151
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Bai H, Zhang Y, Tian S, Hu R, Liang Y, Gao J, Wang Y, Wu B. Elamipretide as a potential candidate for relieving cryodamage to human spermatozoa during cryopreservation. Cryobiology 2020; 95:138-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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152
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Ge M, Fontanesi F, Merscher S, Fornoni A. The Vicious Cycle of Renal Lipotoxicity and Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Front Physiol 2020; 11:732. [PMID: 32733268 PMCID: PMC7358947 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney is one of the most energy-demanding organs that require abundant and healthy mitochondria to maintain proper function. Increasing evidence suggests a strong association between mitochondrial dysfunction and chronic kidney diseases (CKDs). Lipids are not only important sources of energy but also essential components of mitochondrial membrane structures. Dysregulation of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production lead to compromised mitochondrial lipid utilization, resulting in lipid accumulation and renal lipotoxicity. However, lipotoxicity can be either the cause or the consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction. Imbalanced lipid metabolism, in turn, can hamper mitochondrial dynamics, contributing to the alteration of mitochondrial lipids and reduction in mitochondrial function. In this review, we summarize the interplay between renal lipotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction, with a focus on glomerular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Ge
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Flavia Fontanesi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Sandra Merscher
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Alessia Fornoni
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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153
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Chavez JD, Tang X, Campbell MD, Reyes G, Kramer PA, Stuppard R, Keller A, Zhang H, Rabinovitch PS, Marcinek DJ, Bruce JE. Mitochondrial protein interaction landscape of SS-31. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15363-15373. [PMID: 32554501 PMCID: PMC7334473 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002250117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction underlies the etiology of a broad spectrum of diseases including heart disease, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and the general aging process. Therapeutics that restore healthy mitochondrial function hold promise for treatment of these conditions. The synthetic tetrapeptide, elamipretide (SS-31), improves mitochondrial function, but mechanistic details of its pharmacological effects are unknown. Reportedly, SS-31 primarily interacts with the phospholipid cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Here we utilize chemical cross-linking with mass spectrometry to identify protein interactors of SS-31 in mitochondria. The SS-31-interacting proteins, all known cardiolipin binders, fall into two groups, those involved in ATP production through the oxidative phosphorylation pathway and those involved in 2-oxoglutarate metabolic processes. Residues cross-linked with SS-31 reveal binding regions that in many cases, are proximal to cardiolipin-protein interacting regions. These results offer a glimpse of the protein interaction landscape of SS-31 and provide mechanistic insight relevant to SS-31 mitochondrial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan D Chavez
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Xiaoting Tang
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | | | - Gustavo Reyes
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Philip A Kramer
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Rudy Stuppard
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Andrew Keller
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Huiliang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | | | - David J Marcinek
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - James E Bruce
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105;
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154
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Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Porcine Liver Hydrolysates Using Flavourzyme. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10113950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is implicated in human diseases including cancer or neurodegenerative diseases. On the other hand, lipid and microbial spoilage are the main issues of food degradation. Bioactive peptides with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity could solve both problems and create an opportunity to improve the sustainability of the meat industry. Recently, meat by-products are subject of numerous studies to produce antioxidant peptides, highlighting pork liver as a potential source of hydrolysates. To achieve this purpose, pork liver was digested with Flavourzyme at four reaction times (4, 6, 8, and 10 h) and filtered with cut-offs of 5, 10, and 30-kDa molecular weight. Monitoring hydrolysis with SDS-PAGE showed that the reaction was almost complete. Free amino acid profile exhibited that aliphatic and aromatic amino acids were released in a higher amount at longer reaction times. Heat map analysis demonstrated that a hydrolysis time beyond 6 h, displayed a differential amino acid pattern enabling us to optimize the enzymatic reaction. Antioxidant activity was assessed using ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC tests, while antimicrobial assay was carried out against Gram-positive and Gram-negative. ABTS and DPPH values revealed that hydrolysates showed a high antioxidant capacity, as well as an inhibition of growth of Brochothrix thermosphata particularly 30 kDa hydrolysates.
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155
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Elkeiy MM, Khamis AA, El-Gamal MM, Abo Gazia MM, Zalat ZA, El-Magd MA. Chitosan nanoparticles from Artemia salina inhibit progression of hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:19016-19028. [PMID: 30293105 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3339-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) isolated from Artemia salina against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) both in vitro (HepG2) and in vivo (diethylnitrosamine-induced HCC in rats) and to investigate the involved underlying mechanisms. Administration of CNPs decreased HCC progression as evidenced by (1) induced HepG2 cell death as detected by MTT assay; (2) induced necrosis as indicated by acridine orange/propidium iodide (AO/PI) red staining, annexin V/7-AAD positive staining (detected by flow cytometry), and upregulated expression of necrosis markers (PARP1 and its downstream target, RIP1 genes), but no effect on apoptosis as revealed by insignificant changes in caspase 3 activity and mRNA levels of Bax and AIF; (3) increased intracellular ROS and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential in HepG2; (4) decreased liver relative weight, serum levels of liver enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP), total bilirubin, and cancer markers (AFP and GGT), number and area of GST-P positive tumor nodules; and (5) reduced oxidative stress (decrease in MDA levels) and increased activities of SOD, CAT, and GPx enzymes in rat liver. The preventive (pre-treatment) effect of CNPs was better than the therapeutic (post-treatment) effect. Collectively, administration of CNPs inhibited HCC progression in vitro and in vivo, possibly through induction of necrosis, rather than apoptosis, and induction of antioxidant enzyme activities in vivo, but with stimulation of ROS production in vitro. Thus, CNPs could be used as a promise agent for treating HCC after application of further confirmatory clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai M Elkeiy
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Abeer A Khamis
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mona M El-Gamal
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Maha M Abo Gazia
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Zeinb A Zalat
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alazhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A El-Magd
- Anatomy Department, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt.
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156
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Targeting reactive oxygen species (ROS) to combat the age-related loss of muscle mass and function. Biogerontology 2020; 21:475-484. [PMID: 32447556 PMCID: PMC7347670 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-020-09883-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The loss of muscle mass and function with age, termed sarcopenia, is an inevitable process, which has a significant impact on quality of life. During ageing we observe a progressive loss of total muscle fibres and a reduction in cross-sectional area of the remaining fibres, resulting in a significant reduction in force output. The mechanisms which underpin sarcopenia are complex and poorly understood, ranging from inflammation, dysregulation of protein metabolism and denervation. However, there is significant evidence to demonstrate that modified ROS generation, redox dis-homeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction may have an important role to play. Based on this, significant interest and research has interrogated potential ROS-targeted therapies, ranging from nutritional-based interventions such as vitamin E/C, polyphenols (resveratrol) and targeted pharmacological compounds, using molecules such as SS-31 and MitoQ. In this review we evaluate these approaches to target aberrant age-related ROS generation and the impact on muscle mass and function.
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157
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Mitchell W, Ng EA, Tamucci JD, Boyd KJ, Sathappa M, Coscia A, Pan M, Han X, Eddy NA, May ER, Szeto HH, Alder NN. The mitochondria-targeted peptide SS-31 binds lipid bilayers and modulates surface electrostatics as a key component of its mechanism of action. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:7452-7469. [PMID: 32273339 PMCID: PMC7247319 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction underlies many heritable diseases, acquired pathologies, and aging-related declines in health. Szeto-Schiller (SS) peptides comprise a class of amphipathic tetrapeptides that are efficacious toward a wide array of mitochondrial disorders and are believed to target mitochondrial membranes because they are enriched in the anionic phospholipid cardiolipin (CL). However, little is known regarding how SS peptides interact with or alter the physical properties of lipid bilayers. In this study, using biophysical and computational approaches, we have analyzed the interactions of the lead compound SS-31 (elamipretide) with model and mitochondrial membranes. Our results show that this polybasic peptide partitions into the membrane interfacial region with an affinity and a lipid binding density that are directly related to surface charge. We found that SS-31 binding does not destabilize lamellar bilayers even at the highest binding concentrations; however, it did cause saturable alterations in lipid packing. Most notably, SS-31 modulated the surface electrostatics of both model and mitochondrial membranes. We propose nonexclusive mechanisms by which the tuning of surface charge could underpin the mitoprotective properties of SS-31, including alteration of the distribution of ions and basic proteins at the interface, and/or modulation of bilayer physical properties. As a proof of concept, we show that SS-31 alters divalent cation (calcium) distribution within the interfacial region and reduces the energetic burden of calcium stress in mitochondria. The mechanistic details of SS-31 revealed in this study will help inform the development of future compound variants with enhanced efficacy and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Mitchell
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| | - Emily A Ng
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| | - Jeffrey D Tamucci
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| | - Kevin J Boyd
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| | - Murugappan Sathappa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| | - Adrian Coscia
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| | - Meixia Pan
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Nicholas A Eddy
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| | - Eric R May
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| | - Hazel H Szeto
- Social Profit Network Research Lab, Alexandria LaunchLabs, New York, New York 10016
| | - Nathan N Alder
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269.
