151
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Eagle GL, Zhuang J, Jenkins RE, Till KJ, Jithesh PV, Lin K, Johnson GG, Oates M, Park K, Kitteringham NR, Pettitt AR. Total proteome analysis identifies migration defects as a major pathogenetic factor in immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (IGHV)-unmutated chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:933-45. [PMID: 25645933 PMCID: PMC4390271 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.044479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mutational status of the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region defines two clinically distinct forms of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) known as mutated (M-CLL) and unmutated (UM-CLL). To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the adverse clinical outcome associated with UM-CLL, total proteomes from nine UM-CLL and nine M-CLL samples were analyzed by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ)-based mass spectrometry. Based on the expression of 3521 identified proteins, principal component analysis separated CLL samples into two groups corresponding to immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region mutational status. Computational analysis showed that 43 cell migration/adhesion pathways were significantly enriched by 39 differentially expressed proteins, 35 of which were expressed at significantly lower levels in UM-CLL samples. Furthermore, UM-CLL cells underexpressed proteins associated with cytoskeletal remodeling and overexpressed proteins associated with transcriptional and translational activity. Taken together, our findings indicate that UM-CLL cells are less migratory and more adhesive than M-CLL cells, resulting in their retention in lymph nodes, where they are exposed to proliferative stimuli. In keeping with this hypothesis, analysis of an extended cohort of 120 CLL patients revealed a strong and specific association between UM-CLL and lymphadenopathy. Our study illustrates the potential of total proteome analysis to elucidate pathogenetic mechanisms in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina L Eagle
- From the ‡Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine
| | - Jianguo Zhuang
- From the ‡Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine,
| | - Rosalind E Jenkins
- §MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Kathleen J Till
- From the ‡Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine
| | | | - Ke Lin
- ¶Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
| | - Gillian G Johnson
- ¶Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
| | - Melanie Oates
- From the ‡Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine
| | - Kevin Park
- §MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Neil R Kitteringham
- §MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Andrew R Pettitt
- From the ‡Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, ¶Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
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152
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García-Muñoz R, Feliu J, Llorente L. The top ten clues to understand the origin of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). J Autoimmun 2015; 56:81-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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153
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Krysov S, Steele AJ, Coelho V, Linley A, Sanchez Hidalgo M, Carter M, Potter KN, Kennedy B, Duncombe AS, Ashton-Key M, Forconi F, Stevenson FK, Packham G. Stimulation of surface IgM of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells induces an unfolded protein response dependent on BTK and SYK. Blood 2014; 124:3101-9. [PMID: 25170122 PMCID: PMC4231419 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-04-567198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling plays a key role in the behavior of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However, cellular consequences of signaling are incompletely defined. Here we explored possible links between BCR signaling and the unfolded protein response (UPR), a stress response pathway that can promote survival of normal and malignant cells. Compared with normal B cells, circulating CLL cells expressed increased, but variable, levels of UPR components. Higher expression of CHOP and XBP1 RNAs was associated with more aggressive disease. UPR activation appeared due to prior tissue-based antigenic stimulation because elevated expression of UPR components was detected within lymph node proliferation centers. Basal UPR activation also correlated closely with surface immunoglobulin M (sIgM) signaling capacity in vitro in both IGHV unmutated CLL and within mutated CLL. sIgM signaling increased UPR activation in vitro with responders showing increased expression of CHOP and XBP1 RNAs, and PERK and BIP proteins, but not XBP1 splicing. Inhibitors of BCR-associated kinases effectively prevented sIgM-induced UPR activation. Overall, this study demonstrates that sIgM signaling results in activation of some components the UPR in CLL cells. Modulation of the UPR may contribute to variable clinical behavior, and its inhibition may contribute to clinical responses to BCR-associated kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Krysov
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Steele
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Vania Coelho
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Linley
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Marina Sanchez Hidalgo
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Carter
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Kathleen N Potter
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Kennedy
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S Duncombe
- Department of Haematology, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; and
| | - Margaret Ashton-Key
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Cellular Pathology, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Forconi
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Haematology, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; and
| | - Freda K Stevenson
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Packham
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
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154
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Elyamany G, Fadalla K, Elghezal H, Alsuhaibani O, Osman H, Al-Abulaaly A. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia with t(14;18)(q32;q21) As a Sole Cytogenetic Abnormality. Clin Med Insights Pathol 2014; 7:21-7. [PMID: 25288894 PMCID: PMC4179603 DOI: 10.4137/cpath.s17818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in adults. The chromosomal abnormality t(14;18)(q32;q21) is most commonly associated with neoplasms of a follicular center cell origin. However, t(14;18) has also been reported in rare cases of CLL. OBJECTIVE We describe the clinicopathologic, immunophenotypic, conventional, and molecular cytogenetic features of two rare cases proven to be CLL morphologically and immunologically in which t(14;18) was found as the sole cytogenetic abnormality. METHODS Morphologic, flow cytometric analysis and molecular cytogenetic of peripheral blood and/or bone marrow samples were analyzed. RESULTS Cytomorphologically, the cells were small mature lymphocytes without any findings that had characteristics of follicular lymphoma (FL) such as indented or clefted nuclei. Immunologic findings were characteristic of typical CLL without expression of CD10. A cytogenetic study revealed the two cases of CLL carrying t(14;18)(q32;q21). CONCLUSION We concluded that CLL with t(14;18) is rare and should be differentiated from FL as the therapy is highly diverse between both diseases. Using immunoglobulin heavy chain gene (IGH) probes are important in the workup of patients with suspected CLL and suggest that the IGH probe should be used routinely in all CLL fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghaleb Elyamany
- Department of Central Military Laboratory and Blood Bank, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. ; Department of Hematology and Blood Bank, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Kamal Fadalla
- Department of Adult Clinical Hematology and Stem cell Therapy, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatem Elghezal
- Department of Central Military Laboratory and Blood Bank, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar Alsuhaibani
- Department of Central Military Laboratory and Blood Bank, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Osman
- Department of Adult Clinical Hematology and Stem cell Therapy, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Al-Abulaaly
- Department of Adult Clinical Hematology and Stem cell Therapy, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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155
