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Rajagopal SK, Ma Q, Obler D, Shen J, Manichaikul A, Tomita-Mitchell A, Boardman K, Briggs C, Garg V, Srivastava D, Goldmuntz E, Broman KW, Benson DW, Smoot LB, Pu WT. Spectrum of heart disease associated with murine and human GATA4 mutation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2007; 43:677-85. [PMID: 17643447 PMCID: PMC2573470 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor GATA4 is essential for heart morphogenesis. Heterozygous mutation of GATA4 causes familial septal defects. However, the phenotypic spectrum of heterozygous GATA4 mutation is not known. In this study, we defined the cardiac phenotypes that result from heterozygous mutation of murine Gata4. We then asked if GATA4 mutation occurs in humans with these forms of congenital heart disease (CHD). In mice, heterozygous Gata4 mutation was associated with atrial and ventricular septal defect (ASD, VSD), endocardial cushion defect (ECD), RV hypoplasia, and cardiomyopathy. Genetic background strongly influenced the expression of ECD and cardiomyopathy, indicating the presence of important genetic modifiers. In humans, non-synonymous GATA4 sequence variants were associated with ECD (2/43), ASD (1/8), and RV hypoplasia in the context of double inlet left ventricle (1/9), forms of CHD that overlapped with abnormalities seen in the mouse model. These variants were not found in at least 500 control chromosomes, and encode proteins with non-conservative amino acid substitutions at phylogenetically conserved positions, suggesting that they are disease-causing mutations. Cardiomyopathy was not associated with GATA4 mutation in humans. These data establish the phenotypic spectrum of heterozygous Gata4 mutation in mice, and suggest that heterozygous GATA4 mutation leads to partially overlapping phenotypes in humans. Additional studies will be required to determine the degree to which GATA4 mutation contributes to human CHD characterized by ECD or RV hypoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish K. Rajagopal
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Qing Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Dita Obler
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jie Shen
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Ani Manichaikul
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Aoy Tomita-Mitchell
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Kari Boardman
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Christine Briggs
- Department of Genetics, Children’s Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Vidu Garg
- Departments of Pediatrics (Cardiology) and Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-9063
| | - Deepak Srivastava
- Departments of Pediatrics (Cardiology) and Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-9063
| | - Elizabeth Goldmuntz
- Division of Cardiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Abramsom Research Center 702A, 3516 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Karl W. Broman
- Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - D. Woodrow Benson
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Leslie B. Smoot
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - William T. Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
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152
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Bian J, Popovic ZB, Benejam C, Kiedrowski M, Rodriguez LL, Penn MS. Effect of cell-based intercellular delivery of transcription factor GATA4 on ischemic cardiomyopathy. Circ Res 2007; 100:1626-33. [PMID: 17495229 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000269778.75877.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent loss-of-function studies highlight the importance of the transcription factor GATA4 in the myocardial response to injury in the adult heart. However, the potential effects of gain-in-function of GATA4 overexpression, and transcription factors in general, is hindered by the fact that transcription factors are neither secreted nor taken up by cells. Chimeric proteins incorporating motifs of cell-penetrating proteins are secreted from cells and internalized by surrounding cells. We engineered a chimeric protein consisting of GATA4 and the cell-penetrating protein VP22. Cardiac fibroblasts stably transfected with the GATA4:VP22, GFP:VP22, or green fluorescent protein (GFP) constructs were transplanted into Lewis rats 1 month after left anterior descending ligation. GATA4:VP22 expression in the border zone was associated with increased cardiac myosin expression and cardiac myocyte size (30 mum versus 19 mum, P<0.01). Compared with the GFP:VP22 control group, 6 weeks after cardiac fibroblast transplantation (10 weeks after myocardial infarction), animals that received GATA4:VP22-expressing cardiac fibroblasts demonstrated increased cardiac function and less negative remodeling. These data demonstrate a novel strategy for transcription factor delivery to injured myocardium and indicate that the delivery of GATA4 locally to the infarct border zone induces multiple local effects in the border zone cardiac myocytes resulting in beneficial ventricular remodeling and improved global left ventricular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Bian
- Department of Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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153
