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Abstract
It has been suggested that intracellular Hyal-1 (hyaluronidase-1), which is considered a lysosomal enzyme, originates via endocytosis of the serum enzyme. To test this proposal we have investigated the uptake and intracellular distribution of rhHyal-1 (recombinant human Hyal-1) by mouse liver, making use of centrifugation methods. Experiments were performed on wild-type mice injected with 125I-labelled rhHyal-1 and on Hyal-1-/- mice injected with the unlabelled enzyme, which were killed at various times after injection. Activity of the unlabelled enzyme was determined by zymography. Intracellular distribution of Hyal-1 was investigated by differential and isopycnic centrifugation. The results of the study indicated that rhHyal-1 is endocytosed by the liver, mainly by sinusoidal cells, and follows the intracellular pathway described for many endocytosed proteins that are eventually located in lysosomes. However, Hyal-1 endocytosis has some particular features. First, endocytosed rhHyal-1 is quickly degraded. Secondly, its distribution, as analysed by differential centrifugation, differs from the distribution of beta-galactosidase, taken as the reference lysosomal enzyme. Further analysis by isopycnic centrifugation in a sucrose gradient shows endocytosed rhHyal-1 behaves like beta-galactosidase shortly after injection. However the Hyal-1 distribution is markedly less affected than beta-galactosidase, following a prior injection of Triton WR-1339, which is a specific density perturbant of lysosomes. The behaviour in centrifugation of endogenous liver Hyal-1, identified by hyaluronan zymography, exhibits some similarity with the behaviour of the endocytosed enzyme, suggesting that it could originate from endocytosis of the serum enzyme. Overall, these results can be explained by supposing that active endocytosed Hyal-1 is mainly present in early lysosomes. Although its degradation half-time is short, Hyal-1 could exert its activity due to a constant supply of active molecules from the blood.
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152
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Ossipov DA. Nanostructured hyaluronic acid-based materials for active delivery to cancer. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010; 7:681-703. [PMID: 20367530 DOI: 10.1517/17425241003730399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Active targeting of bioactive molecules by physicochemical association with hyaluronic acid (HA) is an attractive approach in current nanomedicine because HA is biocompatible, non-toxic and non-inflammatory. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review focuses on synthesis, physicochemical characterization and biological properties of different nanoparticulate delivery systems that include HA in their structures. Chemically based approaches to the delivery of small molecule drugs, proteins and nucleic acids in which they become chemically or physically bound to hyaluronic acid are reviewed, including the use of molecular HA conjugates and nanocarriers. The systems are considered in terms of intracellular delivery to different cultured cells that express HA-specific receptors (hyaladherines) differently. The in vivo biodistribution and therapeutic effect of these systems are discussed. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Different synthetic methodologies for preparations of HA-based nanoparticles are presented extensively. HA nanoparticulate systems of various structures can be compared with respect to their in vitro assays and in vivo biodistribution. TAKE HOME MESSAGE To make HA useful as an intravenous targeting carrier, strategies have to be devised to: reduce HA clearance from the blood; suppress the HA uptake by liver and spleen; and provide tumor-triggered mechanisms of release of an active drug from the HA carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri A Ossipov
- Uppsala University, Polymer Chemistry, Material Chemistry Department, S-75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
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153
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Harris EN, Parry S, Sutton-Smith M, Pandey MS, Panico M, Morris HR, Haslam SM, Dell A, Weigel PH. N-Glycans on the link domain of human HARE/Stabilin-2 are needed for hyaluronan binding to purified ecto-domain, but not for cellular endocytosis of hyaluronan. Glycobiology 2010; 20:991-1001. [PMID: 20466649 PMCID: PMC2895729 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwq057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The hyaluronic acid receptor for endocytosis (HARE)/Stabilin-2 is the primary systemic scavenger receptor for 13 ligands including hyaluronan (HA), heparin and chondroitin sulfates. Most ligand-binding sites are within the 190 kDa isoform, which contains approximately 25 kDa of N-glycans and is the C-terminal half of the full-length 315 kDa HARE. Glycoproteomic analyses of purified recombinant human 190-HARE ecto-domain identified a diverse population of glycans at 10 of 17 consensus sites. The most diversity (and the only sialylated structures) occurred at N(2280), within the HA-binding Link domain. To determine if these N-glycans are required for HA binding, we created human Flp-In 293 cell lines expressing membrane-bound or soluble ecto-domain variants of 190-HARE(N2280A). Membrane-bound HARE lacking Link domain N-glycans mediated rapid HA endocytosis, but purified 190-HARE(N2280A) ecto-domain showed little or no HA binding in ELISA-like, HA-HARE pull-down assays or by surface plasmon resonance analysis (which detected very high apparent affinity for 190-HARE ecto-domain binding to HA; K(d) = 5.2 nM). The results indicate that Link domain N-glycans stabilize interactions that facilitate HA binding to HARE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward N Harris
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and The Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA
| | - Simon Parry
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Mark Sutton-Smith
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Madhu S Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and The Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA
| | - Maria Panico
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Howard R Morris
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
- M-SCAN Ltd., Wokingham, Berks, RG41 2TZ, UK
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Anne Dell
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Paul H Weigel
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and The Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA
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154
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Simon-Santamaria J, Malovic I, Warren A, Oteiza A, Le Couteur D, Smedsrød B, McCourt P, Sørensen KK. Age-related changes in scavenger receptor-mediated endocytosis in rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2010; 65:951-60. [PMID: 20576648 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glq108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) play an essential role in systemic waste clearance by effective endocytosis of blood-borne waste macromolecules. We aimed to study LSECs' scavenger function during aging, and whether age-related morphological changes (eg, defenestration) affect this function, in F344/BN F1 rats. Endocytosis of the scavenger receptor ligand formaldehyde-treated serum albumin was significantly reduced in LSECs from old rats. Ligand degradation, LSEC protein expression of the major scavenger receptors for formaldehyde-treated serum albumin endocytosis, stabilin-1 and stabilin-2, and their staining patterns along liver sinusoids, was similar at young and old age, suggesting that other parts of the endocytic machinery are affected by aging. Formaldehyde-treated serum albumin uptake per cell, and cell porosity evaluated by electron microscopy, was not correlated, indicating that LSEC defenestration is not linked to impaired endocytosis. We report a significantly reduced LSEC endocytic capacity at old age, which may be especially important in situations with increased circulatory waste loads.
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155
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Greyner HJ, Wiraszka T, Zhang LS, Petroll WM, Mummert ME. Inducible macropinocytosis of hyaluronan in B16-F10 melanoma cells. Matrix Biol 2010; 29:503-10. [PMID: 20600893 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a glycosaminoglycan composed of N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid subunits. Endocytosis is thought to play an essential role in the catabolism of HA due to the intracellular compartmentalization of the HA degrading hyaluronidase enzymes. Previous investigations have shown that keratinocytes, chondrocytes and breast tumor cell lines endocytose HA via the cell surface glycoprotein, CD44. However, other cell types endocytose HA using a CD44-independent mechanism that remains to be defined. The purpose of this study was to investigate HA endocytosis in B16-F10 melanoma cells. We found that B16-F10 melanoma cells expressed CD44 on their surfaces. Unexpectedly, CD44 did not play a role in the endocytosis of HA. Electron microscopy studies revealed that B16-F10 melanoma cells exhibited membrane ruffling, a characteristic feature of macropinocytosis, only after incubating the cells with the HA co-polymer. Moreover, B16-F10 melanoma cells endocytosed HA via macropinocytosis as assessed by drug inhibition studies and the co-localization of fluorescently labeled HA with fluorescent tracers under confocal microscopy. Based on these results, we conclude that induced macropinocytosis may provide a previously unrecognized avenue for HA endocytosis in some cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Greyner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, TX, USA
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156
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Rada JAS, Wiechmann AF, Hollaway LR, Baggenstoss BA, Weigel PH. Increased hyaluronan synthase-2 mRNA expression and hyaluronan accumulation with choroidal thickening: response during recovery from induced myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:6172-9. [PMID: 20574026 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-5522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Several studies have convincingly shown that in chicks, compensation for imposed focus involves immediate changes in choroid thickness. The molecular events associated with choroidal thickening and the regulation of the choroidal response are largely unknown. METHODS Form-deprivation myopia was induced in the right eyes of 2-day-old chicks by the application of translucent occluders for 10 days and was followed by unrestricted vision for an additional 1 to 20 days (recovery). Individual choroids were isolated from treated and control eyes and used for reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, hyaluronan (HA) localization with biotinylated hyaluronic acid binding protein (b-HABP), and analyses of HA size and concentration by size exclusion chromatography-multiangle laser light scattering (SEC-MALLS). RESULTS HAS2 gene expression increased significantly after 6 hours of unrestricted vision (>7-fold) and peaked at 24 hours (>9-fold). In untreated eyes, HA was localized to perivascular sheaths of larger choroidal blood vessels; however, after 4 to 15 days of recovery, intense labeling for HA was detected throughout the thickened choroidal stroma. Analyses of choroidal HA by SEC-MALLS indicated that HA concentration was significantly increased in recovering choroids compared with controls after 4 to 8 days of recovery (≈3.5-fold). CONCLUSIONS Newly synthesized HA accumulates in the choroidal stroma of recovering eyes and is most likely responsible for the stromal swelling observed during recovery from myopia. This HA accumulation is initiated by a rapid increase in choroidal expression of the HAS2 gene in response to myopic defocus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody A Summers Rada
- Departments of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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157
