151
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Kim AHJ, Markiewicz MA, Shaw AS. New roles revealed for T cells and DCs in glomerulonephritis. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:1074-6. [PMID: 19422093 DOI: 10.1172/jci39071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the potential role of T cells in the inflammatory renal disease glomerulonephritis (GN). GN has been historically viewed as a product of immune complex-mediated complement activation, and the presence of autoantibodies made identifying T cell-specific effector contributions difficult to elucidate. In this issue of the JCI, Heymann et al. generate what they believe to be a novel, transgenic murine model of GN, demonstrating a direct role for CD8+ T cells, activated CD4+ T cells, and DCs in the pathogenesis of GN (see the related article beginning on page 1286).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred H J Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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152
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Intravenous immunoglobulin up‐regulates the expression of the inhibitory FcγIIB receptor on B cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2009; 87:529-33. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2009.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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153
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Galeotti C, Maddur M, Kazatchkine MD, Mouthon L, Kaveri SV. Immunoglobulines intraveineuses dans les maladies auto-immunes et inflammatoires : au-delà d’une simple substitution. Transfus Clin Biol 2009; 16:75-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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154
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Impaired inhibitory Fcgamma receptor IIB expression on B cells in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:4788-92. [PMID: 19261857 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0807319106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory Fc-gamma receptor FcgammaRIIB, expressed on myeloid and B cells, has a critical role in the balance of tolerance and autoimmunity, and is required for the antiinflammatory activity of intravenous Ig (IVIG) in various murine disease models. However, the function of FcgammaRIIB and its regulation by IVIG in human autoimmune diseases are less well understood. Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is the most common treatable acquired chronic polyneuropathy, and IVIG is widely used as a first-line initial and maintenance treatment. We found that untreated patients with CIDP, compared with demographically matched healthy controls, showed consistently lower FcgammaRIIB expression levels on naive B cells, and failed to up-regulate or to maintain up-regulation of FcgammaRIIB as B cells progressed from the naive to the memory compartment. Concomitantly, the rare -386C/-120A FcgammaRIIB promoter polymorphism resulting in reduced promoter activity previously associated with autoimmune phenotypes was overrepresented in CIDP. Also, FcgammaRIIB protein expression was up-regulated on monocytes and B cells after clinically effective IVIG therapy. Thus, our results suggest that the inhibitory FcgammaRIIB is impaired at a critical B cell differentiation checkpoint in CIDP, and that modulating FcgammaRIIB expression might be a promising approach to efficiently limit antibody-mediated immunopathology in CIDP.
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155
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Reply to Bayry et al.: The anti-inflammatory activity of sialylated IgG Fcs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0900445106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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156
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Giorgini A, Brown HJ, Lock HR, Nimmerjahn F, Ravetch JV, Verbeek JS, Sacks SH, Robson MG. Fc gamma RIII and Fc gamma RIV are indispensable for acute glomerular inflammation induced by switch variant monoclonal antibodies. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 181:8745-52. [PMID: 19050295 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.12.8745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The relative ability of IgG subclasses to cause acute inflammation and the roles of specific effector mechanisms in this process are not clear. We explored this in an in vivo model of glomerular inflammation in the mouse. Trinitrophenol was planted on the glomerular basement membrane after conjugation to nephrotoxic Ab. The relative nephritogenicity of anti-trinitrophenol switch variant mAbs was then explored and shown to be IgG2a > IgG2b, with no disease caused by IgG1. Using knockout mice, we showed that FcgammaRIII was necessary for both neutrophil influx and glomerular damage induced by IgG2a and IgG2b. Surprisingly, IgG1 did not cause disease although it binds to FcgammaRIII. Using blocking Abs, we showed that this was explained by an additional requirement for FcgammaRIV, which does not bind to IgG1. IgG2a- or IgG2b-induced neutrophil influx was not affected by deficiency of either FcgammaRI or C3. Bone marrow chimeras were constructed to test the effect of combined deficiency of FcgammaRI and C3, and there was no effect on IgG2a- or IgG2b-mediated neutrophil influx. However, IgG2b-induced albuminuria and thrombosis were reduced in C3-deficient mice, showing an additional role for complement in IgG2b-mediated glomerular damage. The results show that IgG2a and IgG2b are the pathogenic subclasses in acute neutrophil-mediated glomerular inflammation, with an indispensable role for both FcgammaRIII and FcgammaRIV. Additionally, complement contributes to IgG2b-induced glomerular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Giorgini
- Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, Kings College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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157