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158
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Miyamoto S, Zhang G, Hall D, Oates PJ, Maity S, Madesh M, Han X, Sharma K. Restoring mitochondrial superoxide levels with elamipretide (MTP-131) protects db/db mice against progression of diabetic kidney disease. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:7249-7260. [PMID: 32277051 PMCID: PMC7247302 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to chronic hyperglycemia because of diabetes mellitus can lead to development and progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). We recently reported that reduced superoxide production is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in the kidneys of mouse models of type 1 DKD. We also demonstrated that humans with DKD have significantly reduced levels of mitochondrion-derived metabolites in their urine. Here we examined renal superoxide production in a type 2 diabetes animal model, the db/db mouse, and the role of a mitochondrial protectant, MTP-131 (also called elamipretide, SS-31, or Bendavia) in restoring renal superoxide production and ameliorating DKD. We found that 18-week-old db/db mice have reduced renal and cardiac superoxide levels, as measured by dihydroethidium oxidation, and increased levels of albuminuria, mesangial matrix accumulation, and urinary H2O2 Administration of MTP-131 significantly inhibited increases in albuminuria, urinary H2O2, and mesangial matrix accumulation in db/db mice and fully preserved levels of renal superoxide production in these mice. MTP-131 also reduced total renal lysocardiolipin and major lysocardiolipin subspecies and preserved lysocardiolipin acyltransferase 1 expression in db/db mice. These results indicate that, in type 2 diabetes, DKD is associated with reduced renal and cardiac superoxide levels and that MTP-131 protects against DKD and preserves physiological superoxide levels, possibly by regulating cardiolipin remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Miyamoto
- Center for Renal Translational Medicine, Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Guanshi Zhang
- Center for Renal Precision Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - David Hall
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Peter J Oates
- Oates Biomedical Consulting, LLC, Old Lyme, Connecticut 06371
| | - Soumya Maity
- Center for Renal Precision Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Center for Renal Precision Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Xianlin Han
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Kumar Sharma
- Center for Renal Precision Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas 78229.
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159
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Tan JX, Finkel T. Mitochondria as intracellular signaling platforms in health and disease. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e202002179. [PMID: 32320464 PMCID: PMC7199861 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202002179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, long viewed solely in the context of bioenergetics, are increasingly emerging as critical hubs for intracellular signaling. Due to their bacterial origin, mitochondria possess their own genome and carry unique lipid components that endow these organelles with specialized properties to help orchestrate multiple signaling cascades. Mitochondrial signaling modulates diverse pathways ranging from metabolism to redox homeostasis to cell fate determination. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of how mitochondria serve as intracellular signaling platforms with a particular emphasis on lipid-mediated signaling, innate immune activation, and retrograde signaling. We further discuss how these signaling properties might potentially be exploited to develop new therapeutic strategies for a range of age-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay X. Tan
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine/University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Toren Finkel
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine/University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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160
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Eccardt AM, Pelzel RJ, Mattathil L, Moon YA, Mannino MH, Janowiak BE, Fisher JS. A peroxidase mimetic protects skeletal muscle cells from peroxide challenge and stimulates insulin signaling. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C1214-C1225. [PMID: 32348172 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00167.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide have been implicated in causing metabolic dysfunction such as insulin resistance. Heme groups, either by themselves or when incorporated into proteins, have been shown to scavenge peroxide and demonstrate protective effects in various cell types. Thus, we hypothesized that a metalloporphyrin similar in structure to heme, Fe(III)tetrakis(4-benzoic acid)porphyrin (FeTBAP), would be a peroxidase mimetic that could defend cells against oxidative stress. After demonstrating that FeTBAP has peroxidase activity with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and NADH as reducing substrates, we determined that FeTBAP partially rescued C2C12 myotubes from peroxide-induced insulin resistance as measured by phosphorylation of AKT (S473) and insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1, Y612). Furthermore, we found that FeTBAP stimulates insulin signaling in myotubes and mouse soleus skeletal muscle to about the same level as insulin for phosphorylation of AKT, IRS-1, and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (S9). We found that FeTBAP lowers intracellular peroxide levels and protects against carbonyl formation in myotubes exposed to peroxide. Additionally, we found that FeTBAP stimulates glucose transport in myotubes and skeletal muscle to about the same level as insulin. We conclude that a peroxidase mimetic can blunt peroxide-induced insulin resistance and also stimulate insulin signaling and glucose transport, suggesting a possible role of peroxidase activity in regulation of insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Eccardt
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ross J Pelzel
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Lyn Mattathil
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Yerin A Moon
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Mark H Mannino
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
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161
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Li Q, Huang Y. Mitochondrial targeted strategies and their
application for cancer and other diseases treatment. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-020-00481-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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162
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Magdy A, Sadaka E, Hanafy N, El-Magd MA, Allahloubi N, El Kemary M. Green tea ameliorates the side effects of the silver nanoparticles treatment of Ehrlich ascites tumor in mice. Mol Cell Toxicol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-020-00078-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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163
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Zinovkin RA, Zamyatnin AA. Mitochondria-Targeted Drugs. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2020; 12:202-214. [PMID: 30479224 PMCID: PMC6875871 DOI: 10.2174/1874467212666181127151059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Targeting of drugs to the subcellular compartments represents one of the modern trends in molecular pharmacology. The approach for targeting mitochondria was developed nearly 50 years ago, but only in the last decade has it started to become widely used for delivering drugs. A number of pathologies are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, including cardiovascular, neurological, inflammatory and metabolic conditions. Objective: This mini-review aims to highlight the role of mitochondria in pathophysiological conditions and diseases, to classify and summarize our knowledge about targeting mitochondria and to review the most important preclinical and clinical data relating to the antioxidant lipophilic cations MitoQ and SkQ1. Methods: This is a review of available information in the PubMed and Clinical Trials databases (US National Library of Medicine) with no limiting period. Results and Conclusion: Mitochondria play an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases and possibly in aging. Both MitoQ and SkQ1 have shown many beneficial features in animal models and in a few completed clinical trials. More clinical trials and research efforts are needed to understand the signaling pathways influenced by these compounds. The antioxidant lipophilic cations have great potential for the treatment of a wide range of pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman A Zinovkin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Institute of Mitoengineering, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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164
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Muke I, Sprenger A, Bobylev I, Wiemer V, Barham M, Neiss WF, Lehmann HC. Ultrastructural characterization of mitochondrial damage in experimental autoimmune neuritis. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 343:577218. [PMID: 32251941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Data are sparse about mitochondrial damage in GBS and in its most frequently employed animal model, experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN). We here characterized changes in mitochondrial content and morphology at different time points during EAN by use of ultrastructural imaging and immunofluorescent labelling. Histological examination revealed that demyelinated axons and their adjacent Schwann cells showed reduced mitochondrial content and remaining mitochondria appeared swollen with greater diameter in Schwann cells and unmyelinated axons. Our findings indicate that in EAN, particularly mitochondria in Schwann cells are damaged. Further studies are warranted to address whether these changes are amenable to novel, mitoprotective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Muke
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Alina Sprenger
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Ilja Bobylev
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Valerie Wiemer
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Germany
| | - Mohammed Barham
- Department of Anatomy I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Helmar Christoph Lehmann
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany.