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Li SD, Howell SB. CD44-targeted microparticles for delivery of cisplatin to peritoneal metastases. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:280-90. [PMID: 19994852 DOI: 10.1021/mp900242f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intraperitoneal (ip) chemotherapy increases the survival of optimally debulked patients with ovarian cancer due to direct access of the drug to tumor nodules growing on the peritoneal surface. CD44 is overexpressed in many ovarian cancers. To further improve efficacy, we sought to develop a cisplatin-loaded microparticle that would target to CD44 on cancer cells when injected ip. Hyplat microparticles were produced by cross-linking hyaluronan via its carboxylate groups with cisplatin at a high temperature. Hyplat particles had an average diameter of 580 nm, and cisplatin was incorporated with an efficiency of approximately 50%. Drug release varied with chloride concentration but not pH. Flow cytometric analysis and confocal microscopy confirmed that CD44 positive cells (OV2008, A2780) internalized Hyplat more efficiently than CD44 negative cells (UCI101); uptake was compromised by knocking down CD44 expression. Clearance of Hyplat from the mouse peritoneum was reduced by 7-fold and tumor uptake was increased by 2- to 3-fold in CD44-positive but not CD44-negative tumor models compared to that attained with free cisplatin. Hyplat was more effective than cisplatin at slowing the growth of intraperitoneally inoculated A2780 ovarian cancer cells and improving survival thus demonstrating the potential of Hyplat to enhance the efficacy of ip chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyh-Dar Li
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0819, USA
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158
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In vitro and In vivo Evaluation of Docetaxel Loaded Biodegradable Polymersomes. Macromol Biosci 2010; 10:503-12. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200900415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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159
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Adachi H, Tsujimoto M. Adaptor protein sorting nexin 17 interacts with the scavenger receptor FEEL-1/stabilin-1 and modulates its expression on the cell surface. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1803:553-63. [PMID: 20226821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The scavenger receptor FEEL-1/stabilin-1 is known as the marker of alternatively activated macrophage and sinusoidal endothelial cell. FEEL-1/stabilin-1 is a multifunctional transmembrane glycoprotein that is implicated in bacterial infection, diabetes, atherosclerosis, wound healing, and innate immunity. In the current study, we have identified the phox-homology domain containing protein SNX17 as a novel interaction partner of FEEL-1/stabilin-1 in endothelial cells. SNX17 directly interacts with FEEL-1/stabilin-1 and regulates its trafficking. Studies using the cytoplasmic domain of truncated or mutant FEEL-1/stabilin-1 suggest that the NPxF motif of the FEEL-1/stabilin-1 cytoplasmic tail is required for its interaction with SNX17. By transfecting cells with small interfering RNA targeting SNX17, total cellular FEEL-1/stabilin-1 expression and FEEL-1/stabilin-1-mediated ligand uptake were significantly decreased due to the enhancement of FEEL-1/stabilin-1 protein degradation. Our results identify SNX17 as a novel interaction partner of FEEL-1/stabilin-1 in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Adachi
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry, RIKEN, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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160
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Abstract
The Ashwell-Morell receptor (AMR) of hepatocytes, originally termed the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor, was the first cellular receptor to be identified and isolated and the first lectin to be detected in mammals. It is one of the multiple lectins of the C-type lectin family involved in recognition, binding, and clearance of asialoglycoproteins. We recently identified endogenous ligands of the AMR as desialylated prothrombotic components, including platelets and von Willebrand Factor [Ellies L. G., Ditto D., Levy G. G., Wahrenbrock M., Ginsburg D., Varki A., Le D. T., and Marth J. D. (2002). Sialyltransferase ST3Gal-IV operates as a dominant modifier of hemostasis by concealing asialoglycoprotein receptor ligands. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: pp. 10042-10047; Grewal, P. K. Uchiyama, S., Ditto, D., Varki, N., Le, D. T., Nizet, V., Marth, J. D. (2008). The Ashwell receptor mitigates the lethal coagulopathy of sepsis. Nat. Medicine 14, pp. 648-655]. Among these components, clearance by the liver's AMR is enhanced by exposure of terminal galactose on the glycan chains. A physiological role for engaging the AMR in rapid clearance was identified as mitigating disseminating intravascular coagulopathy in sepsis to promote survival. This chapter overviews the endogenous ligands of the AMR as components of the coagulatory system, describes clearance mechanisms of the liver, and details hematology and coagulation assays used in mouse coagulation studies.
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161
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Choi KY, Chung H, Min KH, Yoon HY, Kim K, Park JH, Kwon IC, Jeong SY. Self-assembled hyaluronic acid nanoparticles for active tumor targeting. Biomaterials 2009; 31:106-14. [PMID: 19783037 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid nanoparticles (HA-NPs), which are formed by the self-assembly of hydrophobically modified HA derivatives, were prepared to investigate their physicochemical characteristics and fates in tumor-bearing mice after systemic administration. The particle sizes of HA-NPs were controlled in the range of 237-424 nm by varying the degree of substitution of the hydrophobic moiety. When SCC7 cancer cells over-expressing CD44 (the receptor for HA) were treated with fluorescently labeled Cy5.5-HA-NPs, strong fluorescence signals were observed in the cytosol of these cells, suggesting efficient intracellular uptake of HA-NPs by receptor-mediated endocytosis. In contrast, no significant fluorescence signals were observed when Cy5.5-labeled HA-NPs were incubated with normal fibroblast cells (CV-1) or with excess free-HA treated SCC7 cells. Following systemic administration of Cy5.5-labeled HA-NPs with different particle sizes into a tumor-bearing mouse, their biodistribution was monitored as a function of time using a non-invasive near-infrared fluorescence imaging system. Irrespective of the particle size, significant amounts of HA-NPs circulated for two days in the bloodstream and were selectively accumulated into the tumor site. The smaller HA-NPs were able to reach the tumor site more effectively than larger HA-NPs. Interestingly, the concentration of HA-NPs in the tumor site was dramatically reduced when mice were pretreated with an excess of free-HA. These results imply that HA-NPs can accumulate into the tumor site by a combination of passive and active targeting mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Young Choi
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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162
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Wong KS, Proulx K, Rost MS, Sumanas S. Identification of vasculature-specific genes by microarray analysis of Etsrp/Etv2 overexpressing zebrafish embryos. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:1836-50. [PMID: 19504456 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling pathways controlling vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and myelopoiesis are still poorly understood, in part because not all genes important for vasculature or myeloid cell formation have been characterized. To identify novel potential regulators of vasculature and myeloid cell formation we performed microarray analysis of zebrafish embryos that overexpress Ets1-related protein (Etsrp/Etv2/ER71), sufficient to induce vasculogenesis and myelopoiesis (Sumanas and Lin [2006] Development 121:3141-3150; Lee [2008] Cell Stem Cell 2:497-507; Sumanas et al. [2008] Blood 111:4500-4510). We performed sequence homology and expression analysis for up-regulated genes that were novel or previously unassociated with the zebrafish vasculature formation. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor (agtr2), src homology 2 domain containing E (she), mannose receptor C1 (mrc1), endothelial cell-specific adhesion molecule (esam), yes-related kinase (yrk/fyn), zinc finger protein, multitype 2b (zfpm2b/fog2b), and stabilin 2 (stab2) were specifically expressed in vascular endothelial cells during early development while keratin18 expression was localized to the myeloid cells. Identification of vasculature and myeloid-specific genes will be important for dissecting molecular mechanisms of vasculogenesis/angiogenesis and myelopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Shen Wong
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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163
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Harris EN, Baggenstoss BA, Weigel PH. Rat and human HARE/stabilin-2 are clearance receptors for high- and low-molecular-weight heparins. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 296:G1191-9. [PMID: 19359419 PMCID: PMC2697953 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90717.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The human hyaluronic acid (HA) receptor for endocytosis (HARE/stabilin-2) is the primary clearance receptor for systemic HA, chondroitin sulfates, and heparin, but not for heparan sulfate or keratan sulfate (Harris EN, Weigel JA, Weigel PH. J Biol Chem 283: 17341-17350, 2008). HARE is expressed in the sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs) of liver and lymph nodes where it acts as a scavenger for uptake and degradation of glycosaminoglycans, both as free chains and proteoglycan fragments. Unfractionated heparin (UFH; approximately 14 kDa) and low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH; approximately 4 kDa) are commonly used in treatments for thrombosis and cancer and in surgical and dialysis procedures. The reported half-lives of UFH and LMWH in the blood are approximately 1 h and 2-6 h, respectively. In this study, we demonstrate that anti-HARE antibodies specifically block the uptake of LMWH and UFH by isolated rat liver SECs and by human 293 cells expressing recombinant human HARE (hHARE). hHARE has a significant affinity (K(d) = 10 microM) for LMWH, and higher affinity (K(d) = 0.06 microM) for the larger UFH. Rat liver SECs or cells expressing the recombinant 190-kDa HARE isoform internalized both UFH and LMWH, and both heparins cross-compete with each other, suggesting that they share the same binding sites. These cellular results were confirmed in ELISA-like assays using purified soluble 190-hHARE ectodomain. We conclude that both UFH and LMWH are cleared by HARE/Stab2 and that the differences in the affinities of HARE binding to LMWH and UFH likely explain the longer in vivo circulating half-life of LMWH compared with UFH.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Binding, Competitive
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/physiology
- Cell Line
- Dextran Sulfate/metabolism
- Endocytosis/drug effects
- Endocytosis/physiology
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Enoxaparin/chemistry
- Enoxaparin/metabolism
- Heparin/chemistry
- Heparin/metabolism
- Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight/chemistry
- Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight/metabolism
- Humans
- Hyaluronan Receptors/physiology
- Light
- Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism
- Liver/cytology
- Molecular Weight
- Protein Binding
- Protein Isoforms/immunology
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Scattering, Radiation
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward N Harris
- Dept. of Biochemistry, The Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, Univ. of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA.
