151
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Vargas JY, Grudina C, Zurzolo C. The prion-like spreading of α-synuclein: From in vitro to in vivo models of Parkinson's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 50:89-101. [PMID: 30690184 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease. PD is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons, primarily in brain regions that control motor functions, thereby leading to motor impairments in the patients. Pathological aggregated forms of the synaptic protein, α-synuclein (α-syn), are involved in the generation and progression of PD. In PD brains, α-syn accumulates inside neurons and propagates from cell-to-cell in a prion-like manner. In this review, we discuss the in vitro and in vivo models used to study the prion-like properties of α-syn and related findings. In particular, we focus on the different mechanisms of α-syn spreading, which could be relevant for the development of alternative therapeutic approaches for PD treatment.
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152
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De Sousa PA, Ritchie D, Green A, Chandran S, Knight R, Head MW. Renewed assessment of the risk of emergent advanced cell therapies to transmit neuroproteinopathies. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 137:363-377. [PMID: 30483944 PMCID: PMC6514076 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1941-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The inadvertent transmission of long incubating, untreatable and fatal neurodegenerative prionopathies, notably iatrogenic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, following transplantation of cadaver-derived corneas, pituitary growth, hormones and dura mater, constitutes a historical precedent which has underpinned the application of precautionary principles to modern day advanced cell therapies. To date these have been reflected by geographic or medical history risk-based deferral of tissue donors. Emergent understanding of other prion-like proteinopathies, their potential independence from prions as a transmissible agent and the variable capability of scalably manufacturable stem cells and derivatives to take up and clear or to propagate prions, substantiate further commitment to qualifying neurodegenerative proteinopathy transmission risks. This is especially so for those involving direct or facilitated access to a recipient’s brain or connected visual or nervous system such as for the treatment of stroke, retinal and adult onset neurodegenerative diseases, treatments for which have already commenced. In this review, we assess the prospective global dissemination of advanced cell therapies founded on transplantation or exposure to allogeneic human cells, recap lessons learned from the historical precedents of CJD transmission and review recent advances and current limits in understanding of prion and other neurodegenerative disease prion-like susceptibility and transmission. From these we propose grounds for a reassessment of the risks of emergent advanced cell therapies to transmit neuroproteinopathies and suggestions to ACT developers and regulators for risk mitigation and extension of criteria for deferrals.
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153
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Sequence- and seed-structure-dependent polymorphic fibrils of alpha-synuclein. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1410-1420. [PMID: 30790619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Synucleinopathies comprise a diverse group of neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy. These share a common pathological feature, the deposition of alpha-synuclein (a-syn) in neurons or oligodendroglia. A-syn is highly conserved in vertebrates, but the primary sequence of mouse a-syn differs from that of human at seven positions. However, structural differences of their aggregates remain to be fully characterized. In this study, we found that human and mouse a-syn aggregated in vitro formed morphologically distinct amyloid fibrils exhibiting twisted and straight structures, respectively. Furthermore, we identified different protease-resistant core regions, long and short, in human and mouse a-syn aggregates. Interestingly, among the seven unconserved amino acids, only A53T substitution, one of the familial PD mutations, was responsible for structural conversion to the straight-type. Finally, we checked whether the structural differences are transmissible by seeding and found that human a-syn seeded with A53T aggregates formed straight-type fibrils with short protease-resistant cores. These results suggest that a-syn aggregates form sequence-dependent polymorphic fibrils upon spontaneous aggregation but become seed structure-dependent upon seeding.
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154
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Lau HHC, Lau A, Watts JC. Discriminating Strains of Self-Propagating Protein Aggregates Using a Conformational Stability Assay. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1777:339-354. [PMID: 29744847 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7811-3_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Prions and other self-propagating protein aggregates can exist as distinct strains, which are thought to represent different conformations of aggregates. There is growing evidence that protein aggregate strains may be important for understanding the biology of common neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. While methodology for discriminating prion strains is in widespread use, there is a paucity of tools for comparing the conformational properties of aggregates composed of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide or α-synuclein protein, particularly when present in complex samples such as brain extracts. The conformational stability assay (CSA) is a simple technique that measures the relative resistance of protein aggregates to chemical denaturation. While originally developed to differentiate prion strains, the CSA has since been adapted for use with other protein aggregates. Here, we describe the CSA in detail and outline its utility for distinguishing prion strains as well as unique conformational states of Aβ and α-synuclein aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joel C Watts
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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155
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Zhang B, Kehm V, Gathagan R, Leight SN, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY, Luk KC. Stereotaxic Targeting of Alpha-Synuclein Pathology in Mouse Brain Using Preformed Fibrils. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1948:45-57. [PMID: 30771169 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9124-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of intraneuronal inclusions containing misfolded alpha-synuclein (aSyn) within the central nervous system (CNS) is a common feature found in several neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD). Emerging evidence indicates that aSyn amyloid fibrils, a configuration that is present within these characteristic inclusions, are capable of self-replicating by templating the conversion of endogenously expressed aSyn in neurons. Stereotaxic administration of synthetic α-synuclein preformed fibrils (PFFs) into the mouse brain has been shown to seed the formation of intracellular aSyn pathology reminiscent of Lewy body (LB) inclusions present in human PD and related synucleinopathies. Moreover, pathology can be targeted to specific CNS regions. This experimental approach provides a versatile platform for investigating PD-like LB pathology in vivo. We focus here on procedures for initiating aSyn inclusion formation at various regions of the mouse brain using computer-assisted motorized stereotaxic microinjection of aSyn PFFs and discuss appropriate strategies for controls and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Victoria Kehm
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ron Gathagan
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Susan N Leight
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Virginia M-Y Lee
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kelvin C Luk
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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156
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Yamasaki TR, Holmes BB, Furman JL, Dhavale DD, Su BW, Song ES, Cairns NJ, Kotzbauer PT, Diamond MI. Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy have distinct α-synuclein seed characteristics. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:1045-1058. [PMID: 30478174 PMCID: PMC6341389 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA) are distinct clinical syndromes characterized by the pathological accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) protein fibrils in neurons and glial cells. These disorders and other neurodegenerative diseases may progress via prion-like mechanisms. The prion model of propagation predicts the existence of "strains" that link pathological aggregate structure and neuropathology. Prion strains are aggregated conformers that stably propagate in vivo and cause disease with defined incubation times and patterns of neuropathology. Indeed, tau prions have been well defined, and research suggests that both α-syn and β-amyloid may also form strains. However, there is a lack of studies characterizing PD- versus MSA-derived α-syn strains or demonstrating stable propagation of these unique conformers between cells or animals. To fill this gap, we used an assay based on FRET that exploits a HEK293T "biosensor" cell line stably expressing α-syn (A53T)-CFP/YFP fusion proteins to detect α-syn seeds in brain extracts from PD and MSA patients. Both soluble and insoluble fractions of MSA extracts had robust seeding activity, whereas only the insoluble fractions of PD extracts displayed seeding activity. The morphology of MSA-seeded inclusions differed from PD-seeded inclusions. These differences persisted upon propagation of aggregation to second-generation biosensor cells. We conclude that PD and MSA feature α-syn conformers with very distinct biochemical properties that can be transmitted to α-syn monomers in a cell system. These findings are consistent with the idea that distinct α-syn strains underlie PD and MSA and offer possible directions for synucleinopathy diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tritia R Yamasaki
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536,
| | | | | | | | - Bryant W Su
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Eun-Suk Song
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Nigel J Cairns
- the Departments of Neurology and.,Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, and
| | | | - Marc I Diamond
- the Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
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157
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Heras-Garvin A, Weckbecker D, Ryazanov S, Leonov A, Griesinger C, Giese A, Wenning GK, Stefanova N. Anle138b modulates α-synuclein oligomerization and prevents motor decline and neurodegeneration in a mouse model of multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord 2018; 34:255-263. [PMID: 30452793 PMCID: PMC6492169 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background MSA is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by autonomic failure and severe motor impairment. Its main pathological hallmark is the accumulation of α‐synuclein in oligodendrocytes, leading to glial and neuronal dysfunction and neurodegeneration. These features are recapitulated in the PLP‐hαSyn mouse model expressing human α‐synuclein in oligodendrocytes. At present, there is no effective disease‐modifying therapy. Previous experiments have shown that the aggregation inhibitor, anle138b, reduces neurodegeneration and behavioral deficits in mouse models of other proteinopathies. Objectives To test the therapeutic potential of anle138b in a mouse model of MSA. Methods Two‐month‐old PLP‐hαSyn mice were fed over a period of 4 months with pellets containing anle138b at two different doses (0.6 and 2 g/kg) and compared to healthy controls and PLP‐hαSyn mice fed with placebo pellets. At the end of the treatment, behavioral and histological analyses were performed. Results We observed a reversal of motor function to healthy control levels when PLP‐hαSyn mice were treated with both doses of anle138b. Histological and molecular analyses showed a significant reduction in α‐synuclein oligomers and glial cytoplasmic inclusions in animals fed with anle138b compared to nontreated mice. These animals also present preservation of dopaminergic neurons and reduction in microglial activation in SN correlating with the α‐synuclein reduction observed. Conclusions Anle138b reduces α‐synuclein accumulation in PLP‐hαSyn mice, leading to neuroprotection, reduction of microglial activation, and preservation of motor function supporting the use of anle138b in a future clinical trial for MSA. © 2018 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Heras-Garvin
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neurobiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Sergey Ryazanov
- NMR Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrei Leonov
- NMR Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany.,MODAG GmbH, Wendelsheim, Germany
| | - Christian Griesinger
- NMR Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Armin Giese
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Gregor K Wenning
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neurobiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nadia Stefanova
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neurobiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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158
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What is the Evidence That Parkinson's Disease is a Prion Disorder, Which Originates in the Gut? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113573. [PMID: 30424585 PMCID: PMC6274907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder resulting from degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). PD is characterized by motor dysfunctions as well as gastrointestinal symptoms and mental impairment. The pathological hallmark of PD is an accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein aggregates within the brain. The etiology of PD and related synucleinopathy is poorly understood, but recently, the hypothesis that α-synuclein pathology spreads in a prion-like fashion originating in the gut has gained much scientific attention. A crucial clue was the appearance of constipation before the onset of motor symptoms, gut dysbiosis and synucleinopathy in PD patients. Another line of evidence, demonstrating accumulation of α-synuclein within the peripheral autonomic nervous system (PANS), including the enteric nervous system (ENS), and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) support the concept that α-synuclein can spread from the ENS to the brain by the vagus nerve. The decreased risk of PD following truncal vagotomy supports this. The convincing evidence of the prion-like behavior of α-synuclein came from postmortem observations that pathological α-synuclein inclusions appeared in healthy grafted neurons. In this review, we summarize the available data from human subjects’ research and animal experiments, which seem to be the most suggestive for explaining the hypotheses.