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165
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Kenna JE, Anderton RS, Knuckey NW, Meloni BP. Assessment of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) toxicity in cultured neural cells and subsequent treatment with poly-arginine peptide R18D. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:1215-1229. [PMID: 32140956 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Thrombolytic therapy with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) in ischaemic stroke has been associated with neurotoxicity, blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption and intra-cerebral hemorrhage. To examine rtPA cellular toxicity we investigated the effects of rtPA on cell viability in neuronal, astrocyte and brain endothelial cell (bEnd.3) cultures with and without prior exposure to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). In addition, the neuroprotective peptide poly-arginine-18 (R18D; 18-mer of D-arginine) was examined for its ability to reduce rtPA toxicity. Studies demonstrated that a 4- or 24-h exposure of rtPA was toxic, affecting neuronal cell viability at ≥ 2 µM, and astrocyte and bEnd.3 cells viability at ≥ 5 μM. In addition, a 4-h exposure to rtPA after a period of OGD (OGD/rtPA) exacerbated toxicity, affecting neuronal, astrocyte and bEnd.3 cell viability at rtPA concentrations as low as 0.1 µM. Treatment of cells with low concentrations of R18D (0.5 and 1 µM) reduced the toxic effects of rtPA and OGD/rtPA, while on some occasions a higher 2 µM R18D concentrations exacerbated neuronal and bEnd.3 cell toxicity in OGD/rtPA exposed cultures. In exploratory studies we also demonstrated that OGD activates matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) release into the supernatant of astrocyte and bEnd.3 cell cultures, but not neuronal cultures, and that OGD/rtPA increases MMP-9 activation. Furthermore, R18D decreased MMP-9 activation in OGD/rtPA treated astrocyte and bEnd.3 cell cultures. In summary, the findings show that rtPA can be toxic to neural cells and that OGD exacerbates toxicity, while R18D has the capacity to reduce rtPA neural cellular toxicity and reduce MMP-9 activation in astrocytes and bEnd.3. Poly-arginine-18 peptides, which are being developed as neuroprotective therapeutics for ischaemic stroke, therefore have the additional potential of reducing cytotoxic effects associated with rtPA thrombolysis in the treatment of ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade E Kenna
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, RR Block, QEII Medical Centre, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia. .,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Ryan S Anderton
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, RR Block, QEII Medical Centre, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,School of Heath Sciences, and Institute for Health Research, The University Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, 6160, Australia
| | - Neville W Knuckey
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, RR Block, QEII Medical Centre, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Bruno P Meloni
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, RR Block, QEII Medical Centre, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
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166
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MicroRNA-27a-3p aggravates renal ischemia/reperfusion injury by promoting oxidative stress via targeting growth factor receptor-bound protein 2. Pharmacol Res 2020; 155:104718. [PMID: 32084559 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion (RI/R) injury with high morbidity and mortality is one common clinical disease. Development of drug targets to treat the disorder is critical important. MiR-27a-3p plays important roles in regulating oxidative stress. However, its effects on RI/R injury have not been reported. In this paper, hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) models on NRK-52E and HK-2 cells, and RI/R model in C57BL/6 mice were established. The results showed that H/R in vitro decreased cell viability and increased ROS levels in cells, and RI/R caused renal injury and oxidative damage in mice. The expression levels of miR-27a-3p were up-regulated based on real-time PCR and FISH assays in model groups compared with control groups, which directly targeted Grb2 based on dual luciferase reporter assay and co-transfaction test. In addition, miR-27a- 3p markedly reduced Grb2 expression to down-regulate the expression levels of p-PI3K, p-AKT, Nrf2, HO-1, and up-regulate Keap1 expression in model groups. MiR-27a-3p mimics in vitro enhanced H/R-caused oxidative stress via increasing ROS levels and decreasing Grb2 expression to down-regulate PI3K-AKT signal. In contrary, miR-27a-3p inhibitor in vitro significantly reduced H/R-caused oxidative damage via decreasing ROS levels and increasing Grb2 expression to up-regulate PI3K-AKT signal. In vivo, miR-27a- 3p agomir exacerbated RI/R-caused renal damage by decreasing SOD level and increasing Cr, BUN, MDA levels via suppressing Grb2 expression to down-regulate PI3K- AKT signal. However, miR-27a -3p antagomir alleviated RI/R-caused oxidative damage via increasing Grb2 expression to up-regulate PI3k-AKT signal. Grb2siRNA in mice further enhanced RI/R-caused renal injury by increasing Cr, BUN, MDA levels and decreasing SOD level via inhibiting the expression levels of Grb2, Nrf2, HO-1, and increasing Keap1 expression. Our data showed that miR-27a-3p aggravated RI/R injury by promoting oxidative stress via targeting Grb2, which should be considered as one new drug target to treat RI/R injury.
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167
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Wang L, Chen X, Wang Y, Zhao L, Zhao X, Wang Y. MiR-30c-5p mediates the effects of panax notoginseng saponins in myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury by inhibiting oxidative stress-induced cell damage. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:109963. [PMID: 32036220 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia reperfusion (MI/R) injury is a severe pathological process that threatens human health all over the world. The role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the pathogenesis of MI/R injury has been increasingly recognized in recent years. Here, we conducted a miRNA profiling of the hearts of MI/R injured rat model, and identified 46 miRNAs which were differentially expressed between the MI/R injury and the control groups. With a special focus on one of the most significantly changed miRNA, miR-30c-5p, we demonstrated its protective role against cardiomyocyte injury in tBHP-treated H9c2 cells. Overexpression of miR-30c-5p increased cell viability, decreased LDH release, and reduced cell apoptosis of cardiomyocytes after tBHP stimulation, accompanied with downregulated p53 expression. Noticeably, the level of miR-30c-5p was markedly upregulated in MI/R injury cells treated with panax notoginseng saponins (PNS), a traditional Chinese Medicine with significant clinical effects in the treatment of human MI/R injury. Moreover, miR-30c-5p inhibitor is sufficient to block the protection of PNS, as well as its active ingredient ginsenoside Re, against tBHP induced cardiomyocyte injury. The expression of p53 protein was also reduced in PNS treated cells. In summary, our study identified novel miRNA hits of MI/R injury, revealed a pivotal role of miR-30c-5p in cardiomyocyte damage and apoptosis after MI/R, and illustrated a miR-30c-5p-dependent therapeutic mechanism of PNS of this pathologic process. Future studies are warranted to examine the endogenous significance of miR-30c-5p, along with multiple other miRNA hits, in the pathogenesis and treatment of MI/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linli Wang
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqian Chen
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingchao Wang
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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168
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Bøtker HE, Cabrera-Fuentes HA, Ruiz-Meana M, Heusch G, Ovize M. Translational issues for mitoprotective agents as adjunct to reperfusion therapy in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:2717-2729. [PMID: 31967733 PMCID: PMC7077531 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre‐clinical studies have indicated that mitoprotective drugs may add cardioprotection beyond rapid revascularization, antiplatelet therapy and risk modification. We review the clinical efficacy of mitoprotective drugs that have progressed to clinical testing comprising cyclosporine A, KAI‐9803, MTP131 and TRO 40303. Whereas cyclosporine may reduce infarct size in patients undergoing primary angioplasty as evaluated by release of myocardial ischaemic biomarkers and infarct size imaging, the other drugs were not capable of demonstrating this effect in the clinical setting. The absent effect leaves the role of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore for reperfusion injury in humans unanswered and indicates that targeting one single mechanism to provide mitoprotection may not be efficient. Moreover, the lack of effect may relate to favourable outcome with current optimal therapy, but conditions such as age, sex, diabetes, dyslipidaemia and concurrent medications may also alter mitochondrial function. However, as long as the molecular structure of the pore remains unknown and specific inhibitors of its opening are lacking, the mitochondrial permeability transition pore remains a target for alleviation of reperfusion injury. Nevertheless, taking conditions such as ageing, sex, comorbidities and co‐medication into account may be of paramount importance during the design of pre‐clinical and clinical studies testing mitoprotective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Erik Bøtker
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Hector Alejandro Cabrera-Fuentes
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Cardiovascular Sciences Academic Clinical Programme and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.,Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centro de Biotecnologia-FEMSA, Monterrey, Mexico.,Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Marisol Ruiz-Meana
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron-Universitat Autònoma, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-CV, CIBER-CV, Spain
| | - Gerd Heusch
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen. Medical School, Essen, Germany
| | - Michel Ovize
- CarMeN Laboratory, Hôpital Louis Pradel, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon and Explorations Fonctionnelles Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1060, Lyon, France
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169
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Miranda ÉGA, Araujo-Chaves JC, Kawai C, Brito AMM, Dias IWR, Arantes JT, Nantes-Cardoso IL. Cardiolipin Structure and Oxidation Are Affected by Ca 2+ at the Interface of Lipid Bilayers. Front Chem 2020; 7:930. [PMID: 32039150 PMCID: PMC6986261 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+-overload contributes to the oxidation of mitochondrial membrane lipids and associated events such as the permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening. Numerous experimental studies about the Ca2+/cardiolipin (CL) interaction are reported in the literature, but there are few studies in conjunction with theoretical approaches based on ab initio calculations. In the present study, the lipid fraction of the inner mitochondrial membrane was modeled as POPC/CL large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs). POPC/CL and, comparatively, POPC, and CL LUVs were challenged by singlet molecular oxygen using the anionic porphyrin TPPS4 as a photosensitizer and by free radicals produced by Fe2+-citrate. Calcium ion favored both types of lipid oxidation in a lipid composition-dependent manner. In membranes containing predominantly or exclusively POPC, Ca2+ increased the oxidation at later reaction times while the oxidation of CL membranes was exacerbated at the early times of reaction. Considering that Ca2+ interaction affects the lipid structure and packing, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were applied to the Ca2+ association with totally and partially protonated and deprotonated CL, in the presence of water. The interaction of totally and partially protonated CL head groups with Ca2+ decreased the intramolecular P-P distance and increased the hydrophobic volume of the acyl chains. Consistently with the theoretically predicted effect of Ca2+ on CL, in the absence of pro-oxidants, giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) challenged by Ca2+ formed buds and many internal vesicles. Therefore, Ca2+ induces changes in CL packing and increases the susceptibility of CL to the oxidation promoted by free radicals and excited species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érica G A Miranda
- Laboratory of Nanostructures for Biology and Advanced Materials, NanoBioMAv, Center of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Juliana C Araujo-Chaves
