151
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Santidrian AF, LeBoeuf SE, Wold ED, Ritland M, Forsyth JS, Felding BH. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase can affect metastatic activity and cell adhesive functions by regulating integrins in breast cancer. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 23:79-87. [PMID: 25263164 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
NAD(+) metabolism is an essential regulator of cellular redox reactions, energy pathways, and a substrate provider for NAD(+) consuming enzymes. We recently demonstrated that enhancement of NAD(+)/NADH levels in breast cancer cells with impaired mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase activity, through augmentation of complex I or by supplementing tumor cell nutrients with NAD(+) precursors, inhibits tumorigenicity and metastasis. To more fully understand how aberrantly low NAD(+) levels promote tumor cell dissemination, we here asked whether inhibition of NAD(+) salvage pathway activity by reduction in nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) expression can impact metastasis and tumor cell adhesive functions. We show that knockdown of NAMPT, the enzyme catalyzing the rate-limiting step of the NAD(+) salvage pathway, enhances metastatic aggressiveness in human breast cancer cells and involves modulation of integrin expression and function. Reduction in NAMPT expression is associated with upregulation of select adhesion receptors, particularly αvβ3 and β1 integrins, and results in increased breast cancer cell attachment to extracellular matrix proteins, a key function in tumor cell dissemination. Interestingly, NAMPT downregulation prompts expression of integrin αvβ3 in a high affinity conformation, known to promote tumor cell adhesive interactions during hematogenous metastasis. NAMPT has been selected as a therapeutic target for cancer therapy based on the essential functions of this enzyme in NAD(+) metabolism, cellular redox, DNA repair and energy pathways. Notably, our results indicate that incomplete inhibition of NAMPT, which impedes NAD(+) metabolism but does not kill a tumor cell can alter its phenotype to be more aggressive and metastatic. This phenomenon could promote cancer recurrence, even if NAMPT inhibition initially reduces tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio F Santidrian
- Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Sarah E LeBoeuf
- Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Erik D Wold
- Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Melissa Ritland
- Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Jane S Forsyth
- Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Brunhilde H Felding
- Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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152
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Cabezas-Cruz A, Lancelot J, Caby S, Oliveira G, Pierce RJ. Epigenetic control of gene function in schistosomes: a source of therapeutic targets? Front Genet 2014; 5:317. [PMID: 25309576 PMCID: PMC4159997 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the epigenetic regulation of gene expression has revolutionized both our understanding of how genomes function and approaches to the therapy of numerous pathologies. Schistosomes are metazoan parasites and as such utilize most, if not all the epigenetic mechanisms in play in their vertebrate hosts: histone variants, histone tail modifications, non-coding RNA and, perhaps, DNA methylation. Moreover, we are acquiring an increasing understanding of the ways in which these mechanisms come into play during the complex schistosome developmental program. In turn, interest in the actors involved in epigenetic mechanisms, particularly the enzymes that carry out epigenetic modifications of histones or nucleic acid, as therapeutic targets has been stimulated by the finding that their inhibitors exert profound effects, not only on survival, but also on the reproductive function of Schistosoma mansoni. Here, we review our current knowledge, and what we can infer, about the role of epigenetic mechanisms in schistosome development, differentiation and survival. We will consider which epigenetic actors can be targeted for drug discovery and what strategies can be employed to develop potent, selective inhibitors as drugs to cure schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1019 – Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8204, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de LilleLille, France
| | - Julien Lancelot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1019 – Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8204, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de LilleLille, France
| | - Stéphanie Caby
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1019 – Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8204, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de LilleLille, France
| | - Guilherme Oliveira
- Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Center for Excellence in Bioinformatics, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical DiseasesBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Raymond J. Pierce
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1019 – Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8204, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de LilleLille, France
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153
