151
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Liang X, Fonnum G, Hajivandi M, Stene T, Kjus NH, Ragnhildstveit E, Amshey JW, Predki P, Pope RM. Quantitative comparison of IMAC and TiO2 surfaces used in the study of regulated, dynamic protein phosphorylation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2007; 18:1932-44. [PMID: 17870612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2007] [Revised: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 08/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation regulates many aspects of cellular function, including cell proliferation, migration, and signal transduction. An efficient strategy to isolate phosphopeptides from a pool of unphosphorylated peptides is essential to global characterization using mass spectrometry. We describe an approach employing isotope tagging reagents for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) labeling to compare quantitatively commercial and prototypal immobilized metal affinity chelate (IMAC) and metal oxide resins. Results indicate a prototype iron chelate resin coupled to magnetic beads outperforms either the Ga(3+)-coupled analog, Fe(3+), or Ga(3+)-loaded, iminodiacetic acid (IDA)-coated magnetic particles, Ga(3+)-loaded Captivate beads, Fe(3+)-loaded Poros 20MC, or zirconium-coated ProteoExtract magnetic beads. For example, compared with Poros 20MC, the magnetic metal chelate (MMC) studied here improved phosphopeptide recovery by 20% and exhibited 60% less contamination from unphosphorylated peptides. With respect to efficiency and contamination, MMC performed as well as prototypal magnetic metal oxide-coated (TiO(2)) beads (MMO) or TiO(2) chromatographic spheres, even if the latter were used with 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) procedures. Thus far, the sensitivity of the new prototypes reaches 50 fmol, which is comparable to TiO(2) spheres. In an exploration of natural proteomes, tryptic (phospho)peptides captured from stable isotopic labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC)-labeled immunocomplexes following EGF-treatment of 5 x 10(7) HeLa cells were sufficient to quantify stimulated response of over 60 proteins and identify 20 specific phosphorylation sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiquan Liang
- Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, California, USA.
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152
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Pitluk Z, Khalil I. Achieving confidence in mechanism for drug discovery and development. Drug Discov Today 2007; 12:924-30. [PMID: 17993410 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Decisions in drug development are made on the basis of determinations of cause and effect from experimental observations that span drug development phases. Despite advances in our powers of observation, the ability to determine compound mechanisms from large-scale multi-omic technologies continues to be a major bottleneck. This can only be overcome by utilizing computational learning methods that identify from compound data the circuits and connections between drug-affected molecular constituents and physiological observables. The marriage of multi-omics technologies with network inference approaches will provide missing insights needed to improve drug development success rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach Pitluk
- Gene Network Sciences, Inc., 10 Canal Park, Cambridge, MA 02141, United States.
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153
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Shi Y, Yao X. Oxygen isotopic substitution of peptidyl phosphates for modification-specific mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2007; 79:8454-62. [PMID: 17949060 DOI: 10.1021/ac7017052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first method of isotopic substitution of a nonbridging oxygen atom in pre-existing phosphates on peptides is reported, solving a long-standing, challenging issue in the sample preparation of phosphopeptides. Peptidyl phosphates, phosphate groups on phosphopeptides, are converted to phosphoramidates with carbodiimide assistance. Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the newly formed phosphoramidates incorporates one oxygen atom from H2(16)O or H2(18)O, producing peptidyl phosphates-16O1 or -18O1, respectively. The oxygen labels are stable under common separation and analysis conditions. This labeling method causes minimal structural alteration to peptidyl phosphates and allows the direct application of established phosphate-specific marker ions to the mass spectrometric analysis of differentially labeled phosphopeptide pairs. Using phosphotyrosinyl peptides as model analytes, the characteristic 16O1- and 18O1-labeled phosphotyrosine immonium ions at m/z 216.043 and 218.047 are used for developing a method of phosphopeptide quantitation that is independent of the amino acid sequence of the peptides. From analysis by tandem parallel fragmentation mass spectrometry, it is clear that the phosphate-specific marker ions authentically inherit the quantitative information from precursor phosphopeptides. The dynamic range for relative quantitation of differentially labeled phosphopeptides is at least 2 orders of magnitude for experiments run on a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The use of 16O1 and 18O1 labeling for counting the number of phosphate groups on peptides is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
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154
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Schade B, Lam SHL, Cernea D, Sanguin-Gendreau V, Cardiff RD, Jung BL, Hallett M, Muller WJ. Distinct ErbB-2 coupled signaling pathways promote mammary tumors with unique pathologic and transcriptional profiles. Cancer Res 2007; 67:7579-88. [PMID: 17699761 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