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Nakamura A, Kubo T, Takai T. Fc receptor targeting in the treatment of allergy, autoimmune diseases and cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 640:220-33. [PMID: 19065795 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-09789-3_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fc receptors (FcRs) play an important role in the maintenance of an adequate activation threshold of various cells in antibody-mediated immune responses. Analyses of murine models show that the inhibitory FcR, FcyRIIB plays a pivotal role in the suppression of antibody-mediated allergy and autoimmunity. On the other hand, the activating-type FcRs are essential for the development of these diseases, suggesting that regulation of inhibitory or activating FcR is an ideal target for a therapeutic agent. Recent experimental or clinical studies also indicate that FcRs function as key receptors in the treatment with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) therapy. This review summarizes FcR functions and highlights possible FcR-targeting therapies including mAb therapies for allergy, autoimmune diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nakamura
- Department of Experimental Immunology and CREST program of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Seiryo 4-1, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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158
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Identification of a receptor required for the anti-inflammatory activity of IVIG. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:19571-8. [PMID: 19036920 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0810163105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory activity of intravenous Ig (IVIG) results from a minor population of the pooled IgG molecules that contains terminal alpha2,6-sialic acid linkages on their Fc-linked glycans. These anti-inflammatory properties can be recapitulated with a fully recombinant preparation of appropriately sialylated IgG Fc fragments. We now demonstrate that these sialylated Fcs require a specific C-type lectin, SIGN-R1, (specific ICAM-3 grabbing non-integrin-related 1) expressed on macrophages in the splenic marginal zone. Splenectomy, loss of SIGN-R1(+) cells in the splenic marginal zone, blockade of the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) of SIGN-R1, or genetic deletion of SIGN-R1 abrogated the anti-inflammatory activity of IVIG or sialylated Fc fragments. Although SIGN-R1 has not previously been shown to bind to sialylated glycans, we demonstrate that it preferentially binds to 2,6-sialylated Fc compared with similarly sialylated, biantennary glycoproteins, thus suggesting that a specific binding site is created by the sialylation of IgG Fc. A human orthologue of SIGN-R1, DC-SIGN, displays a similar binding specificity to SIGN-R1 but differs in its cellular distribution, potentially accounting for some of the species differences observed in IVIG protection. These studies thus identify an antibody receptor specific for sialylated Fc, and present the initial step that is triggered by IVIG to suppress inflammation.
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159
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Tha-In T, Bayry J, Metselaar HJ, Kaveri SV, Kwekkeboom J. Modulation of the cellular immune system by intravenous immunoglobulin. Trends Immunol 2008; 29:608-15. [PMID: 18926775 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Revised: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is therapeutically used in a variety of immune-mediated diseases. The beneficial effects of IVIg in auto-antibody-mediated diseases can be explained by neutralization, accelerated clearance and prevention of Fcgamma-receptor binding of auto-antibodies. However, the means by which IVIg exerts therapeutic effects in disorders mediated by cellular immunity have remained enigmatic. Clinical improvements, followed by IVIg treatment, often extend beyond the half-life of infused IgG, thereby indicating that IVIg modifies the cellular immune compartment for a prolonged period. Here, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of different, mutually non-exclusive mechanisms of action of IVIg on cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. These mechanisms might explain the beneficial effects of IVIg in certain autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanyalak Tha-In
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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160
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Pathogenic anti-DNA antibodies modulate gene expression in mesangial cells: involvement of HMGB1 in anti-DNA antibody-induced renal injury. Immunol Lett 2008; 121:61-73. [PMID: 18822317 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 08/24/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although anti-DNA antibodies have been decisively linked to the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis, the mechanisms have not been conclusively determined. Recently, we reported that anti-DNA antibodies may contribute to kidney damage by upregulation of proinflammatory genes in mesangial cells (MC), a process involving both Fc receptor-dependent and independent pathways. In investigating the mechanism by which pathogenic anti-DNA antibodies modulate gene expression in MC, we found that the pathogenic anti-DNA antibody 1A3F bound to high mobility group binding protein 1 (HMGB1), an endogenous ligand for TLR2/4 and RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products). Interestingly, HMGB1 treatment of MC induced a similar pattern of genes as stimulation with 1A3F. Furthermore, HMGB1 and 1A3F exhibited a synergistic proinflammatory effect in the kidney, where increased expression of HMGB1 was found in lupus patients but not in patients with other types of renal disease. TLR2/Fc and RAGE/Fc inhibited the proinflammatory effects of 1A3F on MC. Finally, we found enhanced susceptibility of lupus prone MRL-lpr/lpr (MRL/lpr) as compared to normal BALB/c derived MC to pathogenic anti-DNA antibody and LPS stimulation (in particular enhanced chemokine synthesis), in addition to significantly increased expression of TLR4. Our results suggest that gene upregulation in MC induced by nephritogenic anti-DNA antibodies is TLR2/4 and RAGE-dependent. Finally, HMGB1 may act as a proinflammatory mediator in antibody-induced kidney damage in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
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161