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Ruiz-Lafuente N, Alcaraz-García MJ, Sebastián-Ruiz S, Gómez-Espuch J, Funes C, Moraleda JM, García-Garay MC, Montes-Barqueros N, Minguela A, Álvarez-López MR, Parrado A. The gene expression response of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells to IL-4 is specific, depends on ZAP-70 status and is differentially affected by an NFκB inhibitor. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109533. [PMID: 25280001 PMCID: PMC4184842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 4 (IL-4), an essential mediator of B cell development, plays a role in survival of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. To obtain new insights into the function of the IL-4 pathway in CLL, we analyzed the gene expression response to IL-4 in CLL and in normal B cells (NBC) by oligonucleotide microarrays, resulting in the identification of 232 non-redundant entities in CLL and 146 in NBC (95 common, 283 altogether), of which 189 were well-defined genes in CLL and 123 in NBC (83 common, 229 altogether) (p<0.05, 2-fold cut-off). To the best of our knowledge, most of them were novel IL-4 targets for CLL (98%), B cells of any source (83%), or any cell type (70%). Responses were significantly higher for 54 and 11 genes in CLL and NBC compared to each other, respectively. In CLL, ZAP-70 status had an impact on IL-4 response, since different sets of IL-4 targets correlated positively or negatively with baseline expression of ZAP-70. In addition, the NFκB inhibitor 6-Amino-4-(4-phenoxyphenethylamino)quinazoline, which reversed the anti-apoptotic effect of IL-4, preferentially blocked the response of genes positively correlated with ZAP-70 (e.g. CCR2, SUSD2), but enhanced the response of genes negatively correlated with ZAP-70 (e.g. AUH, BCL6, LY75, NFIL3). Dissection of the gene expression response to IL-4 in CLL and NBC contributes to the understanding of the anti-apoptotic response. Initial evidence of a connection between ZAP-70 and NFκB supports further exploration of targeting NFκB in the context of the assessment of inhibition of the IL-4 pathway as a therapeutic strategy in CLL, especially in patients expressing bad prognostic markers.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Blotting, Western
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- I-kappa B Proteins/genetics
- Interleukin-4/pharmacology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphocytes/cytology
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/antagonists & inhibitors
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ruiz-Lafuente
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - María-José Alcaraz-García
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Sebastián-Ruiz
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Joaquín Gómez-Espuch
- Servicio de Hematología y Hemoterapia, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Consuelo Funes
- Servicio de Hematología y Hemoterapia, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - José-María Moraleda
- Servicio de Hematología y Hemoterapia, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Natividad Montes-Barqueros
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Alfredo Minguela
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas, Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - María-Rocío Álvarez-López
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas, Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Parrado
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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156
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Heinig K, Gätjen M, Grau M, Stache V, Anagnostopoulos I, Gerlach K, Niesner RA, Cseresnyes Z, Hauser AE, Lenz P, Hehlgans T, Brink R, Westermann J, Dörken B, Lipp M, Lenz G, Rehm A, Höpken UE. Access to follicular dendritic cells is a pivotal step in murine chronic lymphocytic leukemia B-cell activation and proliferation. Cancer Discov 2014; 4:1448-65. [PMID: 25252690 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In human chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) pathogenesis, B-cell antigen receptor signaling seems important for leukemia B-cell ontogeny, whereas the microenvironment influences B-cell activation, tumor cell lodging, and provision of antigenic stimuli. Using the murine Eμ-Tcl1 CLL model, we demonstrate that CXCR5-controlled access to follicular dendritic cells confers proliferative stimuli to leukemia B cells. Intravital imaging revealed a marginal zone B cell-like leukemia cell trafficking route. Murine and human CLL cells reciprocally stimulated resident mesenchymal stromal cells through lymphotoxin-β-receptor activation, resulting in CXCL13 secretion and stromal compartment remodeling. Inhibition of lymphotoxin/lymphotoxin-β-receptor signaling or of CXCR5 signaling retards leukemia progression. Thus, CXCR5 activity links tumor cell homing, shaping a survival niche, and access to localized proliferation stimuli. SIGNIFICANCE CLL and other indolent lymphoma are not curable and usually relapse after treatment, a process in which the tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role. We dissect the consecutive steps of CXCR5-dependent tumor cell lodging and LTβR-dependent stroma-leukemia cell interaction; moreover, we provide therapeutic solutions to interfere with this reciprocal tumor-stroma cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Heinig
- Department of Tumor Genetics and Immunogenetics, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, MDC, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel Gätjen
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, MDC, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Grau
- Department of Physics, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Stache
- Department of Tumor Genetics and Immunogenetics, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, MDC, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Kerstin Gerlach
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, MDC, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Zoltan Cseresnyes
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum, DRFZ, Berlin, Germany. Confocal and 2-Photon Microscopy Core Facility, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, MDC, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja E Hauser
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum, DRFZ, Berlin, Germany. Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Lenz
- Department of Physics, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hehlgans
- Institute for Immunology, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Robert Brink
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jörg Westermann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Dörken
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, MDC, Berlin, Germany. Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Lipp
- Department of Tumor Genetics and Immunogenetics, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, MDC, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Lenz
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Armin Rehm
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, MDC, Berlin, Germany. Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Uta E Höpken
- Department of Tumor Genetics and Immunogenetics, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, MDC, Berlin, Germany.
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157
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A B-cell epigenetic signature defines three biologic subgroups of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with clinical impact. Leukemia 2014; 29:598-605. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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158
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Hematopoietic stem cell aging and chronic lymphocytic leukemia pathogenesis. Int J Hematol 2014; 100:335-40. [PMID: 25100497 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-014-1651-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Human malignancies develop through the multistep acquisition of critical somatic mutations during the clinical course. Regarding hematological malignancies, recent novel findings have indicated that hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which have the potential to self-renew and differentiate into multilineage hematopoietic cells, are an important cellular target for the accumulation of critical somatic mutations and play a central role in myeloid malignancy development. In contrast to myeloid malignancies, mature lymphoid malignancies, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), are considered to directly originate from differentiated mature lymphocytes; however, we previously reported that the propensity to generate clonal B cells had already been acquired at the HSC stage in CLL patients. Similarly, HSC involvement has been reported in the pathogenesis of mature T cell lymphomas. These studies indicate that, in mature lymphoid, if not all, malignancies, HSCs should be considered as the critical cellular target in the oncogenic process. The prevalence of these hematological malignancies dramatically increases with age, and the effect of aging HSCs should thus be taken into account when investigating the stepwise malignant transformation process of these age-associated malignancies.
