this effect, whereas second-site alanine substitution at H331 and E364 residues further augmented it. A high-molecular-weight phosphoprotein and at least two faster-migrating phosphoproteins were detected by the monospecific polyclonal antibody against eIF2alpha(P) form in rat tumor hepatoma cells constitutively expressing the double mutant D6/2+D251A. Although the levels of p67 mutants were unaffected during heat shock, those of p67 and p67-deactivating enzyme varied. Furthermore, the overall rate of protein synthesis correlated with the level of eIF2alpha phosphorylation. Taken together, these results suggest that the lysine-rich domains and conserved amino acid residues of p67 are involved in the regulation of eIF2alpha phosphorylation during heat shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bansidhar Datta
- Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, OH 44242, USA.
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188
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Niyaz Y, Frenz I, Petersen G, Gehring U. Transcriptional stimulation by the DNA binding protein Hap46/BAG-1M involves hsp70/hsc70 molecular chaperones. Nucleic Acids Res 2003; 31:2209-16. [PMID: 12682371 PMCID: PMC153731 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkg303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The hsp70/hsc70-associating protein Hap46 of human origin, also called BAG-1M (Bcl-2-associated athanogene 1), has been characterized previously as a DNA binding protein, which is able to stimulate transcription. By use of in vitro assays we now show that Hap46-mediated transcriptional activation can occur from linearized as well as from supercoiled circular DNA and does not require the presence of a transcription promoter. Accordingly, we observed no preferential binding of Hap46 to overlapping DNA fragments covering the sequence of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) early promoter, thus suggesting non-specific binding. The C-terminal deletion variant Hap46DeltaC47, which is unable to associate with hsp70/hsc70 molecular chaperones, produced greatly diminished effects on transcription, indicating a significant involvement of hsp70/hsc70 chaperones but not an absolute requirement. In contrast, deletion of the acidic hexarepeat region, as in variant Hap46Delta12-62, did not disturb transcriptional stimulation. While full-length Hap46 readily formed complexes with a series of structurally unrelated transcription factors, variant Hap46DeltaC47 proved incapable of doing so. Together these data suggest that transcriptional stimulation is a major biological activity of Hap46 and point to involvement of hsp70/hsc70 molecular chaperones in transcription in concert with Hap46, thus providing a link between hsp70/hsc70 molecular chaperones and components of the transcription machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilmaz Niyaz
- Molekulare Evolution und Genomik, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, and Biochemie-Zentrum Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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189
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Zhang R, Tremblay TL, McDermid A, Thibault P, Stanimirovic D. Identification of differentially expressed proteins in human glioblastoma cell lines and tumors. Glia 2003; 42:194-208. [PMID: 12655603 DOI: 10.1002/glia.10222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An in-frame deletion of 801 bp in exons 2-7 (type III mutation) of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is detected at high incidence in primary glioblastoma tumors. A proteomic approach was used to generate differential protein expression maps of fetal human astrocytes (FHA), human glioblastoma cell lines U87MG and U87MG expressing type III EGFR deletion (U87MGdeltaEGFR) that confers high malignancy to tumor cells. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by in-gel digestion of separated spots and protein identification by LC-MS-MS and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) identified 23 proteins expressed at higher levels or exclusively in FHA and 29 proteins expressed at higher levels or exclusively in U87MG cells. Three proteins, ubiquitin, cystatin B, and tissue transglutaminase (TTG), were upregulated in U87MGdeltaEGFR relative to U87MG. Four proteins highly expressed by U87MG cells, Hsp27, major vault protein, TTG, and cystatin B, were analyzed by Western blot, ELISA, or RT-PCR in cell extracts and in tissue samples of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM; grade IV), low-grade astrocytomas (grades I and II), and nonmalignant brain lesions. All four proteins were highly expressed in GBM tissues compared to nonmalignant brain. These proteins may be used as diagnostic or functional (e.g., multiple drug resistance, invasiveness) markers for glioblastoma tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rulin Zhang
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada
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190