- Laboratory of Nanostructures for Biology and Advanced Materials, NanoBioMAv, Center of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Cintia Kawai
- Laboratory of Nanostructures for Biology and Advanced Materials, NanoBioMAv, Center of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Adrianne M M Brito
- Laboratory of Nanostructures for Biology and Advanced Materials, NanoBioMAv, Center of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Igor W R Dias
- Center of Engineering, Modeling, and Applied Social Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Jeverson T Arantes
- Center of Engineering, Modeling, and Applied Social Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Iseli L Nantes-Cardoso
- Laboratory of Nanostructures for Biology and Advanced Materials, NanoBioMAv, Center of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, Brazil
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170
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Montalvo RN, Doerr V, Min K, Szeto HH, Smuder AJ. Doxorubicin-induced oxidative stress differentially regulates proteolytic signaling in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 318:R227-R233. [PMID: 31774307 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00299.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a highly effective antineoplastic agent used in cancer treatment. Unfortunately, clinical use of DOX is limited due to the development of dose-dependent toxicity to cardiac and respiratory (i.e., diaphragm) muscles. After administration, DOX preferentially localizes to the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it promotes cellular toxicity via enhanced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Although recent evidence suggests that amelioration of mitochondrial ROS emission preserves cardiorespiratory muscle function following DOX treatment, the mechanisms responsible for this protection remain unknown. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that DOX-induced mitochondrial ROS production is required to stimulate pathological signaling by the autophagy/lysosomal system (ALS), the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP), and the unfolded protein response (UPR). Cause and effect were determined by administration of the mitochondria-targeted peptide SS-31 to DOX-treated animals. Interestingly, while SS-31 abrogated aberrant ROS emission in cardiorespiratory muscles of DOX-treated animals, our results revealed muscle-specific regulation of effector pathways. In the heart, SS-31 prevented DOX-induced proteolytic signaling through the ALS and UPP. In contrast, ALS signaling was inhibited by SS-31 in the diaphragm, but the UPP was not affected. UPR signaling was activated in both muscles at eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) S51 in the heart and diaphragm of DOX-treated animals and was attenuated with SS-31 treatment in both tissues. However, downstream signaling of eIF2α (activating transcription factor 4 and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein) was diminished in the heart but upregulated in the diaphragm with DOX. Collectively, these results show that DOX-induced ROS production plays distinct roles in the regulation of cardiac and diaphragm muscle proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan N Montalvo
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Vivian Doerr
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kisuk Min
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Hazel H Szeto
- Social Profit Network Research Lab, Alexandria LaunchLabs, New York, New York
| | - Ashley J Smuder
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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171
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Shen R, Zhou J, Li G, Chen W, Zhong W, Chen Z. SS31 attenuates oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis in early brain injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage possibly by the mitochondrial pathway. Neurosci Lett 2019; 717:134654. [PMID: 31785308 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SS31 has been shown to have neuroprotective effects in a number of neurological degenerative diseases. However, the mechanisms and its role of neuroprotection after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) remain unexplored. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of SS31 on early brain injury (EBI) induced by SAH in rats and the potential mechanisms of the protective effects of SS31. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: Sham, SAH, SAH + vehicle, and SAH + SS31 groups. The SAH-induced prechiasmatic cistern rat model was established in this study. Neurological scores were evaluated at 24 h and 72 h after SAH. The brain edema, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, neuronal apoptosis, malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, as well as the expression of mitochondrial and cytosolic cytochrome C (Cyt C), and Bax were analyzed at 24 h after SAH. RESULTS When compared with the vehicle-treated group, treatment with SS31 significantly reduced MDA levels and restored the activities of GPx and SOD in the temporal cortex following SAH when compared with the vehicle-treated group. In addition, the levels of mitochondrial Cyt C and Bax respectively increased and decreased by SS31 treatment. Moreover, SS31 treatment ameliorated brain edema and Evans blue dye extravasation, improved neurological deficits, and decreased neuronal apoptosis at 24 h after SAH. CONCLUSION Our data provides initial evidence that SS31 could alleviate EBI after SAH through its antioxidant property and ability in inhibiting neuronal apoptosis, likely by modulating the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiming Shen
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, 31 Longhua Road, Haikou, 570102, Hainan Province, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University,31 Longhua Road, Haikou, 570102, Hainan Province, China.
| | - Ge Li
- The Second Ward, Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, 31 Longhua Road, Haikou, 570102, Hainan Province, China
| | - Wuyan Chen
- The First Ward, Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, 31 Longhua Road, Haikou, 570102, Hainan Province, China
| | - Wangwang Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University,31 Longhua Road, Haikou, 570102, Hainan Province, China
| | - Zhenggang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University,31 Longhua Road, Haikou, 570102, Hainan Province, China
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172
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Zhao W, Xu Z, Cao J, Fu Q, Wu Y, Zhang X, Long Y, Zhang X, Yang Y, Li Y, Mi W. Elamipretide (SS-31) improves mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic and memory impairment induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:230. [PMID: 31747905 PMCID: PMC6865061 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1627-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is widely accepted that mitochondria have a direct impact on neuronal function and survival. Oxidative stress caused by mitochondrial abnormalities play an important role in the pathophysiology of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced memory impairment. Elamipretide (SS-31) is a novel mitochondrion-targeted antioxidant. However, the impact of elamipretide on the cognitive sequelae of inflammatory and oxidative stress is unknown. Methods We utilized MWM and contextual fear conditioning test to assess hippocampus-related learning and memory performance. Molecular biology techniques and ELISA were used to examine mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and the inflammatory response. TUNEL and Golgi-staining was used to detect neural cell apoptosis and the density of dendritic spines in the mouse hippocampus. Results Mice treated with LPS exhibited mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, an inflammatory response, neural cell apoptosis, and loss of dendritic spines in the hippocampus, leading to impaired hippocampus-related learning and memory performance in the MWM and contextual fear conditioning test. Treatment with elamipretide significantly ameliorated LPS-induced learning and memory impairment during behavioral tests. Notably, elamipretide not only provided protective effects against mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress but also facilitated the regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling, including the reversal of important synaptic-signaling proteins and increased synaptic structural complexity. Conclusion These findings indicate that LPS-induced memory impairment can be attenuated by the mitochondrion-targeted antioxidant elamipretide. Consequently, elamipretide may have a therapeutic potential in preventing damage from the oxidative stress and neuroinflammation that contribute to perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND), which makes mitochondria a potential target for treatment strategies for PND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixing Zhao
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28th Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28th Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jiangbei Cao
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28th Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28th Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yishuang Wu
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28th Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28th Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yue Long
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28th Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28th Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yitian Yang
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28th Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratories of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Weidong Mi
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28th Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China.
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173
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Kim S, Nam HY, Lee J, Seo J. Mitochondrion-Targeting Peptides and Peptidomimetics: Recent Progress and Design Principles. Biochemistry 2019; 59:270-284. [PMID: 31696703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are multifunctional subcellular organelles whose operations encompass energy production, signal transduction, and metabolic regulation. Given their wide range of roles, they have been studied extensively as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondrion-mediated pathways have been identified as promising targets in the context of these diseases. However, the delivery of specific probes and drugs to the mitochondria is one of the major problems that remains to be solved. Over the past decade, much effort has been devoted to developing mitochondrion-targeted delivery methods based on the membrane characteristics and the protein import machinery of mitochondria. While various methods utilizing small molecules to polymeric particles have been introduced, it is notable that many of these compounds share common structural elements and physicochemical properties for optimal selectivity and efficiency. In this Perspective, we will review the most recently developed mitochondrion-targeting peptides and peptidomimetics to outline the key aspects of structural requirements and design principles. We will also discuss successful and potential applications of mitochondrial delivery to assess opportunities and challenges in the targeting of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Yeon Nam
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoun Lee
- Department of Global Medical Science , Sungshin University , Seoul 01133 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Seo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
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174
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Weissig V. Drug Development for the Therapy of Mitochondrial Diseases. Trends Mol Med 2019; 26:40-57. [PMID: 31727544 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are a heterogeneous group of inherited or acquired devastating disorders that affect the energy metabolism of the body. Many strategies have been investigated, but currently there is no FDA-approved drug that can alleviate disease symptoms or slow disease progression. This review analyzes to what extent growing knowledge over the past two decades about the etiology and pathogenesis of mitochondrial diseases is reflected in the design and development of new experimental drugs for the therapy of these disorders. All currently registered clinical trials involving new experimental drug entities are reviewed to evaluate how far away we are from the first FDA-approved drug therapy for mitochondrial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkmar Weissig
- Midwestern University College of Pharmacy at Glendale, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanocenter of Excellence, Glendale, AZ, USA.