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164
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Park SY, Jung MY, Kim IS. Stabilin-2 mediates homophilic cell-cell interactions via its FAS1 domains. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:1375-80. [PMID: 19328203 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/21/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Stabilin-2 was recently shown to mediate a heterophilic interaction with integrin alpha M beta 2 via its FAS1 domain. Here, we demonstrate that stabilin-2 also mediates homophilic cell-cell interactions. L cells expressing stabilin-2 mediate a significant level of cell aggregation, and this aggregation is significantly inhibited by anti-stabilin-2 antibody. Stabilin-2-mediated aggregation is mediated by homophilic interactions and enhanced in the presence of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+). Interestingly, exogenous addition of FAS1 domains but not EGF-like domains enhances stabilin-2-mediated cell aggregation, suggesting that exogenous FAS1 domains may form polymeric structure with FAS1 domains of stabilin-2. Together, these data show the participation of stabilin-2 in homophilic cell adhesion and role of FAS1 domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Yoon Park
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Kyungju 780-714, Republic of Korea
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165
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Choi KY, Min KH, Na JH, Choi K, Kim K, Park JH, Kwon IC, Jeong SY. Self-assembled hyaluronic acid nanoparticles as a potential drug carrier for cancer therapy: synthesis, characterization, and in vivo biodistribution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b900456d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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166
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Abundance and location of proteoglycans and hyaluronan within normal and myxomatous mitral valves. Cardiovasc Pathol 2008; 18:191-7. [PMID: 18621549 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extracellular matrix changes occur in many heart valve pathologies. For example, myxomatous mitral valves are reported to contain excess proteoglycans and hyaluronan. However, it is unknown which specific proteoglycans are altered in myxomatous valves. Because proteoglycans perform varied functions in connective tissues, this study was designed to identify and localize three matrix-associated proteoglycans, as well as hyaluronan and the hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis, within myxomatous and normal mitral valves. METHODS Human mitral posterior leaflets (control, n=6-9; myxomatous, n=14-21; mean age, 61 years for all groups) were histochemically stained for proteoglycan core proteins, hyaluronan, and the hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis. Stain intensity was semiquantitatively graded to determine differences in marker abundance between normal and myxomatous valves. The proteoglycans were localized to different regions of the leaflet by correspondence to parallel Movat-stained sections. RESULTS The proteoglycans decorin, biglycan, and versican were more abundant in myxomatous valves than in normal controls (P<.03). There was a gender effect on proteoglycan presence, but no age-related trends were observed. Hyaluronan and the hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis were distributed throughout all valves. There was no significant difference in hyaluronan between groups, but expression of the hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis was reduced in myxomatous valves compared to normal controls (P<.002). CONCLUSION Excess decorin, biglycan, and versican may be associated with the remodeling of other matrix components in myxomatous mitral valves. Decreased expression of the hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis in myxomatous valves suggests that hyaluronan metabolism could be altered in myxomatous mitral valve disease. These findings contribute towards elucidating the pathogenesis of myxomatous mitral valve disease and developing potential new therapies.
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167
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Pandey MS, Harris EN, Weigel JA, Weigel PH. The cytoplasmic domain of the hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis (HARE) contains multiple endocytic motifs targeting coated pit-mediated internalization. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:21453-61. [PMID: 18539600 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m800886200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The hyaluronic acid (HA) receptor for endocytosis (HARE) is the primary scavenger receptor for HA and chondroitin sulfates in mammals. The two human isoforms of HARE (full-length 315-kDa and a 190-kDa proteolytic cleavage product), which are type I single-pass membrane proteins, are highly expressed in sinusoidal endothelial cells of lymph nodes, liver, and spleen. Their identical HARE cytoplasmic domains contain four candidate AP-2/clathrin-mediated endocytic signaling motifs as follows: YSYFRI(2485), FQHF(2495), NPLY(2519), and DPF(2534) (315-HARE numbering). Stably transfected cells expressing 190-HARE(DeltaYSYFRI), 190-HARE(DeltaFQHF), or 190-HARE(DeltaNPLY) (lacking Motifs 1, 2, or 3) had decreased (125)I-HA endocytosis rates of approximately 49, approximately 39, and approximately 56%, respectively (relative to wild type). In contrast, 190-HARE(DeltaDPF) cells (lacking Motif 4) showed no change in HA endocytic rate. Deletions of motifs 1 and 2 or of 1, 2, and 4 decreased the rate of HA endocytosis by only approximately 41%. Endocytosis was approximately 95% decreased in mutants lacking all four motifs. Cells expressing a 190-HARE(Y2519A) mutant of the NPLY motif retained 85-90% of wild type endocytosis, whereas this mutation in the triple motif deletant decreased endocytosis to approximately 7% of wild type. Tyr in NPLY(2519) is thus important for endocytosis. All HARE mutants showed similar HA binding and degradation of the internalized HA, indicating that altering endocytic motifs did not affect ectodomain binding of HA or targeting of internalized HA to lysosomes. We conclude that, although NPLY may be the most important motif, it functions together with two other endocytic motifs; thus three signal sequences (YSYFRI, FQHF, and NPLY) provide redundancy to mediate coated pit targeting and endocytosis of HARE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu S Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA
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168
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Platt VM, Szoka FC. Anticancer therapeutics: targeting macromolecules and nanocarriers to hyaluronan or CD44, a hyaluronan receptor. Mol Pharm 2008; 5:474-86. [PMID: 18547053 DOI: 10.1021/mp800024g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The complex system involved in the synthesis, degradation and binding of the high molecular weight glycosaminoglycan hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan or HA) provides a variety of structures that can be exploited for targeted cancer therapy. In many cancers of epithelial origin there is an upregulation of CD44, a receptor that binds HA. In other cancers, HA in the tumor matrix is overexpressed. Both CD44 on cancer cells and HA in the matrix have been targets for anticancer therapy. Even though CD44 is expressed in normal epithelial cells and HA is part of the matrix of normal tissues, selective targeting to cancer is possible. This is because macromolecular carriers predominantly extravasate into the tumor and not normal tissue; thus CD44-HA targeted carriers administered intravenously localize preferentially into tumors. Anti-CD44 antibodies have been used in patients to deliver radioisotopes or mertansine for treatment of CD44 expressing tumors. In early phase clinical trials, patients with breast or head and neck tumors treated with anti-CD44 conjugates experienced stabilized disease. A dose-limiting toxicity was associated with distribution of the antibody-drug conjugate to the skin, a site in the body with a high level of CD44. HA has been used as a drug carrier and a ligand on liposomes or nanoparticles to target drugs to CD44 overexpressing cells. Drugs can be attached to HA via the carboxylate on the glucuronic acid residue, the hydroxyl on the N-acetylglucosamine or the reducing end which are located on a repeating disaccharide. Drugs delivered in HA-modified liposomes exhibited excellent antitumor activity both in vitro and in murine tumor models. The HA matrix is also a potential target for anticancer therapies. By manipulating the interaction of HA with cell surface receptors, either by degrading it with hyaluronidase or by interfering with CD44-HA interactions using soluble CD44 proteins, tumor progression was blocked. Finally, cytotoxic drugs or prodrug converting enzymes can be attached to the HA matrix to generate a cytotoxic fence around the tumor. This review describes how the complex interplay among cancer biology, the CD44-HA interaction, drug carriers and drug targeting has been used to improve anticancer therapies. As these approaches evolve, they hold forth the prospect of significantly improved targeted anticancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia M Platt
- Joint Graduate Group in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and San Francisco, California 94143-0912, USA
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169
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Harris EN, Weigel JA, Weigel PH. The human hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis (HARE/Stabilin-2) is a systemic clearance receptor for heparin. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:17341-50. [PMID: 18434317 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m710360200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The hyaluronic acid receptor for endocytosis (HARE; also designated Stabilin-2) mediates systemic clearance of hyaluronan and chondroitin sulfates from the vascular and lymphatic circulations. The internalized glycosaminoglycans are degraded in lysosomes, thus completing their normal turnover process. Sinusoidal endothelial cells of human liver, lymph node, and spleen express two HARE isoforms of 315 and 190 kDa. Here we report that the 190- and 315-kDa HARE isoforms, expressed stably either in Flp-In 293 cell lines or as soluble ectodomains, specifically bind heparin (Hep). The K(d) for Hep binding to purified 190- and 315-kDa HARE ectodomains was 17.2 +/- 4.9 and 23.4 +/- 5.3 nm, respectively. Cells expressing HARE readily and specifically internalized (125)I-streptavidin-biotin-Hep complexes, which was inhibited >70% by hyperosmolar conditions, confirming that uptake is mediated by the clathrin-coated pit pathway. Internalization of Hep occurred for many hours with an estimated HARE recycling time of approximately 12 min. Internalized fluorescent streptavidin-biotin-Hep was present in a typical endocytic vesicular pattern and was delivered to lysosomes. We conclude that HARE in the sinusoidal endothelial cells of lymph nodes and liver likely mediates the efficient systemic clearance of Hep and many different Hep-binding protein complexes from the lymphatic and vascular circulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward N Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and The Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73190, USA
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170
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McDonald B, McAvoy EF, Lam F, Gill V, de la Motte C, Savani RC, Kubes P. Interaction of CD44 and hyaluronan is the dominant mechanism for neutrophil sequestration in inflamed liver sinusoids. J Exp Med 2008; 205:915-27. [PMID: 18362172 PMCID: PMC2292228 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20071765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion molecules known to be important for neutrophil recruitment in many other organs are not involved in recruitment of neutrophils into the sinusoids of the liver. The prevailing view is that neutrophils become physically trapped in inflamed liver sinusoids. In this study, we used a biopanning approach to identify hyaluronan (HA) as disproportionately expressed in the liver versus other organs under both basal and inflammatory conditions. Spinning disk intravital microscopy revealed that constitutive HA expression was restricted to liver sinusoids. Blocking CD44-HA interactions reduced neutrophil adhesion in the sinusoids of endotoxemic mice, with no effect on rolling or adhesion in postsinusoidal venules. Neutrophil but not endothelial CD44 was required for adhesion in sinusoids, yet neutrophil CD44 avidity for HA did not increase significantly in endotoxemia. Instead, activation of CD44-HA engagement via qualitative modification of HA was demonstrated by a dramatic induction of serum-derived HA-associated protein in sinusoids in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS-induced hepatic injury was significantly reduced by blocking CD44-HA interactions. Administration of anti-CD44 antibody 4 hours after LPS rapidly detached adherent neutrophils in sinusoids and improved sinusoidal perfusion in endotoxemic mice, revealing CD44 as a potential therapeutic target in systemic inflammatory responses involving the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braedon McDonald
- Immunology Research Group, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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171
