151
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Chen H, Ruiz PD, McKimpson WM, Novikov L, Kitsis RN, Gamble MJ. MacroH2A1 and ATM Play Opposing Roles in Paracrine Senescence and the Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype. Mol Cell 2015; 59:719-31. [PMID: 26300260 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) is a tumor-suppressive mechanism typified by stable proliferative arrest, a persistent DNA damage response, and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which helps to maintain the senescent state and triggers bystander senescence in a paracrine fashion. Here, we demonstrate that the tumor suppressive histone variant macroH2A1 is a critical component of the positive feedback loop that maintains SASP gene expression and triggers the induction of paracrine senescence. MacroH2A1 undergoes dramatic genome-wide relocalization during OIS, including its removal from SASP gene chromatin. The removal of macroH2A1 from SASP genes results from a negative feedback loop activated by SASP-mediated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. ER stress leads to increased reactive oxygen species and persistent DNA damage response including activation of ATM, which mediates removal macroH2A1 from SASP genes. Together, our findings indicate that macroH2A1 is a critical control point for the regulation of SASP gene expression during senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongshan Chen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Penelope D Ruiz
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Wendy M McKimpson
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Leonid Novikov
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Richard N Kitsis
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Matthew J Gamble
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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152
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Malyuchenko NV, Kotova EY, Kulaeva OI, Kirpichnikov MP, Studitskiy VM. PARP1 Inhibitors: antitumor drug design. Acta Naturae 2015; 7:27-37. [PMID: 26483957 PMCID: PMC4610162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) enzyme is one of the promising molecular targets for the discovery of antitumor drugs. PARP1 is a common nuclear protein (1-2 million molecules per cell) serving as a "sensor" for DNA strand breaks. Increased PARP1 expression is sometimes observed in melanomas, breast cancer, lung cancer, and other neoplastic diseases. The PARP1 expression level is a prognostic indicator and is associated with a poor survival prognosis. There is evidence that high PARP1 expression and treatment-resistance of tumors are correlated. PARP1 inhibitors are promising antitumor agents, since they act as chemo- and radiosensitizers in the conventional therapy of malignant tumors. Furthermore, PARP1 inhibitors can be used as independent, effective drugs against tumors with broken DNA repair mechanisms. Currently, third-generation PARP1 inhibitors are being developed, many of which are undergoing Phase II clinical trials. In this review, we focus on the properties and features of the PARP1 inhibitors identified in preclinical and clinical trials. We also describe some problems associated with the application of PARP1 inhibitors. The possibility of developing new PARP1 inhibitors aimed at DNA binding and transcriptional activity rather than the catalytic domain of the protein is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. V. Malyuchenko
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/12, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - E. Yu. Kotova
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111-2497, USA
| | - O. I. Kulaeva
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/12, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111-2497, USA
| | - M. P. Kirpichnikov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/12, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - V. M. Studitskiy
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/12, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111-2497, USA
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153
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Zacarias-Fluck MF, Morancho B, Vicario R, Luque Garcia A, Escorihuela M, Villanueva J, Rubio IT, Arribas J. Effect of cellular senescence on the growth of HER2-positive breast cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 2015; 107:djv020. [PMID: 25972601 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) is a tumor suppressor mechanism. However, senescent cells remain viable and display a distinct secretome (also known as senescence-associated secretory phenotype [SASP] or senescence messaging secretome, [SMS]) that, paradoxically, includes protumorigenic factors. OIS can be triggered by ectopic overexpression of HER2, a receptor tyrosine kinase and the driving oncogene in a subtype of human breast cancer. However, cellular senescence has not been characterized in HER2-positive tumors. METHODS Using an approach based on their inability to proliferate, we isolated naturally occurring senescent cells from a variety of tumor models including HER2-positive cells, transgenic mice (n = 3), and patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) (n = 6 mice per group from one PDX derived from one patient). Using different biochemical and cell biological techniques, we characterized the secretome of these senescent cells. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS We found that senescent cells arise constantly in different models of advanced breast cancers overexpressing HER2 and constitute approximately 5% of tumor cells. In these models, IL-6 and other cytokines were expressed mainly, if not exclusively, by the naturally occurring senescent cells (95.1% and 45.0% of HCC1954 cells and cells from a HER2-positive PDX expressing a senescent marker expressed IL-6, respectively). Furthermore, inhibition of IL-6 impaired the growth of the HER2-positive PDX (mean tumor volume at day 101, control vs anti-huIL-6 treated, 332.2mm(3) [95% confidence interval {CI} = 216.6 to 449.8] vs 114.4mm(3) [95% CI = 12.79 to 216.0], P = .005). CONCLUSIONS Senescent cells can contribute to the growth of tumors by providing cytokines not expressed by proliferating cells, but required by these to thrive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano F Zacarias-Fluck
- Preclinical Research (MZF, BM, RV, ALG, ME, JV, JA) and Clinical Research Programs (ITR), Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, Spain (JA); Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain (JA).
| | - Beatriz Morancho
- Preclinical Research (MZF, BM, RV, ALG, ME, JV, JA) and Clinical Research Programs (ITR), Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, Spain (JA); Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain (JA)
| | - Rocio Vicario
- Preclinical Research (MZF, BM, RV, ALG, ME, JV, JA) and Clinical Research Programs (ITR), Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, Spain (JA); Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain (JA)
| | - Antonio Luque Garcia
- Preclinical Research (MZF, BM, RV, ALG, ME, JV, JA) and Clinical Research Programs (ITR), Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, Spain (JA); Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain (JA)
| | - Marta Escorihuela
- Preclinical Research (MZF, BM, RV, ALG, ME, JV, JA) and Clinical Research Programs (ITR), Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, Spain (JA); Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain (JA)
| | - Josep Villanueva
- Preclinical Research (MZF, BM, RV, ALG, ME, JV, JA) and Clinical Research Programs (ITR), Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, Spain (JA); Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain (JA)
| | - Isabel T Rubio
- Preclinical Research (MZF, BM, RV, ALG, ME, JV, JA) and Clinical Research Programs (ITR), Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, Spain (JA); Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain (JA)
| | - Joaquín Arribas
- Preclinical Research (MZF, BM, RV, ALG, ME, JV, JA) and Clinical Research Programs (ITR), Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, Spain (JA); Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain (JA)
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154
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Motta C, D'Angeli F, Scalia M, Satriano C, Barbagallo D, Naletova I, Anfuso CD, Lupo G, Spina-Purrello V. PJ-34 inhibits PARP-1 expression and ERK phosphorylation in glioma-conditioned brain microvascular endothelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 761:55-64. [PMID: 25934569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of PARP-1(Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1) act by competing with NAD(+), the enzyme physiological substrate, which play a protective role in many pathological conditions characterized by PARP-1 overactivation. It has been shown that PARP-1 also promotes tumor growth and progression through its DNA repair activity. Since angiogenesis is an essential requirement for these activities, we sought to determine whether PARP inhibition might affect rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (GP8.3) migration, stimulated by C6-glioma conditioned medium (CM). Through wound-healing experiments and MTT analysis, we demonstrated that PARP-1 inhibitor PJ-34 [N-(6-Oxo-5,6-dihydrophenanthridin-2-yl)-N,N-dimethylacetamide] abolishes the migratory response of GP8.3 cells and reduces their viability. PARP-1 also acts in a DNA independent way within the Extracellular-Regulated-Kinase (ERK) signaling cascade, which regulates cell proliferation and differentiation. By western analysis and confocal laser scanning microscopy (LSM), we analyzed the effects of PJ-34 on PARP-1 expression, phospho-ERK and phospho-Elk-1 activation. The effect of MEK (mitogen-activated-protein-kinase-kinase) inhibitor PD98059 (2-(2-Amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4 H-1-benzopyran-4-one) on PARP-1 expression in unstimulated and in CM-stimulated GP8.3 cells was analyzed by RT-PCR. PARP-1 expression and phospho-ERK activation were significantly reduced by treatment of GP8.3 cells with PJ-34 or PD98059. By LSM, we further demonstrated that PARP-1 and phospho-ERK are coexpressed and share the same subcellular localization in GP8.3 cells, in the cytoplasm as well as in nucleoplasm. Based on these data, we propose that PARP-1 and phospho-ERK interact in the cytosol and then translocate to the nucleus, where they trigger a proliferative response. We also propose that PARP-1 inhibition blocks CM-induced endothelial migration by interfering with ERK signal-transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Motta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotecnology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Floriana D'Angeli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotecnology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Marina Scalia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotecnology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Cristina Satriano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Davide Barbagallo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotecnology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Irina Naletova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotecnology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Carmelina Daniela Anfuso
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotecnology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Gabriella Lupo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotecnology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Vittoria Spina-Purrello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotecnology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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155
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Larribere L, Wu H, Novak D, Galach M, Bernhardt M, Orouji E, Weina K, Knappe N, Sachpekidis C, Umansky L, Beckhove P, Umansky V, De Schepper S, Kaufmann D, Ballotti R, Bertolotto C, Utikal J. NF1 loss induces senescence during human melanocyte differentiation in an iPSC-based model. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:407-16. [PMID: 25824590 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a frequent genetic disease leading to the development of Schwann cell-derived neurofibromas or melanocytic lesions called café-au-lait macules (CALMs). The molecular mechanisms involved in CALMs formation remain largely unknown. In this report, we show for the first time pathophysiological mechanisms of abnormal melanocyte differentiation in a human NF1(+/-) -induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based model. We demonstrate that NF1 patient-derived fibroblasts can be successfully reprogrammed in NF1(+/-) iPSCs with active RAS signaling and that NF1 loss induces senescence during melanocyte differentiation as well as in patient's-derived CALMs, revealing a new role for NF1 in the melanocyte lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Larribere
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Huizi Wu
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Novak
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marta Galach
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mathias Bernhardt
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Elias Orouji
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kasia Weina
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nathalie Knappe
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christos Sachpekidis
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ludmila Umansky
- Division of Translational Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center of Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Beckhove
- Division of Translational Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center of Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Viktor Umansky
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sofie De Schepper
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dieter Kaufmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Robert Ballotti
- INSERM U1065 (Team 1), C3M, Biology and Pathologies of melanocytes, Nice, France
| | - Corine Bertolotto
- INSERM U1065 (Team 1), C3M, Biology and Pathologies of melanocytes, Nice, France
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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156
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In vitro evidence for senescent multinucleated melanocytes as a source for tumor-initiating cells. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1711. [PMID: 25837487 PMCID: PMC4650540 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic signaling in melanocytes results in oncogene-induced senescence (OIS), a stable cell-cycle arrest frequently characterized by a bi- or multinuclear phenotype that is considered as a barrier to cancer progression. However, the long-sustained conviction that senescence is a truly irreversible process has recently been challenged. Still, it is not known whether cells driven into OIS can progress to cancer and thereby pose a potential threat. Here, we show that prolonged expression of the melanoma oncogene N-RAS61K in pigment cells overcomes OIS by triggering the emergence of tumor-initiating mononucleated stem-like cells from senescent cells. This progeny is dedifferentiated, highly proliferative, anoikis-resistant and induces fast growing, metastatic tumors. Our data describe that differentiated cells, which are driven into senescence by an oncogene, use this senescence state as trigger for tumor transformation, giving rise to highly aggressive tumor-initiating cells. These observations provide the first experimental in vitro evidence for the evasion of OIS on the cellular level and ensuing transformation.