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159
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Melki R. Alpha-synuclein and the prion hypothesis in Parkinson's disease. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2018; 174:644-652. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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160
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Brettschneider J, Suh E, Robinson JL, Fang L, Lee EB, Irwin DJ, Grossman M, Van Deerlin VM, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ. Converging Patterns of α-Synuclein Pathology in Multiple System Atrophy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2018; 77. [PMID: 30203094 PMCID: PMC6181179 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nly080#supplementary-data] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to determine patterns of α-synuclein (α-syn) pathology in multiple system atrophy (MSA) using 70-µm-thick sections of 20 regions of the central nervous system of 37 cases with striato-nigral degeneration (SND) and 10 cases with olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy (OPCA). In SND cases with the shortest disease duration (phase 1), α-syn pathology was observed in striatum, lentiform nucleus, substantia nigra, brainstem white matter tracts, cerebellar subcortical white matter as well as motor cortex, midfrontal cortex, and sensory cortex. SND with increasing duration of disease (phase 2) was characterized by involvement of spinal cord and thalamus, while phase 3 was characterized by involvement of hippocampus and amygdala. Cases with the longest disease duration (phase 4) showed involvement of the visual cortex. We observed an increasing overlap of α-syn pathology with increasing duration of disease between SND and OPCA, and noted increasingly similar regional distribution patterns of α-syn pathology. The GBA variant, p.Thr408Met, was found to have an allele frequency of 6.94% in SND cases which was significantly higher compared with normal (0%) and other neurodegenerative disease pathologies (0.74%), suggesting that it is associated with MSA. Our findings indicate that SND and OPCA show distinct early foci of α-syn aggregations, but increasingly converge with longer disease duration to show overlapping patterns of α-syn pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Brettschneider
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CNDR), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - EunRan Suh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John L Robinson
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CNDR), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lubin Fang
- Clinical Neuroanatomy Section, Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Edward B Lee
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CNDR), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David J Irwin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CNDR), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Murray Grossman
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CNDR), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Vivianna M Van Deerlin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Virginia M -Y Lee
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CNDR), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CNDR), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Send correspondence to: John Q. Trojanowski, MD, PhD, CNDR, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3rd Floor Maloney Building, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104; E-mail:
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161
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Xhima K, Nabbouh F, Hynynen K, Aubert I, Tandon A. Noninvasive delivery of an α-synuclein gene silencing vector with magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound. Mov Disord 2018; 33:1567-1579. [PMID: 30264465 DOI: 10.1002/mds.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The characteristic progression of Lewy pathology in Parkinson's disease likely involves intercellular exchange and the accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein amplified by a prion-like self-templating mechanism. Silencing of the α-synuclein gene could provide long-lasting disease-modifying benefits by reducing the requisite substrate for the spreading aggregation. OBJECTIVES As a result of the poor penetration of viral vectors across the blood-brain barrier, gene therapy for central nervous system disorders requires direct injections into the affected brain regions, and invasiveness is further increased by the need for bilateral delivery to multiple brain regions. Here we test a noninvasive approach by combining low-intensity magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound and intravenous microbubbles that can transiently increase the access of brain impermeant therapeutic macromolecules to targeted brain regions. METHODS Transgenic mice expressing human α-synuclein were subjected to magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound targeted to 4 brain regions (hippocampus, substantia nigra, olfactory bulb, and dorsal motor nucleus) in tandem with intravenous microbubbles and an adeno-associated virus serotype 9 vector bearing a short hairpin RNA sequence targeting the α-synuclein gene. RESULTS One month following treatment, α-synuclein immunoreactivity was decreased in targeted brain regions, whereas other neuronal markers such as synaptophysin or tyrosine hydroxylase were unchanged, and cell death and glial activation remained at basal levels. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound can effectively, noninvasively, and simultaneously deliver viral vectors targeting α-synuclein to multiple brain areas. Importantly, this approach may be useful to alter the progression of Lewy pathology along selected neuronal pathways, particularly as prodromal PD markers improve early diagnoses. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiana Xhima
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fadl Nabbouh
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kullervo Hynynen
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isabelle Aubert
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anurag Tandon
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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162
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Costello WN, Xiao Y, Frederick KK. DNP-Assisted NMR Investigation of Proteins at Endogenous Levels in Cellular Milieu. Methods Enzymol 2018; 615:373-406. [PMID: 30638534 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Structural investigations of biomolecules are typically confined to in vitro systems under extremely limited conditions. These investigations yield invaluable insights, but such experiments cannot capture important structural features imposed by cellular environments. Structural studies of proteins in their native contexts are not only possible using state-of-the-art sensitivity-enhanced (dynamic nuclear polarization, DNP) solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques, but these studies also demonstrate that the cellular context can and does have a dramatic influence on protein structure. In this chapter, we describe methods to prepare samples of isotopically labeled proteins at endogenous levels in cellular contexts alongside quality control methods to ensure that such samples accurately model important features of the cellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yiling Xiao
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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163
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Mammadova N, Summers CM, Kokemuller RD, He Q, Ding S, Baron T, Yu C, Valentine RJ, Sakaguchi DS, Kanthasamy AG, Greenlee JJ, Heather West Greenlee M. Accelerated accumulation of retinal α-synuclein (pSer129) and tau, neuroinflammation, and autophagic dysregulation in a seeded mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 121:1-16. [PMID: 30218757 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein within the central nervous system (CNS). Visual problems in PD patients are common, although retinal pathology associated with PD is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate retinal pathology in a transgenic mouse model (TgM83) expressing the human A53T α-synuclein mutation and assess the effect of α-synuclein "seeding" on the development of retinal pathology. Two-month-old TgM83 mice were intracerebrally inoculated with brain homogenate from old (12-18 months) TgM83 mice. Retinas were then analyzed at 5 months of age. We analyzed retinas from 5-month-old and 8-month-old uninoculated healthy TgM83 mice, and old (12-18 months) mice that were euthanized following the development of clinical signs. Retinas of B6C3H mice (genetic background of the TgM83 mouse) served as control. We used immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis to detect accumulation of α-synuclein, pTauThr231, inflammation, changes in macroautophagy, and cell death. Raman spectroscopy was used to test the potential to differentiate between retinal tissues of healthy mice and diseased mice. This work demonstrates retinal changes associated with the A53T mutation. Retinas of non-inoculated TgM83 mice had accumulation of α-synuclein, "pre-tangle" tau, activation of retinal glial cells, and photoreceptor cell loss by 8 months of age. The development of these changes is accelerated by inoculation with brain homogenate from clinically ill TgM83 mice. Compared to non-inoculated 5-month-old TgM83 mice, retinas of inoculated 5-month-old mice had increased accumulation of α-synuclein (pSer129) and pTauThr231 proteins, upregulated microglial activation, and dysregulated macroautophagy. Raman spectroscopic analysis was able to discriminate between healthy and diseased mice. This study describes retinal pathology resulting from the A53T mutation. We show that seeding with brain homogenates from old TgM83 mice accelerates retinal pathology. We demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy can be used to accurately identify a diseased retina based on its biochemical profile, and that α-synuclein accumulation may contribute to accumulation of pTauThr231 proteins, neuroinflammation, metabolic dysregulation, and photoreceptor cell death. Our work provides insight into retinal changes associated with Parkinson's disease, and may contribute to a better understanding of visual symptoms experienced by patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najiba Mammadova
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States; Immunobiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, United States; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Iowa State University, United States.
