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Crews FT, Walter TJ, Coleman LG, Vetreno RP. Toll-like receptor signaling and stages of addiction. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1483-1498. [PMID: 28210782 PMCID: PMC5420377 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4560-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Athina Markou and her colleagues discovered persistent changes in adult behavior following adolescent exposure to ethanol or nicotine consistent with increased risk for developing addiction. Building on Dr. Markou's important work and that of others in the field, researchers at the Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies have found that persistent changes in behavior following adolescent stress or alcohol exposure may be linked to induction of immune signaling in brain. AIM This study aims to illuminate the critical interrelationship of the innate immune system (e.g., toll-like receptors [TLRs], high-mobility group box 1 [HMGB1]) in the neurobiology of addiction. METHOD This study reviews the relevant research regarding the relationship between the innate immune system and addiction. CONCLUSION Emerging evidence indicates that TLRs in brain, particularly those on microglia, respond to endogenous innate immune agonists such as HMGB1 and microRNAs (miRNAs). Multiple TLRs, HMGB1, and miRNAs are induced in the brain by stress, alcohol, and other drugs of abuse and are increased in the postmortem human alcoholic brain. Enhanced TLR-innate immune signaling in brain leads to epigenetic modifications, alterations in synaptic plasticity, and loss of neuronal cell populations, which contribute to cognitive and emotive dysfunctions. Addiction involves progressive stages of drug binges and intoxication, withdrawal-negative affect, and ultimately compulsive drug use and abuse. Toll-like receptor signaling within cortical-limbic circuits is modified by alcohol and stress in a manner consistent with promoting progression through the stages of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulton T Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - T Jordan Walter
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Leon G Coleman
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Ryan P Vetreno
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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152
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Zhou D, Yang K, Chen L, Zhang W, Xu Z, Zuo J, Jiang H, Luan J. Promising landscape for regulating macrophage polarization: epigenetic viewpoint. Oncotarget 2017; 8:57693-57706. [PMID: 28915705 PMCID: PMC5593677 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are critical myeloid cells with the hallmark of phenotypic heterogeneity and functional plasticity. Macrophages phenotypes are commonly described as classically-activated M1 and alternatively-activated M2 macrophages which play an essential role in the tissues homeostasis and diseases pathogenesis. Alternations of macrophage polarization and function states require precise regulation of target-gene expression. Emerging data demonstrate that epigenetic mechanisms and transcriptional factors are becoming increasingly appreciated in the orchestration of macrophage polarization in response to local environmental signals. This review is to focus on the advanced concepts of epigenetics changes involved with the macrophage polarization, including microRNAs, DNA methylation and histone modification, which are responsible for the altered cellular signaling and signature genes expression during M1 or M2 polarization. Eventually, the persistent investigation and understanding of epigenetic mechanisms in tissue macrophage polarization and function will enhance the potential to develop novel therapeutic targets for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexi Zhou
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China.,Department of Pharmacy in Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Kui Yang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China.,Department of Pharmacy in Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China.,Department of Pharmacy in Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China.,Department of Pharmacy in Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhenyu Xu
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China.,Department of Pharmacy in Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jian Zuo
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China.,Department of Pharmacy in Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China.,Department of Pharmacy in Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jiajie Luan
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China.,Department of Pharmacy in Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
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153
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The role of neuroimmune signaling in alcoholism. Neuropharmacology 2017; 122:56-73. [PMID: 28159648 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption and stress increase brain levels of known innate immune signaling molecules. Microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain, and neurons respond to alcohol, signaling through Toll-like receptors (TLRs), high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), miRNAs, pro-inflammatory cytokines and their associated receptors involved in signaling between microglia, other glia and neurons. Repeated cycles of alcohol and stress cause a progressive, persistent induction of HMGB1, miRNA and TLR receptors in brain that appear to underlie the progressive and persistent loss of behavioral control, increased impulsivity and anxiety, as well as craving, coupled with increasing ventral striatal responses that promote reward seeking behavior and increase risk of developing alcohol use disorders. Studies employing anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant, and innate immune antagonists further link innate immune gene expression to addiction-like behaviors. Innate immune molecules are novel targets for addiction and affective disorders therapies. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Alcoholism".