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159
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García-Muñoz R, Llorente L. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: could immunological tolerance mechanisms be the origin of lymphoid neoplasms? Immunology 2014; 142:536-50. [PMID: 24645778 PMCID: PMC4107664 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological tolerance theory in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL): we suggest that B cells that express B-cell receptors (BCR) that recognize their own BCR epitopes are viewed by immune system as 'dangerous cells'. BCR autonomous signalling may induce constant receptor editing and mistakes in allelic exclusion. The fact that whole BCR recognizes a self-antigen or foreing antigen may be irrelevant in early B cell development. In early B cells, autonomous signalling induced by recognition of the BCR's own epitopes simulates an antigen-antibody engagement. In the bone marrow this interaction is viewed as recognition of self-molecules and induces receptor editing. In mature B cells autonomous signalling by the BCR may promote 'reversible anergy' and also may correct self-reactivity induced by the somatic hypermutation mechanisms in mutated CLL B cells. However, in unmutated CLL B cells, BCR autonomous signalling in addition to self-antigen recognition augments B cell activation, proliferation and genomic instability. We suggest that CLL originates from a coordinated normal immunologic tolerance mechanism to destroy self-reactive B cells. Additional genetic damage induced by tolerance mechanisms may immortalize self-reactive B cells and transform them into a leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Llorente
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMéxico City, México
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160
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Vardi A, Agathangelidis A, Sutton LA, Ghia P, Rosenquist R, Stamatopoulos K. Immunogenetic studies of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: revelations and speculations about ontogeny and clinical evolution. Cancer Res 2014; 74:4211-6. [PMID: 25074616 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, immunogenetic analysis of B-cell receptor immunoglobulins (BcR IG) has proved instrumental in dissecting chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) pathogenesis. Initially, it was the finding that the level of somatic hypermutations in rearranged IG heavy-chain genes could define two CLL subtypes associated with a different clinical course that drew attention. As the years ensued, this not only continued to hold strong, but also revealed an unprecedented BcR restriction (aptly coined as "stereotypy"), thus cementing the idea that antigenic elements select the leukemic clones. With all this in mind, in the present review, we focus on the CLL BcR IG, a molecule that clearly lies at the heart of disease pathogenesis, and attempt to distil from past and emerging biologic knowledge the most relevant aspects in the context of the immunogenetics of CLL, while at the same time provoking questions that remain unanswered. We juxtapose CLL with mutated BcR IGs against CLL with unmutated BcR IGs due to their striking clinicobiologic differences; however, when considering ontogeny, common derivation of the two mutational subtypes cannot be excluded. The issue of stereotypy is intertwined throughout and we also raise the subject of isotype-switched CLL, which, despite its rarity, contributes intriguing ontogenetic hints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vardi
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Center for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece. Hematology Department and HCT Unit, G. Papanicolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andreas Agathangelidis
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Department of Onco-Hematology, IRCCS Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele and Fondazione Centro San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Lesley-Ann Sutton
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Paolo Ghia
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Department of Onco-Hematology, IRCCS Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele and Fondazione Centro San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard Rosenquist
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Kostas Stamatopoulos
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Center for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece. Hematology Department and HCT Unit, G. Papanicolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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161
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Abstract
Mouse models that recapitulate human malignancy are valuable tools for the elucidation of the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms and for preclinical studies. Several genetically engineered mouse models have been generated, either mimicking genetic aberrations or deregulated gene expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The usefulness of such models in the study of the human disease may potentially be hampered by species-specific biological differences in the target cell of the oncogenic transformation. Specifically, do the genetic lesions or the deregulated expression of leukemia-associated genes faithfully recapitulate the spectrum of lymphoproliferations in humans? Do the CLL-like lymphoproliferations in the mouse have the phenotypic, histological, genetic, and clinical features of the human disease? Here we compare the various CLL mouse models with regard to disease phenotype, penetrance, and severity. We discuss similarities and differences of the murine lymphoproliferations compared with human CLL. We propose that the Eμ-TCL1 transgenic and 13q14-deletion models that have been comprehensively studied at the levels of leukemia phenotype, antigen-receptor repertoire, and disease course show close resemblance to the human disease. We conclude that modeling CLL-associated genetic dysregulations in mice can provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms of disease pathogenesis and generate valuable tools for the development of novel therapies.
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162
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Slupsky JR. Does B cell receptor signaling in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells differ from that in other B cell types? SCIENTIFICA 2014; 2014:208928. [PMID: 25101192 PMCID: PMC4102070 DOI: 10.1155/2014/208928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is an incurable malignancy of mature B cells. CLL is important clinically in Western countries because of its commonality and because of the significant morbidity and mortality associated with the progressive form of this incurable disease. The B cell receptor (BCR) expressed on the malignant cells in CLL contributes to disease pathogenesis by providing signals for survival and proliferation, and the signal transduction pathway initiated by engagement of this receptor is now the target of several therapeutic strategies. The purpose of this review is to outline current understanding of the BCR signal cascade in normal B cells and then question whether this understanding applies to CLL cells. In particular, this review studies the phenomenon of anergy in CLL cells, and whether certain adaptations allow the cells to overcome anergy and allow full BCR signaling to take place. Finally, this review analyzes how BCR signals can be therapeutically targeted for the treatment of CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Slupsky
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, 6th Floor, Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
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163
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Stevenson FK, Forconi F, Packham G. The Meaning and Relevance of B-Cell Receptor Structure and Function in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Semin Hematol 2014; 51:158-67. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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164
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Packham G, Krysov S, Allen A, Savelyeva N, Steele AJ, Forconi F, Stevenson FK. The outcome of B-cell receptor signaling in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: proliferation or anergy. Haematologica 2014; 99:1138-48. [PMID: 24986876 PMCID: PMC4077074 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2013.098384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Biologists and clinicians agree that the B-cell receptor influences the behavior of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and promising new drugs are aimed at receptor-associated kinases. Engagement of surface immunoglobulin by antigen is a key driver of malignant cells with outcome influenced by the nature of the cell, the level of stimulation and the microenvironment. Analysis of surface immunoglobulin-mediated signaling in the two major disease subsets defined by IGHV mutational status reveals bifurcation of responses toward proliferation or anergy. Mutated chronic lymphocytic leukemia, generally of relatively good prognosis, is mainly, but not exclusively, driven towards anergy in vivo. In contrast, unmutated chronic lymphocytic leukemia shows less evidence for anergy in vivo retaining more responsiveness to surface immunoglobulin M-mediated signaling, possibly explaining increased tumor progression. Expression and function of surface immunoglobulin M in unmutated chronic lymphocytic leukemia appear rather homogeneous, but mutated chronic lymphocytic leukemia exhibits a highly heterogeneous profile that may relate to further variable clinical behavior within this subset. Anergy should increase susceptibility to apoptosis but, in leukemic cells, this may be countered by overexpression of the B-cell lymphoma-2 survival protein. Maintained anergy spreads to chemokines and adhesion molecules, restraining homing and migration. However, anergy is not necessarily completely benign, being able to reverse and regenerate surface immunoglobulin M-mediated responses. A two-pronged attack on proliferative and anti-apoptotic pathways may succeed. Increased understanding of how chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells are driven to anergy or proliferation should reveal predictive biomarkers of progression and of likely response to kinase inhibitors, which could assist therapeutic decisions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens/immunology
- Antigens/metabolism
- Apoptosis
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Proliferation
- Clonal Anergy/immunology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Packham
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Serge Krysov
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Alex Allen