| | - Corey M Summers
- Immunobiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, United States; Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, United States.
| | - Robyn D Kokemuller
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Iowa State University, United States; Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States.
| | - Qing He
- Department of Agriculture and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.
| | - Shaowei Ding
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.
| | - Thierry Baron
- Anses, Laboratoire de Lyon, Unité Maladies Neurodégénératives, Lyon, France.
| | - Chenxu Yu
- Department of Agriculture and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.
| | - Rudy J Valentine
- Immunobiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, United States; Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, United States.
| | - Donald S Sakaguchi
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Iowa State University, United States.
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Immunobiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, United States; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Iowa State University, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States.
| | - Justin J Greenlee
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States.
| | - M Heather West Greenlee
- Immunobiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, United States; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Iowa State University, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States.
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164
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Terada M, Suzuki G, Nonaka T, Kametani F, Tamaoka A, Hasegawa M. The effect of truncation on prion-like properties of α-synuclein. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:13910-13920. [PMID: 30030380 PMCID: PMC6130941 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.001862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that α-synuclein (αS) aggregates in brains of individuals with Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies can spread in a prion-like manner. Although the initial αS nuclei are pivotal in determining αS fibril polymorphs and resulting phenotypes, it is not clear how the initial fibril seeds are generated. Previous studies have shown that αS truncation might have an important role in αS aggregation. However, little is known about how this truncation influences αS's propagation properties. In the present study, we generated αS fibrils from a series of truncated human αS constructs, characterized their structures and conformational stabilities, and investigated their ability to convert the conformation of full-length αS in vitro, in cultured cells, and in WT mice. We show that both C- and N-terminal truncations of human αS induce fibril polymorphs and exhibit different cross-seeding activities. N-terminally 10- or 30-residue-truncated human αS fibrils induced more abundant αS pathologies than WT fibrils in mice, whereas other truncated fibrils induced less abundant pathologies. Biochemical analyses of these truncated fibrils revealed that N-terminal 10- or 30-residue truncations of human αS change the fibril conformation in a manner that increases their structural compatibility with WT mouse αS fibrils and reduces their stability. C-terminally 20-residue-truncated fibrils displayed enhanced seeding activity in vitro Our findings imply that truncation of αS can influence its prion-like pathogenicity, resulting in phenotypic diversity of α-synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Terada
- From the Department of Dementia and Higher Brain Function, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan and
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Genjiro Suzuki
- From the Department of Dementia and Higher Brain Function, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan and
| | - Takashi Nonaka
- From the Department of Dementia and Higher Brain Function, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan and
| | - Fuyuki Kametani
- From the Department of Dementia and Higher Brain Function, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan and
| | - Akira Tamaoka
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Masato Hasegawa
- From the Department of Dementia and Higher Brain Function, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan and
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165
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Localized Induction of Wild-Type and Mutant Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation Reveals Propagation along Neuroanatomical Tracts. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00586-18. [PMID: 29976670 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00586-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Misfolded alpha-synuclein (αS) may exhibit a number of characteristics similar to those of the prion protein, including the apparent ability to spread along neuroanatomical connections. The demonstration for this mechanism of spread is largely based on the intracerebral injections of preaggregated αS seeds in mice, in which it cannot be excluded that diffuse, surgical perturbations and hematogenous spread also contribute to the propagation of pathology. For this reason, we have utilized the sciatic nerve as a route of injection to force the inoculum into the lumbar spinal cord and induce a localized site for the onset of αS inclusion pathology. Our results demonstrate that mouse αS fibrils (fibs) injected unilaterally in the sciatic nerve are efficient in inducing pathology and the onset of paralytic symptoms in both the M83 and M20 lines of αS transgenic mice. In addition, a spatiotemporal study of these injections revealed a predictable spread of pathology to brain regions whose axons synapse directly on ventral motor neurons in the spinal cord, strongly supporting axonal transport as a mechanism of spread of the αS inducing, or seeding, factor. We also revealed a relatively decreased efficiency for human αS fibs containing the E46K mutation to induce disease via this injection paradigm, supportive of recent studies demonstrating a diminished ability of this mutant αS to undergo aggregate induction. These results further demonstrate prion-like properties for αS by the ability for a progression and spread of αS inclusion pathology along neuroanatomical connections.IMPORTANCE The accumulation of alpha-synuclein (αS) inclusions is a hallmark feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) and PD-related diseases. Recently, a number of studies have demonstrated similarities between the prion protein and αS, including its ability to spread along neuroanatomical tracts throughout the central nervous system (CNS). However, there are caveats in each of these studies in which the injection routes used had the potential to result in a widespread dissemination of the αS-containing inocula, making it difficult to precisely define the mechanisms of spread. In this study, we assessed the spread of pathology following a localized induction of αS inclusions in the lumbar spinal cord following a unilateral injection in the sciatic nerve. Using this paradigm, we demonstrated the ability for αS inclusion spread and/or induction along neuroanatomical tracts within the CNS of two αS-overexpressing mouse models.