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154
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Extracellular Vesicles: Immunomodulatory messengers in the context of tissue repair/regeneration. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 98:86-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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155
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Coleman LG, Zou J, Crews FT. Microglial-derived miRNA let-7 and HMGB1 contribute to ethanol-induced neurotoxicity via TLR7. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:22. [PMID: 28118842 PMCID: PMC5264311 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0799-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is emerging as an important component of neurodegeneration. TLR7 senses viral RNA and certain endogenous miRNAs to initiate innate immune responses leading to neurodegeneration. Alcoholism is associated with hippocampal degeneration, with preclinical studies linking ethanol-induced neurodegeneration with central innate immune induction and TLR activation. The endogenous miRNA let-7b binds TLR7 to cause neurodegeneration. METHODS TLR7 and other immune markers were assessed in postmortem human hippocampal tissue that was obtained from the New South Wales Tissue Bank. Rat hippocampal-entorhinal cortex (HEC) slice culture was used to assess specific effects of ethanol on TLR7, let-7b, and microvesicles. RESULTS We report here that hippocampal tissue from postmortem human alcoholic brains shows increased expression of TLR7 and increased microglial activation. Using HEC slice culture, we found that ethanol induces TLR7 and let-7b expression. Ethanol caused TLR7-associated neuroimmune gene induction and initiated the release let-7b in microvesicles (MVs), enhancing TLR7-mediated neurotoxicity. Further, ethanol increased let-7b binding to the danger signaling molecule high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) in MVs, while reducing let-7 binding to classical chaperone protein argonaute (Ago2). Flow cytometric analysis of MVs from HEC media and analysis of MVs from brain cell culture lines found that microglia were the primary source of let-7b and HMGB1-containing MVs. CONCLUSIONS Our results identify that ethanol induces neuroimmune pathology involving the release of let-7b/HMGB1 complexes in microglia-derived microvesicles. This contributes to hippocampal neurodegeneration and may play a role in the pathology of alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon G Coleman
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 104 Manning Drive, 1007 Thurston-Bowles Building, CB# 7178 UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA. .,Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 104 Manning Drive, CB#7178, Thurston-Bowles Building Room 1007, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Jian Zou
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 104 Manning Drive, CB#7178, Thurston-Bowles Building Room 1007, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Fulton T Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 104 Manning Drive, CB#7178, Thurston-Bowles Building Room 1007, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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156
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Secreted miR-27a Induced by Cyclic Stretch Modulates the Proliferation of Endothelial Cells in Hypertension via GRK6. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41058. [PMID: 28106155 PMCID: PMC5247685 DOI: 10.1038/srep41058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal proliferation of endothelial cells (ECs) is important in vascular remodeling during hypertension, but the mechanisms are still unclear. In hypertensive rats caused by abdominal aortic coarctation, the expression of G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 (GRK6) in ECs at common carotid artery was repressed in vivo, and EC proliferation was increased. 15% cyclic stretch in vitro, which mimics the pathologically increased stretch in hypertension, repressed EC GRK6 expression via paracrine control by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Furthermore, VSMC-derived microparticles (VSMC-MPs) were detected in the conditioned medium from VSMCs and in artery. VSMC-MPs from cells exposed to 15% cyclic stretch decreased GRK6 expression and increased EC proliferation. miR-27a was detected in VSMC-MPs and was upregulated by 15% cyclic stretch. miR-27a was transferred from VSMCs to ECs via VSMC-MPs and directly targeted on GRK6. Finally, a multi-point injection of antagomiR-27a around carotid artery decreased miR-27a expression in vivo, induced GRK6 expression, and reversed the abnormal EC proliferation. Pathologically elevated cyclic stretch increased the secretion of miR-27a, which was transferred from VSMCs to ECs via the VSMC-MPs, subsequently targeted GRK6, and induced EC proliferation. Locally decreasing miR-27a could be a novel therapeutic approach to attenuate the abnormal EC proliferation in hypertension.