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Sorci L, Ruggieri S, Raffaelli N. NAD homeostasis in the bacterial response to DNA/RNA damage. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 23:17-26. [PMID: 25127744 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, NAD represents a nodal point for metabolic regulation, and its availability is critical to genome stability. Several NAD-consuming enzymes are induced in various stress conditions and the consequent NAD decline is generally accompanied by the activation of NAD biosynthetic pathways to guarantee NAD homeostasis. In the bacterial world a similar scenario has only recently begun to surface. Here we review the current knowledge on the involvement of NAD homeostasis in bacterial stress response mechanisms. In particular, we focus on the participation of both NAD-consuming enzymes (DNA ligase, mono(ADP-ribosyl) transferase, sirtuins, and RNA 2'-phosphotransferase) and NAD biosynthetic enzymes (both de novo, and recycling enzymes) in the response to DNA/RNA damage. As further supporting evidence for such a link, a genomic context analysis is presented showing several conserved associations between NAD homeostasis and stress responsive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Sorci
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Silverio Ruggieri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Nadia Raffaelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
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154
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Buler M, Aatsinki SM, Izzi V, Uusimaa J, Hakkola J. SIRT5 is under the control of PGC-1α and AMPK and is involved in regulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism. FASEB J 2014; 28:3225-37. [PMID: 24687991 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-245241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The sirtuins (SIRTs; SIRT1-7) are a family of NAD(+)-dependent enzymes that dynamically regulate cellular physiology. Apart from SIRT1, the functions and regulatory mechanisms of the SIRTs are poorly defined. We explored regulation of the SIRT family by 2 energy metabolism-controlling factors: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Overexpression of PGC-1α in mouse primary hepatocytes increased SIRT5 mRNA expression 4-fold and also the protein in a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα)- and estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα)-dependent manner. Furthermore, food withdrawal increased SIRT5 mRNA 1.3-fold in rat liver. Overexpression of AMPK in mouse hepatocytes increased expression of SIRT1, SIRT2, SIRT3, and SIRT6 <2-fold. In contrast, SIRT5 mRNA was down-regulated by 58%. The antidiabetes drug metformin (1 mM), an established AMPK activator, reduced the mouse SIRT5 protein level by 44% in cultured hepatocytes and by 31% in liver in vivo (300 mg/kg, 7 d). Metformin also induced hypersuccinylation of mitochondrial proteins. Moreover, SIRT5 overexpression increased ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption in HepG2 cells, but did not affect mitochondrial biogenesis. In summary, our results identified SIRT5 as a novel factor that controls mitochondrial function. Moreover, SIRT5 levels are regulated by PGC-1α and AMPK, which have opposite effects on its expression.-Buler, M., Aatsinki, S.-M., Izzi, V., Uusimaa, J., Hakkola, J. SIRT5 is under the control of PGC-1α and AMPK and is involved in regulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Buler
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center Oulu and
| | - Sanna-Mari Aatsinki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center Oulu and
| | - Valerio Izzi
- Center for Cell-Matrix Research and Biocenter Oulu, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and
| | - Johanna Uusimaa
- Medical Research Center Oulu and Institute of Clinical Medicine and Pediatrics, Clinical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jukka Hakkola
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center Oulu and
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155
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Baeza J, Dowell JA, Smallegan MJ, Fan J, Amador-Noguez D, Khan Z, Denu JM. Stoichiometry of site-specific lysine acetylation in an entire proteome. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:21326-38. [PMID: 24917678 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.581843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylation of lysine ϵ-amino groups influences many cellular processes and has been mapped to thousands of sites across many organisms. Stoichiometric information of acetylation is essential to accurately interpret biological significance. Here, we developed and employed a novel method for directly quantifying stoichiometry of site-specific acetylation in the entire proteome of Escherichia coli. By coupling isotopic labeling and a novel pairing algorithm, our approach performs an in silico enrichment of acetyl peptides, circumventing the need for immunoenrichment. We investigated the function of the sole NAD(+)-dependent protein deacetylase, CobB, on both site-specific and global acetylation. We quantified 2206 peptides from 899 proteins and observed a wide distribution of acetyl stoichiometry, ranging from less than 1% up to 98%. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that metabolic enzymes, which either utilize or generate acetyl-CoA, and proteins involved in transcriptional and translational processes displayed the highest degree of acetylation. Loss of CobB led to increased global acetylation at low stoichiometry sites and induced site-specific changes at high stoichiometry sites, and biochemical analysis revealed altered acetyl-CoA metabolism. Thus, this study demonstrates that sirtuin deacetylase deficiency leads to both site-specific and global changes in protein acetylation stoichiometry, affecting central metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josue Baeza
- From the Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, the Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, and
| | | | | | - Jing Fan
