151
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Bossard C, Malard F, Arbez J, Chevallier P, Guillaume T, Delaunay J, Mosnier JF, Tiberghien P, Saas P, Mohty M, Gaugler B. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and Th17 immune response contribution in gastrointestinal acute graft-versus-host disease. Leukemia 2012; 26:1471-4. [PMID: 22333879 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of Th17 cells in acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) has been demonstrated in aGVHD mouse models. However, their contribution in human gastrointestinal aGVHD remains unclear. We evaluated Th17 cells in a cohort of 23 patients at diagnosis of aGVHD. In this study, we have shown that the absolute number of Th17 cells using the CCR6 and CD161 markers were significantly higher in the intestinal mucosa of patients with aGVHD compared with intestinal mucosa of patients without aGVHD. Moreover, in keeping with the increase of CCR6+ and CD161+ T cells, RORγt the key transcription factor that orchestrates the differentiation of Th17 cells, was significantly increased in the intestinal mucosa of patients with aGVHD compared with intestinal mucosa of patients without aGVHD (P=0.01). Since plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) have been reported to drive the differentiation of the Th17 subset, we quantified PDCs in these patients. PDC CD123+ cells were increased in the intestinal mucosa of patients with aGVHD. Furthermore, the number of CD123+ PDCs paralleled the histological grade of aGVHD, providing evidence for a role of Th17-mediated responses and a potential new pathophysiological link between PDCs and Th17 in human aGVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bossard
- EA4273 Biometadys, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
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152
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Sang A, Yin Y, Zheng YY, Morel L. Animal Models of Molecular Pathology. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 105:321-70. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394596-9.00010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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153
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Kawasaki T, Kawai T, Akira S. Recognition of nucleic acids by pattern-recognition receptors and its relevance in autoimmunity. Immunol Rev 2011; 243:61-73. [PMID: 21884167 PMCID: PMC7165622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Summary: Host cells trigger signals for innate immune responses upon recognition of conserved structures in microbial pathogens. Nucleic acids, which are critical components for inheriting genetic information in all species including pathogens, are key structures sensed by the innate immune system. The corresponding receptors for foreign nucleic acids include members of Toll‐like receptors, RIG‐I‐like receptors, and intracellular DNA sensors. While nucleic acid recognition by these receptors is required for host defense against the pathogen, there is a potential risk to the host of self‐nucleic acids recognition, thus precipitating autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases. In this review, we discuss the roles of nucleic acid‐sensing receptors in guarding against pathogen invasion, discriminating between self and non‐self, and contributing to autoimmunity and autoinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kawasaki
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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154
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Wang Y, Swiecki M, McCartney SA, Colonna M. dsRNA sensors and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in host defense and autoimmunity. Immunol Rev 2011; 243:74-90. [PMID: 21884168 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system detects viruses through molecular sensors that trigger the production of type I interferons (IFN-I) and inflammatory cytokines. As viruses vary tremendously in size, structure, genomic composition, and tissue tropism, multiple sensors are required to detect their presence in various cell types and tissues. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the diversity, specificity, and signaling pathways downstream of viral sensors and ask whether two distinct sensors that recognize the same viral component are complementary, compensatory, or simply redundant. We also discuss why viral sensors are differentially distributed in distinct cell types and whether a particular cell type dominates the IFN-I response during viral infection. Finally, we review evidence suggesting that inappropriate signaling through viral sensors may induce autoimmunity. The picture emerging from these studies is that disparate viral sensors in different cell types form a dynamic and integrated molecular network that can be exploited for improving vaccination and therapeutic strategies for infectious and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaming Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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155
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Activation of type I interferon pathway in systemic lupus erythematosus: association with distinct clinical phenotypes. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:273907. [PMID: 22162633 PMCID: PMC3227532 DOI: 10.1155/2011/273907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence over the last few years suggests a central role of type I IFN pathway in the pathogenesis of systemic autoimmune disorders. Data from clinical and genetic studies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus-prone mouse models, indicates that the type I interferon system may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of several lupus and associated clinical features, such as nephritis, neuropsychiatric and cutaneous lupus, premature atherosclerosis as well as lupus-specific autoantibodies particularly against ribonucleoproteins. In the current paper, our aim is to summarize the latest findings supporting the association of type I IFN pathway with specific clinical manifestations in the setting of SLE providing insights on the potential use of type I IFN as a therapeutic target.