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157
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Soares do Amaral N, Cruz E Melo N, de Melo Maia B, Malagoli Rocha R. Noncoding RNA Profiles in Tobacco- and Alcohol-Associated Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2016; 8:genes8010006. [PMID: 28025544 PMCID: PMC5295001 DOI: 10.3390/genes8010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco and alcohol are the leading environmental risk factors in the development of human diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and liver injury. Despite the copious amount of research on this topic, by 2030, 8.3 million deaths are projected to occur worldwide due to tobacco use. The expression of noncoding RNAs, primarily microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), is modulated by tobacco and alcohol consumption. Drinking alcohol and smoking cigarettes can modulate the expression of miRNAs and lncRNAs through various signaling pathways, such as apoptosis, angiogenesis, and inflammatory pathways—primarily interleukin 6 (IL-6)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), which seems to play a major role in the development of diseases associated with these risk factors. Since they may be predictive and prognostic biomarkers, they can be used both as predictors of the response to therapy and as a targeted therapy. Further, circulating miRNAs might be valuable noninvasive tools that can be used to examine diseases that are related to the use of tobacco and alcohol. This review discusses the function of noncoding RNAs in cancer and other human tobacco- and alcohol-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Cruz E Melo
- Molecular Gynecology Laboratory, Gynecologic Department, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Beatriz de Melo Maia
- Molecular Morphology Laboratory, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01508-010, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Malagoli Rocha
- Molecular Gynecology Laboratory, Gynecologic Department, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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158
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Hirsova P, Ibrahim SH, Verma VK, Morton LA, Shah VH, LaRusso NF, Gores GJ, Malhi H. Extracellular vesicles in liver pathobiology: Small particles with big impact. Hepatology 2016; 64:2219-2233. [PMID: 27628960 PMCID: PMC5115968 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanometer-sized, membrane-bound vesicles released by cells into the extracellular milieu. EVs are now recognized to play a critical role in cell-to-cell communication. EVs contain important cargo in the form of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids and serve as vectors for delivering this cargo from donor to acceptor or target cell. EVs are released under both physiologic and pathologic conditions, including liver diseases, and exert a wide range of effects on target cells. This review provides an overview on EV biogenesis, secretion, cargo, and target cell interactions in the context of select liver diseases. Specifically, the diverse roles of EVs in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, viral hepatitis, cholangiopathies, and hepatobiliary malignancies are emphasized. Liver diseases often result in an increased release of EVs and/or in different cargo sorting into these EVs. Either of these alterations can drive disease pathogenesis. Given this fact, EVs represent a potential target for therapeutic intervention in liver disorders. Because altered EV composition may reflect the underlying disease condition, circulating EVs can be exploited for diagnostic and prognostic purposes as a liquid biopsy. Furthermore, ex vivo modified or synthesized EVs can be engineered as therapeutic nano-shuttles. Finally, we highlight areas that merit further investigation relevant to understanding how EVs regulate liver disease pathogenesis. (Hepatology 2016;64:2219-2233).
