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Pradhan S, Shah UH, Mathur AG, Sharma S. Aspartame: Sweetener with anti-inflammatory potential? J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2011; 1:113-4. [PMID: 21350621 PMCID: PMC3043331 DOI: 10.4103/0976-500x.72357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Pradhan
- Department of Pharmacology, Army College of Medical Sciences, Near Base Hospital, Delhi, India
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152
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Verhagen H, Andersen R, Antoine JM, Finglas P, Hoekstra J, Kardinaal A, Nordmann H, Pekcan G, Pentieva K, Sanders TA, van den Berg H, van Kranen H, Chiodini A. Application of the BRAFO tiered approach for benefit-risk assessment to case studies on dietary interventions. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 50 Suppl 4:S710-23. [PMID: 21763387 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The respective examples, described in this paper, illustrate how the BRAFO-tiered approach, on benefit-risk assessment, can be tested on a wide range of case studies. Various results were provided, ranging from a quick stop as the result of non-genuine benefit-risk questions to continuation through the tiers into deterministic/probabilistic calculations. The paper illustrates the assessment of benefits and risks associated with dietary interventions. The BRAFO tiered approach is tested with five case studies. In each instance, the benefit-risk approach is tested on the basis of existing evaluations for the individual effects done by others; no new risk or benefit evaluations were made. The following case studies were thoroughly analysed: an example of food fortification, folic acid fortification of flour, macronutrient replacement/food substitution; the isocaloric replacement of saturated fatty acids with carbohydrates; the replacement of saturated fatty acids with monounsaturated fatty acids; the replacement of sugar-sweetened beverages containing mono- and disaccharides with low calorie sweeteners and an example of addition of specific ingredients to food: chlorination of drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Verhagen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, 3720 Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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153
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A review of mammalian carcinogenicity study design and potential effects of alternate test procedures on the safety evaluation of food ingredients. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 60:S1-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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154
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T. Bloomgarden
- Zachary T. Bloomgarden, MD, is a practicing endocrinologist in New York, New York, and is affiliated with the Division of Endocrinology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
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155
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156
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Halldorsson TI. Reply to RG Bursey and ML Watson. Am J Clin Nutr 2010. [DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.110.001610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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157
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Halldorsson TI, Strøm M, Petersen SB, Olsen SF. Intake of artificially sweetened soft drinks and risk of preterm delivery: a prospective cohort study in 59,334 Danish pregnant women. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92:626-33. [PMID: 20592133 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugar-sweetened soft drinks have been linked to a number of adverse health outcomes such as high weight gain. Therefore, artificially sweetened soft drinks are often promoted as an alternative. However, the safety of artificial sweeteners has been disputed, and consequences of high intakes of artificial sweeteners for pregnant women have been minimally addressed. OBJECTIVE We examined the association between intakes of sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened soft drinks and preterm delivery. DESIGN We conducted prospective cohort analyses of 59,334 women from the Danish National Birth Cohort (1996-2002). Soft drink intake was assessed in midpregnancy by using a food-frequency questionnaire. Preterm delivery ( lt 37 wk) was the primary outcome measure. Covariate information was assessed by telephone interviews. RESULTS There was an association between intake of artificially sweetened carbonated and noncarbonated soft drinks and an increased risk of preterm delivery (P for trend: le 0.001, both variables). In comparison with women with no intake of artificially sweetened carbonated soft drinks, the adjusted odds ratio for women who consumed ge 1 serving of artificially sweetened carbonated soft drinks/d was 1.38 (95% CI: 1.15, 1.65). The corresponding odds ratio for women who consumed ge 4 servings of artificially sweetened carbonated soft drinks/d was 1.78 (95% CI: 1.19, 2.66). The association was observed for normal-weight and overweight women. A stronger increase in risk was observed for early preterm and moderately preterm delivery than with late-preterm delivery. No association was observed for sugar-sweetened carbonated soft drinks (P for trend: 0.29) or for sugar-sweetened noncarbonated soft drinks (P for trend: 0.93). CONCLUSIONS Daily intake of artificially sweetened soft drinks may increase the risk of preterm delivery. Further studies are needed to reject or confirm these findings.