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Natalia Savelyeva
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Andrew J Steele
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Francesco Forconi
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Freda K Stevenson
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
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165
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Ghamlouch H, Ouled-Haddou H, Guyart A, Regnier A, Trudel S, Claisse JF, Fuentes V, Royer B, Marolleau JP, Gubler B. TLR9 Ligand (CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide) Induces CLL B-Cells to Differentiate into CD20(+) Antibody-Secreting Cells. Front Immunol 2014; 5:292. [PMID: 24982661 PMCID: PMC4058906 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most frequent adult leukemia in the Western world. It is a heterogeneous disease characterized by clonal proliferation and the accumulation of CD5+ mature B lymphocytes. However, the normal counterpart from which the latter cells arise has not yet been identified. CD27 expression and gene expression profiling data suggest that CLL cells are related to memory B-cells. In vitro, memory B-cells differentiate into plasma cells when stimulated with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG). The objective of the present study was therefore to investigate the ability of CpG, in the context of CD40 ligation, to induce the differentiation of CLL B-cells into antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). CD20+CD38− CLL B-cells were stimulated with a combination of CpG, CD40 ligand and cytokines (CpG/CD40L/c) in a two-step, 7-day culture system. We found that the CpG/CD40L/c culture system prompted CLL B-cells to differentiate into CD19+CD20+CD27+CD38−ASCs. These cells secreted large amounts of IgM and had the same shape as plasma cells. However, only IgMs secreted by ASCs that had differentiated from unmutated CLL B-cells were poly/autoreactive. Class-switch recombination (CSR) to IgG and IgA was detected in cells expressing the activation-induced cytidine deaminase gene (AICDA). Although these ASCs expressed high levels of the transcription factors PRDM1 (BLIMP1), IRF4, and XBP1s, they did not downregulate expression of PAX5. Our results suggest that CLL B-cells can differentiate into ASCs, undergo CSR and produce poly/autoreactive antibodies. Furthermore, our findings may be relevant for (i) identifying the normal counterpart of CLL B-cells and (ii) developing novel treatment strategies in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Ghamlouch
- EA4666, Department of Immunology, Université de Picardie Jules Verne , Amiens , France
| | - Hakim Ouled-Haddou
- EA4666, Department of Immunology, Université de Picardie Jules Verne , Amiens , France
| | - Aude Guyart
- EA4666, Department of Immunology, Université de Picardie Jules Verne , Amiens , France
| | - Aline Regnier
- EA4666, Department of Immunology, Université de Picardie Jules Verne , Amiens , France ; Service d'Hématologie Clinique et Thérapie Cellulaire, Department of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire d'Amiens , Amiens , France
| | - Stéphanie Trudel
- EA4666, Department of Immunology, Université de Picardie Jules Verne , Amiens , France ; Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie Moléculaire, Department of Molecular Oncobiology, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire d'Amiens , Amiens , France
| | - Jean-François Claisse
- Service d'Hématologie Clinique et Thérapie Cellulaire, Department of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire d'Amiens , Amiens , France
| | - Vincent Fuentes
- EA4666, Department of Immunology, Université de Picardie Jules Verne , Amiens , France
| | - Bruno Royer
- EA4666, Department of Immunology, Université de Picardie Jules Verne , Amiens , France ; Service d'Hématologie Clinique et Thérapie Cellulaire, Department of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire d'Amiens , Amiens , France
| | - Jean-Pierre Marolleau
- EA4666, Department of Immunology, Université de Picardie Jules Verne , Amiens , France ; Service d'Hématologie Clinique et Thérapie Cellulaire, Department of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire d'Amiens , Amiens , France
| | - Brigitte Gubler
- EA4666, Department of Immunology, Université de Picardie Jules Verne , Amiens , France ; Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie Moléculaire, Department of Molecular Oncobiology, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire d'Amiens , Amiens , France
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166
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Damm F, Mylonas E, Cosson A, Yoshida K, Della Valle V, Mouly E, Diop M, Scourzic L, Shiraishi Y, Chiba K, Tanaka H, Miyano S, Kikushige Y, Davi F, Lambert J, Gautheret D, Merle-Béral H, Sutton L, Dessen P, Solary E, Akashi K, Vainchenker W, Mercher T, Droin N, Ogawa S, Nguyen-Khac F, Bernard OA. Acquired Initiating Mutations in Early Hematopoietic Cells of CLL Patients. Cancer Discov 2014; 4:1088-101. [DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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167
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Negrini M, Cutrona G, Bassi C, Fabris S, Zagatti B, Colombo M, Ferracin M, D'Abundo L, Saccenti E, Matis S, Lionetti M, Agnelli L, Gentile M, Recchia AG, Bossio S, Reverberi D, Rigolin G, Calin GA, Sabbioni S, Russo G, Tassone P, Morabito F, Ferrarini M, Neri A. microRNAome expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: comparison with normal B-cell subsets and correlations with prognostic and clinical parameters. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:4141-53. [PMID: 24916701 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite its indolent nature, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) remains an incurable disease. To establish the potential pathogenic role of miRNAs, the identification of deregulated miRNAs in CLL is crucial. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We analyzed the expression of 723 mature miRNAs in 217 early-stage CLL cases and in various different normal B-cell subpopulations from tonsils and peripheral blood. RESULTS Our analyses indicated that CLL cells exhibited a miRNA expression pattern that was most similar to the subsets of antigen-experienced and marginal zone-like B cells. These normal subpopulations were used as reference to identify differentially expressed miRNAs in comparison with CLL. Differences related to the expression of 25 miRNAs were found to be independent from IGHV mutation status or cytogenetic aberrations. These differences, confirmed in an independent validation set, led to a novel comprehensive description of miRNAs potentially involved in CLL. We also identified miRNAs whose expression was distinctive of cases with mutated versus unmutated IGHV genes or cases with 13q, 11q, and 17p deletions and trisomy 12. Finally, analysis of clinical data in relation to miRNA expression revealed that miR26a, miR532-3p, miR146-5p, and miR29c* were strongly associated with progression-free survival. CONCLUSION This study provides novel information on miRNAs expressed by CLL and normal B-cell subtypes, with implication on the cell of origin of CLL. In addition, our findings indicate a number of deregulated miRNAs in CLL, which may play a pathogenic role and promote disease progression. Collectively, this information can be used for developing miRNA-based therapeutic strategies in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Negrini
- Dipartimento di Morfologia, Chirurgia e Medicina Sperimentale, Laboratorio per Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate, Tecnopolo,
| | | | - Cristian Bassi
- Dipartimento di Morfologia, Chirurgia e Medicina Sperimentale
| | - Sonia Fabris
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università di Milano and UOC Oncoematologia, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano
| | - Barbara Zagatti
- Dipartimento di Morfologia, Chirurgia e Medicina Sperimentale
| | | | - Manuela Ferracin
- Dipartimento di Morfologia, Chirurgia e Medicina Sperimentale, Laboratorio per Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate, Tecnopolo
| | | | - Elena Saccenti
- Sezione di Ematologia e Fisiopatologia dell'Emostasi, Azienda Università Ospedale di Ferrara, Ferrara
| | | | - Marta Lionetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università di Milano and UOC Oncoematologia, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano
| | - Luca Agnelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università di Milano and UOC Oncoematologia, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano
| | - Massimo Gentile
- Dipartimento di Oncoematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera di Cosenza
| | | | - Sabrina Bossio
- Dipartimento di Oncoematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera di Cosenza
| | | | - Gianmatteo Rigolin
- Sezione di Ematologia e Fisiopatologia dell'Emostasi, Azienda Università Ospedale di Ferrara, Ferrara
| | - George A Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Silvia Sabbioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Università di Ferrara
| | | | - Pierfrancesco Tassone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy; and
| | | | | | - Antonino Neri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università di Milano and UOC Oncoematologia, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano
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168
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Abstract
B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (B-PLL) is a rare mature B-cell malignancy that may be hard to distinguish from mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). B-PLL cases with a t(11;14) were redefined as MCL in the World Health Organization 2008 classification. We evaluated 13 B-PLL patients [7 being t(11;14)-positive (B-PLL+) and 6 negative (B-PLL-)] and compared them with MCL and CLL patients. EuroFlow-based immunophenotyping showed significant overlap between B-PLL+ and B-PLL-, as well as between B-PLL and MCL, whereas CLL clustered separately. Immunogenotyping showed specific IGHV gene usage partly resembling MCL. Gene expression profiling showed no separation between B-PLL+ and B-PLL- but identified 3 subgroups. One B-PLL subgroup clustered close to CLL and another subgroup clustered with leukemic MCL; both were associated with prolonged survival. A third subgroup clustered close to nodal MCL and was associated with short survival. Gene expression profiles of both B-PLL+ and B-PLL- showed best resemblance with normal immunoglobulin M-only B-cells. Our data confirm that B-PLL+ is highly comparable to MCL, indicate that B-PLL- also may be considered as a specific subgroup of MCL, and suggest that B-PLL is part of a spectrum, ranging from CLL-like B-PLL, to leukemic MCL-like B-PLL, to nodal MCL-like B-PLL.