ErbB-2 overexpression and amplification occurs in 15% to 30% of human invasive breast carcinomas associated with poor clinical prognosis. Previously, we have shown that four ErbB-2/Neu tyrosine-autophosphorylation sites within the cytoplasmic tail of the receptor recruit distinct adaptor proteins and are sufficient to mediate transforming signals in vitro. Two of these sites, representing the growth factor receptor binding protein 2 (Grb2; Neu-YB) and the Src homology and collagen (Shc; Neu-YD) binding sites, can induce mammary tumorigenesis and metastasis. Here, we show that transgenic mice bearing the two other ErbB-2 autophosphorylation sites (Neu-YC and Neu-YE) develop metastatic mammary tumors. A detailed comparison of biological profiles among all Neu mutant mouse models revealed that Neu-YC, Neu-YD, and Neu-YE mammary tumors shared similar pathologic and transcriptional features. By contrast, the Neu-YB mouse model displayed a unique pathology with a high metastatic potential that correlates with a distinct transcriptional profile, including genes that promote malignant tumor progression such as metalloproteinases and chemokines. Furthermore, Neu-YB tumor epithelial cells showed abundant intracellular protein level of the chemokine CXCL12/SDF-1alpha, which may reflect the aggressive nature of this Neu mutant mouse model. Taken together, these findings indicate that activation of distinct Neu-coupled signaling pathways has an important impact on the biological behavior of Neu-induced tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Chemokine CXCL12
- Chemokines, CXC/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CXC/genetics
- Enzyme Activation
- GRB2 Adaptor Protein/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/enzymology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Shc Signaling Adaptor Proteins
- Signal Transduction
- Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing, Transforming Protein 1
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Babette Schade
- Molecular Oncology Group, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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155
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Gingras AC, Gstaiger M, Raught B, Aebersold R. Analysis of protein complexes using mass spectrometry. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2007; 8:645-54. [PMID: 17593931 DOI: 10.1038/nrm2208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 530] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The versatile combination of affinity purification and mass spectrometry (AP-MS) has recently been applied to the detailed characterization of many protein complexes and large protein-interaction networks. The combination of AP-MS with other techniques, such as biochemical fractionation, intact mass measurement and chemical crosslinking, can help to decipher the supramolecular organization of protein complexes. AP-MS can also be combined with quantitative proteomics approaches to better understand the dynamics of protein-complex assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Claude Gingras
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Ave, Room 992A, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada.
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156
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Yu LR, Issaq HJ, Veenstra TD. Phosphoproteomics for the discovery of kinases as cancer biomarkers and drug targets. Proteomics Clin Appl 2007; 1:1042-57. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200700102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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157
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Watanabe K, Bianco C, Strizzi L, Hamada S, Mancino M, Bailly V, Mo W, Wen D, Miatkowski K, Gonzales M, Sanicola M, Seno M, Salomon DS. Growth factor induction of Cripto-1 shedding by glycosylphosphatidylinositol-phospholipase D and enhancement of endothelial cell migration. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:31643-55. [PMID: 17720976 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m702713200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cripto-1 (CR-1) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored membrane glycoprotein that has been shown to play an important role in embryogenesis and cellular transformation. CR-1 is reported to function as a membrane-bound co-receptor and as a soluble ligand. Although a number of studies implicate the role of CR-1 as a soluble ligand in tumor progression, it is unclear how transition from the membrane-bound to the soluble form is physiologically regulated and whether differences in biological activity exist between these forms. Here, we demonstrate that CR-1 protein is secreted from tumor cells into the conditioned medium after treatment with serum, epidermal growth factor, or lysophosphatidic acid, and this soluble form of CR-1 exhibits the ability to promote endothelial cell migration as a paracrine chemoattractant. On the other hand, membrane-bound CR-1 can stimulate endothelial cell sprouting through direct cell-cell interaction. Shedding of CR-1 occurs at the GPI-anchorage site by the activity of GPI-phospholipase D (GPI-PLD), because CR-1 shedding was suppressed by siRNA knockdown of GPI-PLD and enhanced by overexpression of GPI-PLD. These findings describe a novel molecular mechanism of CR-1 shedding, which may contribute to endothelial cell migration and possibly tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhide Watanabe
- Tumor Growth Factor Section, Mammary Biology & Tumorigenesis Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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158