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156
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Martires KJ, Baird K, Citrin DE, Hakim FT, Pavletic SZ, Cowen EW. Localization of sclerotic-type chronic graft-vs-host disease to sites of skin injury: potential insight into the mechanism of isomorphic and isotopic responses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 147:1081-6. [PMID: 21931046 DOI: 10.1001/archdermatol.2011.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms responsible for the variable manifestations of chronic cutaneous graft-vs-host disease (cGVHD) are poorly understood. Localization of sclerotic-type chronic graft-vs-host disease to sites of skin injury (isomorphic and isotopic responses), a recognized phenomenon in morphea, suggests a potential common pathway between cGVHD and other sclerotic skin conditions. OBSERVATIONS Four cases of sclerotic-type cGVHD developed at the site of disparate skin injuries (ionizing radiotherapy, repeated needle sticks, central catheter site, and varicella-zoster virus infection). We review the spectrum of previously reported cases of sclerotic and nonsclerotic cGVHD relating to external forces on the skin. CONCLUSIONS Localization of sclerotic-type cGVHD may occur after many types of skin injury, including UV and ionizing radiotherapy, needle sticks, viral infection, and pressure or friction. Recognition of this phenomenon may be helpful for the early diagnosis of sclerotic disease. Recent insights into the immunological consequences of minor skin injury may provide important clues to the underlying pathogenesis of cGVHD-mediated skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Martires
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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157
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease of unclear etiology that affects mostly women of childbearing age. Profound abnormalities in both innate and adaptive immunity triggered by genetic and environmental factors are well documented to play an important part in the pathogenesis of SLE. Nonetheless, the role of neutrophils--the most abundant immune cell type--in the pathology of this disease has been unclear. Over the past decade, compelling evidence has emerged that implicates neutrophils in the initiation and perpetuation of SLE and also in the resultant organ damage frequently observed in patients with this disease. SLE-derived low-density granulocytes (LDGs) induce vascular damage and synthesize increased amounts of type I interferons and, as such, could play a prominent part in the pathogenesis of SLE. Furthermore, increased cell death and enhanced extracellular trap formation observed in SLE-derived neutrophils might have key roles in the induction of autoimmunity and the development of organ damage in patients with SLE. Together, these events could have significant deleterious effects and promote aberrant immune responses in this disease. This Review highlights the role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of SLE, with a particular focus on the putative deleterious effects of LDGs and neutrophil extracellular trap formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana J Kaplan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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158
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Villanueva E, Yalavarthi S, Berthier CC, Hodgin JB, Khandpur R, Lin AM, Rubin CJ, Zhao W, Olsen SH, Klinker M, Shealy D, Denny MF, Plumas J, Chaperot L, Kretzler M, Bruce AT, Kaplan MJ. Netting neutrophils induce endothelial damage, infiltrate tissues, and expose immunostimulatory molecules in systemic lupus erythematosus. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 187:538-52. [PMID: 21613614 PMCID: PMC3119769 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 880] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An abnormal neutrophil subset has been identified in the PBMC fractions from lupus patients. We have proposed that these low-density granulocytes (LDGs) play an important role in lupus pathogenesis by damaging endothelial cells and synthesizing increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and type I IFNs. To directly establish LDGs as a distinct neutrophil subset, their gene array profiles were compared with those of autologous normal-density neutrophils and control neutrophils. LDGs significantly overexpress mRNA of various immunostimulatory bactericidal proteins and alarmins, relative to lupus and control neutrophils. In contrast, gene profiles of lupus normal-density neutrophils do not differ from those of controls. LDGs have heightened capacity to synthesize neutrophils extracellular traps (NETs), which display increased externalization of bactericidal, immunostimulatory proteins, and autoantigens, including LL-37, IL-17, and dsDNA. Through NETosis, LDGs have increased capacity to kill endothelial cells and to stimulate IFN-α synthesis by plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Affected skin and kidneys from lupus patients are infiltrated by netting neutrophils, which expose LL-37 and dsDNA. Tissue NETosis is associated with increased anti-dsDNA in sera. These results expand the potential pathogenic roles of aberrant lupus neutrophils and suggest that dysregulation of NET formation and its subsequent responses may play a prominent deleterious role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eneida Villanueva