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157
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Laurette P, Strub T, Koludrovic D, Keime C, Le Gras S, Seberg H, Van Otterloo E, Imrichova H, Siddaway R, Aerts S, Cornell RA, Mengus G, Davidson I. Transcription factor MITF and remodeller BRG1 define chromatin organisation at regulatory elements in melanoma cells. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25803486 PMCID: PMC4407272 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is the master regulator of the melanocyte lineage. To understand how MITF regulates transcription, we used tandem affinity purification and mass spectrometry to define a comprehensive MITF interactome identifying novel cofactors involved in transcription, DNA replication and repair, and chromatin organisation. We show that MITF interacts with a PBAF chromatin remodelling complex comprising BRG1 and CHD7. BRG1 is essential for melanoma cell proliferation in vitro and for normal melanocyte development in vivo. MITF and SOX10 actively recruit BRG1 to a set of MITF-associated regulatory elements (MAREs) at active enhancers. Combinations of MITF, SOX10, TFAP2A, and YY1 bind between two BRG1-occupied nucleosomes thus defining both a signature of transcription factors essential for the melanocyte lineage and a specific chromatin organisation of the regulatory elements they occupy. BRG1 also regulates the dynamics of MITF genomic occupancy. MITF-BRG1 interplay thus plays an essential role in transcription regulation in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Laurette
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas Strub
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dana Koludrovic
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Céline Keime
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphanie Le Gras
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hannah Seberg
- University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, United States
| | | | - Hana Imrichova
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert Siddaway
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stein Aerts
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert A Cornell
- University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, United States
| | - Gabrielle Mengus
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Irwin Davidson
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
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158
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Malaquin N, Carrier-Leclerc A, Dessureault M, Rodier F. DDR-mediated crosstalk between DNA-damaged cells and their microenvironment. Front Genet 2015; 6:94. [PMID: 25815006 PMCID: PMC4357297 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade that senses and responds to double-strand DNA breaks by organizing downstream cellular events, ranging from appropriate DNA repair to cell cycle checkpoints. In higher organisms, the DDR prevents neoplastic transformation by directly protecting the information contained in the genome and by regulating cell fate decisions, like apoptosis and senescence, to ensure the removal of severely damaged cells. In addition to these well-studied cell-autonomous effects, emerging evidence now shows that the DDR signaling cascade can also function in a paracrine manner, thus influencing the biology of the surrounding cellular microenvironment. In this context, the DDR plays an emerging role in shaping the damaged tumor microenvironment through the regulation of tissue repair and local immune responses, thereby providing a promising avenue for novel therapeutic interventions. Additionally, while DDR-mediated extracellular signals can convey information to surrounding, undamaged cells, they can also feedback onto DNA-damaged cells to reinforce selected signaling pathways. Overall, these extracellular DDR signals can be subdivided into two time-specific waves: a rapid bystander effect occurring within a few hours of DNA damage; and a late, delayed, senescence-associated secretory phenotype generally requiring multiple days to establish. Here, we highlight and discuss examples of rapid and late DDR–mediated extracellular alarm signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Malaquin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montréal (CRCHUM), et Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Audrey Carrier-Leclerc
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montréal (CRCHUM), et Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mireille Dessureault
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montréal (CRCHUM), et Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Francis Rodier
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montréal (CRCHUM), et Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada ; Département de Radiologie, Radio-Oncologie et Médicine Nucléaire, Université de Montréal Montreal, QC, Canada
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159
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Hayakawa T, Iwai M, Aoki S, Takimoto K, Maruyama M, Maruyama W, Motoyama N. SIRT1 suppresses the senescence-associated secretory phenotype through epigenetic gene regulation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116480. [PMID: 25635860 PMCID: PMC4312089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescent cells develop a pro-inflammatory response termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). As many SASP components affect surrounding cells and alter their microenvironment, SASP may be a key phenomenon in linking cellular senesence with individual aging and age-related diseases. We herein demonstrated that the expression of Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) was decreased and the expression of SASP components was reciprocally increased during cellular senescence. The mRNAs and proteins of SASP components, such as IL-6 and IL-8, quickly accumulated in SIRT1-depleted cells, and the levels of these factors were also higher than those in control cells, indicating that SIRT1 negatively regulated the expression of SASP factors at the transcriptional level. SIRT1 bound to the promoter regions of IL-8 and IL-6, but dissociated from them during cellular senescence. The acetylation of Histone H3 (K9) and H4 (K16) of the IL-8 and IL-6 promoter regions gradually increased during cellular senescence. In SIRT1-depleted cells, the acetylation levels of these regions were already higher than those in control cells in the pre-senescent stage. Moreover, these acetylation levels in SIRT1-depleted cells were significantly higher than those in control cells during cellular senescence. These results suggest that SIRT1 repressed the expression of SASP factors through the deacetylation of histones in their promoter regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Hayakawa
- Department of Cognitive Brain Science, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Aging Research, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mika Iwai
- Department of Cognitive Brain Science, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Aoki
- Department of Cognitive Brain Science, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Koichi Takimoto
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Maruyama
- Department of Aging Research, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Mechanism of Aging, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Wakako Maruyama
- Department of Cognitive Brain Science, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Noboru Motoyama
- Department of Cognitive Brain Science, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Aging Research, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail:
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160
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Ohanna M, Bonet C, Bille K, Allegra M, Davidson I, Bahadoran P, Lacour JP, Ballotti R, Bertolotto C. SIRT1 promotes proliferation and inhibits the senescence-like phenotype in human melanoma cells. Oncotarget 2015; 5:2085-95. [PMID: 24742694 PMCID: PMC4039147 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
SIRT1 operates as both a tumor suppressor and oncogenic factor depending on the cell context. Whether SIRT1 plays a role in melanoma biology remained poorly elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that SIRT1 is a critical regulator of melanoma cell proliferation. SIRT1 suppression by genetic or pharmacological approaches induces cell cycle arrest and a senescence-like phenotype. Gain and loss of function experiments show that M-MITF regulates SIRT1 expression, thereby revealing a melanocyte-specific control of SIRT1. SIRT1 over-expression relieves the senescence-like phenotype and the proliferation arrest caused by MITF suppression, demonstrating that SIRT1 is an effector of MITF-induced proliferation in melanoma cells. Interestingly, SIRT1 level and activity are enhanced in the PLX4032-resistant BRAFV600E-mutated melanoma cells compared with their sensitive counterpart. SIRT1 inhibition decreases melanoma cell growth and rescues the sensibility to PLX4032 of PLX4032-resistant BRAFV600E-mutated melanoma cells. In conclusion, we provide the first evidence that inhibition of SIRT1 warrants consideration as an anti-melanoma therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Ohanna
- INSERM, U1065 (équipe 1), Equipe labélisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, C3M, Nice, France
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161
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Pluquet O, Pourtier A, Abbadie C. The unfolded protein response and cellular senescence. A review in the theme: cellular mechanisms of endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling in health and disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 308:C415-25. [PMID: 25540175 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00334.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multifunctional organelle critical for the proper folding and assembly of secreted and transmembrane proteins. Perturbations of ER functions cause ER stress, which activates a coordinated system of transcriptional and translational controls called the unfolded protein response (UPR), to cope with accumulation of misfolded proteins and proteotoxicity. It results in ER homeostasis restoration or in cell death. Senescence is a complex cell phenotype induced by several stresses such as telomere attrition, DNA damage, oxidative stress, and activation of some oncogenes. It is mainly characterized by a cell enlargement, a permanent cell-cycle arrest, and the production of a secretome enriched in proinflammatory cytokines and components of the extracellular matrix. Senescent cells accumulate with age in tissues and are suspected to play a role in age-associated diseases. Since senescence is a stress response, the question arises of whether an ER stress could occur concomitantly with senescence and participate in the onset or maintenance of the senescent features. Here, we described the interconnections between the UPR signaling and the different aspects of the cellular senescence programs and discuss the implication of UPR modulations in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Pluquet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille, France; Université Lille 1 Sciences et Techniques, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Université Lille 2 Droit et Santé, Lille, France; and Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Albin Pourtier
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille, France; Université Lille 1 Sciences et Techniques, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Université Lille 2 Droit et Santé, Lille, France; and Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Corinne Abbadie
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille, France; Université Lille 1 Sciences et Techniques, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Université Lille 2 Droit et Santé, Lille, France; and Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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162
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Enrichment of CD56(dim)KIR + CD57 + highly cytotoxic NK cells in tumour-infiltrated lymph nodes of melanoma patients. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5639. [PMID: 25472612 PMCID: PMC4338526 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An important checkpoint in the progression of melanoma is the metastasis to lymph nodes. Here, to investigate the role of lymph node NK cells in disease progression, we analyze frequency, phenotype and functions of NK cells from tumor-infiltrated (TILN) and tumor-free ipsilateral lymph nodes (TFLN) of the same patients. We show an expansion of CD56dimCD57dimCD69+CCR7+KIR+ NK cells in TILN. TILN NK cells display robust cytotoxic activity against autologous melanoma cells. In the blood of metastatic melanoma patients the frequency of NK cells expressing the receptors for CXCL8 receptor is increased compared to healthy subjects, and blood NK cells also express the receptors for CCL2 and IL6. These factors are produced in high amount in TILN and in vitro switch the phenotype of blood NK cells from healthy donors to the phenotype associated with TILN. Our data suggest that the microenvironment of TILN generates and/or recruits a particularly effective NK cell subset.