- the Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, and
| | - Daniel Amador-Noguez
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715 and
| | - Zia Khan
- the Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - John M Denu
- From the Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, the Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, and
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156
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Parenti MD, Grozio A, Bauer I, Galeno L, Damonte P, Millo E, Sociali G, Franceschi C, Ballestrero A, Bruzzone S, Rio AD, Nencioni A. Discovery of Novel and Selective SIRT6 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:4796-804. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500487d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Daniele Parenti
- Department
of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater
Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessia Grozio
- Department
of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and CEBR, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Inga Bauer
- Department
of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Lauretta Galeno
- Department
of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Patrizia Damonte
- Department
of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Enrico Millo
- Department
of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and CEBR, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanna Sociali
- Department
of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and CEBR, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department
of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater
Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Institute
of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Ballestrero
- Department
of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS
AOU San Martino-IST, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Santina Bruzzone
- Department
of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and CEBR, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberto Del Rio
- Department
of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater
Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Institute
of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessio Nencioni
- Department
of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS
AOU San Martino-IST, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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157
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Kokkola T, Suuronen T, Molnár F, Määttä J, Salminen A, Jarho EM, Lahtela-Kakkonen M. AROS has a context-dependent effect on SIRT1. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1523-8. [PMID: 24681097 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The modulation of protein deacetylase SIRT1 has a vast therapeutic potential in treatment of several aging-associated diseases. Active regulator of SIRT1 (AROS) is a small endogenous protein which was originally reported to activate SIRT1 through a direct interaction in cancer cells. We show that the interaction between the two proteins is weak and does not alter the activity of SIRT1 in non-cancerous human cells. The results of different in vitro SIRT1 activity assays disclosed AROS as an inhibitor of SIRT1. The functional relationship between AROS and SIRT1 proved to be dependent on the biological context and experimental setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarja Kokkola
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Tiina Suuronen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ferdinand Molnár
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha Määttä
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Elina M Jarho
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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158
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König AC, Hartl M, Pham PA, Laxa M, Boersema PJ, Orwat A, Kalitventseva I, Plöchinger M, Braun HP, Leister D, Mann M, Wachter A, Fernie AR, Finkemeier I. The Arabidopsis class II sirtuin is a lysine deacetylase and interacts with mitochondrial energy metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:1401-14. [PMID: 24424322 PMCID: PMC3938629 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.232496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The posttranslational regulation of proteins by lysine (Lys) acetylation has recently emerged to occur not only on histones, but also on organellar proteins in plants and animals. In particular, the catalytic activities of metabolic enzymes have been shown to be regulated by Lys acetylation. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome encodes two predicted sirtuin-type Lys deacetylases, of which only Silent Information Regulator2 homolog (SRT2) contains a predicted presequence for mitochondrial targeting. Here, we have investigated the function of SRT2 in Arabidopsis. We demonstrate that SRT2 functions as a Lys deacetylase in vitro and in vivo. We show that SRT2 resides predominantly at the inner mitochondrial membrane and interacts with a small number of protein complexes mainly involved in energy metabolism and metabolite transport. Several of these protein complexes, such as the ATP synthase and the ATP/ADP carriers, show an increase in Lys acetylation in srt2 loss-of-function mutants. The srt2 plants display no growth phenotype but rather a metabolic phenotype with altered levels in sugars, amino acids, and ADP contents. Furthermore, coupling of respiration to ATP synthesis is decreased in these lines, while the ADP uptake into mitochondria is significantly increased. Our results indicate that SRT2 is important in fine-tuning mitochondrial energy metabolism.