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166
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Olanow CW, Kordower JH. Targeting α-Synuclein as a therapy for Parkinson's disease: The battle begins. Mov Disord 2018; 32:203-207. [PMID: 28218461 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C Warren Olanow
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York 10029, New York, USA.,Clintrex LLC
| | - Jeffrey H Kordower
- Department of Neurological Sciencs, Rush University Schoolf of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Van Andel Research Institute, Grands Rapids Michigan 60612, USA
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167
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Davis AA, Leyns CEG, Holtzman DM. Intercellular Spread of Protein Aggregates in Neurodegenerative Disease. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2018; 34:545-568. [PMID: 30044648 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100617-062636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the accumulation of protein aggregates, some of which are toxic to cells. Mounting evidence demonstrates that in several diseases, protein aggregates can pass from neuron to neuron along connected networks, although the role of this spreading phenomenon in disease pathogenesis is not completely understood. Here we briefly review the molecular and histopathological features of protein aggregation in neurodegenerative disease, we summarize the evidence for release of proteins from donor cells into the extracellular space, and we highlight some other mechanisms by which protein aggregates might be transmitted to recipient cells. We also discuss the evidence that supports a role for spreading of protein aggregates in neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis and some limitations of this model. Finally, we consider potential therapeutic strategies to target spreading of protein aggregates in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert A Davis
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA; .,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Cheryl E G Leyns
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA; .,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA; .,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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168
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Fenyi A, Coens A, Bellande T, Melki R, Bousset L. Assessment of the efficacy of different procedures that remove and disassemble alpha-synuclein, tau and A-beta fibrils from laboratory material and surfaces. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10788. [PMID: 30018327 PMCID: PMC6050226 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28856-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
α-synuclein fibrillar polymorphs, Tau and Aß 1–42 fibrillar assemblies have been shown to propagate, amplify and trigger the formation of protein deposits reminiscent of those present within the central nervous system of patients developing synucleinopathies, tauopathies and amyloid plaques after injection intracerebrally, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally or within the blood stream of model animals. They are thus hazardous and there is need for decontamination and inactivation procedures for laboratory surfaces and non-disposable material. We assessed the effectiveness of different reagents to clean and disassemble potentially pathogenic assemblies adsorbed on non-disposable materials in laboratories. We show that commercial detergents and SDS are way more suited to detach α-synuclein fibrillar polymorphs, Tau and Aß 1–42 fibrillar assemblies from contaminated surfaces and disassemble the fibrils than methods designed to decrease PrP prion infectivity. Our observations reveal that the choice of the most adapted cleaning procedure for one given protein assembly or fibrillar polymorph should integrate detergent’s cleaning efficiency, material compatibility and capacity to dismantle assemblies. We provide an integrated representation where desorption and neutralization efficacy and surface compatibility are combined to facilitate the choice of the most adapted decontamination procedure. This representation, together with good laboratory practices, contributes to reducing potential health hazards associated to manipulating protein assemblies with prion-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Fenyi
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Audrey Coens
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Tracy Bellande
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ronald Melki
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Luc Bousset
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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169
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Woerman AL, Watts JC, Aoyagi A, Giles K, Middleton LT, Prusiner SB. α-Synuclein: Multiple System Atrophy Prions. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a024588. [PMID: 28213437 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a024588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disease arising from the misfolding and accumulation of the protein α-synuclein in oligodendrocytes, where it forms glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs). Several years of studying synthetic α-synuclein fibrils has provided critical insight into the ability of α-synuclein to template endogenous protein misfolding, giving rise to fibrillar structures capable of propagating from cell to cell. However, more recent studies with MSA-derived α-synuclein aggregates have shown that they have a similar ability to undergo template-directed propagation, like PrP prions. Almost 20 years after α-synuclein was discovered as the primary component of GCIs, α-synuclein aggregates isolated from MSA patient samples were shown to infect cultured mammalian cells and also to transmit neurological disease to transgenic mice. These findings argue that α-synuclein becomes a prion in MSA patients. In this review, we discuss the in vitro and in vivo data supporting the recent classification of MSA as a prion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Woerman
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Joel C Watts
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Atsushi Aoyagi
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158.,Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited, Tokyo, 140-8710, Japan
| | - Kurt Giles
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Lefkos T Middleton
- Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W6 8RP, United Kingdom
| | - Stanley B Prusiner
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
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170
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Turner MR, Eisen A, Kiernan MC, Ravits J, Swash M. Kinnier Wilson's puzzling features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2018; 89:657-666. [PMID: 29122933 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2017-317217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Turner
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew Eisen
- Department of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Matthew C Kiernan
- Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney; Department of Neurology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Ravits
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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171
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Rodriguez L, Marano MM, Tandon A. Import and Export of Misfolded α-Synuclein. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:344. [PMID: 29875627 PMCID: PMC5974333 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease, intracellular α-synuclein (α-syn) inclusions form in neurons and are referred to as Lewy bodies. These aggregates spread through the brain following a specific pattern leading to the hypothesis that neuron-to-neuron transfer is critical for the propagation of Lewy body pathology. Here we review recent studies employing pre-formed fibrils generated from recombinant α-syn to evaluate the uptake, trafficking, and release of α-syn fibrils. We outline methods of internalization as well as cell surface receptors that have been described in the literature as regulating α-syn fibril uptake. Pharmacological and genetic studies indicate endocytosis is the primary method of α-syn internalization. Once α-syn fibrils have crossed the plasma membrane they are typically trafficked through the endo-lysosomal system with autophagy acting as the dominant method of α-syn clearance. Interestingly, both chaperone-mediated autophagy and macroautophagy have been implicated in the degradation of α-syn, although it remains unclear which system is chiefly responsible for the removal of α-syn fibrils. The major hallmark of α-syn spreading is the templating of misfolded properties onto healthy protein resulting in a conformational change; we summarize the evidence indicating misfolded α-syn can seed endogenous α-syn to form new aggregates. Finally, recent studies demonstrate that cells release misfolded and aggregated α-syn and that these processes may involve different chaperones. Nonetheless, the exact mechanism for the release of fibrillar α-syn remains unclear. This review highlights what is known, and what requires further clarification, regarding each step of α-syn transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Rodriguez
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Krembil Discovery Tower, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maria M Marano
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Krembil Discovery Tower, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anurag Tandon
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Krembil Discovery Tower, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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172
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Peelaerts W, Bousset L, Baekelandt V, Melki R. ɑ-Synuclein strains and seeding in Parkinson's disease, incidental Lewy body disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy: similarities and differences. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 373:195-212. [PMID: 29704213 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2839-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Several age-related neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the deposition of aberrantly folded endogenous proteins. These proteins have prion-like propagation and amplification properties but so far appear nontransmissible between individuals. Because of the features they share with the prion protein, PrP, the characteristics of pathogenic protein aggregates in several progressive brain disorders, including different types of Lewy body diseases (LBDs), such as Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), have been actively investigated. Even though the pleomorphic nature of these syndromes might suggest different underlying causes, ɑ-synuclein (ɑSyn) appears to play an important role in this heterogeneous group of diseases (the synucleinopathies). An attractive hypothesis is that different types of ɑSyn protein assemblies have a unique and causative role in distinct synucleinopathies. We will discuss the recent research progress on ɑSyn assemblies involved in PD, MSA and DLB; their behavior as strains; current spreading hypotheses; their ability to seed centrally and peripherally; and their implication for disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Peelaerts
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - L Bousset
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - V Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - R Melki
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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173
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Lee MJ, Kim TH, Mun CW, Shin HK, Son J, Lee JH. Spatial correlation and segregation of multimodal MRI abnormalities in multiple system atrophy. J Neurol 2018; 265:1540-1547. [PMID: 29696500 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-018-8874-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The variability of the severity and regional distribution of pathological process in basal ganglia (BG) and brainstem-cerebellar systems results in clinical heterogeneity and represents the motor subtype of multiple system atrophy (MSA). This study aimed to quantify spatial patterns of multimodal MRI abnormalities in BG and stem-CB regions and define structural MRI findings that correlate with clinical characteristics. METHODS We simultaneously measured R2*, mean diffusivity (MD), and volume in the subcortical structures (BG, thalamus, brainstem-cerebellar regions) of 39 probable MSA and 22 control subjects. Principal component analysis (PCA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) were performed to show a model consisting of multiple inter-dependencies. RESULTS Structural MRI alterations were found to be significantly interrelated within BG as well as brainstem-cerebellar regions in MSA patients. PCA extracted four factors: three factors reflected alterations in R2*, MD and volume of the BG region including the caudate nucleus, putamen, and pallidum, and the remaining one factor represented degenerative changes in MD and volume of stem-CB region. In SEM, a latent variable reflecting brainstem-cerebellar degeneration did not show a significant correlation with the other latent variables associated with BG degeneration. Putaminal MD values and a PCA-driven factor reflecting MD values in the BG showed a significant correlation with UPDRS and UMSARS scores. CONCLUSION Multimodal structural MRI abnormalities in MSA appear to be segregated into BG and stem-CB-related factors that can be associated with the clinical phenotype and motor severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Jun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Woong Mun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Kyung Shin
- Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsang Son
- Sensory Motor Performance Program, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jae-Hyeok Lee
- Department of Neurology, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Beomo-ri, Mulgum-eup, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do, 626-770, Republic of Korea.
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.
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174
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Tarutani A, Arai T, Murayama S, Hisanaga SI, Hasegawa M. Potent prion-like behaviors of pathogenic α-synuclein and evaluation of inactivation methods. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:29. [PMID: 29669601 PMCID: PMC5907316 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0532-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept that abnormal protein aggregates show prion-like propagation between cells has been considered to explain the onset and progression of many neurodegenerative diseases. Indeed, both synthetic amyloid-like fibrils and pathogenic proteins extracted from patients’ brains induce self-templated amplification and cell-to-cell transmission in vitro and in vivo. However, it is unclear whether exposure to exogenous prion-like proteins can potentially cause these diseases in humans. Here, we investigated in detail the prion-like seeding activities of several kinds of pathogenic α-synuclein (α-syn), including synthetic fibrils and detergent-insoluble fractions extracted from brains of patients with α-synucleinopathies. Exposure to synthetic α-syn fibrils at concentrations above 100 pg/mL caused seeded aggregation of α-syn in SH-SY5Y cells, and seeded aggregation was also observed in C57BL/6 J mice after intracerebral inoculation of at least 0.1 μg/animal. α-Syn aggregates extracted from brains of multiple system atrophy (MSA) patients showed higher seeding activity than those extracted from patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and their potency was similar to that of synthetic α-syn fibrils. We also examined the effects of various methods that have been reported to inactivate abnormal prion proteins (PrPSc), including autoclaving at various temperatures, exposure to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and combined treatments. The combination of autoclaving and 1% SDS substantially reduced the seeding activities of synthetic α-syn fibrils and α-syn aggregates extracted from MSA brains. However, single treatment with 1% SDS or generally used sterilization conditions proved insufficient to prevent accumulation of pathological α-syn. In conclusion, α-syn aggregates derived from MSA patients showed a potent prion-like seeding activity, which could be efficiently reduced by combined use of SDS and autoclaving.