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Fisch S, Gray S, Heymans S, Haldar SM, Wang B, Pfister O, Cui L, Kumar A, Lin Z, Sen-Banerjee S, Das H, Petersen CA, Mende U, Burleigh BA, Zhu Y, Pinto YM, Liao R, Jain MK. Kruppel-like factor 15 is a regulator of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:7074-9. [PMID: 17438289 PMCID: PMC1855421 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0701981104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is a common response to injury and hemodynamic stress and an important harbinger of heart failure and death. Herein, we identify the Kruppel-like factor 15 (KLF15) as an inhibitor of cardiac hypertrophy. Myocardial expression of KLF15 is reduced in rodent models of hypertrophy and in biopsy samples from patients with pressure-overload induced by chronic valvular aortic stenosis. Overexpression of KLF15 in neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes inhibits cell size, protein synthesis and hypertrophic gene expression. KLF15-null mice are viable but, in response to pressure overload, develop an eccentric form of cardiac hypertrophy characterized by increased heart weight, exaggerated expression of hypertrophic genes, left ventricular cavity dilatation with increased myocyte size, and reduced left ventricular systolic function. Mechanistically, a combination of promoter analyses and gel-shift studies suggest that KLF15 can inhibit GATA4 and myocyte enhancer factor 2 function. These studies identify KLF15 as part of a heretofore unrecognized pathway regulating the cardiac response to hemodynamic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna Fisch
- *Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Susan Gray
- *Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Stephane Heymans
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiology/CARIM, University of Maastricht, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Saptarsi M. Haldar
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2103 Cornell Road, Room 4-503, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Baiqiu Wang
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2103 Cornell Road, Room 4-503, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | | | - Lei Cui
- Cardiac Muscle Research Laboratory
| | - Ajay Kumar
- *Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Zhiyong Lin
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2103 Cornell Road, Room 4-503, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Sucharita Sen-Banerjee
- *Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Hiranmoy Das
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2103 Cornell Road, Room 4-503, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Christine A. Petersen
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ulrike Mende
- *Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Barbara A. Burleigh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yan Zhu
- Division of Cardiovascular Research, Caritas St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02135
| | - Yigal M. Pinto
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiology/CARIM, University of Maastricht, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and
| | | | - Mukesh K. Jain
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2103 Cornell Road, Room 4-503, Cleveland, OH 44106
- **To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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154
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Bielinska M, Jay PY, Erlich JM, Mannisto S, Urban Z, Heikinheimo M, Wilson DB. Molecular genetics of congenital diaphragmatic defects. Ann Med 2007; 39:261-74. [PMID: 17558598 PMCID: PMC2174621 DOI: 10.1080/07853890701326883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a severe birth defect that is accompanied by malformations of the lung, heart, testis, and other organs. Patients with CDH may have any combination of these extradiaphragmatic defects, suggesting that CDH is often a manifestation of a global embryopathy. This review highlights recent advances in human and mouse genetics that have led to the identification of genes involved in CDH. These include genes for transcription factors, molecules involved in cell migration, and extracellular matrix components. The expression patterns of these genes in the developing embryo suggest that mesenchymal cell function is compromised in the diaphragm and other affected organs in patients with CDH. We discuss potential mechanisms underlying the seemingly random combination of diaphragmatic, pulmonary, cardiovascular, and gonadal defects in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Bielinska
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Patrick Y. Jay
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Jonathan M. Erlich
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Susanna Mannisto
- Program for Developmental & Reproductive Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki and Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zsolt Urban
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Markku Heikinheimo
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Program for Developmental & Reproductive Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki and Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - David B. Wilson
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Department of Molecular Biology & Pharmacology, Washington University and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
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