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Hirsova
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Samar H. Ibrahim
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Vikas K. Verma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Leslie A. Morton
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Vijay H. Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Nicholas F. LaRusso
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Gregory J. Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Harmeet Malhi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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159
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Sohel MH. Extracellular/Circulating MicroRNAs: Release Mechanisms, Functions and Challenges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.als.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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160
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE MicroRNAs (miRNAs) control cellular gene expression via primarily binding to 3' or 5' untranslated region of the target transcript leading to translational repression or mRNA degradation. In most cases, miRNAs have been observed to fine-tune the cellular responses and, therefore, act as a rheostat rather than an on/off switch. Transcription factor PU.1 is a master switch that controls monocyte/macrophage development from hematopoietic stem cells. Recent Advances: PU.1 induces a specific set of miRNAs while suppressing the miR17-92 cluster to regulate monocyte/macrophage development. In addition to development, miRNAs tightly control the macrophage polarization continuum from proinflammatory M1 or proreparative M2 by regulating expression of key transcription factors involved in the process of polarization. CRITICAL ISSUES miRNAs are intricately involved with fine-tuning fundamental macrophage functions such as phagocytosis, efferocytosis, inflammation, tissue repair, and tumor promotion. Macrophages are secretory cells that participate in intercellular communication by releasing regulatory molecules and microvesicles (MVs). MVs are bilayered lipid membranes packaging a hydrophilic cargo, including proteins and nucleic acids. Macrophage-derived MVs carry functionally active miRNAs that suppress gene expression in target cells via post-transcriptional gene silencing, thus regulating cell function. In summary, miRNAs fine-tune several major facets of macrophage development and function. Such fine-tuning is critical in preventing exaggerated macrophage response to endogenous or exogenous stimuli. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A critical role of miRNAs in the regulation of innate immune response and macrophage biology, including development, differentiation, and activation, has emerged. A clear understanding of such regulation on macrophage function remains to be elucidated. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 795-804.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashwati Roy
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies and Comprehensive Wound Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus, Ohio
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161
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Barragán R, Coltell O, Asensio EM, Francés F, Sorlí JV, Estruch R, Salas-Huetos A, Ordovas JM, Corella D. MicroRNAs and Drinking: Association between the Pre-miR-27a rs895819 Polymorphism and Alcohol Consumption in a Mediterranean Population. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1338. [PMID: 27537871 PMCID: PMC5000735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, microRNAs (miRNA) have been proposed as regulators in the different processes involved in alcohol intake, and differences have been found in the miRNA expression profile in alcoholics. However, no study has focused on analyzing polymorphisms in genes encoding miRNAs and daily alcohol consumption at the population level. Our aim was to investigate the association between a functional polymorphism in the pre-miR-27a (rs895819 A>G) gene and alcohol consumption in an elderly population. We undertook a cross-sectional study of PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED)-Valencia participants (n = 1007, including men and women aged 67 ± 7 years) and measured their alcohol consumption (total and alcoholic beverages) through a validated questionnaire. We found a strong association between the pre-miR-27a polymorphism and total alcohol intake, this being higher in GG subjects (5.2 ± 0.4 in AA, 5.9 ± 0.5 in AG and 9.1 ± 1.8 g/day in GG; padjusted = 0.019). We also found a statistically-significant association of the pre-miR-27a polymorphism with the risk of having a high alcohol intake (>2 drinks/day in men and >1 in women): 5.9% in AA versus 17.5% in GG; padjusted < 0.001. In the sensitivity analysis, this association was homogeneous for sex, obesity and Mediterranean diet adherence. In conclusion, we report for the first time a significant association between a miRNA polymorphism (rs895819) and daily alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Barragán
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - Oscar Coltell
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.
- Department of Computer Languages and Systems, School of Technology and Experimental Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón 12071, Spain.
| | - Eva M Asensio
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - Francesc Francés
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - José V Sorlí
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - Ramon Estruch
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
| | - Albert Salas-Huetos
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.
- Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, IISPV, University Rovira i Virgili, Reus 43003, Spain.
| | - Jose M Ordovas
- Department of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Population Genetics, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain.
- IMDEA Alimentación, Madrid 28049, Spain.
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Dolores Corella
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.