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163
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Ohtani N. Microbiome and cancer. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 37:65-72. [PMID: 25404117 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0457-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human intestine is believed to contain approximately 100 trillion intestinal (gut) microbiota, comprising about 500-1000 different species. These intestinal microbiota exist in a symbiotic relationship with their host, by metabolizing compounds that the host is unable to utilize and controlling the immune balance of the host's body. However, the composition of the intestinal microbiota is known to vary, depending on diet, nutrition status, and other factors. The recently developed meta-omics microbial data and the technical progress for the metabolome analysis provide a substantial understanding of the role of intestinal microbes and their metabolism. Interestingly, accumulating evidence suggests that the intestinal microbiota contributes to the onset of colorectal cancer, not only via the pro-carcinogenic activities of specific pathogens but also via the influence of the bacterial metabolites. Moreover, since the gut microbial metabolites circulate in the host's body, it has been increasingly recognized that the intestinal microbiota are involved in the pathogenesis of diseases not only in the intestine but also in the organs located distant from the intestine. We recently found that metabolites from obesity-induced intestinal microbiota promoted liver cancer, and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanism. In this review, I first summarize the general understanding on the carcinogenic process by bacterial metabolites, and then discuss on the association between intestinal microbiota and colorectal cancer. In the last part, I will introduce our recent findings on liver cancer promotion by a metabolite of the obesity-induced intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Ohtani
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba, Japan,
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164
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Ohanna M, Cheli Y, Bonet C, Bonazzi VF, Allegra M, Giuliano S, Bille K, Bahadoran P, Giacchero D, Lacour JP, Boyle GM, Hayward NF, Bertolotto C, Ballotti R. Secretome from senescent melanoma engages the STAT3 pathway to favor reprogramming of naive melanoma towards a tumor-initiating cell phenotype. Oncotarget 2014; 4:2212-24. [PMID: 24344100 PMCID: PMC3926821 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we showed that the secretome of senescent melanoma cells drives basal melanoma cells towards a mesenchymal phenotype, with characteristic of stems illustrated by increased level of the prototype genes FN1, SNAIL, OCT4 and NANOG. This molecular reprogramming leads to an increase in the low-MITF and slow-growing cell population endowed with melanoma-initiating cell features. The secretome of senescent melanoma cells induces a panel of 52 genes, involved in cell movement and cell/cell interaction, among which AXL and ALDH1A3 have been implicated in melanoma development. We found that the secretome of senescent melanoma cells activates the STAT3 pathway and STAT3 inhibition prevents secretome effects, including the acquisition of tumorigenic properties. Collectively, the findings provide insights into how the secretome of melanoma cells entering senescence upon chemotherapy treatments increases the tumorigenicity of naïve melanoma cells by inducing, through STAT3 activation, a melanoma-initiating cell phenotype that could favor chemotherapy resistance and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Ohanna
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Equipe 1, Biologie et pathologies des mélanocytes: de la pigmentation cutanée au mélanome. Equipe labellisée Ligue 2013, Nice, F-06204, France
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165
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Chen F, Qi X, Qian M, Dai Y, Sun Y. Tackling the tumor microenvironment: what challenge does it pose to anticancer therapies? Protein Cell 2014; 5:816-26. [PMID: 25185441 PMCID: PMC4225463 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a highly aggressive and devastating disease, and impediments to a cure arise not just from cancer itself. Targeted therapies are difficult to achieve since the majority of cancers are more intricate than ever imagined. Mainstream methodologies including chemotherapy and radiotherapy as routine clinical regimens frequently fail, eventually leading to pathologies that are refractory and incurable. One major cause is the gradual to rapid repopulation of surviving cancer cells during intervals of multiple-dose administration. Novel stress-responsive molecular pathways are increasingly unmasked and show promise as emerging targets for advanced strategies that aim at both de novo and acquired resistance. We highlight recent data reporting that treatments particularly those genotoxic can induce highly conserved damage responses in non-cancerous constituents of the tumor microenvironment (TMEN). Master regulators, including but not limited to NF-kB and C/EBP-β, are implicated and their signal cascades culminate in a robust, chronic and genome-wide secretory program, forming an activated TMEN that releases a myriad of soluble factors. The damage-elicited but essentially off target and cell non-autonomous secretory phenotype of host stroma causes adverse consequences, among which is acquired resistance of cancer cells. Harnessing signals arising from the TMEN, a pathophysiological niche frequently damaged by medical interventions, has the potential to promote overall efficacy and improve clinical outcomes provided that appropriate actions are ingeniously integrated into contemporary therapies. Thereby, anticancer regimens should be well tuned to establish an innovative clinical avenue, and such advancement will allow future oncological treatments to be more specific, accurate, thorough and personalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Xinyi Qi
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Min Qian
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Yue Dai
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Yu Sun
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025 China
- VA Seattle Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98108 USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
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166
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Chapman A, Fernandez del Ama L, Ferguson J, Kamarashev J, Wellbrock C, Hurlstone A. Heterogeneous tumor subpopulations cooperate to drive invasion. Cell Rep 2014; 8:688-95. [PMID: 25066122 PMCID: PMC4542310 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonal selection and transcriptional reprogramming (e.g., epithelial-mesenchymal transition or phenotype switching) are the predominant theories thought to underlie tumor progression. However, a "division of labor" leading to cooperation among tumor-cell subpopulations could be an additional catalyst of progression. Using a zebrafish-melanoma xenograft model, we found that in a heterogeneous setting, inherently invasive cells, which possess protease activity and deposit extracellular matrix (ECM), co-invade with subpopulations of poorly invasive cells, a phenomenon we term "cooperative invasion". Whereas the poorly invasive cells benefit from heterogeneity, the invasive cells switch from protease-independent to an MT1-MMP-dependent mode of invasion. We did not observe changes in expression of the melanoma phenotype determinant MITF during cooperative invasion, thus ruling out the necessity for phenotype switching for invasion. Altogether, our data suggest that cooperation can drive melanoma progression without the need for clonal selection or phenotype switching and can account for the preservation of heterogeneity seen throughout tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chapman
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Laura Fernandez del Ama
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jennifer Ferguson
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jivko Kamarashev
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Wellbrock
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Adam Hurlstone
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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167
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Bauer D, Mazzio E, Soliman KF, Taka E, Oriaku E, Womble T, Darling-Reed S. Diallyl disulfide inhibits TNFα-induced CCL2 release by MDA-MB-231 cells. Anticancer Res 2014; 34:2763-2770. [PMID: 24922637 PMCID: PMC4135704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) is released by tumor tissues, serving as a potent chemokine enabling directional homing of mononuclear cells to tumor tissue, which subsequently differentiate into tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) via TGFβ1 signaling. TAMs readily invade tumor tissue and continue to synthesize pro-oncogenic proteins including tumor growth factors, matrix proteases (metastasis), angiogenic factors (neovascularization) and CCL2. Substances, which can attenuate or block the initial release of CCL2 have been shown to prevent cancer-associated inflammative pro-oncogenic processes. In the current study, we investigated the effects of the organosulfur compound diallyl disulfide (DADS), a natural constituent of Allium sativum (garlic) on suppression of TNFα-induced release of CCL2 from triple-negative human breast tumor (MDA-MB-231) cells. Using an initial adipokine/chemokine protein panel microarray, the data show a predominant expression profile in resting/untreated MDA-MB-231 cells for sustained release of IL6, IL8, plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 and TIMP1/2. Treatment with TNFα (40 ng/ml) had no effect on many of these molecules, with a single major elevation in release of CCL2 (~1,300-fold up-regulation). TNFα-induced CCL2 release was reversed by a sub-lethal concentration of DADS (100 μM), evident in antibody based assays. These findings provide evidence to support another avenue of anticancer/chemopreventative properties attributable to garlic constituents through immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bauer
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Elizabeth Mazzio
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Karam Fa Soliman
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Equar Taka
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Ebenezer Oriaku
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Tracey Womble