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Baudino L, Nimmerjahn F, Shinohara Y, Furukawa JI, Petry F, Verbeek JS, Nishimura SI, Ravetch JV, Izui S. Impact of a Three Amino Acid Deletion in the CH2 Domain of Murine IgG1 on Fc-Associated Effector Functions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:4107-12. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.6.4107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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162
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Boross P, van Lent PL, Martin-Ramirez J, van der Kaa J, Mulder MHCM, Claassens JWC, van den Berg WB, Arandhara VL, Verbeek JS. Destructive arthritis in the absence of both FcgammaRI and FcgammaRIII. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:5083-91. [PMID: 18354234 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.7.5083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fc receptors for IgG (FcgammaR) have been implicated in the development of arthritis. However, the precise contribution of the individual FcgammaR to joint pathology is unclear. In this study, the role of the different FcgammaR was assessed both in an active and in a passive mouse model of arthritis by analyzing disease development in double and triple knockout (KO) offspring from crosses of FcgammaRI KO, FcgammaRIII KO, FcgammaRI/III double KO, or FcR gamma-chain KO with the FcgammaRII KO on C57BL6 background, which is susceptible for collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). In the active CIA model, onset was significantly delayed in the absence of FcgammaRIII, whereas incidence and maximum severity were significantly decreased in FcgammaRI/II/III triple KO but not in FcgammaRII/III double KO and FcgammaRI/II double KO mice as compared with FcgammaRII KO animals. Remarkably, fully destructive CIA developed in FcgammaRI/II/III triple KO mice. In contrast, FcR gamma/FcgammaRII double KO mice were resistant to CIA. These findings were confirmed with the passive KRN serum-induced arthritis model. These results indicate that all activating FcgammaR play a role in the development of arthritis, mainly in the downstream effector phase. FcgammaRIII is critically required for early arthritis onset, and FcgammaRI can substantially contribute to arthritis pathology. Importantly, FcgammaRI and FcgammaRIII were together dispensable for the development of destructive arthritis but the FcR gamma-chain was not, suggesting a role for another FcR gamma-chain associated receptor, most likely FcgammaRIV. In addition, FcgammaRII plays a negative regulatory role in both the central and effector phase of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Boross
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden
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163
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Immune regulation: FcγRIIB—regulating the balance between protective and autoreactive immune responses. Immunol Cell Biol 2008; 86:482-4. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2008.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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164
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Abstract
Intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) consist of IgG concentrated from pooled plasma of numerous donors. Their contents is variable, depending in part on the method of preparation. Natural antibodies and natural autoantibodies are prominent in these preparations and their function. Among these, are the idiotype (Id)/anti-Id dimers. Attention has recently been paid to Fc-gamma receptors and sialylation of the IgG from IVIg.
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165
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Anthony RM, Nimmerjahn F, Ashline DJ, Reinhold VN, Paulson JC, Ravetch JV. Recapitulation of IVIG anti-inflammatory activity with a recombinant IgG Fc. Science 2008; 320:373-6. [PMID: 18420934 DOI: 10.1126/science.1154315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 649] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that high doses of monomeric immunoglobulin G (IgG) purified from pooled human plasma [intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)] confer anti-inflammatory activity in a variety of autoimmune settings. However, exactly how those effects are mediated is not clear because of the heterogeneity of IVIG. Recent studies have demonstrated that the anti-inflammatory activity of IgG is completely dependent on sialylation of the N-linked glycan of the IgG Fc fragment. Here we determine the precise glycan requirements for this anti-inflammatory activity, allowing us to engineer an appropriate IgG1 Fc fragment, and thus generate a fully recombinant, sialylated IgG1 Fc with greatly enhanced potency. This therapeutic molecule precisely defines the biologically active component of IVIG and helps guide development of an IVIG replacement with improved activity and availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Anthony
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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166
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Abstract
The remarkable success story of the therapeutic application of pooled immunoglobulin G (IgG) preparations from thousands of donors, the so-called intravenous IgG (IVIG) therapy, to patients with a variety of hematological and immunological disorders began more than half a century ago. Since then, the use of this primary blood product has increased constantly, resulting in the serious danger of shortages in supply. Despite its widespread use and therapeutic success, the mechanisms of action, especially of the anti-inflammatory activity, are only beginning to be understood. In this review, we summarize the clinical use of IVIG for different diseases and discuss recent data on the molecular mechanisms that might explain how this potent drug mediates its activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Nimmerjahn
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology and Immunotherapy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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167