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169
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Simonetti G, Bertilaccio MTS, Rodriguez TV, Apollonio B, Dagklis A, Rocchi M, Innocenzi A, Casola S, Winkler TH, Nitschke L, Ponzoni M, Caligaris-Cappio F, Ghia P. SIGLEC-G deficiency increases susceptibility to develop B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Haematologica 2014; 99:1356-64. [PMID: 24859880 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2013.100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The sialic-acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin SIGLEC-G is a negative regulator of B-cell receptor-mediated calcium signaling. Its deficiency leads to reduced turnover and increased proliferation and survival of murine B-1a cells. Siglecg(-/-) mice show a premature expansion of polyclonal CD5(+) B cells in the spleen and the peritoneal cavity. Here we studied the fate of B lymphocytes in Siglecg(-/-) mice over time. We demonstrate that in aging animals SIGLEC-G deficiency promotes progressive accumulation of monoclonal B lymphocytes and increases the susceptibility to develop B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Lymphoid tumors arising in aged Siglecg(-/-) mice are monoclonal and histologically heterogeneous as they include diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and medium-to-large B-cell monomorphic lymphoma but surprisingly not chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The tumors express high levels of BCL-2 and are transplantable. In keeping with these findings we have also observed a remarkable down-regulation of the human ortholog SIGLEC10 in human B-cell lymphoma and leukemia cell lines. Taken together, these observations indicate that the down-regulation of negative B-cell receptor regulators such as SIGLEC-G/SIGLEC10 may represent another mechanism relevant to the pathogenesis of B-cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Simonetti
- Division of Molecular Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | - Benedetta Apollonio
- Division of Molecular Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Antonis Dagklis
- Division of Molecular Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Martina Rocchi
- Pathology Unit, Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Innocenzi
- Pathology Unit, Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Casola
- The Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM) of the Italian Foundation for Cancer Research (FIRC), Milano, Italy
| | - Thomas H Winkler
- Department of Biology, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lars Nitschke
- Department of Biology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maurilio Ponzoni
- Pathology Unit, Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy Clinical Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, Department of Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Federico Caligaris-Cappio
- Division of Molecular Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy Clinical Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, Department of Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Ghia
- Division of Molecular Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy Clinical Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, Department of Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
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170
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Villamor N, López-Guillermo A, López-Otín C, Campo E. Next-generation sequencing in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Semin Hematol 2014; 50:286-95. [PMID: 24246696 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) has expanded our knowledge of the genomic alterations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and provides new tools for analyzing leukemic clonal architecture. Recent studies have demonstrated substantial differences in genomic alterations between mutated and unmutated IGHV subgroups, which reflect distinct molecular pathways and mutagenic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of the disease. The mutational profile of CLL can be characterized by a relatively low number of somatic mutations per case, few recurrent mutations at moderate frequency (5%-15%) and a long tail of recurrent lower frequency somatic mutations. Functional and clinical studies of novel mutations have uncovered new mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of the disease, revealing new insights into CLL molecular evolution that could ultimately translate into improvements in the management of patients. The clonal architecture of CLL shows striking heterogeneity between patients, which could have important clinical implications. In summary, NGS studies of CLL are expanding our fundamental knowledge on the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of the disease and offering new perspectives for the clinical management of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Villamor
- Unitat d'Hematopatologia, Servei d'Anatomia Patològica, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
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171
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Hwang KK, Trama AM, Kozink DM, Chen X, Wiehe K, Cooper AJ, Xia SM, Wang M, Marshall DJ, Whitesides J, Alam M, Tomaras GD, Allen SL, Rai KR, McKeating J, Catera R, Yan XJ, Chu CC, Kelsoe G, Liao HX, Chiorazzi N, Haynes BF. IGHV1-69 B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia antibodies cross-react with HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus antigens as well as intestinal commensal bacteria. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90725. [PMID: 24614505 PMCID: PMC3948690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) patients expressing unmutated immunoglobulin heavy variable regions (IGHVs) use the IGHV1-69 B cell receptor (BCR) in 25% of cases. Since HIV-1 envelope gp41 antibodies also frequently use IGHV1-69 gene segments, we hypothesized that IGHV1-69 B-CLL precursors may contribute to the gp41 B cell response during HIV-1 infection. To test this hypothesis, we rescued 5 IGHV1-69 unmutated antibodies as heterohybridoma IgM paraproteins and as recombinant IgG1 antibodies from B-CLL patients, determined their antigenic specificities and analyzed BCR sequences. IGHV1-69 B-CLL antibodies were enriched for reactivity with HIV-1 envelope gp41, influenza, hepatitis C virus E2 protein and intestinal commensal bacteria. These IGHV1-69 B-CLL antibodies preferentially used IGHD3 and IGHJ6 gene segments and had long heavy chain complementary determining region 3s (HCDR3s) (≥21 aa). IGHV1-69 B-CLL BCRs exhibited a phenylalanine at position 54 (F54) of the HCDR2 as do rare HIV-1 gp41 and influenza hemagglutinin stem neutralizing antibodies, while IGHV1-69 gp41 antibodies induced by HIV-1 infection predominantly used leucine (L54) allelic variants. These results demonstrate that the B-CLL cell population is an expansion of members of the innate polyreactive B cell repertoire with reactivity to a number of infectious agent antigens including intestinal commensal bacteria. The B-CLL IGHV1-69 B cell usage of F54 allelic variants strongly suggests that IGHV1-69 B-CLL gp41 antibodies derive from a restricted B cell pool that also produces rare HIV-1 gp41 and influenza hemagglutinin stem antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan-Ki Hwang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ashley M. Trama
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniel M. Kozink
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xi Chen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Abby J. Cooper
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shi-Mao Xia
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Minyue Wang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dawn J. Marshall
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - John Whitesides
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Steven L. Allen
- The Karches Center for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Kanti R. Rai
- The Karches Center for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Jane McKeating
- School of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rosa Catera
- The Karches Center for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Jie Yan
- The Karches Center for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Charles C. Chu
- The Karches Center for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- The Karches Center for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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172
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Malcikova J, Pavlova S, Kozubik KS, Pospisilova S. TP53 Mutation Analysis in Clinical Practice: Lessons From Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Hum Mutat 2014; 35:663-71. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.22508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Malcikova
- Central European Institute of Technology; Center of Molecular Medicine, and Faculty of Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Pavlova
- Central European Institute of Technology; Center of Molecular Medicine, and Faculty of Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Stano Kozubik
- Central European Institute of Technology; Center of Molecular Medicine, and Faculty of Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Pospisilova
- Central European Institute of Technology; Center of Molecular Medicine, and Faculty of Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
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173
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Ronchetti D, Tuana G, Rinaldi A, Agnelli L, Cutrona G, Mosca L, Fabris S, Matis S, Colombo M, Gentile M, Recchia AG, Kwee I, Bertoni F, Morabito F, Ferrarini M, Neri A. Distinct patterns of global promoter methylation in early stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2013; 53:264-73. [PMID: 24347044 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic and epigenomic studies of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are reshaping our understanding of the disease and have provided new perspectives for a more individualized diagnosis and new potential therapeutic targets. In this study, the global promoter methylation profile was determined in highly purified B-cells from 37 (Binet stage A) CLL patients, using high-resolution methylation microarrays (27,578 CpG). Overall, the methylation pattern correlated with the major biological (ZAP-70 and CD38), and molecular (IGHV mutation) markers, distinguishing CLL cases according to IGHV mutational status. Cell adhesion molecules were enriched in the signature of unmutated (UM) versus mutated (M-) CLL. Moreover, in M-CLL CpG hyper-methylation in three genes, including SPG20, was significantly anti-correlated with the corresponding gene expression level. Finally, the correlation between the methylation pattern and clinical parameters was investigated. Notably, out of 42 methyl-probes that were significantly associated with progression free survival (PFS), hyper-methylation of SPG20 was also positively associated with PFS. These data support the notion that epigenetic changes have clinical impact in CLL and may contribute to the identification of novel candidate disease-associated genes potentially useful to predict the clinical outcome of early stage CLL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Ronchetti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
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174
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Next-generation sequencing of whole genomes, exomes and DNA methylomes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has provided the first comprehensive view of somatic mutations and methylation changes in this disease. This review summarizes the recent findings in this field and their impact on our current understanding of this neoplasm. RECENT FINDINGS Genomic studies have revealed a remarkable molecular heterogeneity of the disease, with only few genes mutated in up to 10-15% of the patients and a relatively large number of genes recurrently mutated at low frequency. The mutated genes tend to cluster in different pathways that include NOTCH1 signaling, RNA splicing, processing and transport machinery, innate inflammatory response, and DNA damage and cell cycle control, among others. NOTCH1 and SF3B1 mutations are emerging as new drivers of aggressive forms of the disease. Genome-wide methylation studies have shown that CLL transformation is associated with a massive hypomethylation phenomenon frequently affecting the enhancer regions. This epigenetic reprogramming maintains an imprint of the putative cell of origin from naïve and memory B-cells. SUMMARY Genomic and epigenomic studies of CLL are reshaping our understanding of the disease and provide new perspective for a more individualized diagnosis and new potential therapeutic targets.