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Selina Darling-Reed
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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168
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Deschênes-Simard X, Lessard F, Gaumont-Leclerc MF, Bardeesy N, Ferbeyre G. Cellular senescence and protein degradation: breaking down cancer. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:1840-58. [PMID: 24866342 DOI: 10.4161/cc.29335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) are the major protein degradation systems in eukaryotic cells. Whereas the former mediate a bulk nonspecific degradation, the UPP allows a rapid degradation of specific proteins. Both systems have been shown to play a role in tumorigenesis, and the interest in developing therapeutic agents inhibiting protein degradation is steadily growing. However, emerging data point to a critical role for autophagy in cellular senescence, an established tumor suppressor mechanism. Recently, a selective protein degradation process mediated by the UPP was also shown to contribute to the senescence phenotype. This process is tightly regulated by E3 ubiquitin ligases, deubiquitinases, and several post-translational modifications of target proteins. Illustrating the complexity of UPP, more than 600 human genes have been shown to encode E3 ubiquitin ligases, a number which exceeds that of the protein kinases. Nevertheless, our knowledge of proteasome-dependent protein degradation as a regulated process in cellular contexts such as cancer and senescence remains very limited. Here we discuss the implications of protein degradation in senescence and attempt to relate this function to the protein degradation pattern observed in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Deschênes-Simard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Lessard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Nabeel Bardeesy
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
| | - Gerardo Ferbeyre
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada
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169
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Shtivelman E, Davies MA, Hwu P, Yang J, Lotem M, Oren M, Flaherty KT, Fisher DE. Pathways and therapeutic targets in melanoma. Oncotarget 2014; 5:1701-52. [PMID: 24743024 PMCID: PMC4039128 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to summarize the current knowledge of molecular pathways and their clinical relevance in melanoma. Metastatic melanoma was a grim diagnosis, but in recent years tremendous advances have been made in treatments. Chemotherapy provided little benefit in these patients, but development of targeted and new immune approaches made radical changes in prognosis. This would not have happened without remarkable advances in understanding the biology of disease and tremendous progress in the genomic (and other "omics") scale analyses of tumors. The big problems facing the field are no longer focused exclusively on the development of new treatment modalities, though this is a very busy area of clinical research. The focus shifted now to understanding and overcoming resistance to targeted therapies, and understanding the underlying causes of the heterogeneous responses to immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrick Hwu
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James Yang
- National Cancer Institute, NIH, Washington DC, USA
| | - Michal Lotem
- Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Moshe Oren
- The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - David E. Fisher
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
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170
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Davies JR, Jewell R, Affleck P, Anic GM, Randerson-Moor J, Ozola A, Egan KM, Elliott F, García-Casado Z, Hansson J, Harland M, Höiom V, Jian G, Jönsson G, Kumar R, Nagore E, Wendt J, Olsson H, Park JY, Patel P, Pjanova D, Puig S, Schadendorf D, Sivaramakrishna Rachakonda P, Snowden H, Stratigos AJ, Bafaloukos D, Ogbah Z, Sucker A, Van den Oord JJ, Van Doorn R, Walker C, Okamoto I, Wolter P, Barrett JH, Timothy Bishop D, Newton-Bishop J. Inherited variation in the PARP1 gene and survival from melanoma. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:1625-33. [PMID: 24535833 PMCID: PMC4106984 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the association of an inherited variant located upstream of the poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) gene (rs2249844), with survival in 11 BioGenoMEL melanoma cohorts. The gene encodes a protein involved in a number of cellular processes including single-strand DNA repair. Survival analysis was conducted for each cohort using proportional hazards regression adjusting for factors known to be associated with survival. Survival was measured as overall survival (OS) and, where available, melanoma-specific survival (MSS). Results were combined using random effects meta-analysis. Evidence for a role of the PARP1 protein in melanoma ulceration and survival was investigated by testing gene expression levels taken from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumors. A significant association was seen for inheritance of the rarer variant of PARP1, rs2249844 with OS (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.16 per allele, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04–1.28, p = 0.005, eleven cohorts) and MSS (HR = 1.20 per allele, 95% CI 1.01–1.39, p = 0.03, eight cohorts). We report bioinformatic data supportive of a functional effect for rs2249844. Higher levels of PARP1 gene expression in tumors were shown to be associated with tumor ulceration and poorer OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Davies
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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171
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Sasaki M, Miyakoshi M, Sato Y, Nakanuma Y. Chemokine-chemokine receptor CCL2-CCR2 and CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis may play a role in the aggravated inflammation in primary biliary cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:358-64. [PMID: 24185682 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2920-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Senescent cells can alter local tissue environments by secretion of various senescence-associated secretory phenotypes (SASP), such as cytokines and chemokines. Given senescent biliary epithelial cells (BECs) in damaged small bile ducts in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) show increased expression of chemokines CCL2 and CX3CL1 as SASP, we further examined an involvement of CCL2/CCR2 and CX3CL1/CX3CR1 systems in the pathogenesis of PBC. METHODS We examined immunohistochemically the expression of CCR2, CX3CR1, CCL2 and CX3CL1 in livers taken from the patients with PBC (n = 45) and control livers (n = 78), such as chronic viral hepatitis (CVH; n = 39). CCR2 or CX3CR1-expressing cells were characterized by double immunofluorescence with CD3, CD4, CD8, CD56 or CD68. RESULTS CCR2 is expressed in round cells, epithelioid cells and dendritic cells and most CCR2-positive cells were CD68-positive. Infiltration of CCR2-positive cells in the intraepithelial layer or around small bile ducts was significantly more extensive in PBC than CVH and normal liver (p < 0.05) and was significantly correlated with the expression of CCL2 in BECs (p < 0.01). Most CX3CR1-expressing inflammatory cells were CD3-positive T cells (CD8 > CD4). Infiltration of CX3CR1-positive cells in the intraepithelial layer and around small bile ducts was significantly more extensive in PBC than control livers (p < 0.05) and was significantly correlated with the expression of CX3CL1 in BECs (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION CCL2 and CX3CL1 produced by senescent BECs may promote infiltration of corresponding CCR2 and CX3CR1-expressing cells and further aggravate inflammation in bile duct lesion in PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Sasaki
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan
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172
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Bertolotto C. Melanoma: from melanocyte to genetic alterations and clinical options. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:635203. [PMID: 24416617 PMCID: PMC3874946 DOI: 10.1155/2013/635203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma remained for decades without any effective treatment and was thus considered as a paradigm of cancer resistance. Recent progress with understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying melanoma initiation and progression revealed that melanomas are genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous tumors. This recent progress has allowed for the development of treatment able to improve for the first time the overall disease-free survival of metastatic melanoma patients. However, clinical responses are still either too transient or limited to restricted patient subsets. The complete cure of metastatic melanoma therefore remains a challenge in the clinic. This review aims to present the recent knowledge and discoveries of the molecular mechanisms involved in melanoma pathogenesis and their exploitation into clinic that have recently facilitated bench to bedside advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corine Bertolotto
- INSERM, U1065 (Équipe 1), C3M, 06204 Nice, France
- University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, UFR Médecine, 06204 Nice, France
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173
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Weaver AN, Yang ES. Beyond DNA Repair: Additional Functions of PARP-1 in Cancer. Front Oncol 2013; 3:290. [PMID: 24350055 PMCID: PMC3841914 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are DNA-dependent nuclear enzymes that transfer negatively charged ADP-ribose moieties from cellular nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide (NAD(+)) to a variety of protein substrates, altering protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. The most studied of these enzymes is poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), which is an excellent therapeutic target in cancer due to its pivotal role in the DNA damage response. Clinical studies have shown susceptibility to PARP inhibitors in DNA repair defective cancers with only mild adverse side effects. Interestingly, additional studies are emerging which demonstrate a role for this therapy in DNA repair proficient tumors through a variety of mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss additional functions of PARP-1 - including regulation of inflammatory mediators, cellular energetics and death pathways, gene transcription, sex hormone- and ERK-mediated signaling, and mitosis - and the role these PARP-1-mediated processes play in oncogenesis, cancer progression, and the development of therapeutic resistance. As PARP-1 can act in both a pro- and anti-tumor manner depending on the context, it is important to consider the global effects of this protein in determining when, and how, to best use PARP inhibitors in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice N. Weaver
