151
|
Brazil C, Swan SH, Tollner CR, Treece C, Drobnis EZ, Wang C, Redmon JB, Overstreet JW. Quality Control of Laboratory Methods for Semen Evaluation in a Multicenter Research Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 25:645-56. [PMID: 15223854 DOI: 10.1002/j.1939-4640.2004.tb02836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Rigorously standardized laboratory protocols and strict quality control (QC) are essential for meaningful comparisons between semen quality data from multiple sites. We describe our experience with the Study for Future Families (SFF), a multicenter study of semen quality in the United States. Detailed protocols were developed, and technicians from each study site attended a training session at the central laboratory. Technicians received blinded replicates from diluted semen specimens for counting by MicroCell and hemacytometer. Sperm motility was assessed using videotaped recordings for simple percent motility and categorical assessment of individual sperm progression as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The mean intertechnician coefficient of variation for individual specimens was 12.6% for MicroCell counts, 15.2% for hemacytometer counts, and 10.5% for percent motility. Intratechnician coefficients of variation averaged 10.3% for MicroCell counts, 12.5% for hemacytometer counts, and 5.2% for percent motility. The average percent differences between the technicians' values and the central standard for individual specimens were 13.5%, 16.6%, and 11.9% for MicroCell counts, hemacytometer counts, and simple percent motility, respectively. We achieved our goal of maintaining mean intratechnician coefficients of variation and mean percent differences from the standard values of 15% or less for measurements of simple percent motility and sperm concentration by MicroCell. Standardization using the Improved Neubauer hemacytometer chamber proved more difficult. We were not successful in standardizing a method for categorical assessment of individual sperm progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Brazil
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
152
|
Iwamoto T, Nozawa S, Mieno MN, Yamakawa K, Baba K, Yoshiike M, Namiki M, Koh E, Kanaya J, Okuyama A, Matsumiya K, Tsujimura A, Kanetake H, Eguchi J, Skakkebaek NE, Vierula M, Toppari J, Jørgensen N. Semen quality of 1559 young men from four cities in Japan: a cross-sectional population-based study. BMJ Open 2013; 3:bmjopen-2012-002222. [PMID: 23633418 PMCID: PMC3641477 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide information of semen quality among normal young Japanese men and indicate the frequency of reduced semen quality. DESIGN Cross-sectional, coordinated studies of Japanese young men included from university areas. The men had to be 18-24 years, and both the man and his mother had to be born in Japan. Background information was obtained from questionnaires. Standardised and quality-controlled semen analyses were performed, reproductive hormones analysed centrally and results adjusted for confounding factors. SETTING Four study centres in Japan (Kawasaki, Osaka, Kanazawa and Nagasaki). PARTICIPANTS 1559 men, median age 21.1 years, included during 1999-2003. OUTCOME MEASURES Semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm count, sperm motility, sperm morphology and reproductive hormone levels. RESULTS Median sperm concentration was 59 (95% CI 52 to 68) million/ml, and 9% and 31.9% had less than 15 and 40 million/ml, respectively. Median percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa was 9.6 (8.8 to 10.3)%. Small, but statistically significant, differences were detected for both semen and reproductive hormone variables between men from the four cities. Overall, the semen values were lower than those of a reference population of 792 fertile Japanese men. CONCLUSIONS Assuming that the investigated men were representative for young Japanese men, a significant proportion of the population had suboptimal semen quality with reduced fertility potential, and as a group they had lower semen quality than fertile men. However, the definitive role-if any-of low semen quality for subfertility and low fertility rates remain to be investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Iwamoto
- Division of Male Infertility, Centre for Infertility and IVF, International University of Health and WelfareHospital, Nasushiobara, Japan
- Department of Urology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Shiari Nozawa
- Department of Urology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Makiko Naka Mieno
- Department of Medical Informatics, Centre for Information, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Katsunori Yamakawa
- Department of Urology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Baba
- Department of Urology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Miki Yoshiike
- Department of Urology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Mikio Namiki
- Department of Urology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Eitetsu Koh
- Department of Urology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Jiro Kanaya
- Department of Urology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Akihiko Okuyama
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Matsumiya
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Tsujimura
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Jiro Eguchi
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Niels E Skakkebaek
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matti Vierula
- Departments of Physiology and Paediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Departments of Physiology and Paediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Niels Jørgensen
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Rolland M, Le Moal J, Wagner V, Royère D, De Mouzon J. Decline in semen concentration and morphology in a sample of 26,609 men close to general population between 1989 and 2005 in France. Hum Reprod 2012; 28:462-70. [PMID: 23213178 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/des415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Are temporal trends and values of semen quality parameters in France identifiable in partners of totally infertile women? SUMMARY ANSWER Among a sample of 26 609 partners of totally infertile women undergoing an assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedures in the whole of France over a 17-year period, there was a continuous decrease in semen concentration of about 1.9% per year and a significant decrease in the percentage with morphologically normal forms but no global trend for motility. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY A global decrease in human sperm quality is still debated as geographical differences have been shown, and many criticisms have risen concerning studies with small and biased study populations or inappropriate statistical methodology. However, growing biological, toxicological, experimental and human exposure data support the endocrine disruptors' hypothesis assuming that fetal exposure to endocrine disruptors could impair reproductive outcomes. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This was a retrospective and descriptive study using data registered by Fivnat, the professional association in charge of statistics for ART in France during the 1989-2005 study period. Data were provided by 126 main ART centres over the whole metropolitan territory. The source population included 154 712 men, aged 18-70, who were partners of couples undergoing their first ART cycle and for whom semen quality indicators (concentration, total motility and percentage of morphologically normal forms), measured on fresh ejaculated semen, were available. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The study population was 26 609 partners of women who had both tubes either absent or blocked. The temporal trends for each indicator of semen quality were modelled using a generalized additive model that allowed for nonlinear relationships between variables and were adjusted for season and age. In-depth sensitivity analyses included the reiteration of the analysis on data from a second spermiogram available for each man and on another subsample of men diagnosed as fertile. Variables such as centre, technique (standard in vitro fertilization or intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection) and an interaction factor between technique and time were also included in the model. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE There was a significant and continuous decrease in sperm concentration of 32.2% [26.3-36.3] during the study period. Projections indicate that concentration for a 35-year-old man went from an average of 73.6 million/ml [69.0-78.4] in 1989 to 49.9 million/ml [43.5-54.7] in 2005. A significant, but not quantifiable, decrease in the percentage of sperm with morphologically normal forms along the 17-year period was also observed. There was no global trend but a slight, significant increase in total motility between 1994 and 1998 was observed. The results were robust after sensitivity analysis. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Socioeconomic status could not be controlled for. Despite universal access to medical services in France, couples undergoing ART are expected to have a higher educational level on average compared with those of the general population. Therefore, the real values in the general population could be slightly lower than those presented and the decrease possibly stronger, as the population study is less likely to smoke or be overweight, two factors known to impair semen quality. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS As the men were selected without a priori knowledge regarding their semen quality characteristics, the results are expected to be close to the values in the general French population. The very large sample size and the robustness of the results confer great statistical power and credibility to the results. To our knowledge, it is the first study concluding a severe and general decrease in sperm concentration and morphology at the scale of a whole country over a substantial period. This constitutes a serious public health warning. The link with the environment particularly needs to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Rolland