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175
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Erkkinen MG, Kim MO, Geschwind MD. Clinical Neurology and Epidemiology of the Major Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:a033118. [PMID: 28716886 PMCID: PMC5880171 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a033118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 529] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a common cause of morbidity and cognitive impairment in older adults. Most clinicians who care for the elderly are not trained to diagnose these conditions, perhaps other than typical Alzheimer's disease (AD). Each of these disorders has varied epidemiology, clinical symptomatology, laboratory and neuroimaging features, neuropathology, and management. Thus, it is important that clinicians be able to differentiate and diagnose these conditions accurately. This review summarizes and highlights clinical aspects of several of the most commonly encountered neurodegenerative diseases, including AD, frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and its variants, progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), multiple system atrophy (MSA), and Huntington's disease (HD). For each condition, we provide a brief overview of the epidemiology, defining clinical symptoms and diagnostic criteria, relevant imaging and laboratory features, genetics, pathology, treatments, and differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Erkkinen
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Mee-Ohk Kim
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Michael D Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
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176
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Lysosomal response in relation to α-synuclein pathology differs between Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 114:140-152. [PMID: 29505813 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular deposition of pathologically altered α-synuclein mostly in neurons characterises Parkinson's disease (PD), while its accumulation predominantly in oligodendrocytes is a feature of multiple system atrophy (MSA). Recently a prion-like spreading of pathologic α-synuclein has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of PD and MSA. This implicates a role of protein processing systems, including lysosomes, supported also by genetic studies in PD. However, particularly for MSA, the mechanism of cell-to-cell propagation of α-synuclein is yet not fully understood. To evaluate the significance of lysosomal response, we systematically compared differently affected neuronal populations in PD, MSA, and non-diseased brains using morphometric immunohistochemistry (cathepsin D), double immunolabelling (cathepsin D/α-synuclein) laser confocal microscopy, and immunogold electron microscopy for the disease associated α-synuclein. We found that i) irrespective of the presence of neuronal inclusions, the volume density of cathepsin D immunoreactivity significantly increases in affected neurons of the pontine base in MSA brains; ii) volume density of cathepsin D immunoreactivity increases in nigral neurons in PD without inclusions and with non-ubiquitinated pre-aggregates of α-synuclein, but not in neurons with Lewy bodies; iii) cathepsin D immunoreactivity frequently colocalises with α-synuclein pre-aggregates in nigral neurons in PD; iv) ultrastructural observations confirm disease-associated α-synuclein in neuronal and astrocytic lysosomes in PD; v) lysosome-associated α-synuclein is observed in astroglia and rarely in oligodendroglia and in neurons in MSA. Our observations support a crucial role for the neuronal endosomal-lysosomal system in the processing of α-synuclein in PD. We suggest a distinct contribution of lysosomes to the pathogenesis of MSA, including the possibility of oligodendroglial and eventually neuronal uptake of exogenous α-synuclein in MSA.
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177
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Steiner JA, Quansah E, Brundin P. The concept of alpha-synuclein as a prion-like protein: ten years after. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 373:161-173. [PMID: 29480459 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2814-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic signaling and the presence of alpha-synuclein aggregates (also called Lewy bodies and neurites) throughout the brain. In 2003, Braak and colleagues created a staging system for Parkinson's disease describing the connection between the alpha-synuclein pathology and disease severity. Later, they suggested that the pathology might initially be triggered by exogenous insults targeting the gut and olfactory system. In 2008, we and other groups documented Lewy pathology in grafted neurons in people with Parkinson's disease who had been transplanted over a decade prior to autopsy. We proposed that the Lewy pathology in the grafted neurons was the result of permissive templating or prion-like spread of alpha-synuclein pathology from neurons in the host to those in the grafts. During the following ten years, several studies described the transmission of alpha-synuclein pathology between neurons, both in cell culture and in experimental animals. Recent research has also begun to identify underlying molecular mechanisms. Collectively, these experimental studies tentatively support the idea that the progression from one Braak stage to the next is the consequence of prion-like propagation of Lewy pathology. However, definitive proof that intercellular propagation of alpha-synuclein pathology occurs in Parkinson's disease cases has proven difficult to secure. In this review, we highlight several open questions that currently prevent us from concluding with certainty that prion-like transfer of alpha-synuclein contributes to the progression of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Steiner
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave. NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA.
| | - Emmanuel Quansah
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave. NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave. NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
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178
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Koga S, Dickson DW. Recent advances in neuropathology, biomarkers and therapeutic approach of multiple system atrophy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2018; 89:175-184. [PMID: 28860330 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2017-315813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by a variable combination of autonomic failure, levodopa-unresponsive parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia and pyramidal symptoms. The pathological hallmark is the oligodendrocytic glial cytoplasmic inclusion (GCI) consisting of α-synuclein; therefore, MSA is included in the category of α-synucleinopathies. MSA has been divided into two clinicopathological subtypes: MSA with predominant parkinsonism and MSA with predominant cerebellar ataxia, which generally correlate with striatonigral degeneration and olivopontocerebellar atrophy, respectively. It is increasingly recognised, however, that clinical and pathological features of MSA are broader than previously considered.In this review, we aim to describe recent advances in neuropathology of MSA from a review of the literature and from information derived from review of nearly 200 definite MSA cases in the Mayo Clinic Brain Bank. In light of these new neuropathological findings, GCIs and neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions play an important role in clinicopathological correlates of MSA. We also focus on clinical diagnostic accuracy and differential diagnosis of MSA as well as candidate biomarkers. We also review some controversial topics in MSA. Cognitive impairment, which has been a non-supporting feature of MSA, is considered from both clinical and pathological perspectives. The cellular origin of α-synuclein in GCI and a 'prion hypothesis' are discussed. Finally, completed and ongoing clinical trials targeting disease modification, including immunotherapy, are summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Koga
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
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179
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Kaskova ZM, Tsarkova AS, Yampolsky IV. 1001 lights: luciferins, luciferases, their mechanisms of action and applications in chemical analysis, biology and medicine. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 45:6048-6077. [PMID: 27711774 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00296j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bioluminescence (BL) is a spectacular phenomenon involving light emission by live organisms. It is caused by the oxidation of a small organic molecule, luciferin, with molecular oxygen, which is catalysed by the enzyme luciferase. In nature, there are approximately 30 different BL systems, of which only 9 have been studied to various degrees in terms of their reaction mechanisms. A vast range of in vitro and in vivo analytical techniques have been developed based on BL, including tests for different analytes, immunoassays, gene expression assays, drug screening, bioimaging of live organisms, cancer studies, the investigation of infectious diseases and environmental monitoring. This review aims to cover the major existing applications for bioluminescence in the context of the diversity of luciferases and their substrates, luciferins. Particularly, the properties and applications of d-luciferin, coelenterazine, bacterial, Cypridina and dinoflagellate luciferins and their analogues along with their corresponding luciferases are described. Finally, four other rarely studied bioluminescent systems (those of limpet Latia, earthworms Diplocardia and Fridericia and higher fungi), which are promising for future use, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinaida M Kaskova
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia. and Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianova 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Aleksandra S Tsarkova
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia. and Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianova 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Ilia V Yampolsky
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia. and Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianova 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
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180