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175
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Wyss JC, Kumar R, Mikulic J, Schneider M, Mary JL, Aebi JD, Juillerat-Jeanneret L, Golshayan D. Differential Effects of the Mitochondria-Active Tetrapeptide SS-31 (D-Arg-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH 2) and Its Peptidase-Targeted Prodrugs in Experimental Acute Kidney Injury. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1209. [PMID: 31780923 PMCID: PMC6857474 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondria-active tetrapeptide SS-31 can control oxidative tissue damage in kidney diseases. To investigate other potential beneficial nephroprotective effects of SS-31, in vivo murine models of acute tubular injury and glomerular damage were developed. Reduction of acute kidney injury was demonstrated in mice treated with SS-31. The expression of mRNAs involved in acute inflammatory and oxidative stress responses in the diseased kidneys confirmed that SS-31 could regulate these pathways in our in vivo models. Furthermore, ex vivo histoenzymography of mouse kidneys showed that aminopeptidase A (APA), the enzyme involved in the processing of angiotensin (Ang) II to Ang III, was induced in the diseased kidneys, and its activity was inhibited by SS-31. As the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) is a main regulator of kidney functions, the modulation of Ang receptors (ATR) and APA by SS-31 was further investigated using mRNAs extracted from diseased kidneys. Following acute tubular and/or glomerular damage, the expression of the AT1R mRNA was upregulated, which could be selectively downregulated upon SS-31 administration to the animals. At the same time, SS-31 was able to increase the expression of the AT2R, which may contribute to limit renal damage. Consequently, SS-31-based prodrugs were developed as substrates and/or inhibitors for APA and were screened using cells expressing high levels of APA, showing its selective regulation by α-Glu-SS-31. Thus, a link between SS-31 and the RAS opens new therapeutic implications for SS-31 in kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Wyss
- Transplantation Center and Transplantation Immunopathology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Transplantation Center and Transplantation Immunopathology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Josip Mikulic
- Transplantation Center and Transplantation Immunopathology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Schneider
- Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Mary
- Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johannes D Aebi
- Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lucienne Juillerat-Jeanneret
- Transplantation Center and Transplantation Immunopathology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,University Institute of Pathology, CHUV and UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dela Golshayan
- Transplantation Center and Transplantation Immunopathology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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176
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Yang QQ, Zhu LJ, Xi TK, Zhu HY, Chen XX, Wu M, Sun C, Xu C, Fang GM, Meng X. Delivery of cell membrane impermeable peptides into living cells by using head-to-tail cyclized mitochondria-penetrating peptides. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:9693-9697. [PMID: 31691700 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02075f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A series of cyclic Arg-rich mitochondria-penetrating peptides were prepared with variation in the macrocycle size and the chirality of Arg residues. A cyclic heptapeptide was demonstrated to be an efficient mitochondria-specific delivery vector for delivering membrane impermeable peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Health Science and Technology, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
| | - Liang-Jing Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Health Science and Technology, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
| | - Tong-Kuai Xi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Health Science and Technology, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
| | - Han-Ying Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Health Science and Technology, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Xu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Health Science and Technology, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Health Science and Technology, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
| | - Chuan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Health Science and Technology, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
| | - Changzhi Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Health Science and Technology, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
| | - Ge-Min Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Health Science and Technology, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
| | - Xiangming Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Health Science and Technology, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
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177
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In vitro cellular uptake and neuroprotective efficacy of poly-arginine-18 (R18) and poly-ornithine-18 (O18) peptides: critical role of arginine guanidinium head groups for neuroprotection. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 464:27-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03646-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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178
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Vogelaar PC, Roorda M, de Vrij EL, Houwertjes MC, Goris M, Bouma H, van der Graaf AC, Krenning G, Henning RH. The 6-hydroxychromanol derivative SUL-109 ameliorates renal injury after deep hypothermia and rewarming in rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2019; 33:2128-2138. [PMID: 29660027 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfy080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in kidney damage in various pathologies, including acute and chronic kidney injury and diabetic nephropathy. In addition to the well-studied ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, hypothermia/rewarming (H/R) also inflicts acute kidney injury. Substituted 6-hydroxychromanols are a novel class of mitochondrial medicines that ameliorate mitochondrial oxidative stress and protect the mitochondrial network. To identify a novel 6-hydroxychromanol that protects mitochondrial structure and function in the kidney during H/R, we screened multiple compounds in vitro and subsequently assessed the efficacy of the 6-hydroxychromanol derivatives SUL-109 and SUL-121 in vivo to protect against kidney injury after H/R in rats. Methods Human proximal tubule cell viability was assessed following exposure to H/R for 48/4 h in the presence of various 6-hydroxychromanols. Selected compounds (SUL-109, SUL-121) or vehicle were administered to ketamine-anaesthetized male Wistar rats (IV 135 µg/kg/h) undergoing H/R at 15°C for 3 h followed by rewarming and normothermia for 1 h. Metabolic parameters and body temperature were measured throughout. In addition, renal function, renal injury, histopathology and mitochondrial fitness were assessed. Results H/R injury in vitro lowered cell viability by 94 ± 1%, which was counteracted dose-dependently by multiple 6-hydroxychomanols derivatives. In vivo, H/R in rats showed kidney injury molecule 1 expression in the kidney and tubular dilation, accompanied by double-strand DNA breaks and protein nitrosylation. SUL-109 and SUL-121 ameliorated tubular kidney damage, preserved mitochondrial mass and maintained cortical adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) levels, although SUL-121 did not reduce protein nitrosylation. Conclusions The substituted 6-hydroxychromanols SUL-109 and SUL-121 ameliorate kidney injury during in vivo H/R by preserving mitochondrial mass, function and ATP levels. In addition, both 6-hydroxychromanols limit DNA damage, but only SUL-109 also prevented protein nitrosylation in tubular cells. Therefore SUL-109 offers a promising therapeutic strategy to preserve kidney mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter C Vogelaar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Sulfateq B.V., Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maurits Roorda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin L de Vrij
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin C Houwertjes
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike Goris
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar Bouma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Guido Krenning
- Sulfateq B.V., Groningen, The Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert H Henning
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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179
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Suliman HB, Nozik-Grayck E. Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Metabolic Drivers of Pulmonary Hypertension. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:843-857. [PMID: 30604624 PMCID: PMC6751393 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive disease characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling and lung vasculopathy. The disease displays progressive dyspnea, pulmonary artery uncoupling and right ventricular (RV) dysfunction. The overall survival rate is ranging from 28-72%. Recent Advances: The molecular events that promote the development of PH are complex and incompletely understood. Metabolic impairment has been proposed to contribute to the pathophysiology of PH with evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction involving the electron transport chain proteins, antioxidant enzymes, apoptosis regulators, and mitochondrial quality control. Critical Issues: It is vital to characterize the mechanisms by which mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to PH pathogenesis. This review focuses on the currently available publications that supports mitochondrial mechanisms in PH pathophysiology. Future Directions: Further studies of these metabolic mitochondrial alterations in PH could be viable targets of diagnostic and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagir B Suliman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Eva Nozik-Grayck
- Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Labs and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
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180
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The Role of Mitochondria in the Mechanisms of Cardiac Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8100454. [PMID: 31590423 PMCID: PMC6826663 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8100454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a critical role in maintaining cellular function by ATP production. They are also a source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and proapoptotic factors. The role of mitochondria has been established in many aspects of cell physiology/pathophysiology, including cell signaling. Mitochondria may deteriorate under various pathological conditions, including ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Mitochondrial injury can be one of the main causes for cardiac and other tissue injuries by energy stress and overproduction of toxic reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative stress, elevated calcium and apoptotic and necrotic cell death. However, the interplay among these processes in normal and pathological conditions is still poorly understood. Mitochondria play a critical role in cardiac IR injury, where they are directly involved in several pathophysiological mechanisms. We also discuss the role of mitochondria in the context of mitochondrial dynamics, specializations and heterogeneity. Also, we wanted to stress the existence of morphologically and functionally different mitochondrial subpopulations in the heart that may have different sensitivities to diseases and IR injury. Therefore, various cardioprotective interventions that modulate mitochondrial stability, dynamics and turnover, including various pharmacologic agents, specific mitochondrial antioxidants and uncouplers, and ischemic preconditioning can be considered as the main strategies to protect mitochondrial and cardiovascular function and thus enhance longevity.
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181
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Iswarya A, Anjugam M, Shanthini S, Vaseeharan B. Protective activity of beta-1, 3-glucan binding protein against AAPH induced oxidative stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 138:890-902. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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182
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The mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ inhibits memory loss, neuropathology, and extends lifespan in aged 3xTg-AD mice. Mol Cell Neurosci 2019; 101:103409. [PMID: 31521745 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2019.103409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, likely stemming from dysfunctional mitochondria, occurs before major cognitive deficits and neuropathologies become apparent in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and in mouse models of the disease. We previously reported that treating 2- to 7-month-old 3xTg-AD mice with the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ (mitoquinone mesylate: [10-(4,5-Dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,6-dioxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl)decyl](triphenyl)phosphonium methanesulfonate), a period when AD-like pathologies first manifest in them, prevents AD-like symptoms from developing. To elucidate further a role for mitochondria-derived oxidative stress in AD progression, we examined the ability of MitoQ to inhibit AD-like pathologies in these mice at an age in which cognitive and neuropathological symptoms have fully developed. 3xTg-AD female mice received MitoQ in their drinking water for five months beginning at twelve months after birth. Untreated 18-month-old 3xTg-AD mice exhibited significant learning deficits and extensive AD-like neuropathologies. MitoQ-treated mice showed improved memory retention compared to untreated 3xTg-AD mice as well as reduced brain oxidative stress, synapse loss, astrogliosis, microglial cell proliferation, Aβ accumulation, caspase activation, and tau hyperphosphorylation. Additionally, MitoQ treatment significantly increased the abbreviated lifespan of the 3xTg-AD mice. These findings support a role for the involvement of mitochondria-derived oxidative stress in the etiology of AD and suggest that mitochondria-targeted antioxidants may lessen symptoms in AD patients.
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183
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The Mitochondrial Antioxidant SS-31 Modulates Oxidative Stress, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Autophagy in Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091322. [PMID: 31466264 PMCID: PMC6780723 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been shown to play a central role in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (T2D), and mitochondria-targeted agents such as SS-31 are emerging as a promising strategy for its treatment. We aimed to study the effects of SS-31 on leukocytes from T2D patients by evaluating oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy. Sixty-one T2D patients and 53 controls were included. Anthropometric and analytical measurements were performed. We also assessed reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, calcium content, the expression of ER stress markers GRP78, CHOP, P-eIF2α, and autophagy-related proteins Beclin1, LC3 II/I, and p62 in leukocytes from T2D and control subjects treated or not with SS-31. Furthermore, we have evaluated the action of SS-31 on leukocyte-endothelium interactions. T2D patients exhibited elevated ROS concentration, calcium levels and presence of ER markers (GRP78 and CHOP gene expression, and GRP78 and P-eIF2α protein expression), all of which were reduced by SS-31 treatment. SS-31 also led to a drop in BECN1 gene expression, and Beclin1 and LC3 II/I protein expression in T2D patients. In contrast, the T2D group displayed reduced p62 protein levels that were restored by SS-31. SS-20 (with non-antioxidant activity) did not change any analyzed parameter. In addition, SS-31 decreased rolling flux and leukocyte adhesion, and increased rolling velocity in T2D patients. Our findings suggest that SS-31 exerts potentially beneficial effects on leukocytes of T2D patients modulating oxidative stress and autophagy, and ameliorating ER stress.