- Environmental Health Department, Institut de Veille Sanitaire (InVS), F-94415 Saint Maurice, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
154
|
te Velde ER, Bonde JP. Misconceptions about falling sperm counts and fertility in Europe. Asian J Androl 2012. [PMID: 23202698 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2012.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Egbert R te Velde
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
155
|
Jarow JP, Fang X, Hammad TA. Variability of semen parameters with time in placebo treated men. J Urol 2012; 189:1825-9. [PMID: 23159587 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We describe the variability of semen parameters with time in normal men receiving placebo. We also report the impact of season and geographic region, among other variables, on these parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data from the placebo arms of 5 randomized, controlled trials were pooled. All trials set minimum standards for semen parameters as an eligibility criterion for entry. Semen parameters examined include volume, density, motility, total count, total motile count and morphology. Mixed model repeated measure analysis was used for statistical analysis. Coefficients of variation for each semen parameter and the percent change from baseline were calculated. RESULTS The mean within-subject coefficient of variation for each semen parameter ranged from a low of 10% to a high of almost 50%. The contribution of season and region to variability was negligible. The reduction in variability with an increasing number of samples per time point had decreasing returns beyond 2 samples. CONCLUSIONS There was considerable variation in semen parameters with time in subjects who received placebo. Variation could not be attributed to season or region. We observed a general negative trend in semen parameters in this population selected for normal baseline semen parameters, which was likely due to the placebo response or to regression toward the mean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Jarow
- Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
156
|
Sanchez-Pozo MC, Mendiola J, Serrano M, Mozas J, Bjorndahl L, Menkveld R, Lewis SEM, Mortimer D, Jorgensen N, Barratt CLR, Fernandez MF, Castilla JA. Proposal of guidelines for the appraisal of SEMen QUAlity studies (SEMQUA). Hum Reprod 2012; 28:10-21. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/des355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
|
157
|
Nordkap L, Joensen UN, Blomberg Jensen M, Jørgensen N. Regional differences and temporal trends in male reproductive health disorders: semen quality may be a sensitive marker of environmental exposures. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 355:221-30. [PMID: 22138051 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The decline in semen quality has been the subject of an animated debate. A recent prospective study now irrefutably shows a decline in semen quality in men from Finland, a country that previously boasted good semen quality. Semen quality has, in some countries, reached a level where a considerable fraction of young men are at risk of fertility problems. Impaired semen quality, testicular cancer, cryptorchidism and hypospadias are risk factors for each other, and the testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) has been put forward to explain the observations. This syndrome implies that the four disease entities share the same patho-physiological etiology caused by disturbed testicular development in early fetal life. It seems likely that the rapid rise in TDS-associated conditions can, at least partly, be explained by environmental factors. Animal studies provide strong evidence that manmade chemicals can disrupt the hormone dependent pathways responsible for fetal gonadal development, subsequently leading to TDS-like symptoms. In humans, fetal exposure to endocrine disrupting substances may play a role, although genetic factors are probably also involved. Recent studies indicate that exposure to endocrine disrupters also in adulthood may affect semen quality and reproductive hormones. Causal relationships are inherently difficult to establish in humans, and a clear connection between the disorders and specific toxicants has not been established. It seems likely that the cumulative effects of various low-dose exposures to endocrine disrupters in our environment are responsible for the adverse effects in the male reproductive system. Semen quality may be the most sensitive marker of adverse environmental exposures, and we suggest that standardized surveillance studies of semen quality are continued or initiated to monitor the combined effects of various preventive actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loa Nordkap
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Section 5064, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
158
|
Abstract
Male factor infertility is increasing in developed countries, and several factors linked to lifestyle have been shown to negatively affect spermatogenesis. Sertoli cells are pivotal to spermatogenesis, providing nutritional support to germ cells throughout their development. Sertoli cells display atypical features in their cellular metabolism; they can metabolize various substrates, preferentially glucose, the majority of which is converted to lactate and not oxidized via the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Why Sertoli cells preferentially export lactate for germ cells is not entirely understood. However, lactate is utilized as the main energy substrate by developing germ cells and has an antiapoptotic effect on these cells. Several biochemical mechanisms contribute to the modulation of lactate secretion by Sertoli cells. These include the transport of glucose through the plasma membrane, mediated by glucose transporters; the interconversion of pyruvate to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase; and the release of lactate mediated by monocarboxylate transporters. Several factors that modulate Sertoli cell metabolism have been identified, including sex steroid hormones, which are crucial for maintenance of energy homeostasis, influencing the metabolic balance of the whole body. In fact, energy status is essential for normal reproductive function, since the reproductive axis has the capacity to respond to metabolic cues.
Collapse
|
159
|
Nakahori Y, Sato Y, Ewis AA, Iwamoto T, Shinka T, Nozawa S, Yoshiike M, Yang XJ, Sei M, Namiki M, Kou E, Ito N, Komatsu K, Matsumiya K, Nakagome Y. Climatic influence on the reproductive characteristics of Japanese males. J Hum Genet 2012; 57:375-8. [PMID: 22534769 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2012.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We previously performed a survey of the sperm characteristics of the partners of pregnant women in four cities in Japan. In the present study, we analyzed the sperm characteristics of these subjects and the correlations between these sperm characteristics and climatic changes or Y chromosome haplogroups. Our results showed that more haplogroup D2a1 males than O2b1 males were born in the first half of the year (January to June), whereas more O2b1 males were born in the last half of the year (July to December) (P<0.05). This was agreed and correlated with the seasonal variations in their mean sperm concentrations. The haplogroup C, D* and D2a1 males displayed lower sperm concentrations from March to May, followed by an increase in their sperm concentrations starting in June or July, while the O2b1 males displayed higher sperm concentrations in the first half of the year followed by a sudden decrease from July to August (P<0.05). We hypothesize that the Japanese climate has different effects on the sperm characteristics and reproductive seasonality of males from different lineages; and therefore, has influenced the modern population of Japan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Nakahori
- Department of Human Genetics and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
160
|
Geoffroy-Siraudin C, Loundou AD, Romain F, Achard V, Courbière B, Perrard MH, Durand P, Guichaoua MR. Decline of semen quality among 10 932 males consulting for couple infertility over a 20-year period in Marseille, France. Asian J Androl 2012; 14:584-90. [PMID: 22522503 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2011.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Semen from 10 932 male partners of infertile couples was analysed and sperm parameter trends were evaluated at the Reproduction Biology Laboratory of the University Hospital of Marseille (France) between 1988 and 2007. After 3-6 days of abstinence, semen samples were collected. Measurements of seminal fluid volume, pH, sperm concentration, total sperm count, motility and detailed morphology of spermatozoa were performed. Sperm parameters were analysed on the entire population and in men with normal total numeration (≥40 million per ejaculate). The whole population demonstrated declining trends in sperm concentration (1.5% per year), total sperm count (1.6% per year), total motility (0.4% per year), rapid motility (5.5% per year) and normal morphology (2.2% per year). In the group of selected samples with total normal sperm count, the same trends of sperm quality deterioration with time were observed. Our results clearly indicate that the quality of semen decreased in this population over the study period.