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Wenning G, Trojanowski JQ, Kaufmann H, Wisniewski T, Rocca WA, Low PA. Is multiple system atrophy an infectious disease? Ann Neurol 2018; 83:10-12. [PMID: 29293269 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Wenning
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Horacio Kaufmann
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Walter A Rocca
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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181
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Yang F, Li WJ, Huang XS. Alpha-synuclein levels in patients with multiple system atrophy: a meta-analysis. Int J Neurosci 2018; 128:477-486. [PMID: 29053035 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2017.1394851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study evaluates the relationship between multiple system atrophy and α-synuclein levels in the cerebrospinal fluid, plasma and neural tissue. METHOD Literature search for relevant research articles was undertaken in electronic databases and study selection was based on a priori eligibility criteria. Random-effects meta-analyses of standardized mean differences in α-synuclein levels between multiple system atrophy patients and normal controls were conducted to obtain the overall and subgroup effect sizes. Meta-regression analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of age, gender and disease severity on standardized mean differences. RESULTS Data were obtained from 11 studies involving 378 multiple system atrophy patients and 637 healthy controls (age: multiple system atrophy patients 64.14 [95% confidence interval 62.05, 66.23] years; controls 64.16 [60.06, 68.25] years; disease duration: 44.41 [26.44, 62.38] months). Cerebrospinal fluid α-synuclein levels were significantly lower in multiple system atrophy patients than in controls but in plasma and neural tissue, α-synuclein levels were significantly higher in multiple system atrophy patients (standardized mean difference: -0.99 [-1.65, -0.32]; p = 0.001). Percentage of male multiple system atrophy patients was significantly positively associated with the standardized mean differences of cerebrospinal fluid α-synuclein levels (p = 0.029) whereas the percentage of healthy males was not associated with the standardized mean differences of cerebrospinal fluid α-synuclein levels (p = 0.920). CONCLUSION In multiple system atrophy patients, α-synuclein levels were significantly lower in the cerebrospinal fluid and were positively associated with the male gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yang
- a Department of Neurology , Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Wan-Jun Li
- a Department of Neurology , Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Xu-Sheng Huang
- a Department of Neurology , Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China
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182
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Geschwind MD, Murray K. Differential diagnosis with other rapid progressive dementias in human prion diseases. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 153:371-397. [PMID: 29887146 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63945-5.00020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases are unique in medicine as in humans they occur in sporadic, genetic, and acquired forms. The most common human prion disease is sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), which commonly presents as a rapidly progressive dementia (RPD) with behavioral, cerebellar, extrapyramidal, and some pyramidal features, with the median survival from symptom onset to death of just a few months. Because human prion diseases, as well as other RPDs, are relatively rare, they can be difficult to diagnose, as most clinicians have seen few, if any, cases. Not only can prion diseases mimic many other conditions that present as RPD, but some of those conditions can present similarly to prion disease. In this article, the authors discuss the different etiologic categories of conditions that often present as RPD and also present RPDs that had been misdiagnosed clinically as CJD. Etiologic categories of conditions are presented in order of the mnemonic used for remembering the various categories of RPDs: VITAMINS-D, for vascular, infectious, toxic-metabolic, autoimmune, mitochondrial/metastases, iatrogenic, neurodegenerative, system/seizures/sarcoid, and demyelinating. When relevant, clinical, imaging, or other features of an RPD that overlap with those of CJD are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Geschwind
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
| | - Katy Murray
- Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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183
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Woerman AL, Kazmi SA, Patel S, Freyman Y, Oehler A, Aoyagi A, Mordes DA, Halliday GM, Middleton LT, Gentleman SM, Olson SH, Prusiner SB. MSA prions exhibit remarkable stability and resistance to inactivation. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 135:49-63. [PMID: 28849371 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1762-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In multiple system atrophy (MSA), progressive neurodegeneration results from the protein α-synuclein misfolding into a self-templating prion conformation that spreads throughout the brain. MSA prions are transmissible to transgenic (Tg) mice expressing mutated human α-synuclein (TgM83+/-), inducing neurological disease following intracranial inoculation with brain homogenate from deceased patient samples. Noting the similarities between α-synuclein prions and PrP scrapie (PrPSc) prions responsible for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), we investigated MSA transmission under conditions known to result in PrPSc transmission. When peripherally exposed to MSA via the peritoneal cavity, hind leg muscle, and tongue, TgM83+/- mice developed neurological signs accompanied by α-synuclein prions in the brain. Iatrogenic CJD, resulting from PrPSc prion adherence to surgical steel instruments, has been investigated by incubating steel sutures in contaminated brain homogenate before implantation into mouse brain. Mice studied using this model for MSA developed disease, whereas wire incubated in control homogenate had no effect on the animals. Notably, formalin fixation did not inactivate α-synuclein prions. Formalin-fixed MSA patient samples also transmitted disease to TgM83+/- mice, even after incubating in fixative for 244 months. Finally, at least 10% sarkosyl was found to be the concentration necessary to partially inactivate MSA prions. These results demonstrate the robustness of α-synuclein prions to denaturation. Moreover, they establish the parallel characteristics between PrPSc and α-synuclein prions, arguing that clinicians should exercise caution when working with materials that might contain α-synuclein prions to prevent disease.
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184
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Overk C, Rockenstein E, Valera E, Stefanova N, Wenning G, Masliah E. Multiple system atrophy: experimental models and reality. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 135:33-47. [PMID: 29058121 PMCID: PMC6156777 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1772-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rapidly progressing fatal synucleinopathy of the aging population characterized by parkinsonism, dysautonomia, and in some cases ataxia. Unlike other synucleinopathies, in this disorder the synaptic protein, α-synuclein (α-syn), predominantly accumulates in oligodendroglial cells (and to some extent in neurons), leading to maturation defects of oligodendrocytes, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. The mechanisms through which α-syn deposits occur in oligodendrocytes and neurons in MSA are not completely clear. While some studies suggest that α-syn might transfer from neurons to glial cells, others propose that α-syn might be aberrantly overexpressed by oligodendroglial cells. A number of in vivo models have been developed, including transgenic mice overexpressing α-syn under oligodendroglial promoters (e.g.: MBP, PLP, and CNP). Other models have been recently developed either by injecting synthetic α-syn fibrils or brain homogenates from patients with MSA into wild-type mice or by using viral vectors expressing α-syn under the MBP promoter in rats and non-human primates. Each of these models reproduces some of the neuropathological and functional aspects of MSA; however, none of them fully replicate the spectrum of MSA. Understanding better the mechanisms of how α-syn accumulates in oligodendrocytes and neurons will help in developing better models that recapitulate various pathogenic aspects of MSA in combination with translatable biomarkers of early stages of the disease that are necessary to devise disease-modifying therapeutics for MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassia Overk
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0624, USA
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0624, USA
| | - Elvira Valera
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0624, USA
| | - Nadia Stefanova
- Division of Clinical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gregor Wenning
- Division of Clinical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0624, USA.
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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185
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Volpicelli-Daley L, Brundin P. Prion-like propagation of pathology in Parkinson disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 153:321-335. [PMID: 29887143 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63945-5.00017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over 100 years ago, Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites were defined as a pathologic hallmark of Parkinson disease. Eighty years later, α-synuclein was found to be the primary component of these inclusions. Emerging evidence suggests that α-synuclein pathology propagates across interconnected networks throughout the nervous system in a prion-like manner. Pathologic α-synuclein seeds aggregation of native α-synuclein, resulting in the formation of insoluble inclusions. These seeds can propagate within the neuron and to interconnected neurons, resulting in the spread of pathology throughout the brain. Here, we discuss how the findings that α-synuclein pathology spreads throughout the nervous system has revolutionized our understanding about Parkinson disease pathogenesis and resulted in the development of novel therapeutic strategies to halt disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Volpicelli-Daley
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Van Andel Research Institute, Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.