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162
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Teixeira JH, Silva AM, Almeida MI, Barbosa MA, Santos SG. Circulating extracellular vesicles: Their role in tissue repair and regeneration. Transfus Apher Sci 2016; 55:53-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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163
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Sato K, Meng F, Glaser S, Alpini G. Exosomes in liver pathology. J Hepatol 2016; 65:213-221. [PMID: 26988731 PMCID: PMC4912847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are small (∼100nm) membrane-bound extracellular vesicles released by various types of cells into biological fluids. They contain proteins, mRNAs and miRNAs as cargo. Different cell types can take up exosomes by endocytosis and the cargo contained within them can be transferred horizontally to these recipient cells. Exosomal proteins and miRNAs can be functional and regulate physiological cell events modifying the microenvironment in target cells, a key event of liver pathology. Exosome-mediated cell-cell communication can alter tumor growth, cell migration, antiviral infection and hepatocyte regeneration, indicating that exosomes have great potential for development as diagnostic or therapeutic tools. Analyses of circulating total or exosomal miRNAs have identified a large number of candidate miRNAs that are regulated in liver diseases, and the diagnostic testing using single or multiple miRNAs shows good sensitivity and specificity. Some candidate miRNAs have been identified to play an important role in various liver disorders. This review summarizes recent findings on the role of extracellular vesicles in liver diseases and their diagnostic and therapeutic potential, mainly focusing on exosomes but also includes microvesicles in liver pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisaku Sato
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX 76504,Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX 76504,Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504,Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504,Academic Research Integration, Baylor Scott & White Healthcare, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX 76504,Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504,Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, USA; Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, USA; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, USA.
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164
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Hung ME, Leonard JN. A platform for actively loading cargo RNA to elucidate limiting steps in EV-mediated delivery. J Extracell Vesicles 2016; 5:31027. [PMID: 27189348 PMCID: PMC4870355 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v5.31027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate intercellular communication through transfer of RNA and protein between cells. Thus, understanding how cargo molecules are loaded and delivered by EVs is of central importance for elucidating the biological roles of EVs and developing EV-based therapeutics. While some motifs modulating the loading of biomolecular cargo into EVs have been elucidated, the general rules governing cargo loading and delivery remain poorly understood. To investigate how general biophysical properties impact loading and delivery of RNA by EVs, we developed a platform for actively loading engineered cargo RNAs into EVs. In our system, the MS2 bacteriophage coat protein was fused to EV-associated proteins, and the cognate MS2 stem loop was engineered into cargo RNAs. Using this Targeted and Modular EV Loading (TAMEL) approach, we identified a configuration that substantially enhanced cargo RNA loading (up to 6-fold) into EVs. When applied to vesicles expressing the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSVG) – gesicles – we observed a 40-fold enrichment in cargo RNA loading. While active loading of mRNA-length (>1.5 kb) cargo molecules was possible, active loading was much more efficient for smaller (~0.5 kb) RNA molecules. We next leveraged the TAMEL platform to elucidate the limiting steps in EV-mediated delivery of mRNA and protein to prostate cancer cells, as a model system. Overall, most cargo was rapidly degraded in recipient cells, despite high EV-loading efficiencies and substantial EV uptake by recipient cells. While gesicles were efficiently internalized via a VSVG-mediated mechanism, most cargo molecules were rapidly degraded. Thus, in this model system, inefficient endosomal fusion or escape likely represents a limiting barrier to EV-mediated transfer. Altogether, the TAMEL platform enabled a comparative analysis elucidating a key opportunity for enhancing EV-mediated delivery to prostate cancer cells, and this technology should be of general utility for investigations and applications of EV-mediated transfer in other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E Hung
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Joshua N Leonard
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA;
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165