Collapse
|
161
|
Priskorn L, Holmboe SA, Jacobsen R, Jensen TK, Lassen TH, Skakkebaek NE. Increasing trends in childlessness in recent birth cohorts - a registry-based study of the total Danish male population born from 1945 to 1980. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 35:449-55. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2012.01265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
162
|
Blomberg Jensen M, Jørgensen A, Nielsen JE, Bjerrum PJ, Skalkam M, Petersen JH, Egeberg DL, Bangsbøll S, Andersen AN, Skakkebaek NE, Juul A, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Dissing S, Leffers H, Jørgensen N. Expression of the vitamin D metabolizing enzyme CYP24A1 at the annulus of human spermatozoa may serve as a novel marker of semen quality. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 35:499-510. [PMID: 22404291 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2012.01256.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D (VD) is important for male reproduction in mammals and the VD receptor (VDR) and VD-metabolizing enzymes are expressed in human spermatozoa. The VD-inactivating enzyme CYP24A1 titrates the cellular responsiveness to VD, is transcriptionally regulated by VD, and has a distinct expression at the sperm annulus. Here, we investigated if CYP24A1 expression serves as a marker for VD metabolism in spermatozoa, and whether CYP24A1 expression was associated with semen quality. We included 130 men (53 healthy young volunteers and 77 subfertile men) for semen analysis and immunocytochemical (ICC) detection of CYP24A1. Another 40 men (22 young, 18 subfertile) were tested for in vitro effects of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) on intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) and sperm motility. Double ICC staining showed that CYP24A1 and VDR were either concomitantly expressed or absent in 80% of the spermatozoa from young men. The median number of CYP24A1-expressing spermatozoa was 1% in subfertile men and thus significantly (p < 0.0005) lower than 25% in spermatozoa from young men. Moreover, CYP24A1 expression correlated positively with total sperm count, -concentration, -motility and -morphology (all p < 0.004), and the percentage of CYP24A1-positive spermatozoa increased (15 vs. 41%, p < 0.0005) after percoll-gradient-centrifugation. We noticed that the presence of >3% CYP24A1-positive spermatozoa distinguished young men from subfertile men with a sensitivity of 66.0%, a specificity of 77.9% and a positive predictive value of 98.3%. Functional studies revealed that 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) increased [Ca(2+)](i) and sperm motility in young healthy men, while 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) was unable to increase motility in subfertile patients. In conclusion, we suggest that CYP24A1 expression at the annulus may serve as a novel marker of semen quality and an objective proxy for sperm function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Blomberg Jensen
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
163
|
Aly HAA, Domènech O, Banjar ZM. Effect of nonylphenol on male reproduction: analysis of rat epididymal biochemical markers and antioxidant defense enzymes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 261:134-41. [PMID: 22421104 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which nonylphenol (NP) interferes with male reproduction is not fully elucidated. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of NP on male reproductive organ's weight, sperm characteristics, and to elucidate the nature and mechanism of action of NP on the epididymis. Adult male Wistar rats were gavaged with NP, dissolved in corn oil, at 0, 100, 200 or 300mg/kg/day for 30 consecutive days. Control rats were gavaged with vehicle (corn oil) alone. Body weight did not show any significant change while, absolute testes and epididymides weights were significantly decreased. Sperm count in cauda and caput/corpus epididymides, and sperm motility was significantly decreased. Daily sperm production was significantly decreased in a dose-related manner. Sperm transit time in cauda epididymis was significantly decreased by 300mg/kg, while in the caput/corpus epididymis it was significantly decreased by 200 and 300mg/kg of NP. Plasma LDH was significantly increased while; plasma testosterone was significantly decreased in a dose-related pattern. In the epididymal sperm, NP decreased acrosome integrity, Δψm and 5'-nucleotidase activity. Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) production and LPO were significantly increased in a dose-related pattern. The activities of SOD, CAT and GPx were significantly decreased in the epididymal sperm. In conclusion, this study revealed that NP treatment impairs spermatogenesis and has a cytotoxic effect on epididymal sperm. It disrupts the prooxidant and antioxidant balance. This leads oxidative stress in epididymal sperms of rat. Moreover, the reduction in sperm transit time may affect sperm quality and fertility potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamdy A A Aly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
164
|
|
165
|
Jørgensen N, Joensen UN, Jensen TK, Jensen MB, Almstrup K, Olesen IA, Juul A, Andersson AM, Carlsen E, Petersen JH, Toppari J, Skakkebæk NE. Human semen quality in the new millennium: a prospective cross-sectional population-based study of 4867 men. BMJ Open 2012; 2:bmjopen-2012-000990. [PMID: 22761286 PMCID: PMC3391374 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-000990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Considerable interest and controversy over a possible decline in semen quality during the 20th century raised concern that semen quality could have reached a critically low level where it might affect human reproduction. The authors therefore initiated a study to assess reproductive health in men from the general population and to monitor changes in semen quality over time. DESIGN Cross-sectional study of men from the general Danish population. Inclusion criteria were place of residence in the Copenhagen area, and both the man and his mother being born and raised in Denmark. Men with severe or chronic diseases were not included. SETTING Danish one-centre study. PARTICIPANTS 4867 men, median age 19 years, included from 1996 to 2010. OUTCOME MEASURES Semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm count, sperm motility and sperm morphology. RESULTS Only 23% of participants had optimal sperm concentration and sperm morphology. Comparing with historic data of men attending a Copenhagen infertility clinic in the 1940s and men who recently became fathers, these two groups had significantly better semen quality than our study group from the general population. Over the 15 years, median sperm concentration increased from 43 to 48 million/ml (p=0.02) and total sperm count from 132 to 151 million (p=0.001). The median percentage of motile spermatozoa and abnormal spermatozoa were 68% and 93%, and did not change during the study period. CONCLUSIONS This large prospective study of semen quality among young men of the general population showed an increasing trend in sperm concentration and total sperm count. However, only one in four men had optimal semen quality. In addition, one in four will most likely face a prolonged waiting time to pregnancy if they in the future want to father a child and another 15% are at risk of the need of fertility treatment. Thus, reduced semen quality seems so frequent that it may impair the fertility rates and further increase the demand for assisted reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Jørgensen
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulla Nordström Joensen
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Kold Jensen
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Blomberg Jensen
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Almstrup
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inge Ahlmann Olesen
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Juul
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth Carlsen
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Fertility Clinic Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Holm Petersen
- Institute of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Niels E Skakkebæk
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Critical Appraisal of World Health Organization's New Reference Values for Human Semen Characteristics and Effect on Diagnosis and Treatment of Subfertile Men. Urology 2012; 79:16-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
167
|
|
168
|
Haugen TB, Tefre T, Malm G, Jönsson BA, Rylander L, Hagmar L, Bjørsvik C, Henrichsen T, Sæther T, Figenschau Y, Giwercman A. Differences in serum levels of CB-153 and p,p′-DDE, and reproductive parameters between men living south and north in Norway. Reprod Toxicol 2011; 32:261-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2010] [Revised: 05/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
169
|
