151
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Dudaniec K, Westendorf K, Nössner E, Uckert W. Generation of Epstein-Barr Virus Antigen-Specific T Cell Receptors Recognizing Immunodominant Epitopes of LMP1, LMP2A, and EBNA3C for Immunotherapy. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:919-935. [PMID: 33798008 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections in healthy individuals are usually cleared by immune cells, wherein CD8+ T lymphocytes play the most important role. However, in some immunocompromised individuals, EBV infections can lead to the development of cancer in B, T, natural killer (NK) cells and epithelial cells. Most EBV-associated cancers express a limited number of virus-specific antigens such as latent membrane proteins (LMP1 and LMP2) and nuclear proteins (EBNA1, -2, EBNA3A, -B, -C, and EBNA-LP). These antigens represent true tumor-specific antigens and can be considered useful targets for T cell receptor (TCR) gene therapy to treat EBV-associated diseases. We used a TCR isolation platform based on a single major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) K562 cell library for the detection, isolation, and re-expression of TCRs targeting immunodominant peptide MHC (pMHC). Mature dendritic cells (mDCs) were pulsed with in vitro-transcribed (ivt) RNA encoding for the selected antigen to stimulate autologous T cells. The procedure allowed the mDCs to select an immunogenic epitope of the antigen for processing and presentation on the cell surface in combination with the most suitable MHC I molecule. We isolated eight EBV-specific TCRs. They recognize various pMHCs of EBV antigens LMP1, LMP2A, and EBNA3C, some of them described previously and some newly identified in this study. The TCR genes were molecularly cloned into retroviral vectors and the resultant TCR-engineered T cells secreted interferon-γ after antigen contact and were able to lyse tumor cells. The EBV-specific TCRs can be used as a basis for the generation of a TCR library, which provides a valuable source of TCRs for the production of EBV-specific T cells to treat EBV-associated diseases in patients with different MHC I types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Dudaniec
- Molecular Cell Biology and Gene Therapy, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Westendorf
- Molecular Cell Biology and Gene Therapy, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Uckert
- Molecular Cell Biology and Gene Therapy, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
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152
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Kluesner MG, Lahr WS, Lonetree CL, Smeester BA, Qiu X, Slipek NJ, Claudio Vázquez PN, Pitzen SP, Pomeroy EJ, Vignes MJ, Lee SC, Bingea SP, Andrew AA, Webber BR, Moriarity BS. CRISPR-Cas9 cytidine and adenosine base editing of splice-sites mediates highly-efficient disruption of proteins in primary and immortalized cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2437. [PMID: 33893286 PMCID: PMC8065034 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas9 cytidine and adenosine base editors (CBEs and ABEs) can disrupt genes without introducing double-stranded breaks by inactivating splice sites (BE-splice) or by introducing premature stop (pmSTOP) codons. However, no in-depth comparison of these methods or a modular tool for designing BE-splice sgRNAs exists. To address these needs, we develop SpliceR ( http://z.umn.edu/spliceR ) to design and rank BE-splice sgRNAs for any Ensembl annotated genome, and compared disruption approaches in T cells using a screen against the TCR-CD3 MHC Class I immune synapse. Among the targeted genes, we find that targeting splice-donors is the most reliable disruption method, followed by targeting splice-acceptors, and introducing pmSTOPs. Further, the CBE BE4 is more effective for disruption than the ABE ABE7.10, however this disparity is eliminated by employing ABE8e. Collectively, we demonstrate a robust method for gene disruption, accompanied by a modular design tool that is of use to basic and translational researchers alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell G Kluesner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Walker S Lahr
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Cara-Lin Lonetree
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Branden A Smeester
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Xiaohong Qiu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nicholas J Slipek
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Patricia N Claudio Vázquez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Samuel P Pitzen
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Emily J Pomeroy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Madison J Vignes
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Samantha C Lee
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Samuel P Bingea
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Aneesha A Andrew
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Beau R Webber
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Branden S Moriarity
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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153
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Sarivalasis A, Morotti M, Mulvey A, Imbimbo M, Coukos G. Cell therapies in ovarian cancer. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2021; 13:17588359211008399. [PMID: 33995591 PMCID: PMC8072818 DOI: 10.1177/17588359211008399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most important cause of gynecological cancer-related mortality. Despite improvements in medical therapies, particularly with the incorporation of drugs targeting homologous recombination deficiency, EOC survival rates remain low. Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) is a personalized form of immunotherapy in which autologous lymphocytes are expanded, manipulated ex vivo, and re-infused into patients to mediate cancer rejection. This highly promising novel approach with curative potential encompasses multiple strategies, including the adoptive transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, natural killer cells, or engineered immune components such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) constructs and engineered T-cell receptors. Technical advances in genomics and immuno-engineering have made possible neoantigen-based ACT strategies, as well as CAR-T cells with increased cell persistence and intratumoral trafficking, which have the potential to broaden the opportunity for patients with EOC. Furthermore, dendritic cell-based immunotherapies have been tested in patients with EOC with modest but encouraging results, while the combination of DC-based vaccination as a priming modality for other cancer therapies has shown encouraging results. In this manuscript, we provide a clinically oriented historical overview of various forms of cell therapies for the treatment of EOC, with an emphasis on T-cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Sarivalasis
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Morotti
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Mulvey
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martina Imbimbo
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- CHUV, Rue du Bugnon 46, Lausanne BH09-701, Switzerland
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154
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MR1-restricted T cells: the new dawn of cancer immunotherapy. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:226783. [PMID: 33185693 PMCID: PMC7670570 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20202962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has recently undergone rapid development into a validated therapy for clinical use. The adoptive transfer of engineered autologous T cells, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, has been remarkably successful in patients with leukemia and lymphoma with cluster of differentiation (CD)19 expression. Because of the higher number of antigen choices and reduced incidence of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) than CAR-T cells, T cell receptor (TCR)-T cells are also considered a promising immunotherapy. More therapeutic targets for other cancers need to be explored due to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-restricted recognition of TCR-T. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), class I-related (MR1)-restricted T cells can recognize metabolites presented by MR1 in the context of host cells infected with pathogens. MR1 is expressed by all types of human cells. Recent studies have shown that one clone of a MR1-restricted T (MR1-T) cell can recognize many types of cancer cells without HLA-restriction. These studies provide additional information on MR1-T cells for cancer immunotherapy. This review describes the complexity of MR1-T cell TCR in diseases and the future of cancer immunotherapy.