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Eddy S. Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Yao H, Sundar IK, Gorbunova V, Rahman I. P21-PARP-1 pathway is involved in cigarette smoke-induced lung DNA damage and cellular senescence. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80007. [PMID: 24244594 PMCID: PMC3823706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent DNA damage triggers cellular senescence, which may play an important role in the pathogenesis of cigarette smoke (CS)-induced lung diseases. Both p21CDKN1A (p21) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) are involved in DNA damage and repair. However, the role of p21-PARP-1 axis in regulating CS-induced lung DNA damage and cellular senescence remains unknown. We hypothesized that CS causes DNA damage and cellular senescence through a p21-PARP-1 axis. To test this hypothesis, we determined the levels of γH2AX (a marker for DNA double-strand breaks) as well as non-homologous end joining proteins (Ku70 and Ku80) in lungs of mice exposed to CS. We found that the level of γH2AX was increased, whereas the level of Ku70 was reduced in lungs of CS-exposed mice. Furthermore, p21 deletion reduced the level of γH2AX, but augmented the levels of Ku70, Ku80, and PAR in lungs by CS. Administration of PARP-1 inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide increased CS-induced DNA damage, but lowered the levels of Ku70 and Ku80, in lungs of p21 knockout mice. Moreover, 3-aminobenzamide increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity, but decreased the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in mouse lungs in response to CS. Interestingly, 3-aminobenzamide treatment had no effect on neutrophil influx into bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by CS. These results demonstrate that the p21-PARP-1 pathway is involved in CS-induced DNA damage and cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Yao
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Lung Biology and Disease Program, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HY); (IR)
| | - Isaac K. Sundar
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Lung Biology and Disease Program, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Vera Gorbunova
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Lung Biology and Disease Program, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HY); (IR)
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176
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Abstract
Cellular senescence is a stable proliferation arrest associated with an altered secretory pathway (senescence-associated secretory phenotype). Cellular senescence is also a tumor suppressor mechanism, to which both proliferation arrest and senescence-associated secretory phenotype are thought to contribute. The melanocytes within benign human nevi are a paradigm for tumor-suppressive senescent cells in a premalignant neoplasm. Here a comparison of proliferating and senescent melanocytes and melanoma cell lines by RNA sequencing emphasizes the importance of senescence-associated proliferation arrest in suppression of transformation. Previous studies showed that activation of the Wnt signaling pathway can delay or bypass senescence. Consistent with this, we present evidence that repression of Wnt signaling contributes to melanocyte senescence in vitro. Surprisingly, Wnt signaling is active in many senescent human melanocytes in nevi, and this is linked to histological indicators of higher proliferative and malignant potential. In a mouse, activated Wnt signaling delays senescence-associated proliferation arrest to expand the population of senescent oncogene-expressing melanocytes. These results suggest that Wnt signaling can potentiate nevogenesis in vivo by delaying senescence. Further, we suggest that activated Wnt signaling in human nevi undermines senescence-mediated tumor suppression and enhances the probability of malignancy.
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177
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Mowla SN, Perkins ND, Jat PS. Friend or foe: emerging role of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells in cell senescence. Onco Targets Ther 2013; 6:1221-9. [PMID: 24043947 PMCID: PMC3772761 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s36160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) proteins are a family of ubiquitously expressed transcription factors that regulate the response to cellular stress. They mediate innate and adaptive immunity through the initiation of an inflammatory response to pro-inflammatory signals. The role of persistent inflammation in aiding tumor development has led to the NF-κB family of transcription factors being strongly implicated in promoting cancer. However, recent studies have now revealed that NF-κB can also function as a tumor suppressor through the induction of cellular senescence. Cellular senescence is a stable cell cycle arrest that normal cells undergo in response to a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli including: progressive telomere shortening, changes in telomeric structure, or other forms of genotoxic stress. Senescence can compromise tissue repair and regeneration, contributing to tissue and organismal aging via the accumulation of senescent cells, depletion of stem/progenitor cells and secretion of an array of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and matrix metalloproteinases. Senescence can also lead to the removal of potentially cancerous cells, thereby acting as a potent tumor suppressor mechanism. Herein, we review the evidence indicating a role for NF-κB in tumor suppression via cellular senescence and suggest that depending upon the subunit expressed, the biological context, and the type and intensity of the signal, NF-κB can indeed promote senescence growth arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia N Mowla
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and MRC Prion Unit, UCL institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Neil D Perkins
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Parmjit S Jat
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and MRC Prion Unit, UCL institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
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178
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Abstract
Current models of melanoma propose that transition from the proliferative to the invasive stages of tumor development involves a dynamic and reversible switch in cell phenotype. The almost mutually exclusive proliferative and invasive phenotypes are defined by distinct gene expression signatures, which are themselves controlled by the level of functional MITF protein present in the cell. Recently, new signaling pathways and transcription factors that regulate MITF expression have been defined, and high throughput genomics have identified novel MITF target genes. MITF acts both as a transcription activator to promote expression of genes involved in cell cycle, but also as a transcriptional repressor of genes involved in invasion. A novel human germline mutation in MITF has been identified that blocks its sumoylation, thereby altering its transcriptional properties and conferring an increased risk of melanoma. These new studies depict an ever more complex function for MITF in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Koludrovic
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/UDS, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Cédex, France
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179
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Swindall AF, Stanley JA, Yang ES. PARP-1: Friend or Foe of DNA Damage and Repair in Tumorigenesis? Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:943-58. [PMID: 24202328 PMCID: PMC3795373 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5030943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species can result in DNA damage within cells and subsequently increase risk for carcinogenesis. This may be averted by repair of DNA damage through the base or nucleotide excision repair (BER/NER) pathways. PARP, a BER protein, is known for its role in DNA-repair. However, multiple lesions can occur within a small range of DNA, known as oxidative clustered DNA lesions (OCDLs), which are difficult to repair and may lead to the more severe DNA double-strand break (DSB). Inefficient DSB repair can then result in increased mutagenesis and neoplastic transformation. OCDLs occur more frequently within a variety of tumor tissues. Interestingly, PARP is highly expressed in several human cancers. Additionally, chronic inflammation may contribute to tumorigenesis through ROS-induced DNA damage. Furthermore, PARP can modulate inflammation through interaction with NFκB and regulating the expression of inflammatory signaling molecules. Thus, the upregulation of PARP may present a double-edged sword. PARP is needed to repair ROS-induced DNA lesions, but PARP expression may lead to increased inflammation via upregulation of NFκB signaling. Here, we discuss the role of PARP in the repair of oxidative damage versus the formation of OCDLs and speculate on the feasibility of PARP inhibition for the treatment and prevention of cancers by exploiting its role in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda F. Swindall
- Department of Radiation Oncology Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, 176F HSROC Suite 2232B, 1700 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA; E-Mails: (A.F.S.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Jennifer A. Stanley
- Department of Radiation Oncology Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, 176F HSROC Suite 2232B, 1700 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA; E-Mails: (A.F.S.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Eddy S. Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, 176F HSROC Suite 2232B, 1700 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA; E-Mails: (A.F.S.); (J.A.S.)