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175
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Coelho V, Krysov S, Steele A, Sanchez Hidalgo M, Johnson PW, Chana PS, Packham G, Stevenson FK, Forconi F. Identification in CLL of circulating intraclonal subgroups with varying B-cell receptor expression and function. Blood 2013; 122:2664-72. [PMID: 23954894 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-02-485425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a tumor of circulating B cells, variably stimulated and anergized following exposure to antigen in lymphoid tissues. Down-modulation of surface IgM (sIgM) occurs, but expression and signal capacity can recover in vitro and apparently in vivo during recirculation. We have now dissected individual circulating clones of CLL cases according to sIgM expression level by differential binding to bead-bound anti-IgM. Four clear subgroups (SG1-4) with increasing sIgM were identified in 37/37 cases. Engagement of sIgM induced phosphorylation of PLCγ2 and ERK1/2 at levels ranging from very low in SG1 to high in SG4. Phosphorylation was suppressed by the BTK inhibitor ibrutinib. Expression of CXCR4 also increased from SG1 to SG4, but markers of previous activation and proliferation were dominant in SG1. Incubation of whole CLL populations in vitro led to striking increases in CXCR4 expression as well as recovery of sIgM. Clonal analysis reveals dynamic SGs following presumed antigen stimulation in tissues. SG4 represents a fully recovered, potentially dangerous population equipped to migrate to tissue and receive a proliferative stimulus. SG1 likely represents a postmitotic unresponsive "resting" population. The effect of ibrutinib on the small SG4 population may be the critical factor in therapeutic success.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Immobilized
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Clone Cells/metabolism
- Clone Cells/pathology
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin M/metabolism
- Immunophenotyping
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
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176
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Rossi D, Ciardullo C, Spina V, Gaidano G. Molecular bases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in light of new treatments. Immunol Lett 2013; 155:51-5. [PMID: 24103588 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human genome era heralded a fundamental progress in the field of cancer genetics that shifted from a candidate gene approach toward global views of genomes and transcriptomes. Whole genome/exome sequencing has disclosed the genetic landscape of several hematologic tumors, providing comprehensive catalogs of somatic mutations and new insights into the genes that contribute to cellular transformation. Thanks to these technical progresses, research on the molecular pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has also advanced at a sustained pace in recent times revealing NOTCH1, SF3B1, BIRC3, and MYD88 as the most recurrently (>5%) mutated genes that have been identified in CLL. Beside mutations of cancer related genes, another mechanism involved in disease initiation and progression of mature B-cell tumors, including CLL, is represented by B cell receptor (BCR) signaling. The BCR plays a central role in disease pathogenesis and, consequently, BCR signaling might represent a suitable target for therapy in many patients. Currently, the Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor ibrutinib, which acts downstream the BCR signaling pathway, appears to be particularly promising and shows important clinical activity in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Rossi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, Amedeo Avogadro University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
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177
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Genome-wide copy-number analyses reveal genomic abnormalities involved in transformation of follicular lymphoma. Blood 2013; 123:1681-90. [PMID: 24037725 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-05-500595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL), the second most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the western world, is characterized by the t(14;18) translocation, which is present in up to 90% of cases. We studied 277 lymphoma samples (198 FL and 79 transformed FL [tFL]) using a single-nucleotide polymorphism array to identify the secondary chromosomal abnormalities that drive the development of FL and its transformation to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Common recurrent chromosomal abnormalities in FL included gains of 2, 5, 7, 6p, 8, 12, 17q, 18, 21, and X and losses on 6q and 17p. We also observed many frequent small abnormalities, including losses of 1p36.33-p36.31, 6q23.3-q24.1, and 10q23.1-q25.1 and gains of 2p16.1-p15, 8q24.13-q24.3, and 12q12-q13.13, and identified candidate genes that may be driving this selection. Recurrent abnormalities more frequent in tFL samples included gains of 3q27.3-q28 and chromosome 11 and losses of 9p21.3 and 15q. Four abnormalities, gain of X or Xp and losses of 6q23.2-24.1 or 6q13-15, predicted overall survival. Abnormalities associated with transformation of the disease likely impair immune surveillance, activate the nuclear factor-κB pathway, and deregulate p53 and B-cell transcription factors.
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178
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Ronchetti D, Mosca L, Cutrona G, Tuana G, Gentile M, Fabris S, Agnelli L, Ciceri G, Matis S, Massucco C, Colombo M, Reverberi D, Recchia AG, Bossio S, Negrini M, Tassone P, Morabito F, Ferrarini M, Neri A. Small nucleolar RNAs as new biomarkers in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. BMC Med Genomics 2013; 6:27. [PMID: 24004562 PMCID: PMC3766210 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-6-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and small Cajal body-specific RNAs are non-coding RNAs involved in the maturation of other RNA molecules. Alterations of sno/scaRNA expression may play a role in cancerogenesis. This study elucidates the patterns of sno/scaRNA expression in 211 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients (Binet stage A) also in comparison with those of different normal B-cell subsets. METHODS The patterns of sno/scaRNA expression in highly purified CD19+ B-cells of 211 CLL patients and in 18 normal B-cell samples--6 from peripheral blood, and 12 from tonsils (4 germinal center, 2 marginal zone, 3 switched memory and 3 naïve B-cells)--were analyzed on the Affymetrix GeneChip® Human Gene 1.0 ST array. RESULTS CLLs display a sno/scaRNAs expression profile similar to normal memory, naïve and marginal-zone B-cells, with the exception of a few down-regulated transcripts (SNORA31, -6, -62, and -71C). Our analyses also suggest some heterogeneity in the pattern of sno/scaRNAs expression which is apparently unrelated to the major biological (ZAP-70 and CD38), molecular (IGHV mutation) and cytogenetic markers. Moreover, we found that SNORA70F was significantly down-regulated in poor prognostic subgroups and this phenomenon was associated with the down-regulation of its host gene COBLL1. Finally, we generated an independent model based on SNORA74A and SNORD116-18 expression, which appears to distinguish two different prognostic CLL groups. CONCLUSIONS These data extend the view of sno/scaRNAs deregulation in cancer and may contribute to discover novel biomarkers associated with the disease and potentially useful to predict the clinical outcome of early stage CLL patients.