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159
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Kugel S, Mostoslavsky R. Chromatin and beyond: the multitasking roles for SIRT6. Trends Biochem Sci 2014; 39:72-81. [PMID: 24438746 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years there has been a large expansion in our understanding of SIRT6 biology including its structure, regulation, biochemical activity, and biological roles. SIRT6 functions as an ADP-ribosylase and NAD(+)-dependent deacylase of both acetyl groups and long-chain fatty-acyl groups. Through these functions SIRT6 impacts upon cellular homeostasis by regulating DNA repair, telomere maintenance, and glucose and lipid metabolism, thus affecting diseases such diabetes, obesity, heart disease, and cancer. Such roles may contribute to the overall longevity and health of the organism. Until recently, the known functions of SIRT6 were largely restricted to the chromatin. In this article we seek to describe and expand this knowledge with recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of SIRT6 action and their implications for human biology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sita Kugel
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Raul Mostoslavsky
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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160
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Wu LE, Gomes AP, Sinclair DA. Geroncogenesis: metabolic changes during aging as a driver of tumorigenesis. Cancer Cell 2014; 25:12-9. [PMID: 24434207 PMCID: PMC3970212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Why does cancer risk increase as we age? Frequently attributed to the multi-hit hypothesis and the time required to accumulate genomic mutations, this question is a matter of ongoing debate. Here, we propose that the normal decline in oxidative metabolism during aging constitutes an early and important "hit" that drives tumorigenesis. Central to these metabolic changes are the sirtuins, a family of NAD(+)-dependent deacylases that have evolved as coordinators of physiological responses to nutrient intake and energetic demand. Thus, the modulation of sirtuins might be a fruitful approach to reversing the age-related metabolic changes that could underlie tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay E Wu
- Laboratory for Ageing Research, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Ana P Gomes
- Paul F. Glenn Labs for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David A Sinclair
- Laboratory for Ageing Research, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Paul F. Glenn Labs for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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161
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van Kampen JGM, Marijnissen-van Zanten MAJ, Simmer F, van der Graaf WTA, Ligtenberg MJL, Nagtegaal ID. Epigenetic targeting in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2014; 40:656-64. [PMID: 24433955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients is very poor, with a 5-year survival of less than 6%. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new therapeutic options in pancreatic cancer. In the past years it became evident that deregulation of epigenetic mechanisms plays an important role in pancreatic carcinogenesis. This review focuses on the exploitation of drugs that alter histone modifications, DNA methylation and microRNA expression as options for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmijn G M van Kampen
- Department of Pathology 824, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Urology 267, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Femke Simmer
- Department of Pathology 824, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Winette T A van der Graaf
- Department of Medical Oncology 452, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marjolijn J L Ligtenberg
- Department of Pathology 824, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics 855, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Iris D Nagtegaal
- Department of Pathology 824, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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162
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Abstract
Stemming from the pioneering studies of bioenergetics in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, mitochondria have become ingrained in the collective psyche of scientists as the "powerhouses" of the cell. While this remains a worthy moniker, more recent efforts have revealed that these organelles are home to a vast array of metabolic and signaling processes and possess a proteomic landscape that is both highly varied and largely uncharted. As mitochondrial dysfunction is increasingly being implicated in a spectrum of human diseases, it is imperative that we construct a more complete framework of these organelles by systematically defining the functions of their component parts. Powerful new approaches in biochemistry and systems biology are helping to fill in the gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Pagliarini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Jared Rutter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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163