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186
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Woerman AL, Patel S, Kazmi SA, Oehler A, Freyman Y, Espiritu L, Cotter R, Castaneda JA, Olson SH, Prusiner SB. Kinetics of Human Mutant Tau Prion Formation in the Brains of 2 Transgenic Mouse Lines. JAMA Neurol 2017; 74:1464-1472. [PMID: 29059326 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.2822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Importance Accumulation of the protein tau is a defining characteristic of several neurodegenerative diseases. Thorough assessment of transgenic (Tg) mouse lines that replicate this process is critical for establishing the models used for testing anti-tau therapeutics in vivo. Objective To define a consistent mouse model of disease for use in future compound efficacy studies. Design, Setting, and Participants In this time course study, cohorts of Tg and control mice were euthanized at defined intervals. Collected brains were bisected down the midline. One half was frozen and used to measure the tau prion content, while the other half was fixed for immunostaining with anti-tau antibodies. All mice were maintained at the Hunters Point Animal Facility at the University of California, San Francisco, and all experiments were performed at the Mission Bay Campus of the University of California, San Francisco. Study animals were PS19, homozygous and hemizygous Tg(MAPT*P301S), and B6/J mice. The study dates were August 9, 2010, to October 3, 2016. Main Outcomes and Measures Tau prions were measured using a cell-based assay. Neuropathology was measured by determining the percentage area positive for immunostaining in defined brain regions. A separate cohort of mice was aged until each mouse developed neurological signs as determined by trained animal technicians to assess mortality. Results A total of 1035 mice were used in this time course study. These included PS19 mice (51.2% [126 of 246] male and 48.8% [120 of 246] female), Tg(MAPT*P301S+/+) mice (52.3% [216 of 413] male, 43.8% [181 of 413] female, and 3.9% [16 of 413] undetermined), Tg(MAPT*P301S+/-) mice (51.8% [101 of 195] male and 48.2% [94 of 195] female), and B6/J mice (49.7% [90 of 181] male and 50.3% [91 of 181] female). While considerable interanimal variability in neuropathology, disease onset, and tau prion formation in the PS19 mice was observed, all 3 measures of disease were more uniform in the Tg(MAPT*P301S+/+) mice. Comparing tau prion formation in Tg(MAPT*P301S+/+) mice with B6/J controls, the 95% CIs for the 2 mouse lines diverged before age 5 weeks, and significant (P < .05) neuropathology in the hindbrain of 24-week-old mice was quantifiable. Conclusions and Relevance The assessment of disease progression using 3 criteria showed that disease onset in PS19 mice is too variable to obtain reliable measurements for drug discovery research. However, the reproducibility of tau prion formation in young Tg(MAPT*P301S+/+) mice establishes a rapid assay for compound efficacy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Woerman
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Smita Patel
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Sabeen A Kazmi
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Abby Oehler
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Yevgeniy Freyman
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Lloyd Espiritu
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Robert Cotter
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Julian A Castaneda
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Steven H Olson
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Stanley B Prusiner
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco
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187
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Familial Parkinson's point mutation abolishes multiple system atrophy prion replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 115:409-414. [PMID: 29279394 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1719369115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the neurodegenerative disease multiple system atrophy (MSA), α-synuclein misfolds into a self-templating conformation to become a prion. To compare the biological activity of α-synuclein prions in MSA and Parkinson's disease (PD), we developed nine α-synuclein-YFP cell lines expressing point mutations responsible for inherited PD. MSA prions robustly infected wild-type, A30P, and A53T α-synuclein-YFP cells, but they were unable to replicate in cells expressing the E46K mutation. Coexpression of the A53T and E46K mutations was unable to rescue MSA prion infection in vitro, establishing that MSA α-synuclein prions are conformationally distinct from the misfolded α-synuclein in PD patients. This observation may have profound implications for developing treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.
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188
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Chan DKY, Xu YH, Chan LKM, Braidy N, Mellick GD. Mini-review on initiatives to interfere with the propagation and clearance of alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2017; 6:33. [PMID: 29270291 PMCID: PMC5738184 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-017-0104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this mini-review, we summarize recent findings relating to the prion-like propagation of α-synuclein (α-syn) and the development of novel therapeutic strategies to target synucleinopathy in Parkinson’s disease (PD). We link the Braak’s staging hypothesis of PD with the recent evidence from in-vivo and in-vitro studies for the prion-like cell-to-cell propagation of α-syn (via exocytosis and endocytosis). The classical accumulation of aggregated α-syn in PD may result from an increased production or a failure in the mechanisms of clearance of α-syn. We discuss novel agents, currently in clinical trial for PD including the ones that impact the aggregation of α-syn and others that interfere with α-syn endocytosis as a means to target the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kam Yin Chan
- Department of Aged Care and Rehabilitation, Bankstown Hospital, Bankstown, NSW 2200 Australia.,Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW 2170 Australia.,University of New South Wales, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ying Hua Xu
- Department of Aged Care and Rehabilitation, Bankstown Hospital, Bankstown, NSW 2200 Australia.,Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW 2170 Australia.,University of New South Wales, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, Australia
| | - Luke Kar Man Chan
- Faculty of Medical Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD Australia
| | - Nady Braidy
- Department of Aged Care and Rehabilitation, Bankstown Hospital, Bankstown, NSW 2200 Australia.,Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW 2170 Australia.,University of New South Wales, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, Australia
| | - George D Mellick
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD Australia
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189
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Evidence for sortilin modulating regional accumulation of human tau prions in transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E11029-E11036. [PMID: 29203673 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717193114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Misfolding of tau proteins into prions and their propagation along neural circuits are thought to result in neurodegeneration causing Alzheimer's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, and other tauopathies. Little is known about the molecular processes mediating tau prion replication and spreading in different brain regions. Using transgenic (Tg) mice with a neuronal promoter driving expression of human mutant (P301S) tau, we found that tau prion formation and histopathologic deposition is largely restricted to the hindbrain. Unexpectedly, tau mRNA and protein levels did not differ between the forebrain and hindbrain, suggesting that other factors modulating the conversion of tau into a prion exist and are region specific. Using a cell-based prion propagation assay, we discovered that tau prion replication is suppressed by forebrain-derived inhibitors, one of which is sortilin, a lysosomal sorting receptor. We also show that sortilin expression is higher in the forebrain than the hindbrain across the life span of the Tg mice, suggesting that sortilin, at least in part, inhibits forebrain tau prion replication in vivo. Our findings provide evidence for selective vulnerability in mice resulting in highly regulated levels of tau prion propagation, thus affording a model for identification of additional molecules that could mitigate the levels of tau prions in human tauopathies.
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190
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In vivo models of alpha-synuclein transmission and propagation. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 373:183-193. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2730-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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191
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Valera E, Masliah E. The neuropathology of multiple system atrophy and its therapeutic implications. Auton Neurosci 2017; 211:1-6. [PMID: 29169744 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the abnormal accumulation of toxic forms of the synaptic protein alpha-synuclein (α-syn) within oligodendrocytes and neurons. The presence of α-syn within oligodendrocytes in the form of glial cytoplasmic inclusions is the diagnostic hallmark of MSA. However, it has been postulated that α-syn is produced in neurons and propagates to oligodendrocytes, where unknown mechanisms lead to its accumulation. The presence of α-syn within neurons in MSA has not been so extensively studied, but it may shed light into neuropathological mechanisms leading to oligodendroglial accumulation. Here we summarize the principal neuropathological events of MSA, and discuss how a deeper knowledge of these mechanisms may help develop effective therapies targeting α-syn accumulation and spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Valera
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Division of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging/NIH, 7201 Wisconsin Ave, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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192
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The importance of developing strain-specific models of neurodegenerative disease. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 134:809-812. [PMID: 28786000 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1761-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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193
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Dugger BN, Perl DP, Carlson GA. Neurodegenerative Disease Transmission and Transgenesis in Mice. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a023549. [PMID: 28193724 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a023549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although the discovery of the prion protein (PrP) resulted from its co-purification with scrapie infectivity in Syrian hamsters, work with genetically defined and genetically modified mice proved crucial for understanding the fundamental processes involved not only in prion diseases caused by PrP misfolding, aggregation, and spread but also in other, much more common, neurodegenerative brain diseases. In this review, we focus on methodological and conceptual approaches used to study scrapie and related PrP misfolding diseases in mice and how these approaches have advanced our understanding of related disorders including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany N Dugger
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Daniel P Perl
- F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814
| | - George A Carlson
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158.,McLaughlin Research Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Great Falls, Montana 59405
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194
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Vingill S, Connor-Robson N, Wade-Martins R. Are rodent models of Parkinson's disease behaving as they should? Behav Brain Res 2017; 352:133-141. [PMID: 29074404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years our understanding of Parkinson's disease has expanded both in terms of pathological hallmarks as well as relevant genetic influences. In parallel with the aetiological discoveries a multitude of PD animal models have been established. The vast majority of these are rodent models based on environmental, genetic and mechanistic insight. A major challenge in many of these models is their ability to only recapitulate some of the complex disease features seen in humans. Although symptom alleviation and clinical signs are of utmost importance in therapeutic research many of these models lack comprehensive behavioural testing. While non-motor symptoms become increasingly important as early diagnostic markers in PD, they are poorly characterized in rodents. In this review we look at well-established and more recent animal models of PD in terms of behavioural characterization and discuss how they can best contribute to progression in Parkinson's research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siv Vingill
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK.