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Cai L, Zhu JD. The tumor-selective over-expression of the human Hsp70 gene is attributed to the aberrant controls at both initiation and elongation levels of transcription. Cell Res 2003; 13:93-109. [PMID: 12737518 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7290154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor selective over-expression of the human Hsp70 gene has been well documented in human tumors, linked to the poor prognosis, being refractory to chemo- and radio-therapies as well as the advanced stage of tumorous lesions in particular. However, both the nature and details of aberrations in the control of the Hsp70 expression in tumor remain enigmatic. By comparing various upstream segments of the Hsp70 gene for each's ability to drive the luciferase reporter genes in the context of the tumor cell lines varying in their p53 status and an immortal normal liver cell line, we demonstrated in a great detail the defects in the control mechanisms at the both initiation and elongation levels of transcription being instrumental to the tumor selective profile of its expression. Our data should not only offer new insights into our understanding of the tumor specific over-expression of the human Hsp70 gene, but also paved the way for the rational utilization of the tumor selective mechanism with the Hsp70 at the central stage for targeting the therapeutic gene expression to human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Cai
- The State-key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, LN 25/2200, Xie-tu Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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191
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Abstract
Protein chaperones direct the folding of polypeptides into functional proteins, facilitate developmental signalling and, as heat-shock proteins (HSPs), can be indispensable for survival in unpredictable environments. Recent work shows that the main HSP chaperone families also buffer phenotypic variation. Chaperones can do this either directly through masking the phenotypic effects of mutant polypeptides by allowing their correct folding, or indirectly through buffering the expression of morphogenic variation in threshold traits by regulating signal transduction. Environmentally sensitive chaperone functions in protein folding and signal transduction have different potential consequences for the evolution of populations and lineages under selection in changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne L Rutherford
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Centre, Mailstop A2-168, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024, USA.
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192
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Gerullis D, Rensing L, Beyersmann D. Heat shock treatment decreases E2F1-DNA binding and E2F1 levels in human A549 cells. Biol Chem 2003; 384:161-7. [PMID: 12674510 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2003.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor E2F1 plays a decisive role in the G1/S and G2/M checkpoint transitions of proliferating cells. Because cells are arrested at these checkpoints after heat shock it was of interest to test heat shock effects on E2F1 activity. In human A549 cells, heat shock (44 degrees C, 30 min) caused an immediate reduction of E2F1-DNA binding as determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). The complex of E2F1-DNA with the retinoblastoma protein (pRB) was also reduced after heat shock. This indicates that the former effect is not caused by a lower phosphorylation and therefore a higher binding capacity of pRB. Western blot analyses showed that the lower E2F1-DNA binding is probably due to a decrease of the E2F1 level (40% of the controls) induced by heat shock. This result was confirmed by an experiment with HeLa cells in which heat shock decreased the level to 60% of the controls. In order to test whether this decrease resulted from inhibition of transcription, RT-PCR measurements were conducted and showed only a slight reduction of the E2F1 mRNA (89% of controls). This indicates that the heat shock effect is not predominantly caused by transcriptional inhibition. Six hours after heat shock the E2F1-DNA binding capacity recovered to control levels. These results provide evidence for E2F1 involvement in heat shock-induced cell cycle arrests at the G1/S and G2/M checkpoints, which also may be relevant for hyperthermic cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Gerullis
- Institute of Cell Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Bremen, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
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193
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Spees JL, Chang SA, Mykles DL, Snyder MJ, Chang ES. Molt cycle–dependent molecular chaperone and polyubiquitin gene expression in lobster. Cell Stress Chaperones 2003; 8:258-64. [PMID: 14984059 PMCID: PMC514879 DOI: 10.1379/1466-1268(2003)008<0258:mcmcap>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lobster claw muscle undergoes atrophy in correlation with increasing ecdysteroid (steroid molting hormone) titers during premolt. In vivo molecular chaperone (constitutive heat shock protein 70 [Hsc70], heat shock protein 70 [Hsp70], and Hsp90) and polyubiquitin messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels were examined in claw and abdominal muscles from individual premolt or intermolt lobsters. Polyubiquitin gene expression was assayed as a marker for muscle atrophy. Both Hsc70 and Hsp90 mRNA levels were significantly induced in premolt relative to intermolt lobster claw muscle, whereas Hsp70 mRNA levels were not. Hsp90 gene expression was significantly higher in premolt claw muscle when compared with abdominal muscle. Polyubiquitin mRNA levels were elevated in premolt when compared with intermolt claw muscle and significantly elevated relative to premolt abdominal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Spees
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California, PO Box 247, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
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194