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Ghanta S, Grossmann RE, Brenner C. Mitochondrial protein acetylation as a cell-intrinsic, evolutionary driver of fat storage: chemical and metabolic logic of acetyl-lysine modifications. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 48:561-74. [PMID: 24050258 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2013.838204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hormone systems evolved over 500 million years of animal natural history to motivate feeding behavior and convert excess calories to fat. These systems produced vertebrates, including humans, who are famine-resistant but sensitive to obesity in environments of persistent overnutrition. We looked for cell-intrinsic metabolic features, which might have been subject to an evolutionary drive favoring lipogenesis. Mitochondrial protein acetylation appears to be such a system. Because mitochondrial acetyl-coA is the central mediator of fuel oxidation and is saturable, this metabolite is postulated to be the fundamental indicator of energy excess, which imprints a memory of nutritional imbalances by covalent modification. Fungal and invertebrate mitochondria have highly acetylated mitochondrial proteomes without an apparent mitochondrially targeted protein lysine acetyltransferase. Thus, mitochondrial acetylation is hypothesized to have evolved as a nonenzymatic phenomenon. Because the pKa of a nonperturbed Lys is 10.4 and linkage of a carbonyl carbon to an ε amino group cannot be formed with a protonated Lys, we hypothesize that acetylation occurs on residues with depressed pKa values, accounting for the propensity of acetylation to hit active sites and suggesting that regulatory Lys residues may have been under selective pressure to avoid or attract acetylation throughout animal evolution. In addition, a shortage of mitochondrial oxaloacetate under ketotic conditions can explain why macronutrient insufficiency also produces mitochondrial hyperacetylation. Reduced mitochondrial activity during times of overnutrition and undernutrition would improve fitness by virtue of resource conservation. Micronutrient insufficiency is predicted to exacerbate mitochondrial hyperacetylation. Nicotinamide riboside and Sirt3 activity are predicted to relieve mitochondrial inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirisha Ghanta
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA , USA
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164
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Feldman JL, Baeza J, Denu JM. Activation of the protein deacetylase SIRT6 by long-chain fatty acids and widespread deacylation by mammalian sirtuins. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:31350-6. [PMID: 24052263 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c113.511261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian sirtuins (SIRT1 through SIRT7) are members of a highly conserved family of NAD(+)-dependent protein deacetylases that function in metabolism, genome maintenance, and stress responses. Emerging evidence suggests that some sirtuins display substrate specificity toward other acyl groups attached to the lysine ε-amine. SIRT6 was recently reported to preferentially hydrolyze long-chain fatty acyl groups over acetyl groups. Here we investigated the catalytic ability of all sirtuins to hydrolyze 13 different acyl groups from histone H3 peptides, ranging in carbon length, saturation, and chemical diversity. We find that long-chain deacylation is a general feature of mammalian sirtuins, that SIRT1 and SIRT2 act as efficient decrotonylases, and that SIRT1, SIRT2, SIRT3, and SIRT4 can remove lipoic acid. These results provide new insight into sirtuin function and a means for cellular removal of an expanding list of endogenous lysine modifications. Given that SIRT6 is a poor deacetylase in vitro, but binds and prefers to hydrolyze long-chain acylated peptides, we hypothesize that binding of certain free fatty acids (FFAs) could stimulate deacetylation activity. Indeed, we demonstrate that several biologically relevant FFAs (including myristic, oleic, and linoleic acids) at physiological concentrations induce up to a 35-fold increase in catalytic efficiency of SIRT6 but not SIRT1. The activation mechanism is consistent with fatty acid inducing a conformation that binds acetylated H3 with greater affinity. Binding of long-chain FFA and myristoylated H3 peptide is mutually exclusive. We discuss the implications of discovering endogenous, small-molecule activators of SIRT6.
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165
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Satoh A, Brace CS, Rensing N, Cliften P, Wozniak DF, Herzog ED, Yamada KA, Imai SI. Sirt1 extends life span and delays aging in mice through the regulation of Nk2 homeobox 1 in the DMH and LH. Cell Metab 2013; 18:416-30. [PMID: 24011076 PMCID: PMC3794712 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 516] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian Sir2 ortholog Sirt1 plays an important role in metabolic regulation. However, the role of Sirt1 in the regulation of aging and longevity is still controversial. Here we demonstrate that brain-specific Sirt1-overexpressing (BRASTO) transgenic mice show significant life span extension in both males and females, and aged BRASTO mice exhibit phenotypes consistent with a delay in aging. These phenotypes are mediated by enhanced neural activity specifically in the dorsomedial and lateral hypothalamic nuclei (DMH and LH, respectively), through increased orexin type 2 receptor (Ox2r) expression. We identified Nk2 homeobox 1 (Nkx2-1) as a partner of Sirt1 that upregulates Ox2r transcription and colocalizes with Sirt1 in the DMH and LH. DMH/LH-specific knockdown of Sirt1, Nkx2-1, or Ox2r and DMH-specific Sirt1 overexpression further support the role of Sirt1/Nkx2-1/Ox2r-mediated signaling for longevity-associated phenotypes. Our findings indicate the importance of DMH/LH-predominant Sirt1 activity in the regulation of aging and longevity in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Satoh