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Bianco A, Poukkula M, Cliffe A, Mathieu J, Luque CM, Fulga TA, Rørth P. Two distinct modes of guidance signalling during collective migration of border cells. Nature 2007; 448:362-5. [PMID: 17637670 DOI: 10.1038/nature05965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although directed migration is a feature of both individual cells and cell groups, guided migration has been studied most extensively for single cells in simple environments. Collective guidance of cell groups remains poorly understood, despite its relevance for development and metastasis. Neural crest cells and neuronal precursors migrate as loosely organized streams of individual cells, whereas cells of the fish lateral line, Drosophila tracheal tubes and border-cell clusters migrate as more coherent groups. Here we use Drosophila border cells to examine how collective guidance is performed. We report that border cells migrate in two phases using distinct mechanisms. Genetic analysis combined with live imaging shows that polarized cell behaviour is critical for the initial phase of migration, whereas dynamic collective behaviour dominates later. PDGF- and VEGF-related receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor act in both phases, but use different effector pathways in each. The myoblast city (Mbc, also known as DOCK180) and engulfment and cell motility (ELMO, also known as Ced-12) pathway is required for the early phase, in which guidance depends on subcellular localization of signalling within a leading cell. During the later phase, mitogen-activated protein kinase and phospholipase Cgamma are used redundantly, and we find that the cluster makes use of the difference in signal levels between cells to guide migration. Thus, information processing at the multicellular level is used to guide collective behaviour of a cell group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Bianco
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, 69117, Germany
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159
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Chen GI, Gingras AC. Affinity-purification mass spectrometry (AP-MS) of serine/threonine phosphatases. Methods 2007; 42:298-305. [PMID: 17532517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2007.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Association of serine/threonine phosphatases with regulatory proteins is a key component of their specificity, and the identification of these binding partners is critical to understanding phosphatases function and regulation. Affinity-purification/mass spectrometry (AP-MS) approaches have been and continue to be instrumental in identifying these interactors. Here, we review the general principles of AP-MS, and present two affinity-purification protocols compatible with subsequent mass spectrometry, namely FLAG purification, and the tandem affinity purification (TAP). We have successfully used these protocols for the identification of binding partners for PP2A, PP4 and PP6, and they should be amenable to the analysis of interactors for other phosphatases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginny I Chen
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Medical Genetics and Microbiology, University of Toronto, 600 University Avenue, Room 992A, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X5
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160
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Wang Z, Pandey A, Hart GW. Dynamic interplay between O-linked N-acetylglucosaminylation and glycogen synthase kinase-3-dependent phosphorylation. Mol Cell Proteomics 2007; 6:1365-79. [PMID: 17507370 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m600453-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation on serine and threonine side chains of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins is dynamically regulated in response to various environmental and biological stimuli. O-GlcNAcylation is remarkably similar to O-phosphorylation and appears to have a dynamic interplay with O-phosphate in cellular regulation. A systematic glycoproteomics analysis of the affects of inhibiting specific kinases on O-GlcNAcylation should help reveal both the global and specific dynamic relationships between these two abundant post-translational modifications. Here we report the O-GlcNAc perturbations in response to inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), a pivotal kinase involved in many signaling pathways. By combining immunoaffinity chromatography and SILAC (stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture)-based quantitative mass spectrometry, we identified 45 potentially O-GlcNAcylated proteins. Quantitative measurements indicated that at least 10 proteins had an apparent increase of O-GlcNAcylation upon GSK-3 inhibition by lithium, whereas surprisingly 19 other proteins showed decreases. O-GlcNAcylation changes on a subset of the proteins were confirmed by follow-up experiments. By combining a new O-GlcNAc peptide enrichment method and beta-elimination followed by Michael addition with DTT, we also mapped the O-GlcNAc site (Ser-55) of vimentin, which showed an apparent increase of O-GlcNAcylation upon GSK-3 inhibition. Based on the MS data, we further investigated potential roles of O-GlcNAc on host cell factor-1, a transcription co-activator, and showed that dynamic regulation of O-GlcNAcylation on host cell factor-1 influenced its subcellular distribution. Taken together, these data indicated the complex interplay between phosphorylation and O-GlcNAcylation that occurs within signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Wang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2185, USA
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161
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Landgraf R. HER2 therapy. HER2 (ERBB2): functional diversity from structurally conserved building blocks. Breast Cancer Res 2007; 9:202. [PMID: 17274834 PMCID: PMC1851388 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
EGFR-type receptor tyrosine kinases achieve a broad spectrum of cellular responses by utilizing a set of structurally conserved building blocks. Based on available crystal structures and biochemical information, significant new insights have emerged into modes of receptor control, its deregulation in cancer, and the nuances that differentiate the four human receptors. This review gives an overview of current models of the control of receptor activity with a special emphasis on HER2 and HER3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Landgraf
- University of California Los Angeles, Department of Medicine, Hematology-Oncology and Biological Chemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, Los Angeles, California 90095-1678, USA.