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Rusnak F, Zhou J, Hathaway GM. Identification of phosphorylated and glycosylated sites in peptides by chemically targeted proteolysis. J Biomol Tech 2002; 13:228-237. [PMID: 19498988 PMCID: PMC2279870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A chemical strategy has been developed for identifying phosphorylated and glycosylated sites in peptides. Phosphoserine, phosphothreonine, O-glycosylserine, and O-glycosylthreonine residues in the peptides were converted to the protease-sensitive S-2-aminoethylcysteine derivatives by beta-elimination followed by Michael addition of 2-aminoethanethiol.The resultant lysine analogs were cleaved with Achromobacter lysine endopeptidase.The predicted proteolytic fragments were analyzed by mass spectrometry and N-terminal Edman degradation. When acetylation was carried out as a first step, direct N-terminal chemical sequencing of the digests yielded sequences immediately C-terminal to the phosphorylated or glycosylated residues. Hence, assignment of the sites of modification could be obtained from the chemical sequence data or mass data.Thus, the method offers an approach for rapidly sequencing large,multiply phosphorylated and glycosylated peptides derived from post-translationally modified proteins by both mass spectrometry and Edman chemical degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Rusnak
- Division of Biology and The Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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195
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Wang X, Bali M, Medintz I, Michels CA. Intracellular maltose is sufficient to induce MAL gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2002; 1:696-703. [PMID: 12455689 PMCID: PMC126750 DOI: 10.1128/ec.1.5.696-703.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The presence of maltose induces M4L gene expression in Saccharomyces cells, but little is known abouthow maltose is sensed. Strains with all maltose permease genes deleted are unable to induce MAL geneexpression. In this study, we examined the role of maltose permease in maltose sensing by substituting a heterologous transporter for the native maltose permease. PmSUC2 encodes a sucrose transporter from the dicot plant Plantago major that exhibits no significant sequence homology to maltose permease. When expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, PmSUC2 is capable of transporting maltose, albeit at a reduced rate. We showed that introduction of PmSUC2 restores maltose-inducible MAL gene expression to a maltose permease-null mutant and that this induction requires the MAL activator. These data indicate that intracellular maltose is sufficient to induce MAL gene expression independently of the mechanism of maltose transport. By usingstrains expressing defective mal61 mutant alleles, we demonstrated a correlation between the rate of maltose transport and the level of the induction, which is particularly evident in medium containing very limiting concentrations of maltose. Moreover, our results indicate that a rather low concentration of intracellular maltose is needed to trigger MAL gene expression. We also showed that constitutive overexpression of either MAL61 maltose permease or PmSUC2 suppresses the noninducible phenotype of a defective mal13 MAL-activator allele, suggesting that this suppression is solely a function of maltose transport activity and is not specific to the sequence of the permease. Our studies indicate that maltose permease does not function as the maltose sensor in S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Queens College and Graduate School of City University of New York, Biology Department, Flushing, New York 11367, USA
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196
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Szántó S, Csermely P, Kovács I, Csongor J, Illés A, Bakó G, Szegedi G, Sipka S. Inhibition of arachidonic acid release from human peripheral mononuclear cells by heat shock treatment and geldanamycin. Immunol Lett 2002; 83:181-5. [PMID: 12095708 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(02)00103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of heat shock (HS) treatment and geldanamycin (GA) on the release of arachidonic acid (AA) from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), monocytes and lymphocytes. Mononuclear cells prepared from blood of healthy subjects were preincubated with (3)H-AA. The release of (3)H-AA incorporated into the membrane was studied after pretreatment of cells by HS (43 degrees C, 1 h) and GA. The activation of AA producing enzymes was achieved by the addition of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or by the combination of PMA+calcium ionophore A-23187. Treatment of cells by HS inhibited the release of AA. Furthermore, the release of AA by PBMC was dose dependently inhibited by GA. The combination of treatments by HS and GA augmented the inhibition of AA release. The HS response involves a diminished release of AA from PBMC. The inhibitory effect of GA on the AA release is a new element in the antiinflammatory pharmacological ability of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Szántó
- Third Department of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Móricz Zs. u. 22., Debrecen H-4004, Hungary
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197