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Kyosseva SV, Harris EN, Weigel PH. The hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis mediates hyaluronan-dependent signal transduction via extracellular signal-regulated kinases. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:15047-55. [PMID: 18387958 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709921200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The hyaluronan (HA) receptor for endocytosis (HARE) mediates the endocytotic clearance of HA and other glycosaminoglycans from lymph and blood. Two isoforms of human HARE, 315- and 190-kDa, are highly expressed in sinusoidal endothelial cells of liver, lymph node, and spleen; HARE is also in specialized cells in the eye, heart, brain, and kidney. Here we determined whether HA binding to HARE initiates intracellular signaling in Flp-In 293 cells stably expressing either the 315- and 190-kDa HARE or the 190-kDa HARE alone. HARE was co-immunoprecipitated with extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), and p38 members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade. ERK phosphorylation increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner when HA was added to cells expressing full-length or 190-kDa HARE, but not cells with vector-only or a HARE(DeltaLink) construct with greatly decreased ( approximately 90%) HA uptake. HA did not induce phosphorylation of JNK or p38. A maximum increase in phospho-ERK1/2 occurred within 30 min at 5 mug/ml HA, and the response was dampened at >20 mug/ml HA. HA binding did not increase the level of HARE-ERK complexes, but did increase HARE phosphorylation. These findings demonstrate a novel functional response, when HARE binds HA, that leads to activation of ERK1/2, important mediators of intracellular signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V Kyosseva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA
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172
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Martin DC, Atmuri V, Hemming RJ, Farley J, Mort JS, Byers S, Hombach-Klonisch S, Csoka AB, Stern R, Triggs-Raine BL. A mouse model of human mucopolysaccharidosis IX exhibits osteoarthritis. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:1904-15. [PMID: 18344557 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronidases are endoglycosidases that hydrolyze hyaluronan (HA), an abundant component of the extracellular matrix of vertebrate connective tissues. Six human hyaluronidase-related genes have been identified to date. Mutations in one of these genes cause a deficiency of hyaluronidase 1 (HYAL1) resulting in a lysosomal storage disorder, mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) IX. We have characterized a mouse model of MPS IX and compared its phenotype with the human disease. The targeted Hyal1 allele in this model had a neomycin resistance cassette in exon 2 that replaced 753 bp of the coding region containing the predicted enzyme active site. As a result, Hyal1(-/-) animals had no detectable wild-type Hyal1 transcript, protein or serum activity. Hyal1 null animals were viable, fertile and showed no gross abnormalities at 1 year and 8 months of age. Histological studies of the knee joint showed a loss of proteoglycans occurring as early as 3 months that progressed with age. An increased number of chondrocytes displaying intense pericellular and/or cytoplasmic HA staining were detected in the epiphyseal and articular cartilage of null mice, demonstrating an accumulation of HA. Elevations of HA were not detected in the serum or non-skeletal tissues, indicating that osteoarthritis is the key disease feature in a Hyal1 deficiency. Hyal3 expression was elevated in Hyal1 null mice, suggesting that Hyal3 may compensate in HA degradation in non-skeletal tissues. Overall, the murine MPS IX model displays the key features of the human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianna C Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, 770 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3E 0W3
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173
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Oie CI, Olsen R, Smedsrød B, Hansen JB. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells are the principal site for elimination of unfractionated heparin from the circulation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 294:G520-8. [PMID: 18063704 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00489.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of elimination of blood borne heparin was studied. To this end unfractionated heparin (UFH) was tagged with FITC, which served as both a visual marker and a site of labeling with (125)I-iodine. UFH labeled in this manner did not alter the anticoagulant activity or binding specificity of the glycosaminoglycan. Labeled heparin administered intravenously to rats (0.1 IU/kg) had a circulatory t(1/2) of 1.7 min, which was increased to 16 min upon coinjection with unlabeled UFH (100 IU/kg). At 15 min after injection, 71% of recovered radioactivity was found in liver. Liver cell separation revealed the following relative uptake capacity, expressed per cell: liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSEC)-parenchymal cell-Kupffer cell = 15:3.6:1. Fluorescence microscopy on liver sections showed accumulation of FITC-UFH only in cells lining the liver sinusoids. No fluorescence was detected in parenchymal cells or endothelial cells lining the central vein. Fluorescence microscopy of cultured LSECs following binding of FITC-UFH at 4 degrees C and chasing at 37 degrees C, showed accumulation of the probe in vesicles located at the periphery of the cells after 10 min, with transfer to large, evenly stained vesicles in the perinuclear region after 2 h. Immunogold electron microscopy of LSECs to probe the presence of FITC following injection of FITC-UFH along with BSA-gold to mark lysosomes demonstrated colocalization of the probe with the gold particles in the lysosomal compartment. Receptor-ligand competition experiments in primary cultures of LSECs indicated the presence of a specific heparin receptor, functionally distinct from the hyaluronan/scavenger receptor (Stabilin2). The results suggest a major role for LSECs in heparin elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ionica Oie
- Center for Atherothrombotic Research in Tromsø, Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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174
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Park SY, Kang KB, Thapa N, Kim SY, Lee SJ, Kim IS. Requirement of adaptor protein GULP during stabilin-2-mediated cell corpse engulfment. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:10593-600. [PMID: 18230608 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709105200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The prompt clearance of cells undergoing apoptosis is critical during embryonic development and normal tissue turnover, as well as during inflammation and autoimmune responses. We recently demonstrated that stabilin-2 is a phosphatidylserine receptor that mediates the clearance of apoptotic cells, thereby releasing the anti-inflammatory cytokine, transforming growth factor-beta. However, the downstream signaling components of stabilin-2-mediated phagocytosis are not known. Here, we provide evidence that the adaptor protein, GULP, physically and functionally interacts with the stabilin-2 cytoplasmic tail. Using fluorescent resonance energy transfer analysis and biochemical approaches, we show that GULP directly binds to the cytoplasmic tail of stabilin-2. Knockdown of endogenous GULP expression significantly decreased stabilin-2-mediated phagocytosis. Conversely, overexpression of GULP caused an increase in aged cell engulfment. The phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain of GULP was sufficient for the interaction with stabilin-2; therefore, transduction of TAT fusion PTB domain acts as a dominant negative, resulting in impaired engulfment of aged red blood cells in stabilin-2 expressing cells. In addition, the PTB domain of GULP was able to specifically interact with the NPXY motif of the stabilin-2 cytoplasmic tail. Taken together, these results indicate that GULP is a likely downstream molecule in the stabilin-2-mediated signaling pathway and plays an important role in stabilin-2-mediated phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Yoon Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 700-422, Korea
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175
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Abstract
A hallmark of tissue injury and repair is the turnover of extracellular matrix components. This review focuses on the role of the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan in tissue injury and repair. Both the synthesis and degradation of extracellular matrix are critical contributors to tissue repair and remodeling. Fragmented hyaluronan accumulates during tissue injury and functions in ways distinct from the native polymer. There is accumulating evidence that hyaluronan degradation products can stimulate the expression of inflammatory genes by a variety of immune cells at the injury site. CD44 is the major cell-surface hyaluronan receptor and is required to clear hyaluronan degradation products produced during lung injury; impaired clearance of hyaluronan results in persistent inflammation. However, hyaluronan fragment stimulation of inflammatory gene expression is not dependent on CD44 in inflammatory macrophages. Instead, hyaluronan fragments utilize both Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and TLR2 to stimulate inflammatory genes in macrophages. Hyaluronan also is present on the cell surface of lung alveolar epithelial cells and provides protection against tissue damage by interacting with TLR2 and TLR4 on these parenchymal cells. The simple repeating structure of hyaluronan appears to be involved in a number of important aspects of noninfectious tissue injury and repair that are dependent on the size and location of the polymer as well as the interacting cells. Thus, the interactions between the endogenous matrix component hyaluronan and its signaling receptors initiate inflammatory responses, maintain structural cell integrity, and promote recovery from tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianhua Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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176
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Park SY, Jung MY, Kim HJ, Lee SJ, Kim SY, Lee BH, Kwon TH, Park RW, Kim IS. Rapid cell corpse clearance by stabilin-2, a membrane phosphatidylserine receptor. Cell Death Differ 2007; 15:192-201. [PMID: 17962816 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells is crucial for the prevention of both inflammation and autoimmune responses. Phosphatidylserine (PS) at the external surface of the plasma membrane has been proposed to function as a general 'eat me' signal for apoptotic cells. Although several soluble bridging molecules have been suggested for the recognition of PS, the PS-specific membrane receptor that binds directly to the exposed PS and provides a tickling signal has yet to be definitively identified. In this study, we provide evidence that stabilin-2 is a novel PS receptor, which performs a key function in the rapid clearance of cell corpses. It recognizes PS on aged red blood cells and apoptotic cells, and mediates their engulfment. The downregulation of stabilin-2 expression in macrophages significantly inhibits phagocytosis, and anti-stabilin-2 monoclonal antibody provokes the release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, transforming growth factor-beta. Furthermore, the results of time-lapse video analyses indicate that stabilin-2 performs a crucial function in the rapid clearance of aged and apoptotic cells. These data indicate that stabilin-2 is the first of the membrane PS receptors to provide tethering and tickling signals, and may also be involved in the resolution of inflammation and the prevention of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-Y Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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177
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Johnson LA, Prevo R, Clasper S, Jackson DG. Inflammation-induced uptake and degradation of the lymphatic endothelial hyaluronan receptor LYVE-1. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:33671-33680. [PMID: 17884820 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m702889200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The hyaluronan receptor LYVE-1 is selectively expressed in the endothelium of lymphatic capillaries, where it has been proposed to function in hyaluronan clearance and hyaluronan-mediated leukocyte adhesion. However, recent studies suggest that hyaluronan homeostasis is unperturbed in LYVE-1(-/-) mice and that lymphatic adhesion/transmigration may be largely mediated by ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 rather than LYVE-1. Here we have explored the possibility that LYVE-1 functions during inflammation and report that the receptor is down-regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Using cultured primary lymphatic endothelial cells, we show that surface expression of LYVE-1 is rapidly and reversibly lost after exposure to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) and TNFbeta via internalization and degradation of the receptor in lysosomes, coupled with a shutdown in gene expression. Curiously, internalization does not result in significant uptake of hyaluronan, a process that is largely insensitive to the novel LYVE-1 adhesion blocking monoclonal antibody 3A, and proceeds almost equally in resting and inflammation-activated lymphatic endothelial cells. Finally, we show that TNF can induce down-modulation of LYVE-1 in ex vivo murine dermal tissue explants and present evidence that the process occurs in vivo, in the context of murine allergen-induced skin inflammation. These findings suggest that LYVE-1 can function independently of hyaluronan and have implications for the use of LYVE-1 as a histological marker for lymphangiogenesis in human pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Johnson
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Remko Prevo
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Clasper
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - David G Jackson
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom.