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MESH Headings
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Cell Nucleus/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Neoplasm Staging
- Prognosis
- RNA, Small Nucleolar/genetics
- Risk
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Ronchetti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Mosca
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Tuana
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Hematology 1 CTMO, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, F. Sforza, 35-20122, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Gentile
- U.O.C. di Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera di Cosenza, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Sonia Fabris
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Agnelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Hematology 1 CTMO, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, F. Sforza, 35-20122, Milano, Italy
| | - Gabriella Ciceri
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Serena Matis
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS S Martino-IST, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Monica Colombo
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS S Martino-IST, Genova, Italy
| | | | | | - Sabrina Bossio
- U.O.C. di Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera di Cosenza, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Massimo Negrini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Tassone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonino Neri
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Hematology 1 CTMO, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, F. Sforza, 35-20122, Milano, Italy
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179
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Cutucache CE. Tumor-induced host immunosuppression: Special focus on CLL. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:35-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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180
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Zhang S, Kipps TJ. The pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2013; 9:103-18. [PMID: 23987584 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-020712-163955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the clonal expansion of CD5(+)CD23(+) B cells in blood, marrow, and second lymphoid tissues. Gene-expression profiling and phenotypic studies suggest that CLL is probably derived from CD5(+) B cells similar to those found in the blood of healthy adults. Next-generation sequencing has revealed recurrent genetic lesions that are implicated in CLL pathogenesis and/or disease progression. The biology of CLL is entwined with its microenvironment, in which accessory cells can promote leukemia cell growth and/or survival. Recently, much attention has been focused on the CLL B cell receptor (BCR) and on chemokine receptors that enable CLL cells to home to lymphoid tissues and to establish the leukemia microenvironment. Agents that can interfere with BCR signaling or chemokine-receptor signaling, or that target surface antigens selectively expressed on CLL cells, promise to have significant therapeutic benefit in patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suping Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
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181
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Defective DROSHA processing contributes to downregulation of MiR-15/-16 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2013; 28:98-107. [PMID: 23974981 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The MIR-15A/-16-1 tumor suppressor microRNAs (miRNAs) are deleted in leukemic cells from more than 50% of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). As these miRNAs are also less abundant in patients without genomic deletion, their downregulation in CLL is likely to be caused by additional mechanisms. We found the primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) of MIR-15a/-16/-15b to be elevated and processing intermediates (precursor miRNAs) to be reduced in cells from CLL patients (22/38) compared with non-malignant B-cells (n=14), indicating a block of miRNA maturation at the DROSHA processing step. Using a luciferase reporter assay for pri-miR processing we validated the defect in primary CLL cells. The block of miRNA maturation is restricted to specific miRNAs and can be found in the cell line MEC-2, but not in MEC-1, even though both are derived from the same CLL patient. In these cells, the RNA-specific deaminase ADARB1 leads to reduced pri-miRNA processing, but full processing efficiency is recovered upon deletion of the RNA-binding domains or nuclear localization of ADARB1. Thus, we show that, apart from genomic deletion or transcriptional downregulation, aberrant processing of miRNA leads to specific reduction of miRNAs in leukemic cells. This represents a novel oncogenic mechanism in the pathogenesis of CLL.
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182
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New insights into pre-BCR and BCR signalling with relevance to B cell malignancies. Nat Rev Immunol 2013; 13:578-91. [DOI: 10.1038/nri3487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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183
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Association between molecular lesions and specific B-cell receptor subsets in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2013; 121:4902-5. [PMID: 23637131 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-02-486209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic lesions and B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling are both oncogenic drivers in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However, scant data are available on preferential associations between specific genetic alterations and stereotyped BCR subsets. By analyzing 1419 cases, 2 CLL subsets (2 and 8) harboring stereotyped BCR are enriched in specific molecular alterations influencing disease course. SF3B1 mutations are the genetic hallmark of IGHV3-21-CLL belonging to subset 2 (52%) but are evenly represented in nonstereotyped IGHV3-21-CLL. Trisomy 12 (87%) and NOTCH1 mutations (62%) characterize IGHV4-39-CLL belonging to subset 8 but occur with the expected frequency in IGHV4-39-CLL with heterogeneous BCR. Clinically, co-occurrence of SF3B1 mutations and subset 2 BCR configuration prompts disease progression in IGHV3-21-CLL, whereas cooperation between NOTCH1 mutations, +12, and subset 8 BCR configuration invariably primes CLL transformation into Richter syndrome. These findings provide a proof of concept that specific stereotyped BCR may promote or select molecular lesions influencing outcome.
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184
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Pede V, Rombout A, Vermeire J, Naessens E, Mestdagh P, Robberecht N, Vanderstraeten H, Van Roy N, Vandesompele J, Speleman F, Philippé J, Verhasselt B. CLL cells respond to B-Cell receptor stimulation with a microRNA/mRNA signature associated with MYC activation and cell cycle progression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60275. [PMID: 23560086 PMCID: PMC3613353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a disease with variable clinical outcome. Several prognostic factors such as the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable genes (IGHV) mutation status are linked to the B-cell receptor (BCR) complex, supporting a role for triggering the BCR in vivo in the pathogenesis. The miRNA profile upon stimulation and correlation with IGHV mutation status is however unknown. To evaluate the transcriptional response of peripheral blood CLL cells upon BCR stimulation in vitro, miRNA and mRNA expression was measured using hybridization arrays and qPCR. We found both IGHV mutated and unmutated CLL cells to respond with increased expression of MYC and other genes associated with BCR activation, and a phenotype of cell cycle progression. Genome-wide expression studies showed hsa-miR-132-3p/hsa-miR-212 miRNA cluster induction associated with a set of downregulated genes, enriched for genes modulated by BCR activation and amplified by Myc. We conclude that BCR triggering of CLL cells induces a transcriptional response of genes associated with BCR activation, enhanced cell cycle entry and progression and suggest that part of the transcriptional profiles linked to IGHV mutation status observed in isolated peripheral blood are not cell intrinsic but rather secondary to in vivo BCR stimulation.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/pharmacology
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Cycle/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Genome-Wide Association Study
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/immunology
- Multigene Family
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/agonists
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Pede
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ans Rombout
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Vermeire
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Naessens
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Mestdagh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nore Robberecht
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hanne Vanderstraeten
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nadine Van Roy
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jo Vandesompele
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Speleman
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Philippé
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno Verhasselt
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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185
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Accelerated progression of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in Eμ-TCL1 mice expressing catalytically inactive RAG1. Blood 2013; 121:3855-66, S1-16. [PMID: 23502221 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-08-446732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a prevalent B-cell neoplasia that is often preceded by a more benign monoclonal CD5(+) B-cell lymphocytosis. We previously generated transgenic mice expressing catalytically inactive RAG1 (dominant-negative recombination activating gene 1 [dnRAG1] mice) that develop an early-onset indolent CD5(+) B-cell lymphocytosis attributed to a defect in secondary V(D)J rearrangements initiated to edit autoreactive B-cell receptor (BCR) specificity. Hypothesizing that CD5(+) B cells in these animals represent potential CLL precursors, we crossed dnRAG1 mice with CLL-prone Eμ-TCL1 mice to determine whether dnRAG1 expression in Eμ-TCL1 mice accelerates CLL onset. Consistent with this hypothesis, CD5(+) B-cell expansion and CLL progression occurred more rapidly in double-transgenic mice compared with Eμ-TCL1 mice. Nevertheless, CD5(+) B cells in the 2 mouse strains exhibited close similarities in phenotype, immunoglobulin gene usage, and mutation status, and expression of genes associated with immune tolerance and BCR signaling. Gene expression profiling further revealed a potential role for prolactin signaling in regulating BCR editing. These results suggest a model in which benign accumulation of CD5(+) B cells can be initiated through a failure to successfully edit autoreactive BCR specificity and may, in turn, progress to CLL upon introduction of additional genetic mutations.