Miyamoto T, Tsujimura A, Miyagawa Y, Koh E, Namiki M, Sengoku K. Male infertility and its causes in human. Adv Urol 2011; 2012:384520. [PMID: 22046184 PMCID: PMC3199180 DOI: 10.1155/2012/384520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Infertility is one of the most serious social problems facing advanced nations. In general, approximate half of all cases of infertility are caused by factors related to the male partner. To date, various treatments have been developed for male infertility and are steadily producing results. However, there is no effective treatment for patients with nonobstructive azoospermia, in which there is an absence of mature sperm in the testes. Although evidence suggests that many patients with male infertility have a genetic predisposition to the condition, the cause has not been elucidated in the vast majority of cases. This paper discusses the environmental factors considered likely to be involved in male infertility and the genes that have been clearly shown to be involved in male infertility in humans, including our recent findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshinobu Miyamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaokahigashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| | - Akira Tsujimura
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasushi Miyagawa
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eitetsu Koh
- Department of Integrated Cancer Therapy and Urology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Takaramachi 13-1, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Mikio Namiki
- Department of Integrated Cancer Therapy and Urology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Takaramachi 13-1, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Kazuo Sengoku
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaokahigashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
JOUANNET PIERRE, WANG CHRISTINA, EUSTACHE FLORENCE, KOLD-JENSEN TINA, AUGER JACQUES. Semen quality and male reproductive health: the controversy about human sperm concentration decline. APMIS 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2001.tb05801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
171
|
Semen quality and fertility in adult long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Fertil Steril 2011; 96:837-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.07.1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 07/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
172
|
Sk A, V J, G K, D U, P K. Declining semen quality among south Indian infertile men: A retrospective study. J Hum Reprod Sci 2011; 1:15-8. [PMID: 19562058 PMCID: PMC2700673 DOI: 10.4103/0974-1208.38972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Revised: 01/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Male reproductive function has recently attracted increasing attention due to reports on time-related decline in semen quality. Furthermore, regional differences in the semen quality have also been reported. AIM: To investigate the semen quality among large cohort of infertile individuals at a regional level, in terms of the sperm concentration, total sperm motility, sperm morphology and incidence of azoospermia over a period of 13 years. SETTING: University infertility clinic at Kasturba Hospital, Manipal which is a tertiary healthcare centre serving the general population. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This includes a total of 7770 subjects who presented for semen analysis from 1993 to 2005. The data regarding ejaculate volume, sperm density, motility, morphology and the incidence of azoospermia were collected. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: One way analysis of variance (ANOVA), regression analysis and Chi square analysis. RESULTS: The average sperm density among infertile men during 2004-2005 was 26.61 ± 0.71 millions/mL which was significantly lower than the average sperm density observed in 1993-1994 (38.18 ± 1.46 millions/mL). Similar trend was also observed for sperm motility (47.14% motile sperms vs. 61.16%) and normal sperm morphology (19.75% vs. 40.51%). Interestingly, the incidence of severe oligospermia (mean sperm density <10 millions/mL) observed in 2002-2005 and 1993-1997 demonstrated a significant inverse relationship (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our study provides the first evidence that the quality of human semen evaluated for infertility is deteriorating in the southern part of the India over the years, probably due to environmental, nutritional, life style or socioeconomic causes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adiga Sk
- Division of Reproductive Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
173
|
[Teratozoospermia, myth or reality? A 10-years retrospective study on 101404 consecutive sperm samples]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 39:136-40. [PMID: 21388851 DOI: 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Several studies have reported a time-related decline in semen quality. In this context, 101,404 spermograms-spermocytograms performed in a single andrology laboratory from January 2000 to December 2009 were investigated retrospectively. Variations of sperm parameters were analyzed over the years. PATIENTS AND METHODS For each semen sample, age at semen collection, duration of sexual abstinence, volume of seminal fluid, pH, concentration of spermatozoa, percentages of overall motile and progressive motile sperm, percentage of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa (according to David's classification) and amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH) were analyzed. For each parameter, the mean value per year was determined. To examine trends over time the statistical tests used were analyses of variance and correlation studies. RESULTS Data showed an increasing age of patients from 36.5 years in 2000 to 37.2 years in 2009. The semen concentration was 63.5 millions/mL in 2000 and 63.6 millions/mL in 2009 with a slight fall from 2001 to 2008. The vitality continuously increased from 67.8% in 2000 to 73.5% in 2009 as well as the overall motility (from 37.7% to 39.2%) and the progressive motility (from 34.6% to 36.2%). The percentage of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa continuously increased from 64.5% to 84.2% (r=0.43, P<0.001). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Contrary to a variety of works, our very large study of semen analysis did not show a real decline in semen WHO parameters during a 10-year period, except for the percentage of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa, which dramatically increased over the years.
Collapse
|
174
|
Vani GT, Mukesh N, Rama Devi P, Usha Rani P, Reddy PP. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism is not associated with male infertility in a South Indian population. Andrologia 2011; 44 Suppl 1:252-9. [PMID: 21729137 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2011.01172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have revealed that genetic factors may be involved in regulating the mechanism of infertility, e.g., MTHFR gene polymorphism in the development of male infertility. The aim of this study is to examine whether an association exists between MTHFR C677T polymorphism and male infertility. The study was carried out by means of a PCR-RFLP assay in 206 infertile men and 230 ethnically matched controls. The statistical analysis using two-sided Fisher's exact test and Pearson chi-squared test showed CT genotype is associated nonsignificantly with male infertility (OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 0.71-1.97). Because of the lack of TT homozygotes in the controls, a combined odds ratio of CT and TT homozygotes against the control has been calculated (OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 0.83-2.22), and the same was insignificant. The overall results of the study indicate that MTHFR C677T polymorphism is not associated with male infertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G T Vani
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
175
|
Mangochi P. Endocrine distrupting chemicals and human health: the plausibility of research results on DDT and reproductive health. Malawi Med J 2011; 22:42-5. [PMID: 21614880 DOI: 10.4314/mmj.v22i2.58791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
176
|
Foster WG, Maharaj-Briceño S, Cyr DG. Dioxin-induced changes in epididymal sperm count and spermatogenesis. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2011; 16:2893-905. [DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232011000600027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A single in utero exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on gestation day 15 decreased epididymal sperm count in adult rats and thus was used to establish a tolerable daily intake for TCDD. However, several laboratories have been unable to replicate these findings. Moreover, conflicting reports of TCDD effects on daily sperm production suggest that spermatogenesis may not be as sensitive to the adverse effects of TCDD as previously thought. We performed a PubMed search using relevant search terms linking dioxin exposure with adverse effects on reproduction and spermatogenesis. Developmental exposure to TCDD is consistently linked with decreased cauda epididymal sperm counts in animal studies, although at higher dose levels than those used in some earlier studies. However, the evidence linking in utero TCDD exposure and spermatogenesis is not convincing. Animal studies provide clear evidence of an adverse effect of in utero TCDD exposure on epididymal sperm count but do not support the conclusion that spermatogenesis is adversely affected. The mechanisms underlying decreased epididymal sperm count are unknown; however, we postulate that epididymal function is the key target for the adverse effects of TCDD.