| | - Natalie Connor-Robson
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
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195
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Prying into the Prion Hypothesis for Parkinson's Disease. J Neurosci 2017; 37:9808-9818. [PMID: 29021298 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1788-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease, intracellular α-synuclein inclusions form in neurons. We suggest that prion-like behavior of α-synuclein is a key component in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Although multiple molecular changes are involved in the triggering of the disease process, we propose that neuron-to-neuron transfer is a crucial event that is essential for Lewy pathology to spread from one brain region to another. In this review, we describe key findings in human postmortem brains, cultured cells, and animal models of disease that support the idea that α-synuclein can act as a prion. We consider potential triggers of the α-synuclein misfolding and why the aggregates escape cellular degradation under disease conditions. We also discuss whether different strains of α-synuclein fibrils can underlie differences in cellular and regional distribution of aggregates in different synucleinopathies. Our conclusion is that α-synuclein probably acts as a prion in human diseases, and a deeper understanding of this step in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease can facilitate the development of disease-modifying therapies in the future.Dual Perspectives Companion Paper: Parkinson's Disease Is Not Simply a Prion Disorder, by D. James Surmeier, José A. Obeso, and Glenda M. Halliday.
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196
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Brundin P, Dave KD, Kordower JH. Therapeutic approaches to target alpha-synuclein pathology. Exp Neurol 2017; 298:225-235. [PMID: 28987463 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Starting two decades ago with the discoveries of genetic links between alpha-synuclein and Parkinson's disease risk and the identification of aggregated alpha-synuclein as the main protein constituent of Lewy pathology, alpha-synuclein has emerged as the major therapeutic target in Parkinson's disease and related synucleinopathies. Following the suggestion that alpha-synuclein pathology gradually spreads through the nervous system following a stereotypic pattern and the discovery that aggregated forms of alpha-synuclein can propagate pathology from one cell to another, and thereby probably aggravate existing deficits as well as generate additional symptoms, the idea that alpha-synuclein is a viable therapeutic target gained further support. In this review we describe current challenges and possibilities with alpha-synuclein as a therapeutic target. We briefly highlight gaps in the knowledge of the role of alpha-synuclein in disease, and propose that a deeper understanding of the pathobiology of alpha-synuclein can lead to improved therapeutic strategies. We describe several treatment approaches that are currently being tested in advanced animal experiments or already are in clinical trials. We have divided them into approaches that reduce alpha-synuclein production; inhibit alpha-synuclein aggregation inside cells; promote its degradation either inside or outside cells; and reduce its uptake by neighbouring cells following release from already affected neurons. Finally, we briefly discuss challenges related to the clinical testing of alpha-synuclein therapies, for example difficulties in monitoring target engagement and the need for relatively large trials of long duration. We conclude that alpha-synuclein remains one of the most compelling therapeutic targets for Parkinson's disease, and related synucleinopathies, and that the multitude of approaches being tested provides hope for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Brundin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
| | - Kuldip D Dave
- The Michael J Fox Foundation, New York, NY 10017, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Kordower
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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197
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Translational therapies for multiple system atrophy: Bottlenecks and future directions. Auton Neurosci 2017; 211:7-14. [PMID: 29017831 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade a prominent amount of studies in preclinical transgenic models of multiple system atrophy (MSA) has been performed. These studies have helped understand mechanisms downstream to the α-synuclein oligodendroglial accumulation relevant to human MSA. However, the successful translation of the preclinical outcomes into a clinical trial has failed. Looking back, we can now identify possible confounders for the failure. Biomarkers of disease progression are mostly missing. Early diagnosis and initiation of therapeutic clinical trials is limited. The need of both proof-of-concept as well as clinically relevant preclinical study designs with clinically relevant timing and preclinical readouts is identified as a must in our translational efforts for MSA to date. Finally, improved clinical study designs with improved enrollment criteria, and measurement outcomes are warranted on the way to finding the successful therapeutic approach for MSA. This review provides an overview of experimental studies and clinical trials for MSA and the lessons learned over the last decade towards the identification of the cure for MSA.
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198
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Wang X, Noroozian Z, Lynch M, Armstrong N, Schneider R, Liu M, Ghodrati F, Zhang AB, Yang YJ, Hall AC, Solarski M, Killackey SA, Watts JC. Strains of Pathological Protein Aggregates in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Discoveries (Craiova) 2017; 5:e78. [PMID: 32309596 PMCID: PMC7159837 DOI: 10.15190/d.2017.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of protein aggregates in the brain is a hallmark of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Considerable evidence has revealed that the pathological protein aggregates in many neurodegenerative diseases are able to self-propagate, which may enable pathology to spread from cell-to-cell within the brain. This property is reminiscent of what occurs in prion diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. A widely recognized feature of prion disorders is the existence of distinct strains of prions, which are thought to represent unique protein aggregate structures. A number of recent studies have pointed to the existence of strains of protein aggregates in other, more common neurodegenerative illnesses such as AD, PD, and related disorders. In this review, we outline the pathobiology of prion strains and discuss how the concept of protein aggregate strains may help to explain the heterogeneity inherent to many human neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zeinab Noroozian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Sunnybrook Research Institute - Biological Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Madelaine Lynch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Sunnybrook Research Institute - Biological Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicholas Armstrong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Raphael Schneider
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mingzhe Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Sunnybrook Research Institute - Biological Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Farinaz Ghodrati
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ashley B Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yoo Jeong Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amanda C Hall
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Solarski
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Samuel A Killackey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joel C Watts
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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199
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Deutschländer AB, Ross OA, Dickson DW, Wszolek ZK. Atypical parkinsonian syndromes: a general neurologist's perspective. Eur J Neurol 2017; 25:41-58. [PMID: 28803444 DOI: 10.1111/ene.13412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The differential diagnosis of atypical parkinsonian syndromes is challenging. These severe and often rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorders are clinically heterogeneous and show significant phenotypic overlap. Here, clinical, imaging, neuropathological and genetic features of multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) are reviewed. The terms corticobasal degeneration and FTLD refer to pathologically confirmed cases of corticobasal syndrome and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Frontotemporal lobar degeneration clinically presents as the behavioral variant FTD, semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (PPA), non-fluent agrammatic variant PPA, logopenic variant PPA and FTD associated with motor neuron disease. While progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal syndrome have been called Parkinson-plus syndromes in the past, they are now classified as FTD-related disorders, reflecting that they pathologically differ from α-synucleinopathies like multiple system atrophy and Parkinson disease. The contribution of genetic factors to atypical parkinsonian syndromes is increasingly recognized. Genes involved in the etiology of FTLD include MAPT, GRN and C9orf72. Novel neuroimaging techniques, including tau positron emission tomography imaging, are being investigated. Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging approaches and automated magnetic resonance imaging volume segmentation techniques are being evaluated for optimized differential diagnosis. Current treatment options are symptomatic, and disease modifying therapies are under active investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Deutschländer
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - O A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - D W Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Z K Wszolek
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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200
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Dhillon JKS, Riffe C, Moore BD, Ran Y, Chakrabarty P, Golde TE, Giasson BI. A novel panel of α-synuclein antibodies reveal distinctive staining profiles in synucleinopathies. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184731. [PMID: 28910367 PMCID: PMC5599040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are a spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the intracellular deposition of the protein α-synuclein leading to multiple outcomes, including dementia and Parkinsonism. Recent findings support the notion that across the spectrum of synucleinopathies there exist diverse but specific biochemical modifications and/or structural conformations of α-synuclein, which would give rise to protein strain specific prion-like intercellular transmission, a proposed model that could explain synucleinopathies disease progression. Herein, we characterized a panel of antibodies with epitopes within both the C- and N- termini of α-synuclein. A comprehensive analysis of human pathological tissue and mouse models of synucleinopathy with these antibodies support the notion that α-synuclein exists in distinct modified forms and/or structural variants. Furthermore, these well-characterized and specific tools allow the investigation of biochemical changes associated with α-synuclein inclusion formation. We have identified several antibodies of interest with diverse staining and epitope properties that will prove useful in future investigations of strain specific disease progression and the development of targeted immunotherapeutic approaches to synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess-Karan S. Dhillon
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Cara Riffe
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Brenda D. Moore
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yong Ran
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Paramita Chakrabarty
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Todd E. Golde
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Benoit I. Giasson
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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