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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166
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Osborne B, Cooney GJ, Turner N. Are sirtuin deacylase enzymes important modulators of mitochondrial energy metabolism? Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:1295-302. [PMID: 23994496 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, reversible lysine acylation of proteins has emerged as a major post-translational modification across the cell, and importantly has been shown to regulate many proteins in mitochondria. One key family of deacylase enzymes is the sirtuins, of which SIRT3, SIRT4, and SIRT5 are localised to the mitochondria and regulate acyl modifications in this organelle. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review we discuss the emerging role of lysine acylation in the mitochondrion and summarise the evidence that proposes mitochondrial sirtuins are important players in the modulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism in response to external nutrient cues, via their action as lysine deacylases. We also highlight some key areas of mitochondrial sirtuin biology where future research efforts are required. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Lysine deacetylation appears to play some role in regulating mitochondrial metabolism. Recent discoveries of new enzymatic capabilities of mitochondrial sirtuins, including desuccinylation and demalonylation activities, as well as an increasing list of novel protein substrates have identified many new questions regarding the role of mitochondrial sirtuins in the regulation of energy metabolism. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Dynamic changes in the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism may have far-reaching consequences for many diseases, and despite promising initial findings in knockout animals and cell models, the role of the mitochondrial sirtuins requires further exploration in this context. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Frontiers of mitochondrial research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna Osborne
- Diabetes & Obesity Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.
| | - Gregory J Cooney
- Diabetes & Obesity Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Nigel Turner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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167
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Abstract
Inflammasomes are key signalling platforms that detect pathogenic microorganisms and sterile stressors, and that activate the highly pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. In this Review, we discuss the complex regulatory mechanisms that facilitate a balanced but effective inflammasome-mediated immune response, and we highlight the similarities to another molecular signalling platform - the apoptosome - that monitors cellular health. Extracellular regulatory mechanisms are discussed, as well as the intracellular control of inflammasome assembly, for example, via ion fluxes, free radicals and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany.
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168
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Mammalian DNA repair: HATs and HDACs make their mark through histone acetylation. Mutat Res 2013; 750:23-30. [PMID: 23927873 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Genetic information is recorded in specific DNA sequences that must be protected to preserve normal cellular function. Genome maintenance pathways have evolved to sense and repair DNA damage. Importantly, deleterious mutations that occur from mis-repaired lesions can lead to diseases such as cancer. As eukaryotic DNA is bound by histone proteins and organized into chromatin, the true in vivo substrate of transcription, replication and DNA repair is chromatin. Almost 50 years ago, it was found that histones contained the post-translational modification (PTM), acetylation. With the cloning and identification of transcription associated histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes that write and erase the histone acetylation mark respectively, it was realized that this histone modification could be dynamically regulated. Chromatin is subjected to numerous PTMs that regulate chromatin structure and function, including DNA repair. As different organisms contain different histone modifications, chromatin-associated proteins and chromatin states, it is likely that chromatin-templated processes such as DNA repair will exhibit organismal differences. This article focuses on the DNA damage response (DDR) in mammalian cells and how the concerted activities of HAT and HDAC enzymes, and their histone acetylation targets, specifically participate in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. Defects in DNA repair and chromatin pathways are observed in cancer, and these pathways represent cancer therapeutic targets. Therefore, understanding the relationship between DNA repair and histone acetylations is important for providing mechanistic details of DSB repair within chromatin that has the potential to be exploited in the clinic.