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162
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Hubbard SR, Miller WT. Receptor tyrosine kinases: mechanisms of activation and signaling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2007; 19:117-23. [PMID: 17306972 PMCID: PMC2536775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2007.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are essential components of signal transduction pathways that mediate cell-to-cell communication. These single-pass transmembrane receptors, which bind polypeptide ligands - mainly growth factors - play key roles in processes such as cellular growth, differentiation, metabolism and motility. Recent progress has been achieved towards an understanding of the precise (and varied) mechanisms by which RTKs are activated by ligand binding and by which signals are propagated from the activated receptors to downstream targets in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevan R Hubbard
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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163
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Meric-Bernstam F, Hung MC. Advances in targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 signaling for cancer therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 12:6326-30. [PMID: 17085641 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2 is a member of the HER tyrosine kinase family, which regulates cell growth and proliferation. HER-2 is overexpressed in 20% to 30% of breast cancers and has been associated with an aggressive phenotype and a poorer prognosis, making it an appealing therapeutic target. Since 1998, the anti-HER-2 antibody trastuzumab has been used for the treatment of women with HER-2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Results from large trials have established a role for trastuzumab in the adjuvant setting for the treatment of high-risk primary breast cancer as well. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors that target HER-2 are also very promising therapies and are likely to be incorporated into clinical practice in the near future. HER-2-targeted therapies represent a major step forward in achieving our goal of delivering individualized targeted therapy for breast cancer. However, there are many unanswered questions about the optimal use of these agents. Ongoing research will better elucidate the best combination therapies to overcome resistance to HER-2-targeted agents and will help identify patients at high enough risk to warrant their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funda Meric-Bernstam
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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164
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Schmidt F, Strozynski M, Salus SS, Nilsen H, Thiede B. Rapid determination of amino acid incorporation by stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC). RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:3919-3926. [PMID: 17979108 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) has evolved to be a major technique for quantitative proteomics using cell cultures. We developed a rapid method to follow and determine the incorporation of arginine and lysine. Analysis of the heavy state is required to avoid quantification errors. Moreover, the mixture of light and heavy states can be exploited to normalize the protein amount for subsequent relative quantification experiments. Therefore, peptides from different cell lines were extracted with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid and analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). This analysis was highly reproducible and was performed in less than 2 h, significantly faster than other methods for the same purpose. Similar peptide mass profiles were obtained for human EBV-transformed B, Jurkat T, and HeLa cells as well as for mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Proteolytic fragments of 27 human proteins were identified with 56 peptides by MALDI-MS/MS and can be used as a database for these kinds of experiments. Sequencing revealed that the peptides were predominantly amino- and carboxy-terminal protein fragments displaying a specificity characteristic of the acidic proteases cathepsin D and E. Many of the identified peptides contained arginine and/or lysine, allowing determination of the incorporation rate of these amino acids. Furthermore, the rate of conversion of arginine into proline could be monitored easily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schmidt
- The Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo, Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
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165
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Hatakeyama M. System properties of ErbB receptor signaling for the understanding of cancer progression. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2006; 3:111-6. [PMID: 17245490 DOI: 10.1039/b612800a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
An intracellular signal transduction network constitutes an assembled machinery to control the dynamics of kinase-phosphatase cascade and gene expression. Spatio-temporal analyses of the cellular process can explain the biochemical role of the receptor tyrosine kinases in cancer development from a system point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Hatakeyama
- Cellular Systems Biology Team, RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
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166
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Abstract
Researchers in many biological areas now routinely characterize proteins by mass spectrometry. Among the many formats for quantitative proteomics, stable-isotope labelling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) has emerged as a simple and powerful one. SILAC removes false positives in protein-interaction studies, reveals large-scale kinetics of proteomes and - as a quantitative phosphoproteomics technology - directly uncovers important points in the signalling pathways that control cellular decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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167
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Bose R, Holbert MA, Pickin KA, Cole PA. Protein tyrosine kinase-substrate interactions. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2006; 16:668-75. [PMID: 17085043 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2006.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Revised: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) are enzymes that catalyze the phosphorylation of tyrosyl residues. They are important in physiological and pathophysiological processes. Protein substrates of PTKs are often difficult to discern, but recently reported methods have helped to identify targets and characterize their structural interactions with kinases. A mechanism-based bisubstrate analog strategy has given X-ray crystallographic insights into how several topical PTKs, including the insulin receptor, Abl and epidermal growth factor receptor, interact with tyrosine-containing peptide substrates. These PTK co-crystal structures reveal both conserved and specialized features of recognition that probably contribute to substrate selection and the individual functions of these key enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Bose
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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