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158
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Rachid O, Simons FER, Rawas-Qalaji M, Simons KJ. An electronic tongue: evaluation of the masking efficacy of sweetening and/or flavoring agents on the bitter taste of epinephrine. AAPS PharmSciTech 2010; 11:550-7. [PMID: 20352537 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9402-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An epinephrine (E) tablet is under development for sublingual (SL) administration for the first-aid treatment of anaphylaxis; however, the inherent bitterness of E may hinder acceptability by patients, especially children. To assess the degree of E bitterness and to predict the masking effects of sweetening and/or flavoring non-medicinal ingredients (NMIs), the potential usefulness of an electronic tongue (e-Tongue) was evaluated. The e-Tongue sensors were conditioned, calibrated, and tested for taste discrimination. Six standard active pharmaceutical ingredients were used to build and validate a bitterness model which was then used to assess E bitartrate (EB) solutions from 0.3-9 mM. Taste-masking efficiency of aspartame (ASP), acesulfame potassium (ASK), and citric acid (CA) each at 0.5 mM was evaluated. Using EB 9 mM, the bitterness score was 20 on a scale of 20 (unacceptable) down to 1 (not detected). When NMIs 0.5 mM were added, neither ASK (17.2, unacceptable) nor was ASP (14.0, limit acceptable) effective in masking the bitter taste. When the combination of ASK and ASP was used, the bitterness score was reduced to 9.2 (acceptable). However, the addition of CA alone resulted in the best reduction of the bitterness score to 3.3 (not detected). Using the e-Tongue, the incorporation of a variety of sweetening and/or flavoring NMIs into a SL tablet of E could be shown to mask its bitter taste by up to 80%. These results should be confirmed by in vivo studies.
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159
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Hendriksen MA, Tijhuis MJ, Fransen HP, Verhagen H, Hoekstra J. Impact of substituting added sugar in carbonated soft drinks by intense sweeteners in young adults in the Netherlands: example of a benefit-risk approach. Eur J Nutr 2010; 50:41-51. [PMID: 20429009 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-010-0113-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Substituting added sugar in carbonated soft drinks with intense sweeteners may have potential beneficial, but also adverse health effects. This study assessed the benefits and risks associated with substituting added sugar in carbonated soft drinks with intense sweeteners in young adults in the Netherlands. METHODS A tiered approach was used analogous to the risk assessment paradigm, consisting of benefit and hazard identification, exposure assessment and finally benefit and risk characterization and comparison. Two extreme scenarios were compared in which all carbonated soft drinks were sweetened with either intense sweeteners or added sugar. National food consumption survey data were used, and intake of added sugar and intense sweeteners was calculated using the food composition table or analytical data for sweetener content. RESULTS Reduction in dental caries and body weight were identified as benefits of substituting sugar. The mean difference in total energy intake between the scenarios was 542 kJ per day in men and 357 kJ per day in women, under the assumption that no compensation takes place. In the 100% sweetener scenario, the average BMI decreased 1.7 kg/m(2) in men and 1.3 kg/m(2) in women when compared to the 100% sugar scenario. Risks are negligible, as the intake of intense sweeteners remains below the ADI in the substitution scenario. CONCLUSIONS Substitution of added sugar by intense sweeteners in carbonated soft drinks has beneficial effects on BMI and the reduction in dental caries, and does not seem to have adverse health effects in young adults, given the available knowledge and assumptions made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke A Hendriksen
- National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
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160
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Bosetti C, Gallus S, Talamini R, Montella M, Franceschi S, Negri E, La Vecchia C. Artificial Sweeteners and the Risk of Gastric, Pancreatic, and Endometrial Cancers in Italy. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:2235-8. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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161
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Scheurer M, Brauch HJ, Lange FT. Analysis and occurrence of seven artificial sweeteners in German waste water and surface water and in soil aquifer treatment (SAT). Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:1585-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2881-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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162