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-205-934-2762; Fax: +1-205-975-0784
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180
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Mo J, Sun B, Zhao X, Gu Q, Dong X, Liu Z, Ma Y, Zhao N, Tang R, Liu Y, Chi J, Sun R. Hypoxia-induced senescence contributes to the regulation of microenvironment in melanomas. Pathol Res Pract 2013; 209:640-7. [PMID: 23938031 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Senescence, an irreversible state of cell cycle arrest, maintains metabolic activity. Although being a barrier against tumor development, senescence could also promote tumor progression by influencing the microenvironment. Necrosis is a common feature of various malignant tumors, which also has two opposing effects: pro-tumor by chronic inflammation and anti-tumor by effective cell clearance. However, the role of senescence in melanoma and whether it is associated with necrosis remain unclear. By detecting senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity and pimonidazole (hypoxia probe), we found that senescent cells (SA-β-gal positive) are mainly located around the necrotic/hypoxic areas of melanoma from C57BL/6J mice. Moreover, treatment of hypoxia induced irreversibly cellular senescence in vitro. In addition, the senescent cells may facilitate microenvironment modulation and promote the invasion of melanoma cells by secreting matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2). Moreover, Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the presence of necrosis in melanomas had an inverse correlation with patient survival and may serve as an independent prognostic marker. Therefore, hypoxic stress imposed on melanomas may lead to cellular senescence surrounding necrotic areas, and the adverse effects of necrosis in tumor may be attributed to the adjacent senescent cells with senescence-associated secretion phenotype (SASP), including secretion of MMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Mo
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
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181
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Moiseeva O, Deschênes‐Simard X, St‐Germain E, Igelmann S, Huot G, Cadar AE, Bourdeau V, Pollak MN, Ferbeyre G. Metformin inhibits the senescence-associated secretory phenotype by interfering with IKK/NF-κB activation. Aging Cell 2013; 12:489-98. [PMID: 23521863 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that the antidiabetic drug metformin inhibits the expression of genes coding for multiple inflammatory cytokines seen during cellular senescence. Conditioned medium (CM) from senescent cells stimulates the growth of prostate cancer cells but treatment of senescent cells with metformin inhibited this effect. Bioinformatic analysis of genes downregulated by metformin suggests that the drug blocks the activity of the transcription factor NF-κB. In agreement, metformin prevented the translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus and inhibited the phosphorylation of IκB and IKKα/β, events required for activation of the NF-κB pathway. These effects were not dependent on AMPK activation or on the context of cellular senescence, as metformin inhibited the NF-κB pathway stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in ampk null fibroblasts and in macrophages. Taken together, our results provide a novel mechanism for the antiaging and antineoplastic effects of metformin reported in animal models and in diabetic patients taking this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Moiseeva
- Département de Biochimie Université de Montréal Pavillon Roger‐Gaudry 2900 boul. Édouard MontpetitMontréal QC H3C 3J7Canada
| | - Xavier Deschênes‐Simard
- Département de Biochimie Université de Montréal Pavillon Roger‐Gaudry 2900 boul. Édouard MontpetitMontréal QC H3C 3J7Canada
| | - Emmanuelle St‐Germain
- Département de Biochimie Université de Montréal Pavillon Roger‐Gaudry 2900 boul. Édouard MontpetitMontréal QC H3C 3J7Canada
| | - Sebastian Igelmann
- Département de Biochimie Université de Montréal Pavillon Roger‐Gaudry 2900 boul. Édouard MontpetitMontréal QC H3C 3J7Canada
| | - Geneviève Huot
- Département de Biochimie Université de Montréal Pavillon Roger‐Gaudry 2900 boul. Édouard MontpetitMontréal QC H3C 3J7Canada
| | - Alexandra E. Cadar
- Département de Biochimie Université de Montréal Pavillon Roger‐Gaudry 2900 boul. Édouard MontpetitMontréal QC H3C 3J7Canada
| | - Véronique Bourdeau
- Département de Biochimie Université de Montréal Pavillon Roger‐Gaudry 2900 boul. Édouard MontpetitMontréal QC H3C 3J7Canada
| | - Michael N. Pollak
- Division of Experimental Medicine McGill University and Segal Cancer Centre of Jewish General Hospital 3755 Côte Ste Catherine Montréal QC H3T 1E2Canada
| | - Gerardo Ferbeyre
- Département de Biochimie Université de Montréal Pavillon Roger‐Gaudry 2900 boul. Édouard MontpetitMontréal QC H3C 3J7Canada
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182
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183
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Senescent fibroblasts enhance early skin carcinogenic events via a paracrine MMP-PAR-1 axis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63607. [PMID: 23675494 PMCID: PMC3651095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of carcinoma increases greatly with aging, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this correlation are only partly known. It is established that senescent fibroblasts promote the malignant progression of already-transformed cells through secretion of inflammatory mediators. We investigated here whether the senescent fibroblast secretome might have an impact on the very first stages of carcinogenesis. We chose the cultured normal primary human epidermal keratinocyte model, because after these cells reach the senescence plateau, cells with transformed and tumorigenic properties systematically and spontaneously emerge from the plateau. In the presence of medium conditioned by autologous senescent dermal fibroblasts, a higher frequency of post-senescence emergence was observed and the post-senescence emergent cells showed enhanced migratory properties and a more marked epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Using pharmacological inhibitors, siRNAs, and blocking antibodies, we demonstrated that the MMP-1 and MMP-2 matrix metalloproteinases, known to participate in late stages of cancer invasion and metastasis, are responsible for this enhancement of early migratory capacity. We present evidence that MMPs act by activating the protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1), whose expression is specifically increased in post-senescence emergent keratinocytes. The physiopathological relevance of these results was tested by analyzing MMP activity and PAR-1 expression in skin sections. Both were higher in skin sections from aged subjects than in ones from young subjects. Altogether, our results suggest that during aging, the dermal and epidermal skin compartments might be activated coordinately for initiation of skin carcinoma, via a paracrine axis in which MMPs secreted by senescent fibroblasts promote very early epithelial-mesenchymal transition of keratinocytes undergoing transformation and oversynthesizing the MMP-activatable receptor PAR-1.
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184
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Ohtani N, Hara E. Roles and mechanisms of cellular senescence in regulation of tissue homeostasis. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:525-30. [PMID: 23360516 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is the state of irreversible cell cycle arrest that can be induced by a variety of potentially oncogenic stimuli and has therefore long been considered to suppress tumorigenesis, acting as a guardian of homeostasis. However, surprisingly, emerging evidence reveals that senescent cells also promote secretion of a series of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and matrix remodeling factors, which alter the local tissue environment and contribute to chronic inflammation and cancer. This newly identified senescence phenotype, termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) or the senescence-messaging secretome (SMS), is induced by DNA damage that promotes the induction of cellular senescence. All of these senescence-associated secreting factors are involved in homeostatic disorders such as cancer. Therefore, it is quite possible that accumulation of senescent cells during the aging process in vivo might contribute to age-related increases in homeostatic disorders. In this review, current knowledge of the molecular and cellular biology of cellular senescence is introduced, focusing on its positive and negative roles in controlling tissue homeostasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Ohtani
- Division of Cancer Biology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
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185
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Angelini PD, Zacarias Fluck MF, Pedersen K, Parra-Palau JL, Guiu M, Bernadó Morales C, Vicario R, Luque-García A, Navalpotro NP, Giralt J, Canals F, Gomis RR, Tabernero J, Baselga J, Villanueva J, Arribas J. Constitutive HER2 signaling promotes breast cancer metastasis through cellular senescence. Cancer Res 2013; 73:450-8. [PMID: 23288917 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Senescence, a terminal cell proliferation arrest, can be triggered by oncogenes. Oncogene-induced senescence is classically considered a tumor defense barrier. However, several findings show that, under certain circumstances, senescent cells may favor tumor progression because of their secretory phenotype. Here, we show that the expression in different breast epithelial cell lines of p95HER2, a constitutively active fragment of the tyrosine kinase receptor HER2, results in either increased proliferation or senescence. In senescent cells, p95HER2 elicits a secretome enriched in proteases, cytokines, and growth factors. This secretory phenotype is not a mere consequence of the senescence status and requires continuous HER2 signaling to be maintained. Underscoring the functional relevance of the p95HER2-induced senescence secretome, we show that p95HER2-induced senescent cells promote metastasis in vivo in a non-cell-autonomous manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Davide Angelini
- Preclinical Research, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO, Barcelona, Spain
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186
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Ondrušová L, Vachtenheim J, Réda J, Žáková P, Benková K. MITF-independent pro-survival role of BRG1-containing SWI/SNF complex in melanoma cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54110. [PMID: 23349796 PMCID: PMC3547967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasized malignant melanoma has a poor prognosis because of its intrinsic resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The central role in the melanoma transcriptional network has the transcription factor MITF (microphthalmia-associated transcription factor). It has been shown recently that the expression of MITF and some of its target genes require the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. Here we demonstrate that survival of melanoma cells requires functional SWI/SNF complex not only by supporting expression of MITF and its targets and but also by activating expression of prosurvival proteins not directly regulated by MITF. Microarray analysis revealed that besides the MITF-driven genes, expression of proteins like osteopontin, IGF1, TGFß2 and survivin, the factors known to be generally associated with progression of tumors and the antiapoptotic properties, were reduced in acute BRG1-depleted 501mel cells. Western blots and RT-PCR confirmed the microarray findings. These proteins have been verified to be expressed independently of MITF, because MITF depletion did not impair their expression. Because these genes are not regulated by MITF, the data suggests that loss of BRG1-based SWI/SNF complexes negatively affects survival pathways beyond the MITF cascade. Immunohistochemistry showed high expression of both BRM and BRG1 in primary melanomas. Exogenous CDK2, osteopontin, or IGF1 each alone partly relieved the block of proliferation imposed by BRG1 depletion, implicating that more factors, besides the MITF target genes, are involved in melanoma cell survival. Together these results demonstrate an essential role of SWI/SNF for the expression of MITF-dependent and MITF-independent prosurvival factors in melanoma cells and suggest that SWI/SNF may be a potential and effective target in melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubica Ondrušová
- Laboratory of Transcription and Cell Signaling, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Vachtenheim
- Laboratory of Transcription and Cell Signaling, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Jiri Réda
- Laboratory of Transcription and Cell Signaling, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Žáková
- Laboratory of Transcription and Cell Signaling, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Benková
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Bulovka, Prague, Czech Republic
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187
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Alexander E, Hildebrand DG, Kriebs A, Obermayer K, Manz M, Rothfuss O, Essmann F, Schulze-Osthoff K. IκBζ is a regulator for the senescence-associated secretory phenotype in DNA damage- and oncogene-induced senescence. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:3738-45. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.128835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence, a state of sustained cell cycle arrest, has been identified as an important anti-tumor barrier. Senescent cells secrete various growth factors and cytokines, such as IL6 and IL8, which collectively constitute the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The SASP can signal to the tumor environment and elicit the immune-mediated clearance of tumor cells or, depending on the context, could potentially promote tumor progression. Despite the importance of the SASP to tumor biology, its regulation remains rather unknown. Here, we show that IκBζ, an atypical member of the inhibitor of NFκB proteins and selective coactivator of particular NFκB target genes, is an important regulator of SASP expression. Several models of DNA damage- and oncogene-induced senescence revealed a robust induction of IκBζ expression. RNAi-mediated knockdown of IκBζ impaired IL6 and IL8 expression, whereas exogenous IκBζ expression resulted in enhanced SASP cytokine expression. Importantly, during senescence of IκBζ knockout cells induction of IL6 and IL8 but not of the cell cycle inhibitor p21WAF/CIP1 was completely abolished. Thus, we propose a distinguished and hitherto unappreciated role of IκBζ for SASP formation in both DNA damage- and oncogene-induced senescence.