Collapse
|
177
|
Semen quality analysis of military personnel from six geographical areas of the People’s Republic of China. Fertil Steril 2011; 95:2018-23, 2023.e1-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
178
|
Mocarelli P, Gerthoux PM, Needham LL, Patterson DG, Limonta G, Falbo R, Signorini S, Bertona M, Crespi C, Sarto C, Scott PK, Turner WE, Brambilla P. Perinatal exposure to low doses of dioxin can permanently impair human semen quality. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:713-8. [PMID: 21262597 PMCID: PMC3094426 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent decades, young men in some industrialized areas have reportedly experienced a decrease in semen quality. OBJECTIVE We examined effects of perinatal dioxin exposure on sperm quality and reproductive hormones. METHODS We investigated sperm quality and hormone concentrations in 39 sons (mean age, 22.5 years) born between 1977 and 1984 to mothers exposed to dioxin after the accident in Seveso, Italy (1976), and 58 comparisons (mean age, 24.6 years) born to mothers exposed only to background dioxin. Maternal dioxin levels at conception were extrapolated from the concentrations measured in 1976 serum samples. RESULTS The 21 breast-fed sons whose exposed mothers had a median serum dioxin concentration as low as 19 ppt at conception had lower sperm concentration (36.3 vs. 86.3 million/mL; p = 0.002), total count (116.9 vs. 231.1; p = 0.02), progressive motility (35.8 vs. 44.2%; p = 0.03), and total motile count (38.7 vs. 98 million; p = 0.01) than did the 36 breast-fed comparisons. The 18 formula-fed exposed and the 22 formula-fed and 36 breast-fed comparisons (maternal dioxin background 10 ppt at conception) had no sperm-related differences. Follicle-stimulating hormone was higher in the breast-fed exposed group than in the breast-fed comparisons (4.1 vs. 2.63 IU/L; p = 0.03) or the formula-fed exposed (4.1 vs. 2.6 IU/L; p = 0.04), and inhibin B was lower (breast-fed exposed group, 70.2; breast-fed comparisons, 101.8 pg/mL, p = 0.01; formula-fed exposed, 99.9 pg/mL, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS In utero and lactational exposure of children to relatively low dioxin doses can permanently reduce sperm quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Mocarelli
- University Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of Desio, Monza Brianza, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
179
|
Blomberg Jensen M, Bjerrum PJ, Jessen TE, Nielsen JE, Joensen UN, Olesen IA, Petersen JH, Juul A, Dissing S, Jørgensen N. Vitamin D is positively associated with sperm motility and increases intracellular calcium in human spermatozoa. Hum Reprod 2011; 26:1307-17. [PMID: 21427118 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/der059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is expressed in human spermatozoa, and VDR-knockout mice and vitamin D (VD) deficiency in rodents results in impaired fertility, low sperm counts and a low number of motile spermatozoa. We investigated the role of activated VD (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)) in human spermatozoa and whether VD serum levels are associated with semen quality. METHODS Cross-sectional association study of semen quality and VD serum level in 300 men from the general population, and in vitro studies on spermatozoa from 40 men to investigate the effects of VD on intracellular calcium, sperm motility and acrosome reaction. All men delivered samples for routine semen analysis and blood for measurements of follicle stimulating hormone, Inhibin B, 25-hydroxy-VD, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH). RESULTS In the association study, 44% were VD insufficient (<50 nM), and VD was inversely correlated with PTH (P < 0.0005). VD serum levels correlated positively with sperm motility and progressive motility (P < 0.05), and men with VD deficiency (<25 nM) had a lower proportion of motile (P = 0.027), progressive motile (P = 0.035) and morphologically normal spermatozoa (P = 0.044) compared with men with high VD levels (>75 nM). 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) increased intracellular calcium concentration in human spermatozoa through VDR-mediated calcium release from an intracellular calcium storage, increased sperm motility and induced the acrosome reaction in vitro. CONCLUSIONS 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) increased intracellular calcium concentration, sperm motility and induced the acrosome reaction in mature spermatozoa, and VD serum levels were positively associated with sperm motility, suggesting a role for VD in human sperm function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Blomberg Jensen
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Section 5064, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
180
|
Tiwari AK, Pragya P, Ravi Ram K, Chowdhuri DK. Environmental chemical mediated male reproductive toxicity: Drosophila melanogaster as an alternate animal model. Theriogenology 2011; 76:197-216. [PMID: 21356551 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Industrialization and indiscriminate use of agrochemicals have increased the human health risk. Recent epidemiological studies raised a concern for male reproduction given their observations of reduced sperm counts and altered semen quality. Interestingly, environmental factors that include various metals, pesticides and their metabolites have been causally linked to such adversities by their presence in the semen at levels that correlate to infertility. The epidemiological observations were further supported by studies in animal models involving various chemicals. Therefore, in this review, we focused on male reproductive toxicity and the adverse effects of different environmental chemicals on male reproduction. However, it is beyond the scope of this review to provide a detailed appraisal of all of the environmental chemicals that have been associated with reproductive toxicity in animals. Here, we provided the evidence for reproductive adversities of some commonly encountered chemicals (pesticides/metals) in the environment. In view of the recent thrust for an alternate to animal models in research, we subsequently discussed the contributions of Drosophila melanogaster as an alternate animal model for quick screening of toxicants for their reproductive toxicity potential. Finally, we emphasized the genetic and molecular tools offered by Drosophila for understanding the mechanisms underlying the male reproductive toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A K Tiwari
- Embryotoxicology Division, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, M.G. Marg, Lucknow-226001, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
181
|