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Baudino L, Nimmerjahn F, Azeredo da Silveira S, Martinez-Soria E, Saito T, Carroll M, Ravetch JV, Verbeek JS, Izui S. Differential contribution of three activating IgG Fc receptors (FcgammaRI, FcgammaRIII, and FcgammaRIV) to IgG2a- and IgG2b-induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:1948-53. [PMID: 18209093 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.3.1948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Murine phagocytes express three different activating IgG FcgammaR: FcgammaRI is specific for IgG2a; FcgammaRIII for IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b; and FcgammaRIV for IgG2a and IgG2b. Although the role of FcgammaRIII in IgG1 and IgG2a anti-RBC-induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is well documented, the contribution of FcgammaRI and FcgammaRIV to the development of IgG2a- and IgG2b-induced anemia has not yet been defined. In the present study, using mice deficient in FcgammaRI, FcgammaRIII, and C3, in combination with an FcgammaRIV-blocking mAb, we assessed the respective roles of these three FcgammaR in the development of mild and severe AIHA induced by two different doses (50 and 200 microg) of the IgG2a and IgG2b subclasses of the 34-3C anti-RBC monoclonal autoantibody. We observed that the development of mild anemia induced by a low dose of 34-3C IgG2a autoantibody was highly dependent on FcgammaRIII, while FcgammaRI and FcgammaRIV additionally contributed to the development of severe anemia induced by a high dose of this subclass. In contrast, the development of both mild and severe anemia induced by 34-3C IgG2b was dependent on FcgammaRIII and FcgammaRIV. Our results indicate differential roles of the three activating FcgammaR in IgG2a- and IgG2b-mediated AIHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Baudino
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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168
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Jakus Z, Németh T, Verbeek JS, Mócsai A. Critical but overlapping role of FcgammaRIII and FcgammaRIV in activation of murine neutrophils by immobilized immune complexes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:618-29. [PMID: 18097064 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.1.618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immune complex-induced activation of neutrophils through cell surface FcRs plays a central role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune inflammatory diseases. These diseases are often modeled using genetically modified mice. However, in contrast to the number of studies on human cells, the identity of FcRs involved in immune complex activation of murine neutrophils is at present unknown. Furthermore, little is known about the cellular functions mediated by the recently identified murine FcgammaRIV. In this study, we tested the identity of FcRs involved in the activation of neutrophils by plate-bound immune complexes, using various knockout mouse strains, function-blocking mAbs, or the combination of both approaches. Activation of murine neutrophils by immobilized IgG immune complexes was abrogated in FcR gamma-chain-deficient cells, but not by the single or combined deficiency of the gamma-chain-associated FcgammaRI and FcgammaRIII, or by blocking Abs against either FcgammaRIII or FcgammaRIV alone. However, treatment of FcgammaRIII-deficient neutrophils with FcgammaRIV-blocking Abs or simultaneous blocking of FcgammaRIII and FcgammaRIV in wild-type cells completely inhibited the immune complex-induced cellular responses. In parallel studies, activation of human neutrophils by immobilized immune complexes was abrogated by blocking Abs against either FcgammaRIIA or FcgammaRIIIB alone. Taken together, neutrophil activation by immobilized immune complexes requires the murine FcgammaRIII/FcgammaRIV or the human FcgammaRIIA/FcgammaRIIIB molecules. Although both of the two human receptors are required for this response, the two murine receptors play overlapping, redundant roles. These results promote our understanding of autoimmune diseases and identify an IgG-dependent cellular function of FcgammaRIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Jakus
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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169
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Antibody-Mediated Retinopathies in Canine Patients: Mechanism, Diagnosis, and Treatment Modalities. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2008; 38:361-87, vii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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170
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Abstract
In addition to their role in binding antigen, antibodies can regulate immune responses through interacting with Fc receptors (FcRs). In recent years, significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms that regulate the activity of IgG antibodies in vivo. In this Review, we discuss recent studies addressing the multifaceted roles of FcRs for IgG (FcgammaRs) in the immune system and how this knowledge could be translated into novel therapeutic strategies to treat human autoimmune, infectious or malignant diseases.
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171
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Abstract
Receptors for immunoglobulins [Fc-receptors (FcRs)] are widely expressed throughout the immune system. By binding to the antibody Fc-portion, they provide a link between the specificity of the adaptive immune system and the powerful effector functions triggered by innate immune effector cells. By virtue of coexpression of activating and inhibitory FcRs on the same cell, they set a threshold for immune cell activation by immune complexes (ICs). Besides their involvement in the efferent phase of an immune response, they are also important for modulating adaptive immune responses by regulating B cell and dendritic cell (DC) activation. Deletion of the inhibitory FcR leads to the loss of tolerance in the humoral immune system and the development of autoimmune disease. Uptake of ICs by FcRs on DCs and the concommitant triggering of activating and inhibitory signaling pathways will determine the strength of the initiated T-cell response. Loss of this balanced signaling results in uncontrolled responses that can lead to the damage of healthy tissues and ultimately to the initiation of autoimmune processes. In this chapter, we will discuss how coexpression of different activating and inhibitory receptors on different immune cells of the innate and adaptive immune system modulates cell activity. Moreover, we will focus on exogenous factors that can influence the balanced triggering of activating and inhibitory FcRs, such as the cytokine milieu and the role of differential antibody glycosylation.