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184
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Czigler A, Toth L, Szarka N, Berta G, Amrein K, Czeiter E, Lendvai-Emmert D, Bodo K, Tarantini S, Koller A, Ungvari Z, Buki A, Toth P. Hypertension Exacerbates Cerebrovascular Oxidative Stress Induced by Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Protective Effects of the Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidative Peptide SS-31. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:3309-3315. [PMID: 31266393 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces cerebrovascular oxidative stress, which is associated with neurovascular uncoupling, autoregulatory dysfunction, and persisting cognitive decline in both pre-clinical models and patients. However, single mild TBI (mTBI), the most frequent form of brain trauma, increases cerebral generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) only transiently. We hypothesized that comorbid conditions might exacerbate long-term ROS generation in cerebral arteries after mTBI. Because hypertension is the most important cerebrovascular risk factor in populations prone to mild brain trauma, we induced mTBI in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and assessed changes in cytoplasmic and mitochondrial superoxide (O2-) production by confocal microscopy in isolated middle cerebral arteries (MCA) 2 weeks after mTBI using dihydroethidine (DHE) and the mitochondria-targeted redox-sensitive fluorescent indicator dye MitoSox. We found that mTBI induced a significant increase in long-term cytoplasmic and mitochondrial O2- production in MCAs of SHRs and increased expression of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase subunit Nox4, which were reversed to the normal level by treating the animals with the cell-permeable, mitochondria-targeted antioxidant peptide SS-31 (5.7 mg kg-1 day-1, i.p.). Persistent mTBI-induced oxidative stress in MCAs of SHRs was significantly decreased by inhibiting vascular NADPH oxidase (apocyinin). We propose that hypertension- and mTBI-induced cerebrovascular oxidative stress likely lead to persistent dysregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cognitive dysfunction, which might be reversed by SS-31 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras Czigler
- Department of Neurosurgery and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs, Hungary.,Institute for Translational Medicine, Departments of University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Luca Toth
- Department of Neurosurgery and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs, Hungary.,Institute for Translational Medicine, Departments of University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Szarka
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Departments of University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Gergely Berta
- Medical Biology and University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Kriszitina Amrein
- Department of Neurosurgery and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Endre Czeiter
- Department of Neurosurgery and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs, Hungary.,Immunology and Biotechnology, University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Dominika Lendvai-Emmert
- Department of Neurosurgery and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Kornelia Bodo
- Immunology and Biotechnology, University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Stefano Tarantini
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Akos Koller
- Department of Neurosurgery and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs, Hungary.,Department of Morphology and Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Sport-Physiology Research Center, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Zoltan Ungvari
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Andras Buki
- Department of Neurosurgery and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Peter Toth
- Department of Neurosurgery and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs, Hungary.,Institute for Translational Medicine, Departments of University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs, Hungary.,MTA-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Pecs, Hungary
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185
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Liu D, Jin F, Shu G, Xu X, Qi J, Kang X, Yu H, Lu K, Jiang S, Han F, You J, Du Y, Ji J. Enhanced efficiency of mitochondria-targeted peptide SS-31 for acute kidney injury by pH-responsive and AKI-kidney targeted nanopolyplexes. Biomaterials 2019; 211:57-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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186
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MacDougall G, Anderton RS, Mastaglia FL, Knuckey NW, Meloni BP. Proteomic analysis of cortical neuronal cultures treated with poly-arginine peptide-18 (R18) and exposed to glutamic acid excitotoxicity. Mol Brain 2019; 12:66. [PMID: 31315638 PMCID: PMC6637488 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-019-0486-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly-arginine peptide-18 (R18) has recently emerged as a highly effective neuroprotective agent in experimental stroke models, and is particularly efficacious in protecting cortical neurons against glutamic acid excitotoxicity. While we have previously demonstrated that R18 can reduce excitotoxicity-induced neuronal calcium influx, other molecular events associated with R18 neuroprotection are yet to investigated. Therefore, in this study we were particularly interested in protein expression changes in R18 treated neurons subjected to excitotoxicity. Proteomic analysis was used to compare protein expression patterns in primary cortical neuronal cultures subjected to: (i) R18-treatment alone (R18); (ii) glutamic acid excitotoxic injury (Glut); (iii) R18-treatment and glutamic acid injury (R18 + Glut); (iv) no treatment (Cont). Whole cell lysates were harvested 24 h post-injury and subjected to quantitative proteomic analysis (iTRAQ), coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and subsequent bioinformatic analysis of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Relative to control cultures, R18, Glut, and R18 + Glut treatment resulted in the detection of 5, 95 and 14 DEPs respectively. Compared to Glut alone, R18 + Glut revealed 98 DEPs, including 73 proteins whose expression was also altered by treatment with Glut and/or R18 alone, as well as 25 other uniquely regulated proteins. R18 treatment reversed the up- or down-regulation of all 73 Glut-associated DEPs, which included proteins involved in mitochondrial integrity, ATP generation, mRNA processing and protein translation. Analysis of protein-protein interactions of the 73 DEPs showed they were primarily associated with mitochondrial respiration, proteasome activity and protein synthesis, transmembrane trafficking, axonal growth and neuronal differentiation, and carbohydrate metabolism. Identified protein pathways associated with proteostasis and energy metabolism, and with pathways involved in neurodegeneration. Collectively, the findings indicate that R18 neuroprotection following excitotoxicity is associated with preservation of neuronal protein profiles, and differential protein expression that assists in maintaining mitochondrial function and energy production, protein homeostasis, and membrane trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella MacDougall
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences, QEII Medical Centre, Ground Floor, RR Block, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia.
- School of Heath Sciences and Institute for Health Research, The University Notre Dame, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Ryan S Anderton
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences, QEII Medical Centre, Ground Floor, RR Block, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- School of Heath Sciences and Institute for Health Research, The University Notre Dame, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Frank L Mastaglia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences, QEII Medical Centre, Ground Floor, RR Block, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Neville W Knuckey
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences, QEII Medical Centre, Ground Floor, RR Block, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Bruno P Meloni
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences, QEII Medical Centre, Ground Floor, RR Block, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
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187
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Reitsema VA, Star BS, de Jager VD, van Meurs M, Henning RH, Bouma HR. Metabolic Resuscitation Strategies to Prevent Organ Dysfunction in Sepsis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:134-152. [PMID: 30403161 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Sepsis is the main cause of death among patients admitted to the intensive care unit. As current treatment is limited to antimicrobial therapy and supportive care, mortality remains high, which warrants efforts to find novel therapies. Recent Advances: Mitochondrial dysfunction is emerging as a key process in the induction of organ dysfunction during sepsis, and metabolic resuscitation might reveal to be a novel cornerstone in the treatment of sepsis. Critical Issues: Here, we review novel strategies to maintain organ function in sepsis by precluding mitochondrial dysfunction by lowering energetic demand to allow preservation of adenosine triphosphate-levels, while reducing free radical generation. As the most common strategy to suppress metabolism, that is, cooling, does not reveal unequivocal beneficial effects and may even increase mortality, caloric restriction or modulation of energy-sensing pathways (i.e., sirtuins and AMP-activated protein kinase) may offer safe alternatives. Similar effects may be offered when mimicking hibernation by hydrogen sulfide (H2S). In addition H2S may also confer beneficial effects through upregulation of antioxidant mechanisms, similar to the other gasotransmitters nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, which display antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in sepsis. In addition, oxidative stress may be averted by systemic or mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, of which a wide range are able to lower inflammation, as well as reduce organ dysfunction and mortality from sepsis. Future Directions: Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a key role in the pathophysiology of sepsis. As a consequence, metabolic resuscitation might reveal to be a novel cornerstone in the treatment of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera A Reitsema
- 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan S Star
- 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent D de Jager
- 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matijs van Meurs
- 2 Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert H Henning
- 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar R Bouma
- 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,3 Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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188
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Mahmoud M, Gamal S, El-Fayoumi H. Baicalein Preconditioning Modulates Hepatocellular Injury following Liver Ischemia and Reperfusion in Rats via Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Signaling. DUBAI MEDICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1159/000501449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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189
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Mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic kidney disease. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 496:108-116. [PMID: 31276635 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the most common cause of end-stage kidney disease worldwide, the pathogenic mechanisms are poorly understood. There is increasing evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the development and progression of DKD. Because the kidney is the organ with the second highest oxygen consumption in our body, it is distinctly sensitive to mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the progression of chronic kidney disease irrespective of underlying cause. More importantly, high plasma glucose directly damages renal tubular cells, resulting in a wide range of metabolic and cellular dysfunction. Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of apoptotic pathway, and defective mitophagy are interlinked mechanisms that play pivotal roles in the progression of DKD. Although renal tubular cells have the highest mitochondrial content, podocytes, mesangial cells, and glomerular endothelial cells may all be affected by diabetes-induced mitochondrial injury. Urinary mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is readily detectable and may serve as a marker of mitochondrial damage in DKD. Unfortunately, pharmacologic modulation of mitochondrial dysfunction for the treatment of DKD is still in its infancy. Nonetheless, understanding the pathobiology of mitochondrial dysfunction in DKD would facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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190