Fernandez MF, Duran I, Olea N, Avivar C, Vierula M, Toppari J, Skakkebaek NE, Jørgensen N. Semen quality and reproductive hormone levels in men from Southern Spain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 35:1-10. [PMID: 21332503 PMCID: PMC3380555 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2010.01131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In North European countries, a significant difference in semen quality among young men has been shown. Men from the western countries, Denmark, Germany and Norway, have lower semen quality than men from the eastern countries Finland, Estonia and Lithuania. Similarly, men in the western countries have a higher risk of testicular cancer. According to the testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) concept that suggests a link between risk of impaired semen quality and increased risk of testicular cancer, Spanish men would be expected to have a semen quality at a normal level because of their very low testis cancer risk. We therefore investigated 273 men from the Almeria region in the Southern Spain to test this hypothesis. The men delivered semen samples, underwent physical examinations, had a blood sample drawn and provided information on lifestyle and reproductive health parameters. The investigations took place from November 2001 to December 2002. Adjusting for effects of confounders, the median sperm concentration and total sperm count were 62 (95% confidence interval 47-82) million/mL and 206 (153-278) million, respectively. The median numbers of motile and morphologically normal spermatozoa assessed according to strict criteria were 59% (57-62%) and 9.4% (8.6-10.0%), respectively. The median total testosterone and calculated free androgen index were 28 nm (26-30) and 95 (88-103), respectively. Assuming that the investigated men, to a large extent, are representative of the population of young men the Southern Spain, the results show that these have normal semen quality and reproductive hormone levels as expected in a population with a low incidence of testicular cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M F Fernandez
- Laboratory of Medical Investigations, San Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
182
|
Ravnborg TL, Jensen TK, Andersson AM, Toppari J, Skakkebaek NE, Jorgensen N. Prenatal and adult exposures to smoking are associated with adverse effects on reproductive hormones, semen quality, final height and body mass index. Hum Reprod 2011; 26:1000-11. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/der011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
183
|
Toppari J, Virtanen HE, Main KM, Skakkebaek NE. Cryptorchidism and hypospadias as a sign of testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS): environmental connection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 88:910-9. [PMID: 20865786 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cryptorchidism and hypospadias are common genital birth defects that affect 2-9% and 0.2-1% of male newborns, respectively. The incidence of both defects shows large geographic variation, and in several countries increasing trends have been reported. The conditions share many risk factors, and they are also interlinked to the risk of testis cancer and poor semen quality. Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome (TDS) may underlie many cases of all these male reproductive health problems. Genetic defects in androgen production or action can cause both cryptorchidism and hypospadias, but these are not common. A monogenic reason for cryptorchidism or hypospadias has been identified only in a small proportion of all cases. Environmental effects appear to play a major role in TDS. Exposure to several persistent chemicals has been found to be associated with the risk of cryptorchidism, and exposure to anti-androgenic phthalates has been shown to be associated with hormonal changes predisposing to male reproductive problems. Despite progress in identification of endocrine-disrupting substances, we are still far from knowing all the risk factors for these birth defects, and advice for prevention must be based on precautionary principles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorma Toppari
- Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, Turku, Finland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
184
|
Corrales JJ, Cordero M, Galindo P, Burgo RM, Hernández J, Manuel Miralles J. [Trends in semen quality in a non-industrialized population from the Salamanca area, Spain, during the last 30 years]. Med Clin (Barc) 2011; 136:277-83. [PMID: 21257185 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2010.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The objective was to analyze the secular trend in semen quality over the past 30 years (1978-2007) in a population-based study in Salamanca, Western Spain. Information about this issue in non-industrialized areas of Southern Europe is lacking. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We analyzed semen quality in 612 consecutive healthy normospermic subjects derived to our unit for andrologic evaluation. The study was performed at a single Centre and a single highly experienced technician made all analyses at the same laboratory. RESULTS The age of the subjects at diagnosis increased, while the time interval of childless relationships before consultation decreased over time. Semen volume and sperm counts decreased while sperm motility increased over this period. Motile density per ejaculate showed a clearly decreasing trend. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate a decrease in semen quality over the last 30 years in the area of Salamanca in western Spain, suggesting that non-industrial-related factors may be involved in decreasing semen quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Corrales
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Departamento de Medicina, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, España.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
185
|
Auger J. Les différentes anomalies de la reproduction masculine sont-elles en augmentation ? Faits et controverses, possibles facteurs en cause: une analyse actualisée des données de la littérature et des registres. Basic Clin Androl 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12610-010-0115-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Résumé
Au cours des dernières décennies, de nombreuses observations dans la faune sauvage d’anomalies relatives à l’appareil génital et à la fonction de reproduction mâle, certaines évoquant les données de la toxicologie expérimentale, ont conduit à s’interroger sur la toxicité de facteurs environnementaux pour la reproduction de l’homme. De plus, un certain nombre d’études suggère une augmentation de la prévalence des troubles de la reproduction de l’homme adulte au cours des dernières décennies dans de nombreux pays développés. Les données les mieux documentées concernent le cancer du testicule, son rythme de croissance suggérant le rôle de facteurs environnementaux et/ou de mode de vie. Toutefois, des différences régionales et ethniques considérables dans les taux d’incidence absolue pourraient impliquer des facteurs génétiques concomitants. Parallèlement, il semble que la qualité du sperme a diminué dans de nombreux pays, à en juger aussi bien par des méta-analyses que par des analyses statistiques de données d’un seul centre. Au début des années 2000, Skakkebæk et al. à Copenhague ont formulé l’hypothèse d’une origine commune à ces différentes anomalies lors du développement du testicule durant la gestation. Existe-t-il pour ces différentes conditions des données indiquant un lien de causalité avec une exposition environnementale/professionnelle à des composés reprotoxiques ? Ne serait-ce plutôt l’exposition chronique à de très nombreux composés chimiques à faible dose qui pourrait être impliquée ? Les facteurs de style de vie jouent-ils un rôle ? L’ensemble de ces questions se fondant sur une somme d’études, dont les résultats sont loin d’être univoques, a été la source de nombreux débats aussi bien au sein de la communauté scientifique que dans les médias. Les meilleures réponses possibles à ces questions complexes sont naturellement fondamentales pour les instances en charge de l’évaluation du risque et les politiques de santé publique qu’il convient d’adopter. La présente revue donne un état des lieux actualisé de ces questions.