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172
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Tarasenko T, Dean JA, Bolland S. FcgammaRIIB as a modulator of autoimmune disease susceptibility. Autoimmunity 2007; 40:409-17. [PMID: 17729034 DOI: 10.1080/08916930701464665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies are secreted to recognize and in some cases directly neutralize pathogens. Another important means by which they are essential components of the immune system is through binding to Fc receptors. Effector responses triggered by antibody binding of Fc receptors affect a host of important cellular responses such as phagocytosis, inflammatory cytokine release, antigen presentation, and regulation of humoral responses. A crucial check on this antibody-mediated signal is through the inhibitory receptor, FcgammaRIIB. In this review we discuss how dysregulation of FcgammaRIIB can result in a lowered threshold for autoimmunity in mice and humans. We close with a discussion of the potential for applying these findings to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Tarasenko
- Autoimmunity and Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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173
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Clynes R. Protective mechanisms of IVIG. Curr Opin Immunol 2007; 19:646-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 09/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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174
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Tchorbanov A, Voynova E, Mihaylova N, Todorov T, Nikolova M, Yomtova V, Chiang BL, Vassilev T. Selective silencing of DNA-specific B lymphocytes delays lupus activity in MRL/lpr mice. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:3587-96. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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175
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Significant progress has been made over recent years in uncovering the B-cell tolerance mechanisms that control development of autoreactive antibodies. This review examines current knowledge on the regulation and selection of autoreactive B cells in mouse models, and in healthy humans and patients with autoimmune disorders. RECENT FINDINGS Autoreactive B cells undergo stringent selection either in the bone marrow or peripheral circulation by deletion, induction of anergy, or receptor editing. There is growing evidence that receptor editing represents the primary physiologic B-cell tolerance mechanism. Several checkpoints against autoreactive B cells have been established in bone marrow and peripheral blood of healthy humans. Recent studies demonstrate that some autoimmune disorders are associated with several alterations in B-cell tolerance checkpoints and often lead to a greater number of autoreactive B cells in the circulation. SUMMARY Discovering the precise nature of B-cell tolerance alterations in patients with autoimmune diseases will lead to the identification of new targets for therapeutic interventions in patients with these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Yurasov
- Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
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176
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Kurts C, Heymann F, Lukacs-Kornek V, Boor P, Floege J. Role of T cells and dendritic cells in glomerular immunopathology. Semin Immunopathol 2007; 29:317-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-007-0096-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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177
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Holdsworth SR, Tipping PG. Leukocytes in glomerular injury. Semin Immunopathol 2007; 29:355-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-007-0097-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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178
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Sibéril S, Elluru S, Graff-Dubois S, Negi VS, Delignat S, Mouthon L, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Kazatchkine MD, Bayry J, Bayary J, Kaveri SV. Intravenous Immunoglobulins in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases: A Mechanistic Perspective. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1110:497-506. [PMID: 17911465 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1423.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Initially used for the treatment of immunodeficiencies, intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) have increasingly been used as immunomodulatory agents in autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. The mode of action of IVIg is enigmatic, probably involving Fc-dependent and/or F(ab')2-dependent nonexclusive mechanisms of action. IVIg broadly interacts with the different components of the immune system: cytokines, complement, Fc receptors, and several cell surface immunocompetent molecules. IVIg has also an impact on effector functions of immune cells. These mechanisms of action of IVIg reflect the importance of natural antibodies in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. We discuss here the recent advances in the understanding of immunoregulatory effects of IVIg, and we pointed out the need for new strategies to overcome the predicted increasing worldwide shortage of IVIg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Sibéril
- INSERM UMRS 872, Université René Descartes (Paris-5), Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC Paris-6) 75006 Paris, France
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179
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Sibéril S, Elluru S, Negi VS, Ephrem A, Misra N, Delignat S, Bayary J, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Kazatchkine MD, Kaveri SV. Intravenous immunoglobulin in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases: More than mere transfer of antibodies. Transfus Apher Sci 2007; 37:103-7. [PMID: 17765663 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2007.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 01/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Initially used for the treatment of immunodeficiencies, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) has increasingly been used as an immunomodulatory agent in immune thrombocytopenic purpura, autoimmune neuropathies, systemic lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and Kawasaki disease. Although IVIg benefits have been reported in many autoimmune and systemic inflammatory diseases, its mechanisms of immunomodulation are not fully understood and probably involve Fc-dependent and/or F(ab')(2)-dependent mutually non-exclusive effects. These mechanisms of action of IVIg reflect the importance of natural antibodies in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. We discuss here the recent advances in the understanding of immunoregulatory effects of IVIg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Sibéril
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe 16- Immunopathology and therapeutic immunointervention, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, UMR S 872, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médicine, Paris, France
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180
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Desensitization protocols for crossing human leukocyte antigen and ABO incompatible barriers. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2007. [DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e3282703903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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181
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Meyer TN, Schwesinger C, Wahlefeld J, Dehde S, Kerjaschki D, Becker JU, Stahl RAK, Thaiss F. A new mouse model of immune-mediated podocyte injury. Kidney Int 2007; 72:841-52. [PMID: 17653132 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5002450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Podocytes play a major role in the initiation and progression of glomerular diseases and are a target of both immune-mediated and non-immune-mediated injury. To establish a mouse model of such injury, we preimmunized mice with Freunds adjuvant 5 days before intravenous injection of a rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against a murine podocyte cell line. For the next 7 weeks, we collected urine, serum, and kidney samples. Nephritic animals developed severe albuminuria, which was maximal on day 10. Histochemistry revealed diffuse mesangial matrix expansion. Mouse immunoglobulin G and complement were detected in a linear pattern along the glomerular filtration barrier and in the mesangial hinge region. Complement depletion, however, did not prevent proteinuria. Glomerular T cells were increased, whereas podocytes were significantly reduced. Glomerular foot processes were flattened in regions with mesangial matrix deposition as viewed by electron microscopy. Immunohistochemistry detected the injected anti-podocyte antibody exclusively at the glomerular tuft on all days examined. Immunoelectron microscopy localized the antibody to podocyte foot processes and the glomerular basement membrane, which was morphologically intact. This suggests that the podocyte was the main target of the antiserum. Our study establishes a new mouse model of immune-mediated podocyte injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Meyer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
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182
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Alpers CE, Kowalewska J. Emerging Paradigms in the Renal Pathology of Viral Diseases. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 2 Suppl 1:S6-12. [PMID: 17699511 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.00280107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review considers recent information that illuminates pathogenetic mechanisms that involve three of the major viral infections that cause renal injury in the form of HIV-associated nephropathy, polyoma virus nephropathy, and hepatitis C virus-associated glomerulonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Alpers
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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183
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Abstract
Inflammatory kidney disease involves a complex network of interactions between resident kidney and infiltrating hematopoietic cells. Mast cells (MCs) are constitutively found in kidneys in small numbers but increase considerably in various renal diseases. While this increase is usually interpreted as a sign of pathological involvement, recent data using MC-deficient animals show their ability to restore kidney homeostasis. In anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody-induced glomerulonephritis, MCs are protective by initiating repair and remodeling functions counteracting the devastating effects of glomerular injury. Protection may also include immunoregulatory capacities to limit autoreactive T-cell responses. MCs also control tubulointerstitial fibrosis by activating tissue remodeling and neutralizing fibrotic factors. Release of mediators by MCs during inflammation, however, could also promote unwanted responses that ultimately lead to destruction of kidney structure, as exemplified by data showing either protection or aggravation in related renal disease models. Similarly, while the action of proteases may initially be beneficial, the generation of fibrosis-promoting angiotensin II by chymase also shows the limits of adaptive responses to achieve homeostasis. Thus, it is likely the physiological context involving the interaction with other cells and inflammatory mediators that determines the final action of MCs in the development of kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Blank
- Inserm U699, Immunopathologie Rénale, Récepteurs et Inflammation, Univesité Paris 7, Paris, France.