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178
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Jung MY, Park SY, Kim IS. Stabilin-2 is involved in lymphocyte adhesion to the hepatic sinusoidal endothelium via the interaction with alphaMbeta2 integrin. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 82:1156-65. [PMID: 17675564 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0107052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although lymphocyte recirculation to the endothelium plays a critical role in the movement of immune cells from the blood into tissues and sites of inflammation, the mechanisms involved in lymphocyte trafficking via the hepatic circulation have yet to be elucidated fully. In this study, we investigated the role of stabilin-2, which is expressed specifically in the sinusoidal endothelium, in the adhesion of lymphocytes to the hepatic endothelium. Stabilin-2-expressing cells mediate the adhesion of PBLs. This interaction was attributed specifically to the interaction of stabilin-2 with alphaMbeta2 integrin. Using mutant stabilin-2 molecules with deletions in the extracellular domain, we mapped the binding site for alphaMbeta2 integrin to the fasciclin 1 (FAS1) domains of stabilin-2. The specificity of the interaction between alphaMbeta2 integrin and the FAS1 domain was confirmed further by binding assays using neutralizing antibodies. More physiologically, we showed that the down-regulation of stabilin-2 results in the defective binding of lymphocytes to hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells under conditions of static and physiological flow. Together, these data show that stabilin-2 can reconstitute the lymphocyte-endothelial adhesion cascade under physiological shear stress. We propose a critical role for stabilin-2 in lymphocyte adhesion to specialized endothelia, such as that of the hepatic sinusoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Yeon Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Biology Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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179
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Abstract
Endothelial cells, which form the inner cellular lining of blood vessels and lymphatics, display remarkable heterogeneity in structure and function. This is the second of a 2-part review on the phenotypic heterogeneity of blood vessel endothelial cells. The first part discusses the scope, the underlying mechanisms, and the diagnostic and therapeutic implications of phenotypic heterogeneity. Here, these principles are applied to an understanding of organ-specific phenotypes in representative vascular beds including arteries and veins, heart, lung, liver, and kidney. The goal is to underscore the importance of site-specific properties of the endothelium in mediating homeostasis and focal vascular pathology, while at the same time emphasizing the value of approaching the endothelium as an integrated system.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Aird
- Division of Molecular and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass 02215, USA.
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180
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Nochi H, Shinomiya T, Tamoto K. Characterization of hyaluronan-binding proteins on guinea pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes: possible involvement of complement receptor type 3 (CR3, CD11b/CD18) in the hyaluronan-leukocyte interaction. J Biochem 2007; 139:59-70. [PMID: 16428320 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvj002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA), a high-molecular-weight glycosaminoglycan ubiquitously present in the extracellular matrices (ECMs) of animals, plays important roles in ECM organization and cell behavior through binding to hyaluronan-binding proteins (HABPs). We previously reported that HA has anti-inflammatory effects on guinea pig phagocytes, although the nature of guinea pig HABPs was unknown. In this study, we characterized guinea pig HABPs on peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and blood neutrophils by flow cytometry and affinity chromatography. It was found that PMNs express diverse HABPs with different molecular weights. These HABPs maximally bound with HA over a wide pH range (6-8), and recognized HAs as small as the pentadisaccharide units of d-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine. Furthermore, they could be divided into Mg(2+)-dependent and Ca(2+)/Mg(2+)-independent groups. Interestingly, two proteins in the Mg(2+)-dependent group were found to be the two subunits of complement receptor type 3 (CR3, CD11b/CD18). Unlike PMNs, blood neutrophils expressed several functionally inactive HABPs. Among these inactive HABPs, Mg(2+)-dependent proteins including CR3 but not Ca(2+)/Mg(2+)-independent proteins were activated on phorbol ester-stimulation. These results show the existence of diverse HABPs on guinea pig neutrophils and the cell activation-dependent activation of HABPs. It is also suggested that the CR3-HA interaction is possibly involved in the regulation of neutrophil function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Nochi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu 061-0293
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181
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Nonaka H, Tanaka M, Suzuki K, Miyajima A. Development of murine hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells characterized by the expression of hyaluronan receptors. Dev Dyn 2007; 236:2258-67. [PMID: 17626278 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) display distinct structural and functional characteristics depending on the tissue and developmental stage; however, the development of tissue-specific ECs remains poorly understood. Here, we describe the development of hepatic sinusoids in mice based on the expression of hyaluronan receptors Stab2 and Lyve-1. Flk-1(+) cells in and around the liver bud begin to express Stab2 at embryonic day (E) 9.5, before the formation of vascular lumen. Hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (HSECs) begin to express Lyve-1 at E10.5, and both markers continue to be expressed in HSECs thereafter. Although HSECs and lymphatic ECs (LECs) are known to share functional and phenotypic characteristics, we clearly show that HSECs can be distinguished from LECs by the expression of molecular markers and higher endocytotic activity. Our results provide new insight into the development of tissue-specific ECs and phenotypic criteria to distinguish HSECs from other types of ECs, including LECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Nonaka
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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182
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Gale NW, Prevo R, Espinosa J, Ferguson DJ, Dominguez MG, Yancopoulos GD, Thurston G, Jackson DG. Normal lymphatic development and function in mice deficient for the lymphatic hyaluronan receptor LYVE-1. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:595-604. [PMID: 17101772 PMCID: PMC1800809 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01503-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2006] [Revised: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hyaluronan receptor LYVE-1 is expressed abundantly on the surfaces of lymphatic vessels and lymph node sinus endothelial cells from early development, where it has been suggested to function both in cell adhesion/transmigration and as a scavenger for hyaluronan turnover. To investigate the physiological role(s) of LYVE-1, we generated mice in which the gene for the receptor was inactivated by replacement with a beta-galactosidase reporter. LYVE-1(-/-) mice displayed an apparently normal phenotype, with no obvious alteration in lymphatic vessel ultrastructure or function and no apparent change in secondary lymphoid tissue structure or cellularity. In addition, the levels of hyaluronan in tissue and blood were unchanged. LYVE-1(-/-) mice also displayed normal trafficking of cutaneous CD11c(+) dendritic cells to draining lymph nodes via afferent lymphatics and normal resolution of oxazolone-induced skin inflammation. Finally, LYVE-1(-/-) mice supported normal growth of transplanted B16F10 melanomas and Lewis lung carcinomas. These results indicate that LYVE-1 is not obligatory for normal lymphatic development and function and suggest either the existence of compensatory receptors or a role more specific than that previously envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Gale
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
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183
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Harris EN, Kyosseva SV, Weigel JA, Weigel PH. Expression, processing, and glycosaminoglycan binding activity of the recombinant human 315-kDa hyaluronic acid receptor for endocytosis (HARE). J Biol Chem 2006; 282:2785-97. [PMID: 17145755 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m607787200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The hyaluronic acid (HA) receptor for endocytosis (HARE; also designated stabilin-2 and FEEL-2) mediates systemic clearance of glycosaminoglycans from the circulatory and lymphatic systems via coated pit-mediated uptake. HARE is primarily found as two isoforms (315- and 190-kDa) in sinusoidal endothelial cells of the liver, lymph node, and spleen. Here we characterize the ligand specificity and function of the large stably expressed 315-HARE isoform in Flp-In 293 cell lines. Like human spleen sinusoidal endothelial cells, Flp-In 293 cell lines transfected with a single cDNA encoding the full-length 315-HARE express both the 315-kDa and the proteolytically truncated 190-kDa isoforms in a ratio of approximately 3-4:1. The 190-kDa HARE isoform generated from the 315-kDa HARE and the 315-kDa HARE specifically bound 125I-HA. Like the 190-kDa HARE expressed alone (Harris, E. N., Weigel, J. A., and Weigel, P. H. (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279, 36201-36209), the 190- and 315-kDa HARE isoforms expressed in 315-HARE cell lines were recognized by anti-HARE monoclonal antibodies 30, 154, and 159. All 315-HARE cell lines could endocytose and degrade 125I-HA. Competition studies with live cells indicate that 190-HARE and 315-HARE bind HA with higher apparent affinity (Kd approximately 10-20 nM) than chondroitin sulfate (CS) types A, C, D, or E. Only slight competition of HA endocytosis was observed with CS-B (dermatan sulfate) and chondroitin. Direct binding assays with the 315-HARE ectodomain revealed high affinity HA binding, and lower binding affinities for CS-C, CS-D, and CS-E. A majority of each HARE isoform was intracellular, within the endocytic system, suggesting transient surface residency typical of an active endocytic recycling receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward N Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73190, USA
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184
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Liao YH, Jones SA, Forbes B, Martin GP, Brown MB. Hyaluronan: pharmaceutical characterization and drug delivery. Drug Deliv 2006; 12:327-42. [PMID: 16253949 DOI: 10.1080/10717540590952555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA), is a polyanionic polysaccharide that consists of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and beta-glucoronic acid. It is most frequently referred to as hyaluronan because it exists in vivo as a polyanion and not in the protonated acid form. HA is distributed widely in vertebrates and presents as a component of the cell coat of many strains of bacteria. Initially the main functions of HA were believed to be mechanical as it has a protective, structure stabilizing and shock-absorbing role in the body. However, more recently the role of HA in the mediation of physiological functions via interaction with binding proteins and cell surface receptors including morphogenesis, regeneration, wound healing, and tumor invasion, as well as in the dynamic regulation of such interactions on cell signaling and behavior has been documented. The unique viscoelastic nature of hyaluronan along with its biocompatibility and nonimmunogenicity has led to its use in a number of cosmetic, medical, and pharmaceutical applications. More recently, HA has been investigated as a drug delivery agent for ophthalmic, nasal, pulmonary, parenteral, and dermal routes. The purpose of our review is to describe the physical, chemical, and biological properties of native HA together with how it can be produced and assayed along with a detailed analysis of its medical and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hong Liao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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185