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
| | - Srilakshmi Yalavarthi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
| | - Celine C. Berthier
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
| | - Jeffrey B. Hodgin
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
| | - Ritika Khandpur
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
| | - Andrew M. Lin
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
| | - Cory J. Rubin
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
| | - Wenpu Zhao
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
| | - Stephen H. Olsen
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
| | - Matthew Klinker
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
| | - David Shealy
- Centocor Research & Development, Radnor, PA, U.S.A; and 6- Universite Joseph Fourier, Grenoble
| | - Michael F. Denny
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
| | - Joel Plumas
- INSERM U823, Immunobiologie et Immunotherapie des Cancers, La Tronche;Etablissement Francais du Sang (EFS) Rhone-Alpes, Laboratoire R&D, La Tronche, France
| | - Laurence Chaperot
- INSERM U823, Immunobiologie et Immunotherapie des Cancers, La Tronche;Etablissement Francais du Sang (EFS) Rhone-Alpes, Laboratoire R&D, La Tronche, France
| | - Matthias Kretzler
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
| | - Allen T. Bruce
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
| | - Mariana J. Kaplan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
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159
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Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies have advanced our understanding of genetic factors that underlie systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a multifactorial autoimmune disease characterized by various clinical manifestations. SLE also has an environmental component, which can trigger or exacerbate the disease. Despite extensive efforts aimed at elucidating the cellular and biological abnormalities that arise in the immune system of patients with SLE, its pathology remains unclear. Lee and colleagues recently carried out gene expression profiling of patients with SLE followed by bioinformatics analysis and discovered the existence of abnormal regulatory networks and potential key molecules. The authors found that ATP synthesis and DNA repair pathways may be involved in the pathogenesis, providing a potential explanation for photosensitivity experienced by patients with SLE.
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160
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Lin AM, Rubin CJ, Khandpur R, Wang JY, Riblett M, Yalavarthi S, Villanueva EC, Shah P, Kaplan MJ, Bruce AT. Mast cells and neutrophils release IL-17 through extracellular trap formation in psoriasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:490-500. [PMID: 21606249 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 680] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
IL-17 and IL-23 are known to be absolutely central to psoriasis pathogenesis because drugs targeting either cytokine are highly effective treatments for this disease. The efficacy of these drugs has been attributed to blocking the function of IL-17-producing T cells and their IL-23-induced expansion. However, we demonstrate that mast cells and neutrophils, not T cells, are the predominant cell types that contain IL-17 in human skin. IL-17(+) mast cells and neutrophils are found at higher densities than IL-17(+) T cells in psoriasis lesions and frequently release IL-17 in the process of forming specialized structures called extracellular traps. Furthermore, we find that IL-23 and IL-1β can induce mast cell extracellular trap formation and degranulation of human mast cells. Release of IL-17 from innate immune cells may be central to the pathogenesis of psoriasis, representing a fundamental mechanism by which the IL-23-IL-17 axis mediates host defense and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Lin
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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161
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Dendritic cells: pDCs play off scratch. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11:8. [PMID: 21218659 DOI: 10.1038/nri2909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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