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186
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Lanemo Myhrinder A, Hellqvist E, Bergh AC, Jansson M, Nilsson K, Hultman P, Jonasson J, Buhl AM, Bredo Pedersen L, Jurlander J, Klein E, Weit N, Herling M, Rosenquist R, Rosén A. Molecular characterization of neoplastic and normal "sister" lymphoblastoid B-cell lines from chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 54:1769-79. [PMID: 23297799 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.764418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B-cells resemble self-renewing CD5 + B-cells carrying auto/xeno-antigen-reactive B-cell receptors (BCRs) and multiple innate pattern-recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors and scavenger receptors. Integration of signals from BCRs with multiple surface membrane receptors determines whether the cells will be proliferating, anergic or apoptotic. To better understand the role of antigen in leukemogenesis, CLL cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) will facilitate structural analysis of antigens and supply DNA for genetic studies. We present here a comprehensive genotypic and phenotypic characterization of available CLL and normal B-cell-derived lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from the same individuals (n = 17). Authenticity and verification studies of CLL-patient origin were done by IGHV sequencing, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and DNA/short tandem repeat (STR) fingerprinting. Innate B-cell features, i.e. natural Ab production and CD5 receptors, were present in most CLL cell lines, but in none of the normal LCLs. This panel of immortalized CLL-derived cell lines is a valuable reference representing a renewable source of authentic Abs and DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lanemo Myhrinder
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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187
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Kil LP, de Bruijn MJW, van Hulst JAC, Langerak AW, Yuvaraj S, Hendriks RW. Bruton's tyrosine kinase mediated signaling enhances leukemogenesis in a mouse model for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BLOOD RESEARCH 2013; 3:71-83. [PMID: 23359016 PMCID: PMC3555194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) signals from the B cell receptor (BCR) play a major role in disease development and progression. In this light, new therapies that specifically target signaling molecules downstream of the BCR continue to be developed. While first studies on the selective small molecule inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk), Ibrutinib (PCI-32765), demonstrated that Btk inhibition sensitizes CLL cells to apoptosis and alters their migratory behavior, these studies however did not address whether Btk-mediated signaling is involved in the process of CLL leukemogenesis. To investigate the requirement of Btk signaling for CLL development, we modulated Btk expression in the IgH.ETμ CLL mouse model, which is based on sporadic expression of the simian oncovirus SV40 T-antigen in mature B cells. To this end, we crossed IgH.ETμ mice on a Btk-deficient background or introduced a human Btk transgene (CD19-hBtk). Here we show that Btk deficiency fully abrogates CLL formation in IgH.ETμ mice, and that leukemias formed in Btk haplo-insufficient mice selectively expressed the wild-type Btk allele on their active X chromosome. Conversely, Btk overexpression accelerated CLL onset, increased mortality, and was associated with selection of non-stereotypical BCRs into CLL clones. Taken together, these data show that Btk expression represents an absolute prerequisite for CLL development and that Btk mediated signaling enhances leukemogenesis in mice. We therefore conclude that in CLL Btk expression levels set the threshold for malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens P Kil
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MCRotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Saravanan Yuvaraj
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MCRotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MCRotterdam, The Netherlands
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Cahill N, Rosenquist R. Uncovering the DNA methylome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Epigenetics 2013; 8:138-48. [PMID: 23321535 DOI: 10.4161/epi.23439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, aberrant DNA methylation has emerged as a key player in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and knowledge regarding its biological and clinical consequences in this disease has evolved rapidly. Since the initial studies relating DNA hypomethylation to genomic instability in CLL, a plethora of reports have followed showing the impact of DNA hypermethylation in silencing vital single gene promoters and the reversible nature of DNA methylation through inhibitor drugs. With the recognition that DNA hypermethylation events could potentially act as novel prognostic and treatment targets in CLL, the search for aberrantly methylated genes, gene families and pathways has ensued. Subsequently, the advent of microarray and next-generation sequencing technologies has supported the hunt for such targets, allowing exploration of the methylation landscape in CLL at an unprecedented scale. In light of these analyses, we now understand that different CLL prognostic subgroups are characterized by differential methylation profiles; we recognize DNA methylation of a number of signaling pathways genes to be altered in CLL, and acknowledge the role of DNA methylation outside of traditional CpG island promoters as fundamental players in the regulation of gene expression. Today, the significance and timing of altered DNA methylation within the complex epigenetic network of concomitant epigenetic messengers such as histones and miRNAs is an intensive area of research. In CLL, it appears that DNA methylation is a rather stable epigenetic mark occurring rather early in the disease pathogenesis. However, other consequences, such as how and why aberrant methylation marks occur, are less explored. In this review, we will not only provide a comprehensive summary of the current literature within the epigenetics field of CLL, but also highlight some of the novel findings relating to when, where, why and how altered DNA methylation materializes in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Cahill
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology; Uppsala University; Uppsala, Sweden
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Gene expression and epigenetic deregulation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 792:133-50. [PMID: 24014295 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8051-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The last decade resulted in many scientific discoveries illuminating epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation and genome organization. DNA methylation emerged as playing a pivotal role in development and cancer. Genome-wide changes in DNA methylation, including hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes and genome-wide loss of methylation, are two dominant mechanisms that deregulate gene expression and contribute to chromosomal instability. In this chapter we give an overview of how methylation patterns are established during B-cell development and what machinery is necessary to maintain those patterns. We summarize the current state of knowledge of aberrant changes taking place during and contributing to lymphoid transformation in general and to the development of CLL in particular. We discuss key deregulated biomarkers extensively studied using single-gene approaches and give an overview of a wealth of data that became available from genome-wide approaches, focusing on pathways that are critical for lymphomagenesis. We also highlight epigenetic differences between known prognostic groups of CLL.
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