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Schoeb TR, McConnell EE, Juliana MM, Davis JK, Davidson MK, Lindsey JR. Mycoplasma pulmonisand Lymphoma in Bioassays in Rats. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:952-9. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-vp-0240-s-com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lymphomas were reported to be induced in rats in bioassays of aspartame, methyl- tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), and other chemicals conducted by a nonprofit cancer research organization. European regulatory authorities concluded that lymphomas in the aspartame study were caused by Mycoplasma pulmonis and suggested that this also was the case for the MTBE bioassay. To assess the role of M. pulmonis in these bioassays, we reviewed the tumor data for the aspartame and MTBE bioassays and, additionally, the organization's bioassay of methanol. For all 3 studies, the most frequently reported hematopoietic neoplasm was lympho-immunoblastic lymphoma, the most frequently affected organ was the lung, and, in almost half of the rats with this diagnosis, the lung was the only affected organ. Lesions diagnosed as lymphoma in published illustrations had pleomorphic cellular morphology and appeared to contain neutrophils. Information from these reports and other sources indicated that lesions typical of M. pulmonis disease were prevalent among the aspartame and MTBE study rats and that the rats were not specific-pathogen-free. Because the lymphoma type, cellular morphology, and organ distribution reported in these studies are atypical of lymphoma in rats, because lymphocyte and plasma cell accumulation in the lung is characteristic of M. pulmonis disease, and because M. pulmonis disease can be exacerbated by experimental manipulations, including chemical treatment, we suggest that a plausible alternative explanation for the reported results of these bioassays is that the studies were confounded by M. pulmonis disease and that lesions of the disease were interpreted as lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. R. Schoeb
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | | | - M. M. Juliana
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - J. K. Davis
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | | | - J. R. Lindsey
- Emeritus, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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Bursey RG. Letter to Fowler et al., 2008. No valid association between artificial sweeteners and weight gain. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17:628; author reply 628-9. [PMID: 19322147 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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165
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Schoeb TR, McConnell EE, Juliana MM, Davis JK, Davidson MK, Lindsey JR. Mycoplasma pulmonis and lymphoma. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2009; 50:1-9. [PMID: 19107899 DOI: 10.1002/em.20465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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166
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Mattes RD, Popkin BM. Nonnutritive sweetener consumption in humans: effects on appetite and food intake and their putative mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89:1-14. [PMID: 19056571 PMCID: PMC2650084 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonnutritive sweeteners (NNS) are ecologically novel chemosensory signaling compounds that influence ingestive processes and behavior. Only about 15% of the US population aged >2 y ingest NNS, but the incidence is increasing. These sweeteners have the potential to moderate sugar and energy intakes while maintaining diet palatability, but their use has increased in concert with BMI in the population. This association may be coincidental or causal, and either mode of directionality is plausible. A critical review of the literature suggests that the addition of NNS to non-energy-yielding products may heighten appetite, but this is not observed under the more common condition in which NNS is ingested in conjunction with other energy sources. Substitution of NNS for a nutritive sweetener generally elicits incomplete energy compensation, but evidence of long-term efficacy for weight management is not available. The addition of NNS to diets poses no benefit for weight loss or reduced weight gain without energy restriction. There are long-standing and recent concerns that inclusion of NNS in the diet promotes energy intake and contributes to obesity. Most of the purported mechanisms by which this occurs are not supported by the available evidence, although some warrant further consideration. Resolution of this important issue will require long-term randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Mattes
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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167
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Renwick A. The use of a sweetener substitution method to predict dietary exposures for the intense sweetener rebaudioside A. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46 Suppl 7:S61-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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168
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Application of mode-of-action considerations in human cancer risk assessment. Toxicol Lett 2008; 180:75-80. [PMID: 18588958 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Revised: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The distinction between carcinogens with DNA-reactive and epigenetic modes of action and the application of mode-of-action considerations to risk assessment is reviewed. A bioindicator-based risk assessment strategy is described. This approach involves the use of mechanistic data to establish a "toxicologically insignificant daily intake".
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170
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Stewart BW. Banding carcinogenic risks in developed countries: A procedural basis for qualitative assessment. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2008; 658:124-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2007.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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171
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Abegaz EG, Bursey RG. Response to “The effect of aspartame on the acetylcholinesterase activity in hippocampal homogenates of suckling rats” by Simintzi et al. Pharmacol Res 2008; 57:87-8; author reply 89-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Revised: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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