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Stern R, Asari AA, Sugahara KN. Hyaluronan fragments: an information-rich system. Eur J Cell Biol 2006; 85:699-715. [PMID: 16822580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2006.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 800] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Revised: 05/05/2006] [Accepted: 05/05/2006] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan is a straight chain, glycosaminoglycan polymer of the extracellular matrix composed of repeating units of the disaccharide [-D-glucuronic acid-beta1,3-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-beta1,4-]n. Hyaluronan is synthesized in mammals by at least three synthases with products of varying chain lengths. It has an extraordinary high rate of turnover with polymers being funneled through three catabolic pathways. At the cellular level, it is degraded progressively by a series of enzymatic reactions that generate polymers of decreasing sizes. Despite their exceedingly simple primary structure, hyaluronan fragments have extraordinarily wide-ranging and often opposing biological functions. There are large hyaluronan polymers that are space-filling, anti-angiogenic, immunosuppressive, and that impede differentiation, possibly by suppressing cell-cell interactions, or ligand access to cell surface receptors. Hyaluronan chains, which can reach 2 x 10(4) kDa in size, are involved in ovulation, embryogenesis, protection of epithelial layer integrity, wound repair, and regeneration. Smaller polysaccharide fragments are inflammatory, immuno-stimulatory and angiogenic. They can also compete with larger hyaluronan polymers for receptors. Low-molecular-size polymers appear to function as endogenous "danger signals", while even smaller fragments can ameliorate these effects. Tetrasaccharides, for example, are anti-apoptotic and inducers of heat shock proteins. Various fragments trigger different signal transduction pathways. Particular hyaluronan polysaccharides are also generated by malignant cells in order to co-opt normal cellular functions. How the small hyaluronan fragments are generated is unknown, nor is it established whether the enzymes of hyaluronan synthesis and degradation are involved in maintaining proper polymer sizes and concentration. The vast range of activities of hyaluronan polymers is reviewed here, in order to determine if patterns can be detected that would provide insight into their production and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Stern
- Department of Pathology and UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-564, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511, USA.
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186
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Boregowda RK, Appaiah HN, Siddaiah M, Kumarswamy SB, Sunila S, KN T, Mortha K, Toole B, Banerjee SD. Expression of hyaluronan in human tumor progression. J Carcinog 2006; 5:2. [PMID: 16401353 PMCID: PMC1360664 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3163-5-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2005] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development and progression of human tumors is accompanied by various cellular, biochemical and genetic alterations. These events include tumor cells interaction with extracellular matrix molecules including hyaluronan (HA). Hyaluronan is a large polysaccharide associated with pericellular matrix of proliferating, migrating cells. Its implication in malignant transformation, tumor progression and with the degree of differentiation in various invasive tumors has well accepted. It has been well known the role HA receptors in tumor growth and metastasis in various cancer tissues. Previously we have observed the unified over expression of Hyaluronic Acid Binding Protein (HABP), H11B2C2 antigen by the tumor cells in various types progressing tumor tissues with different grades. However, the poor understanding of relation between HA and HA-binding protein expression on tumor cells during tumor progression as well as the asymmetric observations of the role of HA expression in tumor progression prompted us to examine the degree of HA expression on tumor cells vs. stroma in various types of human tumors with different grades. Methods In the present study clinically diagnosed tumor tissue samples of different grades were used to screen the histopathological expression of hyaluronan by using b-PG (biotinylated proteoglycan) as a probe and we compared the relative HA expression on tumor cells vs. stroma in well differentiated and poorly differentiated tumors. Specificity of the reaction was confirmed either by pre-digesting the tissue sections with hyaluronidase enzyme or by staining the sections with pre-absorbed complex of the probe and HA-oligomers. Results We show here the down regulation of HA expression in tumor cells is associated with progression of tumor from well differentiated through poorly differentiated stage, despite the constant HA expression in the tumor associated stroma. Conclusion The present finding enlighten the relative roles of HA expression on tumor vs. stroma during the progression of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K Boregowda
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sunila Sunila
- Department of Pathology, J.S.S Medical College, Mysore, India
| | - Thimmaiah KN
- Molecular Pharmacology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105 USA
| | | | - Bryan Toole
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Shib d Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Mysore, India
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mysore, Mysore, India
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187
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George J, Stern R. Serum hyaluronan and hyaluronidase: very early markers of toxic liver injury. Clin Chim Acta 2004; 348:189-97. [PMID: 15369754 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccn.2004.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2003] [Revised: 05/24/2004] [Accepted: 05/24/2004] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), a potent hepatotoxin, administered to rats, provides a convenient model for toxic liver injury. Indicators of early liver injury are important clinically, for surveillance, for screening new drugs that are potentially hepatotoxic and for identifying drugs that protect against liver injury. Both cirrhosis and wound healing culminate in deposition of fibrous connective tissue and scarring. Increased hyaluronan (HA) occurs in the earliest stage of wound healing. Hyaluronidase, the enzyme that degrades hyaluronan, is also elevated whenever rapid turnover of hyaluronan occurs. We test the hypothesis that elevated levels of circulating hyaluronan and hyaluronidase could provide indicators of very early liver damage. METHODS Dimethylnitrosamine was administered to adult male albino rats by intraperitoneal injections for 7 consecutive days. RESULTS Increased serum hyaluronan levels observed on day 2 reached a maximum on day 4. Hyaluronidase was elevated on the first day and reached a maximum on day 2 that was 30-times control levels. Hyaluronan-specific staining in liver sections was maximal on day 7, occurring predominantly in portal triads and in sinusoidal spaces. Individual hepatocytes were slightly enlarged and contained intracellular hyaluronan, which was not evident in control sections. Though circulating hyaluronan levels had decreased after day 4, continued hyaluronan staining persisted in liver sections through day 21. Conventional indicators of liver injury, such as serum aminotransferase enzymes, did not reach a peak until day 7. Conventional gross and histopathological changes, including severe centrilobular congestion and hemorrhagic necrosis, were observed only after day 7. Both hyaluronan and hyaluronidase are indicators of very early liver damage in the dimethylnitrosamine-treated rat, occurring well before conventional indicators appear, or before overt histopathologic changes of liver damage can be seen. However, levels are increased only transiently, indicating that serial assays are necessary. CONCLUSIONS Measures of circulating hyaluronidase activity may be used to assess liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph George
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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188
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Prevo R, Banerji S, Ni J, Jackson DG. Rapid plasma membrane-endosomal trafficking of the lymph node sinus and high endothelial venule scavenger receptor/homing receptor stabilin-1 (FEEL-1/CLEVER-1). J Biol Chem 2004; 279:52580-92. [PMID: 15345716 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m406897200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The sinusoidal endothelia of liver, spleen, and lymph node are major sites for uptake and recycling of waste macromolecules through promiscuous binding to a disparate family of scavenger receptors. Among the most complex is stabilin-1, a large multidomain protein containing tandem fasciclin domains, epidermal growth factor-like repeats, and a C-type lectin-like hyaluronan-binding Link module, which functions as an endocytic receptor for acetylated low density lipoprotein and advanced glycation end products. Intriguingly, stabilin-1 has also been reported to mediate both homing of leukocytes across lymph node high endothelial venules and adhesion of metastatic tumor cells to peritumoral lymphatic vessels. Currently, however, it is not clear how stabilin-1 mediates these distinct functions. To address the issue, we have investigated the tissue and subcellular localization of stabilin-1 in detail and assessed the functional status of its Link module. We show that stabilin-1 is almost entirely intracellular in lymph node high endothelial venules, lymphatic sinus endothelium, and cultured endothelial cells but that a finite population, detectable only by fluorescent antibody or fluorescein-labeled (Fl)-acetylated low density lipoprotein uptake, cycles rapidly between the plasma membrane and EEA-1+ve (early endosome antigen 1) early endosomes. In addition, we show using full-length stabilin-1 cDNA and a stabilin-1/CD44 chimera in HeLa cells that intracellular targeting is influenced by the transmembrane domain/cytoplasmic tail, which contains a putative dileucine (DXXLL) Golgi to endosomal sorting signal. Finally, we provide evidence that the stabilin-1 Link domain binds neither hyaluronan nor other glycosaminoglycans. These properties support a role for stabilin-1 as a rapidly recycling scavenger receptor and argue against a role in cell adhesion or lymphocyte homing.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Biological Transport, Active
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/chemistry
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Endosomes/metabolism
- Endothelium, Lymphatic/metabolism
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Conformation
- Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing/chemistry
- Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing/genetics
- Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing/metabolism
- Receptors, Scavenger
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Remko Prevo
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
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189