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169
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Still AJ, Floyd BJ, Hebert AS, Bingman CA, Carson JJ, Gunderson DR, Dolan BK, Grimsrud PA, Dittenhafer-Reed KE, Stapleton DS, Keller MP, Westphall MS, Denu JM, Attie AD, Coon JJ, Pagliarini DJ. Quantification of mitochondrial acetylation dynamics highlights prominent sites of metabolic regulation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:26209-26219. [PMID: 23864654 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.483396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine acetylation is rapidly becoming established as a key post-translational modification for regulating mitochondrial metabolism. Nonetheless, distinguishing regulatory sites from among the thousands identified by mass spectrometry and elucidating how these modifications alter enzyme function remain primary challenges. Here, we performed multiplexed quantitative mass spectrometry to measure changes in the mouse liver mitochondrial acetylproteome in response to acute and chronic alterations in nutritional status, and integrated these data sets with our compendium of predicted Sirt3 targets. These analyses highlight a subset of mitochondrial proteins with dynamic acetylation sites, including acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 1 (Acat1), an enzyme central to multiple metabolic pathways. We performed in vitro biochemistry and molecular modeling to demonstrate that acetylation of Acat1 decreases its activity by disrupting the binding of coenzyme A. Collectively, our data reveal an important new target of regulatory acetylation and provide a foundation for investigating the role of select mitochondrial protein acetylation sites in mediating acute and chronic metabolic transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander S Hebert
- Chemistry, and; Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael S Westphall
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | | | | | - Joshua J Coon
- Chemistry, and; Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; Biomolecular Chemistry and
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170
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Dölle C, Rack JGM, Ziegler M. NAD and ADP-ribose metabolism in mitochondria. FEBS J 2013; 280:3530-41. [PMID: 23617329 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial metabolism is intimately connected to the universal coenzyme NAD. In addition to its role in redox reactions of energy transduction, NAD serves as substrate in regulatory reactions that lead to its degradation. Importantly, all types of the known NAD-consuming signalling reactions have been reported to take place in mitochondria. These reactions include the generation of second messengers, as well as post-translational protein modifications such as ADP-ribosylation and protein deacetylation. Therefore, the availability and redox state of NAD emerged as important factors in the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism. Molecular mechanisms and targets of mitochondrial NAD-dependent protein deacetylation and mono-ADP-ribosylation have been established, whereas poly-ADP-ribosylation and NAD-derived messenger generation in the organelles await in-depth characterization. In this review, we highlight the major NAD-dependent reactions occurring within mitochondria and describe their metabolic and regulatory functions. We also discuss the metabolic fates of the NAD-degradation products, nicotinamide and ADP-ribose, and how the mitochondrial NAD pool is restored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Dölle
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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171
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Abstract
Chemical modifications of histones and DNA, such as histone methylation, histone acetylation, and DNA methylation, play critical roles in epigenetic gene regulation. Many of the enzymes that add or remove such chemical modifications are known, or might be suspected, to be sensitive to changes in intracellular metabolism. This knowledge provides a conceptual foundation for understanding how mutations in the metabolic enzymes SDH, FH, and IDH can result in cancer and, more broadly, for how alterations in metabolism and nutrition might contribute to disease. Here, we review literature pertinent to hypothetical connections between metabolic and epigenetic states in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G. Kaelin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Steven L. McKnight
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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172
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Rufini A, Tucci P, Celardo I, Melino G. Senescence and aging: the critical roles of p53. Oncogene 2013; 32:5129-43. [PMID: 23416979 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 738] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
p53 functions as a transcription factor involved in cell-cycle control, DNA repair, apoptosis and cellular stress responses. However, besides inducing cell growth arrest and apoptosis, p53 activation also modulates cellular senescence and organismal aging. Senescence is an irreversible cell-cycle arrest that has a crucial role both in aging and as a robust physiological antitumor response, which counteracts oncogenic insults. Therefore, via the regulation of senescence, p53 contributes to tumor growth suppression, in a manner strictly dependent by its expression and cellular context. In this review, we focus on the recent advances on the contribution of p53 to cellular senescence and its implication for cancer therapy, and we will discuss p53's impact on animal lifespan. Moreover, we describe p53-mediated regulation of several physiological pathways that could mediate its role in both senescence and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rufini
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, UK
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173
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Abstract
Sir2 proteins, or sirtuins, are a family of enzymes that catalyze NAD(+)-dependent deacetylation reactions and can also process ribosyltransferase, demalonylase, and desuccinylase activities. More than 40 crystal structures of sirtuins have been determined, alone or in various liganded forms. These high-resolution architectural details lay the foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms of catalysis, regulation, substrate specificity, and inhibition of sirtuins. In this minireview, we summarize these structural features and discuss their implications for understanding sirtuin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yuan
- Program in Gene Expression and Regulation, The Wistar Institute, University of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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