Collapse
|
186
|
Toppari J, Skakkebaek NE. Adverse Trends of Male Reproductive Health in Two Nordic Countries Indicate Environmental Problems. RESEARCH AND PERSPECTIVES IN ENDOCRINE INTERACTIONS 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-22775-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
|
187
|
Agarwal A, Sekhon LH. Oxidative stress and antioxidants for idiopathic oligoasthenoteratospermia: Is it justified? Indian J Urol 2011; 27:74-85. [PMID: 21716893 PMCID: PMC3114591 DOI: 10.4103/0970-1591.78437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress contributes to defective spermatogenesis and the poor quality of sperm associated with idiopathic male factor infertility. The aim of this study was to review the current literature on the effects of various types of antioxidant supplements in patients to improve fertilization and pregnancy rates in subfertile males with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (iOAT). Review of recent publications through PubMed and the Cochrane database. Oxidative stress is implicated in impaired spermatogenesis leading to the poor semen parameters and increased DNA damage and apoptosis in iOAT. Strategies to modulate the level of oxidative stress within the male reproductive tract include the use of oral antioxidant compounds to reinforce the body's defence against oxidative damage. In our evaluation, carnitines were considered the most established pharmacotherapeutic agent to treat iOAT, as evidence and data concerning carnitine supplementation have been shown to be most consistent and relevant to the population of interest. Other therapies, such as combined vitamin E and C therapy, are still considered controversial as vitamin C can act as a pro-oxidant in certain instances and the results of randomized controlled trials have failed to show significant benefit to sperm parameters and pregnancy rates. There is a need for further investigation with randomized controlled studies to confirm the efficacy and safety of antioxidant supplementation in the medical treatment of idiopathic male infertility as well as the need to determine the dosage required to improve semen parameters, fertilization rates and pregnancy outcomes in iOAT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Agarwal
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
188
|
Miyamoto T, Tsujimura A, Miyagawa Y, Koh E, Sato H, Namiki M, Sengoku K. Current concepts of human azoospermia and its causes. Reprod Med Biol 2010; 9:121-127. [PMID: 29699334 PMCID: PMC5904842 DOI: 10.1007/s12522-010-0054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infertility is a serious social problem in advanced nations today. One of the most important causes is the male factor. Striking progress has been achieved in recent years in elucidating the mechanisms of spermatogenesis in mice by experimental methods represented by the knockout mouse. Although many factors associated with male infertility are known in mice, the translation of this information to people has been slow. This is because the knockout mouse phenotype cannot necessarily be reproduced faithfully in humans. However, it is known that environmental factors, chromosomal defects and several specific gene mutations result in human male infertility. In this review, we first discuss the environmental factors considered likely to be involved in male infertility, and secondly we describe the Y chromosome and several important genes on the Y chromosome that play critical roles in spermatogenesis in humans. Then, we demonstrate the three critical genes identified in our laboratory in autosomes involved in human spermatogenesis, the SYCP3, MEI1 and PARP-2. Finally, we explain the future directionality and possibilities of research in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshinobu Miyamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyAsahikawa Medical CollegeMidorigaokahigashi 2‐1‐1‐1078‐8510AsahikawaHokkaidoJapan
| | - Akira Tsujimura
- Department of UrologyOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Yasushi Miyagawa
- Department of UrologyOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Eitetsu Koh
- Department of Integrated Cancer Therapy and UrologyKanazawa University Graduate School of Medical ScienceKanazawaJapan
| | - Hisashi Sato
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyAsahikawa Medical CollegeMidorigaokahigashi 2‐1‐1‐1078‐8510AsahikawaHokkaidoJapan
| | - Mikio Namiki
- Department of Integrated Cancer Therapy and UrologyKanazawa University Graduate School of Medical ScienceKanazawaJapan
| | - Kazuo Sengoku
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyAsahikawa Medical CollegeMidorigaokahigashi 2‐1‐1‐1078‐8510AsahikawaHokkaidoJapan
| |
Collapse
|
189
|
Huang XF. Reference limits: limited references in laboratories worldwide. Asian J Androl 2010; 12:447-8. [PMID: 20436513 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2010.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
|
190
|
Uneke CJ, Ugwuoru CDC. Antibiotic susceptibility of urogenital microbial profile of infertile men in South-eastern Nigeria. Andrologia 2010; 42:268-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2009.00988.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
191
|
Ellekilde Bonde JP. Semen analysis from an epidemiologic perspective. Asian J Androl 2010; 12:91-4. [PMID: 20111087 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2008.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The fifth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) manual for semen analysis includes for the first time reference values for human semen characteristics. This paper considers whether such values will help to resolve the intensely debated data indicating temporal and geographical shifts in sperm counts and hypotheses that anthropogenic activities that result in the release of chemicals into the environment are detrimental to male reproductive health. The reasons that these reference values will not fulfil these purposes are also explained. Although established reference values for semen characteristics are of limited value in analytical epidemiologic research, the WHO guidelines are of utmost importance for supporting the development of appropriate research protocols. Moreover, in spite of its limitations, semen analysis is still a useful research tool in epidemiological research, and no superior alternatives are on the horizon.
Collapse
|
192
|
Laustsen JM, Jensen MS, Thulstrup AM, Gabel P, Toft G, Bonde JP, Olsen J, Ramlau-Hansen CH. Does breastfeeding influence future sperm quality and reproductive hormones? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 34:165-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2010.01070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
193
|
Semenology training programs: 8 years' experience. Fertil Steril 2010; 94:2615-9. [PMID: 20553675 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the immediate effect of hands-on training on the quality of technical skills of laboratory technicians. DESIGN Retrospective analytical study. SETTING Academic institutions and private infertility clinics. PARTICIPANTS One hundred and ten laboratory technicians. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) First, 110 participants from 16 African countries attended 5-day semenology workshops at Tygerberg Hospital. During these workshops the methodology as described by the World Health Organization manual for the analysis of human semen, namely, sperm concentration, motility, vitality, and morphology, formed part of the curriculum. Second, two experienced morphology readers from the Tygerberg group presented 23 1-day sperm morphology workshops in nine other countries. RESULT(S) The semenology workshops indicated a significant improvement in the evaluation of sperm concentration only, whereas pretraining and posttraining results for motility did not differ. Vitality reports did not differ from those of the experienced worker in the first place. Calculation by means of a linear regression model showed a significant decrease in the mean posttraining scores from the pretraining scores for the sperm morphology courses. CONCLUSION(S) Training improved technical skills for the evaluation of morphology and sperm concentration. The evaluation of graded sperm motility seems to be more difficult to teach over a short period.