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Harris EN, Weigel JA, Weigel PH. Endocytic function, glycosaminoglycan specificity, and antibody sensitivity of the recombinant human 190-kDa hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis (HARE). J Biol Chem 2004; 279:36201-9. [PMID: 15208308 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m405322200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The human hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis (hHARE) mediates the endocytic clearance of hyaluronan (HA) and chondroitin sulfate from lymph fluid and blood. Two hHARE isoforms (190 and 315 kDa) are present in sinusoidal endothelial cells of liver, spleen, and lymph nodes (Zhou, B., McGary, C. T., Weigel, J. A., Saxena, A., and Weigel, P. H. (2003) Glycobiology 13, 339-349). Here we report the specificity and function of the 190-kDa HARE, expressed without the larger isoform, in Flp-In 293 cell lines (190hHARE cells). Like the native protein, recombinant hHARE contains approximately 25 kDa of N-linked oligosaccharides, binds HA in a ligand blot assay, cross-reacts with three anti-rat HARE monoclonal antibodies, and is inactivated by reduction. The 190hHARE cell lines mediated rapid, continuous (125)I-HA endocytosis and degradation for >1 day. About 30-50% of the total cellular receptors were on the cell surface, and their recycling time for reutilization was approximately 8.5 min. The average K(d) for the binding of HA to the 190-kDa hHARE at 4 degrees C was 7 nm with 118,000 total HA binding sites per cell. Competition studies at 37 degrees C indicated that the 190-kDa hHARE binds HA and chondroitin better than dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfates A, C, D, and E, but it does not bind to heparin, heparan sulfate, or keratan sulfate. Although competition was observed at 37 degrees C, none of the glycosaminoglycans tested, except HA, competed for (125)I-HA binding by 190hHARE cells at 4 degrees C. Anti-HARE monoclonal antibodies #30 and #154, which do not inhibit (125)I-HA uptake mediated by the 175-kDa rat HARE, partially blocked HA endocytosis by the 190-kDa hHARE. We conclude that the 190-kDa hHARE can function independently of other hHARE isoforms to mediate the endocytosis of multiple glycosaminoglycans. Furthermore, the rat and human small HARE isoforms have different glycosaminoglycan specificities and sensitivities to inhibition by cross-reacting antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward N Harris
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology and University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA
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190
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Ulbrich SE, Schoenfelder M, Thoene S, Einspanier R. Hyaluronan in the bovine oviduct--modulation of synthases and receptors during the estrous cycle. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2004; 214:9-18. [PMID: 15062540 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2003.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2003] [Accepted: 12/02/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) component hyaluronan (HA) is considered to contribute to the optimal development of the gametes and the embryo. In this study, the regulation and localization of HA, its synthases (HAS 1-3) and the receptors CD44, RHAMM, and putative HARE were investigated in bovine oviducts during the estrous cycle. HA could be demonstrated in the entire lamina propria of the oviduct. Immunoreactive CD44 was found in the muscle layer additionally to the lamina propria. As for HA the luminal epithelium was devoid of CD44. Introducing quantitative real-time RT-PCR, a remarkable cyclic change of CD44 occurred. In addition, CD44 expression was much higher in the isthmus than in the ampulla. RHAMM transcripts were elevated particularly in the ampulla during estrus. A major part of the bovine putative HARE coding sequence was characterized. An analysis of the tissue distribution revealed transcripts not restricted to liver, spleen, and lymph node, providing evidence for a local putative HARE-mediated turnover of HA. These results suggest that in the bovine oviduct the cell surface receptor CD44 in particular might inversely regulate HA during the estrous cycle. The local turnover of HA through synthases and receptors may indicate its participation in the bovine oviduct supporting gamete maturation and early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Ulbrich
- Institute of Physiology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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191
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Weigel JA, Weigel PH. Characterization of the recombinant rat 175-kDa hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis (HARE). J Biol Chem 2003; 278:42802-11. [PMID: 12933790 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m307201200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) clearance from lymph and blood in mammals is mediated by the HA receptor for endocytosis (HARE), which is present as two isoforms in rat and human (175/300 kDa and 190/315 kDa, respectively) in the sinusoidal endothelial cells of liver, spleen, and lymph nodes (Zhou, B., McGary, C. T., Weigel, J. A., Saxena, A., and Weigel, P. H. (2003) Glycobiology 13, 339-349). The small rat and human HARE proteins are not encoded directly by mRNA but are derived from larger precursors. Here we characterize the specificity and function of the 175-kDa HARE, expressed in the absence of the 300-kDa species, in stably transfected SK-Hep-1 cells. The HARE cDNA was fused with a leader sequence to allow correct orientation of the membrane protein. The recombinant rHARE contained approximately 25 kDa of N-linked oligosaccharides and, like the native protein, was able to bind HA in a ligand blot assay, even after de-N-glycosylation. SK-HARE cell lines demonstrated specific 125I-HA endocytosis, receptor recycling, and delivery of HA to lysosomes for degradation. The Kd for the binding of HA (number-average molecular mass approximately 133 kDa) to the 175-kDa HARE at 4 degrees C was 4.1 nm with 160,000 to 220,000 HA-binding sites per cell. The 175-kDa rHARE binds HA, dermatan sulfate, and chondroitin sulfates A, C, D, and E, but not chondroitin, heparin, heparan sulfate, or keratan sulfate. Surprisingly, recognition of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) other than HA by native or recombinant HARE was temperature-dependent. Although competition was observed at 37 degrees C, none of the other GAGs competed for 125I-HA binding to SK-HARE cells at 4 degrees C. Anti-HARE monoclonal antibody-174 showed a similar temperature-dependence in its ability to block HA endocytosis. These data suggest that temperature-induced conformational changes may alter the GAG specificity of HARE. The results confirm that the 175-kDa rHARE does not require the larger HARE isoform to mediate endocytosis of multiple GAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet A Weigel
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73190
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192
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Capo C, Moynault A, Collette Y, Olive D, Brown EJ, Raoult D, Mege JL. Coxiella burnetii avoids macrophage phagocytosis by interfering with spatial distribution of complement receptor 3. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:4217-25. [PMID: 12682255 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.8.4217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a highly localized event requiring the formation of spatially and temporally restricted signals. Numerous microorganisms have taken advantage of this property to invade host cells. Coxiella burnetii, the agent of Q fever, is an obligate intracellular bacterium that has developed a survival strategy in macrophages based on subversion of receptor-mediated phagocytosis. The uptake of C. burnetii is mediated by alpha(v)beta(3) integrin and is restricted by impaired cross-talk of alpha(v)beta(3) integrin and complement receptor 3 (CR3) (CD11b/CD18). In this study, we showed that CR3 molecules remained outside the pseudopodal extensions induced by C. burnetii in THP-1 monocytes, although alpha(v)beta(3) integrin was present in the pseudopods. Chemoattractants such as RANTES restored CR3 localization to the front of pseudopodal extensions and increased C. burnetii phagocytosis, demonstrating that the localization of CR3 is critical for bacterial uptake. In addition, monocyte activation due to the expression of HIV-1 Nef protein also restored CR3-mediated phagocytosis of C. burnetii by allowing CR3 redistribution toward bacterial-induced pseudopods. The redistribution of CR3 and increased C. burnetii phagocytosis in THP-1 cells stimulated by RANTES or expressing Nef were associated with the inhibition of intracellular replication of C. burnetii. Hence, the localization of CR3 is critical for bacterial phagocytosis and also for the control of bacterial replication. This study describes a nonpreviously reported strategy of phagocytosis subversion by intracellular pathogens based on altered localization of monocyte receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Capo
- Unité des Rickettsies, Faculté de Médecine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6020, Marseille, France
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193
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Weigel JA, Raymond RC, McGary C, Singh A, Weigel PH. A blocking antibody to the hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis (HARE) inhibits hyaluronan clearance by perfused liver. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:9808-12. [PMID: 12645574 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m211462200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) and chondroitin sulfate clearance from lymph and blood is mediated by the hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis (HARE). The purification and molecular cloning (Zhou, B., Weigel, J. A., Saxena, A., and Weigel, P. H. (2002) Mol. Biol. Cell 13, 2853-2868) of this cell surface receptor were finally achieved after we developed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against HARE. There are actually two independent isoreceptors for HA, which in rat are designated the 175-kDa HARE and 300-kDa HARE. Only one mAb (number 174) effectively and completely blocked the specific uptake of 125I-HA at 37 degrees C by rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. 125I-HA binding to both the 175-kDa and 300-kDa HARE proteins in a ligand blot assay was almost completely inhibited by <1 microg/ml mAb-174, whereas mouse IgG had little or no effect. MAb-174 also performed very well in Western analysis, indirect fluorescence microscopy, and a variety of immuno-procedures. Immunohistochemistry using mAb-174 localized HARE to the sinusoidal cells of rat liver, spleen, and lymph node. Western analysis using mAb-174 revealed that the sizes of both HARE glycoproteins were the same in these three tissues. 125I-HA was taken up and degraded by excised rat livers that were continuously perfused ex vivo with a recirculating medium. This HA clearance and metabolism by liver, which is a physiological function of HARE, was very effectively blocked by mAb-174 but not by mouse IgG. The results indicate that mAb-174 will be a useful tool to study the functions of HARE and the physiological significance of HA clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet A Weigel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73190, USA
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194
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Ponta H, Sherman L, Herrlich PA. CD44: from adhesion molecules to signalling regulators. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2003; 4:33-45. [PMID: 12511867 DOI: 10.1038/nrm1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1741] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell-adhesion molecules, once believed to function primarily in tethering cells to extracellular ligands, are now recognized as having broader functions in cellular signalling cascades. The CD44 transmembrane glycoprotein family adds new aspects to these roles by participating in signal-transduction processes--not only by establishing specific transmembrane complexes, but also by organizing signalling cascades through association with the actin cytoskeleton. CD44 and its associated partner proteins monitor changes in the extracellular matrix that influence cell growth, survival and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Ponta