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Suttitanamongkol S, Polanowska-Grabowska R, Gear ARL. Heat-shock protein 90 complexes in resting and thrombin-activated platelets. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 297:129-33. [PMID: 12220519 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02138-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Heat-shock protein 90 (hsp90) is a chaperone important for the function of many signaling proteins. In this study, we show that hsp90 exists in resting platelets as a complex with the heat-shock cognate protein 70 (hsc70), the alpha- and beta-subunits of protein kinase CK2, and other unidentified phosphoproteins. Platelet activation by thrombin caused the rapid dissociation of hsc70 and CK2alpha from the hsp90 complex, the ex vivo phosphorylation of many protein components, and the stimulation of protein kinase(s) associated with the hsp90 complex. These results suggest that the hsp90 complex, with its associated protein kinase(s), which may include CK2, and their substrates, is involved in thrombin-induced platelet activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudawadee Suttitanamongkol
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Jordan Hall, Box 440, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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198
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Liem AA, Chamberlain MP, Wolf CR, Thompson AM. The role of signal transduction in cancer treatment and drug resistance. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 2002; 28:679-84. [PMID: 12359208 DOI: 10.1053/ejso.2002.1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance in the treatment of cancer still remains a major clinical challenge, in part due to an insufficient understanding of the pathways by which these drugs interact with the mechanisms underlying cellular behaviour and cancer pathogenesis. Signal transduction involves cell differentiation, proliferation and cell death with alterations in these mechanisms being involved in the pathogenesis of cancer. It has been postulated that such pathways could be linked to anti-cancer drug resistance. Recently, novel approaches to overcome anti-cancer drug resistance through manipulation of signal transduction pathways, have been introduced in clinical trials. In this article we present a review of the current understanding in the field of signal transduction and the existing evidence for its role in drug resistance. We also discuss its clinical relevance with regard to overcoming drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Liem
- Department of Surgery and Molecular Oncology, University of Dundee, UK
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199
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Isaenko OA, Karr TL, Feder ME. Hsp70 and thermal pretreatment mitigate developmental damage caused by mitotic poisons in Drosophila. Cell Stress Chaperones 2002; 7:297-308. [PMID: 12482205 PMCID: PMC514829 DOI: 10.1379/1466-1268(2002)007<0297:hatpmd>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the ability of the heat-inducible molecular chaperone heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70) to mitigate a specific developmental lesion, we administered the antimicrotubule drugs vinblastine (VB) and colchicine (COL) to larvae of Drosophila engineered to express differing levels of Hsp70 after heat pretreatment (HP). VB and COL decreased survival during metamorphosis, disrupted development of the adult eye and other structures as well as their precursor imaginal disks, and induced chromosome nondisjunction in the wing imaginal disk as indicated by the somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) assay. Hsp70-inducing HP reduced many of these effects. For the traits viability, adult eye morphology, eye imaginal disk morphology, cell death in the eye imaginal disks, and single and total mutant clone formation in the SMART assay, HP reduced the impact of VB to a greater extent in Drosophila with 6 hsp70 transgenes than in a sister strain from which the transgenes had been excised. Because the extra-copy strain has higher levels of Hsp70 than does the excision strain but is otherwise almost identical in genetic background to the excision strain, these outcomes are attributable to Hsp70. The hsp70 copy number had a variable interaction with HP and COL administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Isaenko
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Feder ME, Bedford TBC, Albright DR, Michalak P. Evolvability of Hsp70 expression under artificial election for inducible thermotolerance in independent populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Physiol Biochem Zool 2002; 75:325-34. [PMID: 12324888 DOI: 10.1086/342350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
To test whether expression of the inducible heat-shock protein Hsp70 increases under selection for inducible thermotolerance in Drosophila melanogaster, we performed artificial selection on replicate sets of Drosophila lines founded from two independent populations. Selection entailed pretreatment at 36 degrees C to induce thermotolerance and Hsp70 expression, followed by a more severe heat shock, whose temperature varied between sexes and among generations to achieve 50% mortality. Inducible thermotolerance increased slowly and continuously in selected lines and was 37%-50% greater than in controls after 10-11 generations. Lines founded from the two populations differed in their coevolution of Hsp70 expression. In lines founded from Evolution Canyon, Israel, Hsp70 level initially increased and thereafter was unchanged; replicate lines exhibited two temporal patterns of response to selection. In lines founded from Australia, Hsp70 levels increased throughout selection. In both cases, however, the increase in Hsp70 level averaged only 15%, suggesting that pleiotropy in Hsp70 function constrains evolutionary increase in its expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin E Feder
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, IL 60637, USA.
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