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184
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Nimmerjahn F, Anthony RM, Ravetch JV. Agalactosylated IgG antibodies depend on cellular Fc receptors for in vivo activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:8433-7. [PMID: 17485663 PMCID: PMC1895967 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702936104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IgG antibodies are glycoproteins containing a branched sugar moiety attached to the asparagine 297 residue in the antibody constant region (Fc). This glycan is essential for maintaining a functional Fc structure, which is a prerequisite for antibody-mediated effector functions, such as the interaction with cellular Fc receptors or the complement component C1q. Variations in the composition of the sugar moiety can dramatically influence antibody activity. Moreover, humans and mice with autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, have altered IgG glycosylation patterns with increased levels of antibodies lacking terminal sialic acid and galactose residues (IgG-G0). There is great interest in understanding whether this altered glycosylation pattern influences antibody-mediated effector functions. In vitro studies have suggested that IgG-G0 antibodies gain the capacity to activate the complement pathway via mannose-binding lectin (MBL), which could contribute to antibody-mediated inflammation. We have analyzed the activity of IgG-G0 antibodies in mice with a genetic deletion of MBL (MBL-null mice) and demonstrate that IgG-G0 antibodies are unimpaired in MBL-null mice. In contrast, the activity of these antibody glycovariants is fully dependent on the presence of activating Fc receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Nimmerjahn
- *Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021; and
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology and Immunotherapy, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, Glueckstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert M. Anthony
- *Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021; and
| | - Jeffrey V. Ravetch
- *Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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185
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Graff-Dubois S, Sibéril S, Elluru S, Negi VS, Delignat S, Mouthon L, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Kazatchkine MD, Bayary J, Kaveri SV. Utilisation des immunoglobulines polyclonales intraveineuses dans les pathologies auto-immunes et inflammatoires. Transfus Clin Biol 2007; 14:63-8. [PMID: 17498995 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Initially used for the treatment of immunodeficiencies, intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) have increasingly been used as immunomodulatory agent in autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. The mode of action of IVIg is enigmatic, probably involving Fc-dependent and/or F(ab')2-dependent non-exclusive mechanisms of action. IVIg broadly interacts with the different components of the immune system: cytokines, complement, Fc receptors and several cell surface immunocompetent molecules. IVIg also has an impact on effector functions of immune cells. These mechanisms of action of IVIg reflect the importance of natural antibodies in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. We discuss here the recent advances in the understanding of immunoregulatory effects of IVIg, and we pointed out the need of new strategies to overcome the predicted increasing worldwide shortage of IVIg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Graff-Dubois
- INSERM U 872, université René-Descartes (Paris-5), université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie (UPMC Paris-6) et équipe 16 (immunopathologie et immunointervention thérapeutique), centre de recherche des Cordeliers, 15 rue de l'Ecole-de-Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
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186
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Zachary AA, Montgomery RA, Jordan SC, Reinsmoen NL, Claas FHJ, Reed EF. 14th International HLA and Immunogenetics Workshop: Report on understanding antibodies in transplantation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 69 Suppl 1:160-73. [PMID: 17445194 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.00764.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A session of the 14 International Histocompatibility Workshop brought together experts representing the major clinical protocols, clinical research, and basic research dealing with overcoming the barrier of alloantibody in transplantation and in understanding the mechanisms by which those antibodies exert their effect on a transplanted organ. This report is an integration of the presentations of those scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Zachary
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2222, USA.