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188
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Liu F, Cao J, Lv J, Dong L, Pier E, Xu GX, Wang RA, Xu Z, Goding C, Cui R. TBX2 expression is regulated by PAX3 in the melanocyte lineage. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 26:67-77. [PMID: 23020925 PMCID: PMC3527652 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The paired box homeotic gene 3 (PAX3) is a crucial regulator for the maintenance of melanocytic progenitor cells and has a poorly defined role in melanoma. To understand how PAX3 affects melanocyte and melanoma proliferation, we identified potential PAX3 downstream targets through gene expression profiling. Here, we identify T-box 2 (TBX2), a key developmental regulator of cell identity and an antisenescence factor in melanoma, as a directly regulated PAX3 target. We also found that TBX2 is involved in the survival of melanoma cells and is overexpressed in some melanoma specimens. The identification of TBX2 as a target for PAX3 provides a key insight into how PAX3 may contribute to melanoma evolution and may provide opportunities for prosenescence therapeutic intervention aimed at disrupting the ability of PAX3 to regulate TBX2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine 609 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,100020
| | - Juxiang Cao
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine 609 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Jinghu Lv
- Rizhao General Hospital, Rizhao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Liang Dong
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine 609 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Eric Pier
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine 609 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118
| | - George X. Xu
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Rui-an Wang
- Department of Pathology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhixiang Xu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, 17 Ave S, Birmingham, Al 35233
| | - Colin Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Rutao Cui
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine 609 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118
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189
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Caporali S, Levati L, Graziani G, Muzi A, Atzori MG, Bonmassar E, Palmieri G, Ascierto PA, D'Atri S. NF-κB is activated in response to temozolomide in an AKT-dependent manner and confers protection against the growth suppressive effect of the drug. J Transl Med 2012; 10:252. [PMID: 23259744 PMCID: PMC3551789 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Most DNA-damaging chemotherapeutic agents activate the transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). However, NF-κB activation can either protect from or contribute to the growth suppressive effects of the agent. We previously showed that the DNA-methylating drug temozolomide (TMZ) activates AKT, a positive modulator of NF-κB, in a mismatch repair (MMR) system-dependent manner. Here we investigated whether NF-κB is activated by TMZ and whether AKT is involved in this molecular event. We also evaluated the functional consequence of inhibiting NF-κB on tumor cell response to TMZ. Methods AKT phosphorylation, NF-κB transcriptional activity, IκB-α degradation, NF-κB2/p52 generation, and RelA and NF-κB2/p52 nuclear translocation were investigated in TMZ-treated MMR-deficient (HCT116, 293TLα-) and/or MMR-proficient (HCT116/3-6, 293TLα+, M10) cells. AKT involvement in TMZ-induced activation of NF-κB was addressed in HCT116/3-6 and M10 cells transiently transfected with AKT1-targeting siRNA or using the isogenic MMR-proficient cell lines pUSE2 and KD12, expressing wild type or kinase-dead mutant AKT1. The effects of inhibiting NF-κB on sensitivity to TMZ were investigated in HCT116/3-6 and M10 cells using the NF-κB inhibitor NEMO-binding domain (NBD) peptide or an anti-RelA siRNA. Results TMZ enhanced NF-κB transcriptional activity, activated AKT, induced IκB-α degradation and RelA nuclear translocation in HCT116/3-6 and M10 but not in HCT116 cells. In M10 cells, TMZ promoted NF-κB2/p52 generation and nuclear translocation and enhanced the secretion of IL-8 and MCP-1. TMZ induced RelA nuclear translocation also in 293TLα+ but not in 293TLα- cells. AKT1 silencing inhibited TMZ-induced IκB-α degradation and NF-κB2/p52 generation. Up-regulation of NF-κB transcriptional activity and nuclear translocation of RelA and NF-κB2/p52 in response to TMZ were impaired in KD12 cells. RelA silencing in HCT116/3-6 and M10 cells increased TMZ-induced growth suppression. In M10 cells NBD peptide reduced basal NF-κB activity, abrogated TMZ-induced up-regulation of NF-κB activity and increased sensitivity to TMZ. In HCT116/3-6 cells, the combined treatment with NBD peptide and TMZ produced additive growth inhibitory effects. Conclusion NF-κB is activated in response to TMZ in a MMR- and AKT-dependent manner and confers protection against drug-induced cell growth inhibition. Our findings suggest that a clinical benefit could be obtained by combining TMZ with NF-κB inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Caporali
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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190
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Ohtani N, Takahashi A, Mann DJ, Hara E. Cellular senescence: a double-edged sword in the fight against cancer. Exp Dermatol 2012; 21 Suppl 1:1-4. [PMID: 22626462 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2012.01493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, it has become apparent that oncogenic proliferative signals are coupled to a variety of growth inhibitory responses, such as the induction of apoptotic cell death or irreversible cell cycle arrest known as 'cellular senescence'. Thus, both apoptosis and cellular senescence are thought to act as important tumor suppression mechanisms. Unlike apoptotic cells, however, senescent cells remain viable for long periods of time and accumulate with increasing age in various organs and tissues. Moreover, recent studies reveal that although cellular senescence initially functions as a tumor suppressive process, it may eventually exhibit tumor-promoting effects. Therefore, it is conceivable that accumulation of senescent cells during the ageing process in vivo may contribute to the age-related increase in cancer incidence. In this review, we provide an update and perspective on recent advances made in understanding the deleterious side effects of cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Ohtani
- Division of Cancer Biology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
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191
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Pleiotropic cellular functions of PARP1 in longevity and aging: genome maintenance meets inflammation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:321653. [PMID: 23050038 PMCID: PMC3459245 DOI: 10.1155/2012/321653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a multifactorial process that depends on diverse molecular and cellular mechanisms, such as genome maintenance and inflammation. The nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), which catalyzes the synthesis of the biopolymer poly(ADP-ribose), exhibits an essential role in both processes. On the one hand, PARP1 serves as a genomic caretaker as it participates in chromatin remodelling, DNA repair, telomere maintenance, resolution of replicative stress, and cell cycle control. On the other hand, PARP1 acts as a mediator of inflammation due to its function as a regulator of NF-κB and other transcription factors and its potential to induce cell death. Consequently, PARP1 represents an interesting player in several aging mechanisms and is discussed as a longevity assurance factor on the one hand and an aging-promoting factor on the other hand. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms underlying the various roles of PARP1 in longevity and aging with special emphasis on cellular studies and we briefly discuss the results in the context of in vivo studies in mice and humans.
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192
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Yao H, Rahman I. Role of histone deacetylase 2 in epigenetics and cellular senescence: implications in lung inflammaging and COPD. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 303:L557-66. [PMID: 22842217 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00175.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) is a class I histone deacetylase that regulates various cellular processes, such as cell cycle, senescence, proliferation, differentiation, development, apoptosis, and glucocorticoid function in inhibiting inflammatory response. HDAC2 has been shown to protect against DNA damage response and cellular senescence/premature aging via an epigenetic mechanism in response to oxidative stress. These phenomena are observed in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). HDAC2 is posttranslationally modified by oxidative/carbonyl stress imposed by cigarette smoke and oxidants, leading to its reduction via an ubiquitination-proteasome dependent degradation in lungs of patients with COPD. In this perspective, we have discussed the role of HDAC2 posttranslational modifications and its role in regulation of inflammation, histone/DNA epigenetic modifications, DNA damage response, and cellular senescence, particularly in inflammaging, and during the development of COPD. We have also discussed the potential directions for future translational research avenues in modulating lung inflammaging and cellular senescence based on epigenetic chromatin modifications in diseases associated with increased oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Yao
- Dept. of Environmental Medicine, Lung Biology and Disease Program, Univ. of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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193
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McCool KW, Miyamoto S. DNA damage-dependent NF-κB activation: NEMO turns nuclear signaling inside out. Immunol Rev 2012; 246:311-26. [PMID: 22435563 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The dimeric transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) functions broadly in coordinating cellular responses during inflammation and immune reactions, and its importance in the pathogenesis of cancer is increasingly recognized. Many of the signal transduction pathways that trigger activation of cytoplasmic NF-κB in response to a broad array of immune and inflammatory stimuli have been elaborated in great detail. NF-κB can also be activated by DNA damage, though relatively less is known about the signal transduction mechanisms that link DNA damage in the nucleus with activation of NF-κB in the cytoplasm. Here, we focus on the conserved signaling pathway that has emerged that promotes NF-κB activation following DNA damage. Post-translational modification of NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO) plays a central role in linking the cellular DNA damage response to NF-κB via the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase. Accumulating evidence suggests that DNA damage-dependent NF-κB activation may play significant biological roles, particularly during lymphocyte differentiation and progression of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W McCool
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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194
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Abstract
In recent years, many groups have detected biomarkers of cellular senescence in a plethora of neoplastic lesions, in model systems, and humans. Indeed, we have come to realize that oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) acts as a potent barrier to oncogenic transformation, operating alongside cell death programs. We have begun to uncover some of its underlying principles, but many fundamental questions remain. In this perspective, some of the 'knowns' and 'unknowns' of OIS are discussed, with a focus on melanomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Peeper
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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195
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Perspectives on translational and therapeutic aspects of SIRT1 in inflammaging and senescence. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:1332-9. [PMID: 22796566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuin1 (SIRT1), a type III protein deacetylase, is considered as a novel anti-aging protein involved in regulation of cellular senescence/aging and inflammation. SIRT1 level and activity are decreased during lung inflammaging caused by oxidative stress. The mechanism of SIRT1-mediated protection against inflammaging is associated with the regulation of inflammation, premature senescence, telomere attrition, senescence associated secretory phenotype, and DNA damage response. A variety of dietary polyphenols and pharmacological activators are shown to regulate SIRT1 so as to intervene the progression of type 2 diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease associated with inflammaging. However, recent studies have shown the non-specific regulation of SIRT1 by the aforementioned pharmacological activators and polyphenols. In this perspective, we have briefly discussed the role of SIRT1 in regulation of cellular senescence and its associated secretory phenotype, DNA damage response, particularly in lung inflammaging and during the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. We have also discussed the potential directions for future translational therapeutic avenues for SIRT1 in modulating lung inflammaging associated with senescence in chronic lung diseases associated with increased oxidative stress.