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Zhou W, Ma D, Sun AX, Tran HD, Ma DL, Singh BK, Zhou J, Zhang J, Wang D, Zhao Y, Yen PM, Goh E, Tan EK. PD-linked CHCHD2 mutations impair CHCHD10 and MICOS complex leading to mitochondria dysfunction. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:1100-1116. [PMID: 30496485 PMCID: PMC6423417 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain containing protein 2 (CHCHD2) mutations were linked with autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease (PD) and recently, Alzheimer's disease/frontotemporal dementia. In the current study, we generated isogenic human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines harboring PD-associated CHCHD2 mutation R145Q or Q126X via clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) method, aiming to unravel pathophysiologic mechanism and seek potential intervention strategy against CHCHD2 mutant-caused defects. By engaging super-resolution microscopy, we identified a physical proximity and similar distribution pattern of CHCHD2 along mitochondria with mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS), a large protein complex maintaining mitochondria cristae. Isogenic hESCs and differentiated neural progenitor cells (NPCs) harboring CHCHD2 R145Q or Q126X mutation showed impaired mitochondria function, reduced CHCHD2 and MICOS components and exhibited nearly hollow mitochondria with reduced cristae. Furthermore, PD-linked CHCHD2 mutations lost their interaction with coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain containing protein 10 (CHCHD10), while transient knockdown of either CHCHD2 or CHCHD10 reduced MICOS and mitochondria cristae. Importantly, a specific mitochondria-targeted peptide, Elamipretide/MTP-131, now tested in phase 3 clinical trials for mitochondrial diseases, was found to enhance CHCHD2 with MICOS and mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation enzymes in isogenic NPCs harboring heterozygous R145Q, suggesting that Elamipretide is able to attenuate CHCHD2 R145Q-induced mitochondria dysfunction. Taken together, our results suggested CHCHD2-CHCHD10 complex may be a novel therapeutic target for PD and related neurodegenerative disorders, and Elamipretide may benefit CHCHD2 mutation-linked PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
| | - Dongrui Ma
- Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Alfred Xuyang Sun
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Laboratory, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hoang-Dai Tran
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Laboratory, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dong-Liang Ma
- Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Singhealth Duke-NUS Neuroscience Academic Clinical Program, Singapore
| | - Brijesh K Singh
- Programs in Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Jin Zhou
- Programs in Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Jinyan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Danlei Wang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Laboratory, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Clinical Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Paul M Yen
- Programs in Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Eyleen Goh
- Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Singhealth Duke-NUS Neuroscience Academic Clinical Program, Singapore.,Neuroregeneration Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore.,Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
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191
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Multifunctional radical quenchers as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of mitochondrial dysfunction. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:1605-1624. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with a wide range of human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, and is believed to cause or contribute to the etiology of these diseases. These disorders are frequently associated with increased levels of reactive oxygen species. One of the design strategies for therapeutic intervention involves the development of novel small molecules containing redox cores, which can scavenge reactive oxygen radicals and selectively block oxidative damage to the mitochondria. Presently, we describe recent research dealing with multifunctional radical quenchers as antioxidants able to scavenge reactive oxygen radicals. The review encompasses ubiquinone and tocopherol analogs, as well as novel pyri(mi)dinol derivatives, and their ability to function as protective agents in cellular models of mitochondrial diseases.
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192
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Mitochondria-Targeted Peptide SS31 Attenuates Renal Tubulointerstitial Injury via Inhibiting Mitochondrial Fission in Diabetic Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:2346580. [PMID: 31281569 PMCID: PMC6589270 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2346580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective Renal tubular injury is an early characteristic of diabetic nephropathy (DN) that is related to mitochondrial dysfunction. In this study, we explore the effects and mechanisms of mitochondria-targeted peptide SS31 on renal tubulointerstitial injury in DN. Method 40 C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group, STZ group, STZ+SS31 group, and STZ+normal saline group. SS31 was intraperitoneally injected to the mice every other day for 24 weeks. Renal lesions and the expression of Drp1, Mfn1, Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase1, IL-1β, and FN were detected. In in vitro studies, HK-2 cells were incubated with different concentrations of D-glucose (5, 30 mM) or combined with SS31 and Drp1 inhibitor Midivi1. Mitochondrial ROS, membrane potential, and morphology have been detected to evaluate the mitochondrial function. Results Compared with diabetic mice, the levels of serum creatinine and microalbuminuria were significantly decreased in the SS31 group. Renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis, oxidative stress, and apoptosis were observed in diabetic mice, while the pathological changes were reduced in the SS31-treatment group. SS31 could decrease the expression of Drp1, Bax, Caspase1, IL-1β, and FN in the renal tissue of diabetic mice, while increasing the expression of Mfn1. Additionally, mitochondria exhibit focal enlargement and crista swelling in renal tubular cells of diabetic mice, while SS31 treatment could partially block these changes. An in vitro study showed that pretreatment with SS31 or Drp1 inhibitor Mdivi1 could restore the level of mitochondrial ROS, the membrane potential levels, and the expressions of Drp1, Bax, Caspase1, IL-1β, and FN in HK-2 cells under high-glucose conditions. Conclusion SS31 protected renal tubulointerstitial injury in diabetic mice through a decrease in mitochondrial fragmentation via suppressing the expression of Drp1 and increasing the expression of Mfn1.
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193
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Reddy PH, Manczak M, Yin X, Reddy AP. Synergistic Protective Effects of Mitochondrial Division Inhibitor 1 and Mitochondria-Targeted Small Peptide SS31 in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 62:1549-1565. [PMID: 29400667 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to determine the synergistic protective effects of mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SS31 and mitochondria division inhibitor 1 (Mdivi1) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using biochemical methods, we assessed mitochondrial function by measuring the levels of hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, cytochrome c oxidase activity, mitochondrial ATP, and GTPase Drp1 enzymatic activity in mutant AβPP cells. Using biochemical methods, we also measured cell survival and apoptotic cell death. Amyloid-β (Aβ) levels were measured using sandwich ELISA, and using real-time quantitative RT-PCR, we assessed mtDNA (mtDNA) copy number in relation to nuclear DNA (nDNA) in all groups of cells. We found significantly reduced levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42 in mutant AβPP cells treated with SS31, Mdivi1, and SS31+Mdivi1, and the reduction of Aβ42 levels were much higher in SS31+Mdivi1 treated cells than individual treatments of SS31 and Mdivi1. The levels of mtDNA copy number and cell survival were significantly increased in SS31, Mdivi1, and SS31+Mdivi1 treated mutant AβPP cells; however, the increased levels of mtDNA copy number and cell survival were much higher in SS31+Mdivi1 treated cells than individual treatments of SS31 and Mdivi1. Mitochondrial dysfunction is significantly reduced in SS31, Mdivi1, and SS31+Mdivi1 treated mutant AβPP cells; however, the reduction is much higher in cells treated with both SS31+Mdvi1. Similarly, GTPase Drp1 activity is reduced in all treatments, but reduced much higher in SS31+Mdivi1 treated cells. These observations strongly suggest that combined treatment of SS31+Mdivi1 is effective than individual treatments of SS31 and Mdivi1. Therefore, we propose that combined treatment of SS31+Mdivi1 is a better therapeutic strategy for AD. Ours is the first study to investigate combined treatment of mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SS31 and mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 in AD neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hemachandra Reddy
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Garrison Institute on Aging, South West Campus, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Maria Manczak
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - XiangLing Yin
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Arubala P Reddy
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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194
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Monteiro LS, Paiva-Martins F, Oliveira S, Machado I, Costa M. An efficient one-pot synthesis of polyphenolic amino acids and evaluation of their radical-scavenging activity. Bioorg Chem 2019; 89:102983. [PMID: 31102692 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.102983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A simple and efficient procedure for the synthesis of N-acyl 4-hydroxy, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy and 3,4-dihydroxy phenylglycine amides by a strategy based on the multicomponent Ugi reaction is proposed. Hydroxybenzaldehyde derivatives were reacted with 4-methoxybenzylamine, cyclohexyl isocyanide and benzoic acid or 2-naphthylacetic acid to give Ugi adducts that were treated with trifluoroacetic acid yielding N-acyl hydroxyphenylglycine amides in good yields. The same procedure using as acid component protocatechuic acid or hydrocaffeic acid gave N-catechoyl 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycine amides. The use of N-benzyloxycarbonylglycine as acid component allowed the preparation of a 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycyl dipeptide derivative. Radical-scavenging activity studies of the polyphenolic amino acid derivatives showed a sharp increase in activity with the increase in number of hydroxyl or catechol groups present. Cyclic voltammetry experiments established a correlation between oxidation peak potentials and the radical-scavenging activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís S Monteiro
- Chemistry Centre, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Fátima Paiva-Martins
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Oliveira
- Chemistry Centre, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Machado
- Chemistry Centre, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Marlene Costa
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, Porto, Portugal
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195
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Protective effect of a 3 kDa peptide obtained from beef myofibrillar protein using alkaline-AK on neuronal cells. Neurochem Int 2019; 129:104459. [PMID: 31077759 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The protective effect of two 3 kDa peptide fractions (AK3KF1 and AK3KF2), obtained from beef myofibrillar protein using an inexpensive enzyme (alkaline-AK) on human neuronal cells (SH-SY5Y) against H2O2-induced apoptosis was investigated. These peptides were isolated and further separated by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC), and their protective effect against H2O2-mediated cell death was measured by determining cell viability, nitric oxide (NO) production, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), apoptosis, morphological changes in cell nuclei, and in vitro antioxidant assays. The results indicated that treatment with peptide fractions increased cell viability and MMP, and decreased NO production, fragmentation of cell nuclei, and apoptosis in H2O2-treated SH-SY5Y cells. This is the first study to report neuroprotective effects of a peptide obtained from beef myofibrillar protein. The peptide sequence was identified as Thr-Gln-Lys-Lys-Val-Ile-Phe-Cys (TQKKVIFC). Thus, these findings suggest that TQKKVIFC can prevent neuronal cell death and could be useful in preventing neurodegenerative diseases.