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187
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Veri MC, Gorlatov S, Li H, Burke S, Johnson S, Stavenhagen J, Stein KE, Bonvini E, Koenig S. Monoclonal antibodies capable of discriminating the human inhibitory Fcgamma-receptor IIB (CD32B) from the activating Fcgamma-receptor IIA (CD32A): biochemical, biological and functional characterization. Immunology 2007; 121:392-404. [PMID: 17386079 PMCID: PMC2265948 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human CD32B (FcgammaRIIB), the low-affinity inhibitory Fcgamma receptor (FcgammaR), is highly homologous in its extracellular domain to CD32A (FcgammaRIIA), an activating FcgammaR. Available monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against the extracellular region of CD32B recognize both receptors. Through immunization of mice transgenic for human CD32A, we generated a set of antibodies specific for the extracellular region of CD32B with no cross-reactivity with CD32A, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and surface plasmon resonance with recombinant CD32A and CD32B, and by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis of CD32 transfectants. A high-affinity mAb, 2B6, was used to explore the expression of CD32B by human peripheral blood leucocytes. While all B lymphocytes expressed CD32B, only a fraction of monocytes and almost no polymorphonuclear cells stained with 2B6. Likewise, natural killer cells, which express CD32C, a third CD32 variant, did not react with 2B6. Immune complexes co-engage the inhibitory receptor with activating Fcgamma receptors, a mechanism that limits cell responses. 2B6 competed for immune complex binding to CD32B as a monomeric Fab, suggesting that it directly recognizes the Fc-binding region of the receptor. Furthermore, when co-ligated with an activating receptor, 2B6 triggered CD32B-mediated inhibitory signalling, resulting in diminished release of inflammatory mediators by FcepsilonRI in an in vitro allergy model or decreased proliferation of human B cells induced by B-cell receptor stimulation. These antibodies form the basis for the development of investigational tools and therapeutics with multiple potential applications, ranging from adjuvants in FcgammaR-mediated responses to the treatment of allergy and autoimmunity.
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188
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Negi VS, Elluru S, Sibéril S, Graff-Dubois S, Mouthon L, Kazatchkine MD, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Bayry J, Kaveri SV. Intravenous immunoglobulin: an update on the clinical use and mechanisms of action. J Clin Immunol 2007; 27:233-45. [PMID: 17351760 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-007-9088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Initially used as a replacement therapy for immunodeficiency diseases, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is now widely used for a number of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Considerable progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms by which IVIg exerts immunomodulatory effects in autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. The mechanisms of action of IVIg are complex, involving modulation of expression and function of Fc receptors, interference with activation of complement and the cytokine network and of idiotype network, regulation of cell growth, and effects on the activation, differentiation, and effector functions of dendritic cells, and T and B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vir-Singh Negi
- Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
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189
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Rodriguez W, Mold C, Kataranovski M, Hutt JA, Marnell LL, Verbeek JS, Du Clos TW. C-reactive protein-mediated suppression of nephrotoxic nephritis: role of macrophages, complement, and Fcgamma receptors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:530-8. [PMID: 17182593 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.1.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a member of the pentraxin family of proteins and an acute phase reactant. CRP modulates the response to inflammatory stimuli including LPS and C5a. We recently demonstrated that CRP prevents and reverses proteinuria in accelerated nephrotoxic nephritis (NTN). NTN is a model of active inflammatory immune complex-mediated nephritis induced by injection of antiglomerular basement membrane. CRP treatment prevented the induction of NTN in C57BL/6 (B6) mice, increased survival, and reversed ongoing nephritis. Protection was associated with a decrease in IL-1beta and chemokines in the kidney and peritoneal cells as measured by quantitative RT-PCR. However, IL-10(-/-) mice were not protected by CRP either when given before disease onset or when disease activity was maximal. FcgammaRI(-/-) mice developed NTN, but were only transiently protected by CRP treatment. This transient protection was abrogated by cobra venom factor depletion of complement from FcgammaRI(-/-) mice. However, complement depletion did not prevent CRP-mediated protection in B6 mice, and CRP was protective in C3(-/-) mice. The role of macrophages in the protection provided by CRP was tested by treating B6 mice with liposomes containing clodronate. Clodronate-containing liposomes deplete mice of splenic and hepatic macrophages for 5-7 days. Pretreatment of NTN mice with clodronate but not control liposomes completely prevented CRP-mediated protection. These studies suggest that CRP mediates protection from NTN through the induction of IL-10 and that macrophages are required. In addition, FcgammaRI plays an important role but is not the sole mediator of CRP-mediated protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfredo Rodriguez
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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190
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Sibéril S, Dutertre CA, Fridman WH, Teillaud JL. FcgammaR: The key to optimize therapeutic antibodies? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2007; 62:26-33. [PMID: 17240158 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2006.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding of IgG to receptors for the Fc region of IgG (FcgammaR) is a critical step for the initiation and the control of effector immune functions. Activating FcgammaR induce antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC), endocytosis of immune complexes followed by antigen presentation, phagocytosis, and release of cytokines or pro-inflammatory mediators. By contrast, inhibitory FcgammaR regulate immune responses by inhibiting the activation of B lymphocytes, monocytes, mast cells and basophils, induced through activating receptors. Studies with FcgammaR-deficient mice support the critical role of the different FcgammaR in the in vivo functional effects of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Structural studies have provided detailed insights in the molecular mechanisms that govern IgG/FcgammaR interactions. The importance of the sugar components linked to asparagine 297 in the function of IgG has been also highlighted. These data have led to the engineering of a new generation of monoclonal antibodies for therapeutic use with optimized effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Sibéril
- Unité INSERM 255, IFR58, Université René Descartes-Paris 5, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherches Biomédicales des Cordeliers, Paris, France