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196
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Ruan JW, Liao YC, Lua I, Li MH, Hsu CY, Chen JH. Human pituitary tumor-transforming gene 1 overexpression reinforces oncogene-induced senescence through CXCR2/p21 signaling in breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14:R106. [PMID: 22789011 PMCID: PMC3680924 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction hPTTG1 (human pituitary tumor-transforming gene 1) is an oncogene overexpressed in breast cancer and several other types of cancer. Increased hPTTG1 expression has been shown to be associated with poor patient outcomes in breast cancer. Although hPTTG1 overexpression plays important roles in promoting the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells, it also has been suggested to induce cellular senescence. Deciphering the mechanism by which hPTTG1 overexpression induces these contradictory actions in breast cancer cells is critical to our understanding of the role of hPTTG1 in breast cancer development. Methods MCF-10A and MCF-7 cells were used to identify the mechanism of hPTTG1-induced senescence. The interplay between hPTTG1 overexpression and chemokine C-X-C motif receptor 2 (CXCR2)/p21-dependent senescence in tumor growth and metastasis of MCF-7 cells was investigated by orthotopic transplantation of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. Additionally, human invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) tissue arrays were used to confirm the hPTTG1/CXCR2/p21 axis established in vitro. Results In this study, we investigated the mechanism of hPTTG1-induced senescence as well as its role in breast cancer progression and metastasis. Herein, we showed that hPTTG1 overexpression reinforced senescence through the CXCR2/p21 signaling. Furthermore, hPTTG1 overexpression activated NF-κB signaling to transactivate the expression of interleukin (IL)-8 and growth-regulated oncogene alpha (GROα) to execute CXCR2 signaling in MCF-7 cells. When CXCR2 expression was knocked down in hPTTG1-overexpressing MCF-7 cells, hPTTG1-induced senescence was abrogated by alleviating CXCR2-induced p21 expression. In a mouse model, CXCR2-mediated senescence limited hPTTG1-induced tumor growth and metastasis. Moreover, CXCR2 knockdown in hPTTG1-overexpressing MCF-7 tumors dramatically accelerated tumor growth and metastasis. Our in vitro and in vivo results demonstrated that hPTTG1 overexpression reinforces senescence through CXCR2 signaling, and the evasion of CXCR2/p21-dependent senescence was critical to hPTTG1 exerting its oncogenic potential. Interestingly, although CXCR2-dependent senescence restrained hPTTG1-induced tumor progression, when MCF-7 cells and hPTTG1-overexpressing MCF-7 cells were co-transplanted into the mammary fat pads of SCID mice, hPTTG1-overexpressing senescent cells created a metastasis-promoting microenvironment that promoted lung metastasis of the MCF-7 cells. Immunohistochemical analysis of human breast tumor samples also confirmed the importance of the hPTTG1/CXCR2 axis in promoting breast cancer metastasis. Conclusions Our findings provide novel molecular insights into hPTTG1-induced senescence and identify a novel mechanism by which hPTTG1 promotes metastasis by regulating the senescence-associated microenvironment.
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Bonet C, Giuliano S, Ohanna M, Bille K, Allegra M, Lacour JP, Bahadoran P, Rocchi S, Ballotti R, Bertolotto C. Aurora B is regulated by the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) signaling pathway and is a valuable potential target in melanoma cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:29887-98. [PMID: 22767597 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.371682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is a deadly skin cancer and is resistant to almost all existing treatment. Vemurafenib, which targets the BRAFV600E mutation, is one of the drugs that improves patient outcome, but the patients next develop secondary resistance and a return to cancer. Thus, new therapeutic strategies are needed to treat melanomas and to increase the duration of v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) inhibitor response. The ERK pathway controls cell proliferation, and Aurora B plays a pivotal role in cell division. Here, we confirm that Aurora B is highly expressed in metastatic melanoma cells and that Aurora B inhibition triggers both senescence-like phenotypes and cell death in melanoma cells. Furthermore, we show that the BRAF/ERK axis controls Aurora B expression at the transcriptional level, likely through the transcription factor FOXM1. Our results provide insight into the mechanism of Aurora B regulation and the first molecular basis of Aurora B regulation in melanoma cells. The inhibition of Aurora B expression that we observed in vemurafenib-sensitive melanoma cells was rescued in cells resistant to this drug. Consistently, these latter cells remain sensitive to the effect of the Aurora B inhibitor. Noteworthy, wild-type BRAF melanoma cells are also sensitive to Aurora B inhibition. Collectively, our findings, showing that Aurora B is a potential target in melanoma cells, particularly in those vemurafenib-resistant, may open new avenues to improve the treatment of metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bonet
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Equipe 1, Biologie et Pathologies des Mélanocytes de la Pigmentation Cutanée au Mélanome, Nice F-06204, France
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198
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Jin L, Zhang Y, Li H, Yao L, Fu D, Yao X, Xu LX, Hu X, Hu G. Differential secretome analysis reveals CST6 as a suppressor of breast cancer bone metastasis. Cell Res 2012; 22:1356-73. [PMID: 22688893 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2012.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metastasis is a frequent complication of breast cancer and a common cause of morbidity and mortality from the disease. During metastasis secreted proteins play crucial roles in the interactions between cancer cells and host stroma. To characterize the secreted proteins that are associated with breast cancer bone metastasis, we preformed a label-free proteomic analysis to compare the secretomes of four MDA-MB-231 (MDA231) derivative cell lines with varied capacities of bone metastasis. A total of 128 proteins were found to be consistently up-/down-regulated in the conditioned medium of bone-tropic cancer cells. The enriched molecular functions of the altered proteins included receptor binding and peptidase inhibition. Through additional transcriptomic analyses of breast cancer cells, we selected cystatin E/M (CST6), a cysteine protease inhibitor down-regulated in bone-metastatic cells, for further functional studies. Our results showed that CST6 suppressed the proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. The suppressive function against cancer cell motility was carried out by cancer cell-derived soluble CST6. More importantly, ectopic expression of CST6 in cancer cells rescued mice from overt osteolytic metastasis and deaths in the animal study, while CST6 knockdown markedly enhanced cancer cell bone metastasis and shortened animal survival. Overall, our study provided a systemic secretome analysis of breast cancer bone tropism and established secreted CST6 as a bona fide suppressor of breast cancer osteolytic metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jin
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 225 South Chongqing Rd, Shanghai 200025, China
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199
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Sun Y, Nelson PS. Molecular pathways: involving microenvironment damage responses in cancer therapy resistance. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:4019-25. [PMID: 22619305 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The armamentarium of therapeutics used to treat cancer patients relies heavily on ionizing radiation and chemotherapeutic drugs that severely damage DNA. Tumor cells' responses to such treatments are heavily influenced by their environment: Physical contacts with structural elements such as the extracellular matrix, associations with resident and transitory benign cells such as fibroblasts and leukocytes, and interactions with numerous soluble endocrine and paracrine-acting factors all modulate tumor-cell behavior. Of importance, this complex tumor microenvironment is not static and dynamically responds to a variety of stimuli. Here, we describe emerging data indicating that genotoxic cancer treatments activate highly conserved damage response programs in benign constituents of the tumor microenvironment. These damage signals, transmitted via master regulators such as NF-κB, culminate in a powerful and diverse secretory program that generates a proangiogenic, proinflammatory microenvironment. Constituents of this program include interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, hepatocyte growth factor, amphiregulin, matrix metalloproteinases, and other factors that have been shown to promote adverse tumor-cell phenotypes, such as enhanced resistance to treatment and rapid tumor repopulation. A detailed understanding of these survival signals induced in the context of genotoxic stress provides a platform for developing combinatorial treatment strategies that take into account malignant cells, the tumor microenvironment, and the dynamics exerted by the treatment itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 91809, USA
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200
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Is the induction of tumor cell senescence the key to a good irradiated tumor vaccine? Mol Ther 2012; 20:884-6. [PMID: 22549805 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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