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Wu XQ, Dai Y, Yang Y, Huang C, Meng XM, Wu BM, Li J. Emerging role of microRNAs in regulating macrophage activation and polarization in immune response and inflammation. Immunology 2016; 148:237-48. [PMID: 27005899 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diversity and plasticity are hallmarks of macrophages. Classically activated macrophages are considered to promote T helper type 1 responses and have strong microbicidal, pro-inflammatory activity, whereas alternatively activated macrophages are supposed to be associated with promotion of tissue remodelling and responses to anti-inflammatory reactions. Transformation of different macrophage phenotypes is reflected in their different, sometimes even opposite, roles in various diseases or inflammatory conditions. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators of macrophage polarization (MP). Several miRNAs are induced by Toll-like receptors signalling in macrophages and target the 3'-untranslated regions of mRNAs encoding key molecules involved in MP. Therefore, identification of miRNAs related to the dynamic changes of MP and understanding their functions in regulating this process are important for discussing the molecular basis of disease progression and developing novel miRNA-targeted therapeutic strategies. Here, we review the current knowledge of the role of miRNAs in MP with relevance to immune response and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qin Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yao Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Medicine, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bao-Ming Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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166
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Yang Q, Diamond MP, Al-Hendy A. The emerging role of extracellular vesicle-derived miRNAs: implication in cancer progression and stem cell related diseases. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL EPIGENETICS 2016; 2:13. [PMID: 27099870 PMCID: PMC4834835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cells release into the extracellular environment, diverse types of membrane vesicles of endosomal and plasma membrane origin called exosomes and microvesicles. A number of studies indicate that these extracellular vehicles (EVs) mediate the interaction between cancer cells and their microenvironment; and thereby, play a critical role in the development of cancers. EVs contain cargo which consist of proteins, lipids, mRNAs, and miRNAs that can be delivered to different types of cells in nascent as well as distal locations. Discovery of this latter cargo has drawn an increasing amount of attention, due to their altering effects on the transcriptome, proteins, and subsequent cellular characteristics in recipient cells. Cancer cell derived exosomes (CCEs) have been identified in body fluids of cancer patients including urine, plasma and saliva. Because CCE content largely depends on tumor type and stage, they invariably lend great potential in serving as prognostic and diagnostic markers. Notably, accumulating evidence demonstrates that EV-derived miRNAs have key roles in regulating various aspects of cellular homeostasis, including proliferation, survival, migration, metastasis, and the immune system etc. More recently, diagnostic and therapeutic exploitation of stem cells derived EVs are under investigation. This review aims to summarize recent advances in EV-derived miRNAs in a variety of tumor types, and suggests that these cancer-derived exosomal miRNAs play a critical role in regulating cellular functions in surrounding and distant locations. It also discusses the role of adverse environmental exposure in altering stem cell exosomal miRNA profiling, which we believe leads to changes in the extracellular environment as well as a diverse range of biological processes.
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167
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Baffy G. MicroRNAs in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Clin Med 2015; 4:1977-88. [PMID: 26690233 PMCID: PMC4693153 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4121953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common liver disorder. Strongly linked to obesity and diabetes, NAFLD has the characteristics of complex diseases with substantial heterogeneity. Accordingly, our ability to predict the risk of advanced NAFLD and provide efficient treatment may improve by a better understanding of the relationship between genotype and phenotype. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a major role in the fine-tuning of gene expression and they have recently emerged as novel biomarkers and therapeutic tools in the management of NAFLD. These short non-coding RNA sequences act by partial repression or degradation of targeted mRNAs. Deregulation of miRNAs has been associated with different stages of NAFLD, while their biological role in the pathogenesis remains to be fully understood. Systems biology analyses based on predicted target genes have associated hepatic miRNAs with molecular pathways involved in NAFLD progression such as cholesterol and lipid metabolism, insulin signaling, oxidative stress, inflammation, and pathways of cell survival and proliferation. Moreover, circulating miRNAs have been identified as promising noninvasive biomarkers of NAFLD and linked to disease severity. This rapidly growing field is likely to result in major advances in the pathomechanism, prognostication, and treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Baffy
- Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 150 S. Huntington Ave., Room 6A-46, Boston, MA 02130, USA.
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