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191
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Nimmerjahn F, Ravetch JV. The antiinflammatory activity of IgG: the intravenous IgG paradox. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:11-5. [PMID: 17227911 PMCID: PMC2118416 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20061788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
How high doses of intravenous IgG (IVIG) suppress autoimmune diseases remains unresolved. We have recently shown that the antiinflammatory activity of IVIG can be attributed to a minor species of IgGs that is modified with terminal sialic acids on their Fc-linked glycans. Here we propose that these Fc-sialylated IgGs engage a unique receptor on macrophages that, in turn, leads to the upregulation of an inhibitory Fcgamma receptor (FcgammaR), thereby protecting against autoantibody-mediated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Nimmerjahn
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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192
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Nimmerjahn F. Activating and inhibitory FcγRs in autoimmune disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 28:305-19. [PMID: 17115158 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-006-0052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune disorders are characterized by the destruction of self-tissues by the immune system. Multiple checkpoints are in place to prevent autoreactivity under normal circumstances. Coexpression of activating and inhibitory Fc receptors (FcR) represents such a checkpoint by establishing a threshold for immune cell activation. In many human autoimmune diseases, however, balanced FcR expression is disturbed. Analysis of murine model systems provides strong evidence that aberrant FcR expression can result in uncontrolled immune responses and the initiation of autoimmune disease. This review will summarize this data and explain how this information might be used to better understand human autoimmune diseases and to develop novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Nimmerjahn
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10021, USA,
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193
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Baudino L, Azeredo da Silveira S, Nakata M, Izui S. Molecular and cellular basis for pathogenicity of autoantibodies: lessons from murine monoclonal autoantibodies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 28:175-84. [PMID: 16953439 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-006-0037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of autoantibody-mediated cellular and tissue lesions in autoimmune diseases is most straightforwardly attributable to the combined action of self-antigen binding properties and effector functions associated with the Fc regions of the different immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes. The analysis of two different sets of monoclonal autoantibodies derived from lupus-prone mice revealed remarkable differences in the pathogenic potentials of different IgG subclasses: (1) the IgG2a and IgG2b subclasses of anti-red blood cell (RBC) autoantibodies are the most pathogenic and efficiently activate two classes of activating IgG Fc receptors (FcgammaRIII and FcgammaRIV) and complement; (2) the IgG3 subclass is less pathogenic and activate only complement; and (3) the IgG1 subclass is the least pathogenic and interact only with FcgammaRIII. In addition, because of the unique property of IgG3 to form self-associating complexes and generate cryoglobulins, this subclass of rheumatoid factor and anti-DNA autoantibodies became highly pathogenic and induced lupus-like nephritis and/or vasculitis. Since the switch to IgG2a and IgG3 is promoted by Th1 cytokine interferon gamma, these results strongly suggest that Th1 autoimmune responses could be critically involved in the generation of more pathogenic autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. This finding is consistent with the observation that the progression of murine lupus nephritis is correlated with the relative dominance of Th1 autoimmune responses. Finally, the analysis of IgG glycosylation pattern revealed that more sialylated IgG autoantibodies remained poorly pathogenic because of limited Fc-associated effector functions and loss of cryoglobulin activity. This suggests that the terminal sialylation of the oligosaccharide side chains of IgG could be a significant factor determining the pathogenic potential of autoantibodies. Our results thus underline the importance of subpopulations of autoantibodies, induced by the help of Th1 cells, in the pathogenesis of autoantibody-mediated cellular and tissue injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Baudino
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
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194
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Kaneko Y, Nimmerjahn F, Ravetch JV. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Immunoglobulin G Resulting from Fc Sialylation. Science 2006; 313:670-3. [PMID: 16888140 DOI: 10.1126/science.1129594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1340] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) mediates pro- and anti-inflammatory activities through the engagement of its Fc fragment (Fc) with distinct Fcg receptors (FcgRs). One class of Fc-FcgR interactions generates pro-inflammatory effects of immune complexes and cytotoxic antibodies. In contrast, therapeutic intravenous gamma globulin and its Fc fragments are anti-inflammatory. We show here that these distinct properties of the IgG Fc result from differential sialylation of the Fc core polysaccharide. IgG acquires anti-inflammatory properties upon Fc sialylation, which is reduced upon the induction of an antigen-specific immune response. This differential sialylation may provide a switch from innate anti-inflammatory activity in the steady state to generating adaptive pro-inflammatory effects upon antigenic challenge.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Arthritis/therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/therapy
- Glycosylation
- Half-Life
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/metabolism
- Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/chemistry
- Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/immunology
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Nephritis/immunology
- Polysaccharides
- Receptors, Fc/immunology
- Receptors, Fc/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Sialic Acids/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikatsu Kaneko
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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195
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Konrad S, Baumann U, Schmidt RE, Gessner JE. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)-mediated neutralisation of C5a: a direct mechanism of IVIG in the maintenance of a high FcgammaRIIB to FcgammaRIII expression ratio on macrophages. Br J Haematol 2006; 134:345-7. [PMID: 16848778 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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196
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Transplantation of the highly human leukocyte antigen–sensitized patient: long-term outcomes and future directions. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2006.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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