Collapse
|
194
|
Jensen TK, Swan SH, Skakkebaek NE, Rasmussen S, Jørgensen N. Caffeine intake and semen quality in a population of 2,554 young Danish men. Am J Epidemiol 2010; 171:883-91. [PMID: 20338976 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwq007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors examined the association between semen quality and caffeine intake among 2,554 young Danish men recruited when they were examined to determine their fitness for military service in 2001-2005. The men delivered a semen sample and answered a questionnaire including information about caffeine intake from various sources, from which total caffeine intake was calculated. Moderate caffeine and cola intakes (101-800 mg/day and < or =14 0.5-L bottles of cola/week) compared with low intake (< or =100 mg/day, no cola intake) were not associated with semen quality. High cola (>14 0.5-L bottles/week) and/or caffeine (>800 mg/day) intake was associated with reduced sperm concentration and total sperm count, although only significant for cola. High-intake cola drinkers had an adjusted sperm concentration and total sperm count of 40 mill/mL (95% confidence interval (CI): 32, 51) and 121 mill (95% CI: 92, 160), respectively, compared with 56 mill/mL (95% CI: 50, 64) and 181 mill (95% CI: 156, 210) in non-cola-drinkers, which could not be attributed to the caffeine they consumed because it was <140 mg/day. Therefore, the authors cannot exclude the possibility of a threshold above which cola, and possibly caffeine, negatively affects semen quality. Alternatively, the less healthy lifestyle of these men may explain these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina Kold Jensen
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
195
|
te Velde E, Burdorf A, Nieschlag E, Eijkemans R, Kremer JAM, Roeleveld N, Habbema D. Is human fecundity declining in Western countries? Hum Reprod 2010; 25:1348-53. [PMID: 20395222 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deq085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since Carlsen and co-workers reported in 1992 that sperm counts have decreased during the second half of the last century in Western societies, there has been widespread anxiety about the adverse effects of environmental pollutants on human fecundity. The Carlsen report was followed by several re-analyses of their data set and by many studies on time trends in sperm quality and on secular trends in fecundity. However, the results of these studies were diverse, complex, difficult to interpret and, therefore, less straightforward than the Carlsen report suggested. The claims that population fecundity is declining and that environmental pollutants are involved, can neither be confirmed nor rejected, in our opinion. However, it is of great importance to find out because the possible influence of widespread environmental pollution, which would adversely affect human reproduction, should be a matter of great concern triggering large-scale studies into its causes and possibilities for prevention. The fundamental reason we still do not know whether population fecundity is declining is the lack of an appropriate surveillance system. Is such a system possible? In our opinion, determining total sperm counts (as a measure of male reproductive health) in combination with time to pregnancy (as a measure of couple fecundity) in carefully selected populations is a feasible option for such a monitoring system. If we want to find out whether or not population fecundity will be declining within the following 20-30 years, we must start monitoring now.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Egbert te Velde
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
196
|
Foster WG, Maharaj-Briceño S, Cyr DG. Dioxin-induced changes in epididymal sperm count and spermatogenesis. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2010; 118:458-64. [PMID: 20368131 PMCID: PMC2854720 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A single in utero exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on gestation day 15 decreased epididymal sperm count in adult rats and thus was used to establish a tolerable daily intake for TCDD. However, several laboratories have been unable to replicate these findings. Moreover, conflicting reports of TCDD effects on daily sperm production suggest that spermatogenesis may not be as sensitive to the adverse effects of TCDD as previously thought. DATA SOURCES We performed a PubMed search using relevant search terms linking dioxin exposure with adverse effects on reproduction and spermatogenesis. DATA SYNTHESIS Developmental exposure to TCDD is consistently linked with decreased cauda epididymal sperm counts in animal studies, although at higher dose levels than those used in some earlier studies. However, the evidence linking in utero TCDD exposure and spermatogenesis is not convincing. CONCLUSIONS Animal studies provide clear evidence of an adverse effect of in utero TCDD exposure on epididymal sperm count but do not support the conclusion that spermatogenesis is adversely affected. The mechanisms underlying decreased epididymal sperm count are unknown; however, we postulate that epididymal function is the key target for the adverse effects of TCDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Warren G Foster
- Reproductive Biology Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
197
|
Jørgensen N, Liu F, Andersson AM, Vierula M, Irvine DS, Auger J, Brazil CK, Drobnis EZ, Jensen TK, Jouannet P, Overstreet JW, Redmon JB, Sparks A, Toppari J, Wang C, Skakkebæk NE, Swan SH. Serum inhibin-b in fertile men is strongly correlated with low but not high sperm counts: a coordinated study of 1,797 European and US men. Fertil Steril 2010; 94:2128-34. [PMID: 20149358 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe associations between serum inhibin-b and sperm counts, adjusted for effect of time of blood sampling, in larger cohorts than have been previously reported. DESIGN Cross-sectional studies of spermatogenesis markers. SETTING Four European and four US centers. PATIENT(S) Fertile men (1,797) were included and examined from October 1996-February 2005. INTERVENTION(S) The study was observational and therefore without any intervention. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Associations between inhibin-b and semen variables controlled for time of blood sampling and other covariates. RESULT(S) Inhibin-b decreased about 2.00% per hour from 8 am-12 pm and then about 3.25% per hour from 12 pm-4 pm. There was a strong positive association between inhibin-b levels less than 150 pg/mL and both sperm concentration and total sperm count (slopes of the regression lines were β=0.011 and β=0.013 for natural logarithm-transformed sperm concentration and total sperm count, respectively). For inhibin-b levels of 150-300 pg/mL the associations were not as steep (β=0.002), but still significant. For inhibin-b levels more than 300 pg/mL there was little association to the sperm counts. Neither sperm motility nor morphology was significantly related to inhibin-b level in any group. CONCLUSION(S) Serum inhibin-b levels decrease nonlinearly during the daytime, and are positively correlated with sperm counts, but the predictive power is best when inhibin-b is low.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Jørgensen
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
198
|
Merzenich H, Zeeb H, Blettner M. Decreasing sperm quality: a global problem? BMC Public Health 2010; 10:24. [PMID: 20085639 PMCID: PMC2818620 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carlsen and coworkers (1992) reviewed 61 heterogeneous observational studies on semen quality published between 1938 and 1990. This review indicates that mean sperm density decreased significantly between 1940 and 1990. An extended meta-analysis with 101 studies confirmed a decline in sperm density for the period from 1934 to 1996 (2000). The key message of the meta-analyses is that sperm counts have decreased globally by about 50% over the past decades. This assessment has been questioned. DISCUSSION A major methodological problem of the meta-analysis is the use of data collected in different countries, at different times, on different populations and with different methods of semen analysis. Furthermore, the results of studies concerning semen analysis are frequently biased e.g. by selection criteria of volunteers. In most studies on human semen characteristics the populations under study are insufficiently defined and the study participants are not a representative population sample. The incidence of testicular cancer has increased in Caucasian men worldwide. The investigation of common risk factors for male reproductive disorders requires well designed epidemiological studies and the collection of individual data. SUMMARY Former meta-analyses of sperm count data show a global downward trend. This conclusion should be interpreted with caution. The included studies are of great heterogeneity due to geographical and/or ethnical variation, different study designs and different methodological standards. Population-based prospective studies are needed to investigate secular trends in male reproductive disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiltrud Merzenich
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz
| | - Hajo Zeeb
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz
| | - Maria Blettner
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Cooper TG, Noonan E, von Eckardstein S, Auger J, Baker HG, Behre HM, Haugen TB, Kruger T, Wang C, Mbizvo MT, Vogelsong KM. World Health Organization reference values for human semen characteristics*‡. Hum Reprod Update 2009; 16:231-45. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmp048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1747] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
|
200
|
Amann R. Evaluating testis function non-invasively: how epidemiologist–andrologist teams might better approach this task. Hum Reprod 2009; 25:22-8. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dep383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|