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196
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Lee SY, Hur SJ. Mechanisms of Neuroprotective Effects of Peptides Derived from Natural Materials and Their Production and Assessment. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:923-935. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Yun Lee
- Dept. of Animal Science and TechnologyChung‐Ang Univ. 4726 Seodong‐daero, Daedeok‐myeon Anseong‐si Gyeonggi 17546 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Jin Hur
- Dept. of Animal Science and TechnologyChung‐Ang Univ. 4726 Seodong‐daero, Daedeok‐myeon Anseong‐si Gyeonggi 17546 Republic of Korea
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197
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Zhang LH, Zhu XY, Eirin A, Nargesi AA, Woollard JR, Santelli A, Sun IO, Textor SC, Lerman LO. Early podocyte injury and elevated levels of urinary podocyte-derived extracellular vesicles in swine with metabolic syndrome: role of podocyte mitochondria. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F12-F22. [PMID: 31042059 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00399.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with nutrient surplus and kidney hyperfiltration, accelerating chronic renal failure. The potential involvement of podocyte damage in early MetS remains unclear. Mitochondrial dysfunction is an important determinant of renal damage, but whether it contributes to MetS-related podocyte injury remains unknown. Domestic pigs were studied after 16 wk of diet-induced MetS, MetS treated with the mitochondria-targeted peptide elamipretide (ELAM; 0.1 mg·kg-1·day-1 sc) for the last month of diet, and lean controls (n = 6 pigs/group). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal blood flow (RBF) were measured using multidetector computed tomography, and podocyte and mitochondrial injury were measured by light and electron microscopy. Urinary levels of podocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (pEVs; nephrin positive/podocalyxin positive) were characterized by flow cytometry. Body weight, blood pressure, RBF, and GFR were elevated in MetS. Glomerular size and glomerular injury score were also elevated in MetS and decreased after ELAM treatment. Evidence of podocyte injury, impaired podocyte mitochondria, and foot process width were all increased in MetS but restored with ELAM. The urinary concentration of pEVs was elevated in MetS pigs and directly correlated with renal dysfunction, glomerular injury, and fibrosis and inversely correlated with glomerular nephrin expression. Additionally, pEV numbers were elevated in the urine of obese compared with lean human patients. Early MetS induces podocyte injury and mitochondrial damage, which can be blunted by mitoprotection. Urinary pEVs reflecting podocyte injury might represent early markers of MetS-related kidney disease and a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hong Zhang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Nephrology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - John R Woollard
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Adrian Santelli
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - In O Sun
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Stephen C Textor
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
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198
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Chatfield KC, Sparagna GC, Chau S, Phillips EK, Ambardekar AV, Aftab M, Mitchell MB, Sucharov CC, Miyamoto SD, Stauffer BL. Elamipretide Improves Mitochondrial Function in the Failing Human Heart. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2019; 4:147-157. [PMID: 31061916 PMCID: PMC6488757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function is impaired in explanted failing pediatric and adult human hearts. Elamipretide is a novel mitochondria-targeted drug that is targeted to cardiolipin on the inner mitochondrial membrane and improves coupling of the electron transport chain. Treatment of explanted human hearts with elamipretide improves human cardiac mitochondrial function. The study provides novel methods to evaluate the influence of compounds on mitochondria in the human heart and provides proof of principle for the use of elamipretide to improve mitochondrial energetics in failing myocardium due to multiple etiologies and irrespective of age.
Negative alterations of mitochondria are known to occur in heart failure (HF). This study investigated the novel mitochondrial-targeted therapeutic agent elamipretide on mitochondrial and supercomplex function in failing human hearts ex vivo. Freshly explanted failing and nonfailing ventricular tissue from children and adults was treated with elamipretide. Mitochondrial oxygen flux, complex (C) I and CIV activities, and in-gel activity of supercomplex assembly were measured. Mitochondrial function was impaired in the failing human heart, and mitochondrial oxygen flux, CI and CIV activities, and supercomplex-associated CIV activity significantly improved in response to elamipretide treatment. Elamipretide significantly improved failing human mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C Chatfield
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Genevieve C Sparagna
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sarah Chau
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Elisabeth K Phillips
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Amrut V Ambardekar
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Muhammad Aftab
- Department of Surgery/Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Surgery, Veterans Administration Hospital, Denver, Colorado
| | - Max B Mitchell
- Department of Surgery/Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Carmen C Sucharov
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Shelley D Miyamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Brian L Stauffer
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, Colorado
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199
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Fujimoto C, Yamasoba T. Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidants for Treatment of Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E109. [PMID: 31022870 PMCID: PMC6523236 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8040109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with the etiologies of sensorineural hearing loss, such as age-related hearing loss, noise- and ototoxic drug-induced hearing loss, as well as hearing loss due to mitochondrial gene mutation. Mitochondria are the main sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS-induced oxidative stress is involved in cochlear damage. Moreover, the release of ROS causes further damage to mitochondrial components. Antioxidants are thought to counteract the deleterious effects of ROS and thus, may be effective for the treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases. The administration of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants is one of the drug delivery systems targeted to mitochondria. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants are expected to help in the prevention and/or treatment of diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Of the various mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, the protective effects of MitoQ and SkQR1 against ototoxicity have been previously evaluated in animal models and/or mouse auditory cell lines. MitoQ protects against both gentamicin- and cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. SkQR1 also provides auditory protective effects against gentamicin-induced ototoxicity. On the other hand, decreasing effect of MitoQ on gentamicin-induced cell apoptosis in auditory cell lines has been controversial. No clinical studies have been reported for otoprotection using mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants. High-quality clinical trials are required to reveal the therapeutic effect of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants in terms of otoprotection in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Fujimoto
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tokyo Teishin Hospital, 2-14-23, Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8798, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Yamasoba
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
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200
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Wu X, Pang Y, Zhang Z, Li X, Wang C, Lei Y, Li A, Yu L, Ye J. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant peptide SS-31 mediates neuroprotection in a rat experimental glaucoma model. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2019; 51:411-421. [PMID: 30811524 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmz020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the neuroprotective effects of the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant Szeto-Schiller peptide 31 (SS-31) in a rat experimental glaucoma model, SS-31 was intraperitoneally (IP) injected into Sprague-Dawley rats, followed by intracameral injection of polystyrene microspheres to induce elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). After 6 weeks, electroretinography (ERG) and flash visual-evoked potentials (F-VEPs) were recorded to assess retinal function. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed on retinal cross-sections to measure ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness. Apoptotic retinal cells were assessed by TUNEL staining. Brn3a-positive retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were counted in retinal flat mounts via immunofluorescence. The retinal total SOD, SOD2, and MDA expression levels were assessed in retinal tissue homogenates. The cyt c, Bax, and Bcl-2 protein levels in rat retinas were detected by western blot analysis. Bax and Bcl-2 expressions were also evaluated using immunohistochemistry in paraffinized sections. Our results showed that the rats that received microsphere injection developed elevated IOP. SS-31 ameliorated the reductions in the a- and b-wave amplitudes on ERG and the F-VEP amplitude in glaucomatous eyes. GCC thickness was preserved, TUNEL-positive cells were decreased in the retina, and Brn3a-positive RGCs were increased in the SS-31-treated glaucoma group compared with those in the non-treated glaucoma group. SS-31 significantly reduced MDA levels and increased SOD2 levels after glaucoma induction. Significant suppression of cyt c release, upregulation of Bcl-2, and downregulation of Bax were observed following SS-31 administration. In summary, SS-31 exerts neuroprotective effects in this experimental glaucoma model by inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction and therefore represents a promising therapeutic agent for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiong Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yu Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhilin Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiabin Li
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yingqing Lei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ailing Li
- Center of Evidence-Based Medicine at Southwest Medical University; School of Public Health of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ling Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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