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, PO Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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195
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McGary CT, Weigel JA, Weigel PH. Study of Hyaluronan-Binding Proteins and Receptors Using Iodinated Hyaluronan Derivatives. Methods Enzymol 2003; 363:354-65. [PMID: 14579588 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(03)01064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
This chapter detailed methodology for the purification of high molecular weight HA, as well as procedures to fragment the HA to prepare large oligosaccharides in the range of 40,000-80,000 Da. The aforementioned procedures used to prepare HA-alkylamine and HA-Bolton-Hunter adducts, as well as 125I-labeled HA, have been very reproducible, and the latter preparations are of adequate length to retain high-affinity interactions and specific binding, e.g., to human fibrinogen and HARE. For example, we were able to isolate, characterize, and clone the rat HARE using 125I-labeled HA initially with the dot blot assay to monitor solubilization and partial purification, and later with the ligand blot assay, to identify the protein after SDS-PAGE. The ligand blot assay enabled us to determine that HARE is actually present as two discrete isoreceptors of different molecular masses. These techniques should provide a means to analyze purification strategies and to characterize additional HA receptors and binding proteins involved in a variety of physiologic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl T McGary
- Department of Pathology, St. Joseph Hospital, 69 Exchange Street, St. Paul, Minnesota 55102, USA
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196
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Abstract
Microanatomical compartments of the human spleen are yet under evaluation as most of the present information comes from experiments on animals with different anatomical structures. Immune staining of stromal and blood-born cells by cell surface antigens facilitates the differentiation of functional microanatomical compartmentalization of immune organs, including the spleen. Twenty-two specimens from healthy adult subjects with the average age of 35.6 +/- 13.8 (Range 17 to 58) years were included in this study. Monoclonal antibodies used in this study were supplied from the 5th, 6th and 7th International Workshops and Conferences on Human Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens. Tetraspan antigens presented a rather unique staining pattern in the human spleen, suggesting special roles for each (CD9, CD53, CD63, CD151 and CD231) in certain locations. Sinus lining cells presented a distinctive antigenic profile, sharing both endothelial cell (CD31, CD36, CD54, CD62P, CD102, CD105, CD106 and CD146) and macrophage lineage characteristics. The sheathed capillaries were not restricted to the perifollicular zone alone. Extracellular matrix receptors (CD49 a, CD49 b, CD49 c, CD49 e, CD49f, CD29 and CD44) stained the penicillary arterioles and vascular smooth muscle. These molecules were also found on the vascular endothelium. Leukocyte antigens (CD11a, CD11b, CD22, CD43, CD45, CD45RB, CD45RO and CD50) were mainly expressed in the white and red pulp of the spleen at different intensities, excluding the penicillary arterioles. Activation antigens (CD26, CD71 and CD98) presented a diffuse and broad staining pattern. In conclusion, microanatomical compartmentalization, microcirculation and function of the human spleen were evaluated using a wide panel of monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petek Korkusuz
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Ankara, Turkey.
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197
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Zhou B, Weigel JA, Saxena A, Weigel PH. Molecular cloning and functional expression of the rat 175-kDa hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis. Mol Biol Cell 2002; 13:2853-68. [PMID: 12181351 PMCID: PMC117947 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.02-03-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently purified the rat liver hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis (HARE) and found abundant expression of 175- and approximately 300-kDa HARE species in sinusoidal endothelial cells of the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. We report herein the first cloning and functional expression of the rat 175-kDa HARE. Peptide sequences were obtained from the purified 175-kDa HARE, and degenerate oligonucleotide primers were designed for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and cDNA cloning. Results of 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends, Northern analysis, N-terminal sequence, and antibody reactivity analyses indicated the absence of mRNA directly encoding the 175-kDa HARE. This protein is most likely derived from a larger precursor. Accordingly, we constructed an artificial 4.7-kb cDNA encoding the 1431 amino acid 175-kDa HARE. The predicted type I membrane protein has a mass of 156,393 Da and a pI of 7.86. The 175-kDa HARE cDNA, fused to the N-terminal leader sequence of the Ig kappa-chain, was transfected transiently into COS-7 cells and stably into SK-Hep-1 cells, respectively, to assess hyaluronan or hyaluronic acid (HA)-binding activity and endocytosis. In both cases, HARE expression and HA-binding activity were detected. Furthermore, stable SK-175HARE cells demonstrated specific endocytosis of (125)I-HA and receptor recycling. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis confirmed that recombinant HARE was expressed on the cell surface and that fluorescent HA uptake was inhibited by a specific blocking monoclonal antibody against HARE. Additionally, HARE was substantially colocalized with clathrin, but not with internalized HA that was delivered to lysosomes. The results confirm that recombinant 175-kDa HARE is an authentic endocytic receptor for HA and that this receptor can function independently of the approximately 300-kDa HARE. HARE is the first functionally identified member of a protein family that shares a similar organization of Fasciclin, epidermal growth factor-like, Xlink, and transmembrane domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73190, USA
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198
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Weigel JA, Raymond RC, Weigel PH. The hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis (HARE) is not CD44 or CD54 (ICAM-1). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 294:918-22. [PMID: 12061795 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00558-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian liver contains an endocytic, recycling receptor that mediates the clearance of hyaluronan (HA) and chondroitin sulfate from the circulation. McCourt et al. [J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 30081] previously reported that this endocytic liver HA receptor was ICAM-1. In contrast, we purified this HA receptor for endocytosis (HARE) from rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LECs) and obtained two novel large proteins [Zhou et al., J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 33831]. The goal of the present study was to clarify this inconsistency and determine whether CD44, which is also an HA receptor, or ICAM-1 (CD54) is identical to, or is part of, HARE. Although isolated liver LECs contain HARE, CD44, and ICAM-1, confocal fluorescence microscopy showed that the two latter proteins have cellular distributions that are distinct from and essentially nonoverlapping with HARE. HA accumulation by cultured LECs was inhibited >98% by an antibody against HARE and unaffected by antibodies to ICAM-1 or CD44, indicating that virtually all specific HA uptake is mediated by HARE and not by ICAM-1 or CD44. Finally, no reactivity was observed against purified HARE in an ELISA-based assay using CD44 or ICAM-1 antibodies. The results confirm that the mammalian endocytic HA receptor is HARE and is not ICAM-1 or CD44.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet A Weigel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73190, USA
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199
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Richards JS, Russell DL, Ochsner S, Espey LL. Ovulation: new dimensions and new regulators of the inflammatory-like response. Annu Rev Physiol 2002; 64:69-92. [PMID: 11826264 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physiol.64.081501.131029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ovulation is a complex process that is initiated by the lutenizing hormone surge and is controlled by the temporal and spatial expression of specific genes. This review focuses on recent endocrine, biochemical, and genetic information that has been derived largely from the identification of new genes that are expressed in the ovary, and from knowledge gained by the targeted deletion of genes that appear to impact the ovulation process. Two main areas are described in most detail. First, because mutant mouse models indicate that appropriate formation of the cumulus matrix is essential for successful ovulation, genes expressed in the cumulus cells and those that control cumulus expansion are discussed. Second, because mice null for the progesterone receptor fail to ovulate and are ideal models for dissecting the critical events downstream of progesterone receptor, genes expressed in mural granulosa cells that regulate the expression of novel proteases are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnne S Richards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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200
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Jiang H, Peterson RS, Wang W, Bartnik E, Knudson CB, Knudson W. A requirement for the CD44 cytoplasmic domain for hyaluronan binding, pericellular matrix assembly, and receptor-mediated endocytosis in COS-7 cells. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:10531-8. [PMID: 11792695 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m108654200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44-negative COS-7 cells were transfected with expression constructs for CD44H (the predominant CD44 isoform), CD44E (epithelial isoform), or truncation mutant derivatives lacking the carboxyl-terminal 67 amino acids of the cytoplasmic domain, CD44HDelta67 and CD44EDelta67. The truncation mutant CD44HDelta67 is identical to a naturally occurring alternatively spliced "short tail" CD44 isoform (CD44st), which incorporates exon 19 in place of exon 20. CD44st lacks intracellular signaling motifs as well as protein domains necessary for interaction with cytoskeletal components. Transfection of COS-7 cells with each construct yielded equivalent levels of mRNA expression, whereas no CD44 expression was observed in parental, nontransfected COS-7 cells. Western analysis and immunostaining of COS-7 transfectants confirmed CD44 protein expression of the truncation mutant derivatives. COS-7 cells transfected with CD44H or CD44E gained the capacity to bind fluorescein-conjugated HA (fl-HA) and assemble HA-dependent pericellular matrices in the presence of exogenously added HA and proteoglycan. In addition, the CD44H- and CD44E-transfected cells were able to internalize surface-bound fl-HA. COS-7 cells transfected with the vector alone or with either of the mutant CD44 isoforms, CD44HDelta67 or CD44EDelta67, did not exhibit the capacity to assemble pericellular matrices or to bind and internalize the fl-HA. Cotransfection of CD44Delta67 mutants together with CD44H reduced the size of the HA-dependent pericellular matrices. Transfection of bovine articular chondrocytes with CD44Delta67 also inhibited pericellular matrix assembly. Collectively, these results indicate an obligatory requirement for the CD44 receptor cytoplasmic domain for ligand (HA) binding, formation and retention of the pericellular matrix, as well as CD44-mediated endocytosis of HA. In addition, the results suggest a potential regulatory role for the differentially expressed alternatively spliced short tail CD44 isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush Medical College, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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