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155
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Qin SS, Melucci AD, Chacon AC, Prieto PA. Adoptive T Cell Therapy for Solid Tumors: Pathway to Personalized Standard of Care. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040808. [PMID: 33916369 PMCID: PMC8067276 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) with tumor-infiltrating T cells (TILs) has emerged as a promising therapy for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic solid tumors. One challenge to finding a universal anticancer treatment is the heterogeneity present between different tumors as a result of genetic instability associated with tumorigenesis. As the epitome of personalized medicine, TIL-ACT bypasses the issue of intertumoral heterogeneity by utilizing the patient’s existing antitumor immune response. Despite being one of the few therapies capable of inducing durable, complete tumor regression, many patients fail to respond. Recent research has focused on increasing therapeutic efficacy by refining various aspects of the TIL protocol, which includes the isolation, ex vivo expansion, and subsequent infusion of tumor specific lymphocytes. This review will explore how the therapy has evolved with time by highlighting various resistance mechanisms to TIL therapy and the novel strategies to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang S. Qin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;
| | - Alexa D. Melucci
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (A.D.M.); (A.C.C.)
| | - Alexander C. Chacon
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (A.D.M.); (A.C.C.)
| | - Peter A. Prieto
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (A.D.M.); (A.C.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(585)-703-4655
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156
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Paijens ST, Vledder A, de Bruyn M, Nijman HW. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in the immunotherapy era. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:842-859. [PMID: 33139907 PMCID: PMC8115290 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00565-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical success of cancer immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has refocused attention on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) across cancer types. The outcome of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in cancer patients has been linked to the quality and magnitude of T cell, NK cell, and more recently, B cell responses within the tumor microenvironment. State-of-the-art single-cell analysis of TIL gene expression profiles and clonality has revealed a remarkable degree of cellular heterogeneity and distinct patterns of immune activation and exhaustion. Many of these states are conserved across tumor types, in line with the broad responses observed clinically. Despite this homology, not all cancer types with similar TIL landscapes respond similarly to immunotherapy, highlighting the complexity of the underlying tumor-immune interactions. This observation is further confounded by the strong prognostic benefit of TILs observed for tumor types that have so far respond poorly to immunotherapy. Thus, while a holistic view of lymphocyte infiltration and dysfunction on a single-cell level is emerging, the search for response and prognostic biomarkers is just beginning. Within this review, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of TIL biology, their prognostic benefit, and their predictive value for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sterre T Paijens
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annegé Vledder
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco de Bruyn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans W Nijman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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157
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de Miguel M, Umana P, Gomes de Morais AL, Moreno V, Calvo E. T-cell-engaging Therapy for Solid Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:1595-1603. [PMID: 33082210 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-2448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
T-cell engagers (TCE) are a rapidly evolving novel group of treatments that have in common the concurrent engagement of a T-cell surface molecule and a tumoral cell antigen. Bispecific antibodies and genetically engineered adoptive cell therapies, as chimeric antigen receptors or T-cell receptors, have similarities and differences among their mechanisms of action, toxicity profiles, and resistance pathways. Nevertheless, the success observed in the hematologic field has not been obtained with solid tumors yet, as they are biologically more complex and have few truly tumor-specific cell surface antigens that can be targeted with high avidity T cells. Different strategies are under study to improve their short-term perspective, such as new generations of more active TCEs, multi-target or combination of different treatments approaches, or to improve the manufacturing processes. A comprehensive review of TCEs as a grouped treatment class, their current status, and research directions in their application to solid tumors therapeutics are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria de Miguel
- START Madrid-HM Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal (CIOCC) Early Phase Program, HM Sanchinarro University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Umana
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich Schlieren, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ana Luiza Gomes de Morais
- START Madrid-HM Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal (CIOCC) Early Phase Program, HM Sanchinarro University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Moreno
- START Madrid-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (FJD) Early Phase Program, Fundación Jiménez Díaz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emiliano Calvo
- START Madrid-HM Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal (CIOCC) Early Phase Program, HM Sanchinarro University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
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158
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Parking CAR T Cells in Tumours: Oncolytic Viruses as Valets or Vandals? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051106. [PMID: 33807553 PMCID: PMC7961585 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) and adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) each possess direct tumour cytolytic capabilities, and their combination potentially seems like a match made in heaven to complement the strengths and weakness of each modality. While providing strong innate immune stimulation that can mobilize adaptive responses, the magnitude of anti-tumour T cell priming induced by OVs is often modest. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) modified T cells bypass conventional T cell education through introduction of a synthetic receptor; however, realization of their full therapeutic properties can be stunted by the heavily immune-suppressive nature of the tumour microenvironment (TME). Oncolytic viruses have thus been seen as a natural ally to overcome immunosuppressive mechanisms in the TME which limit CAR T cell infiltration and functionality. Engineering has further endowed viruses with the ability to express transgenes in situ to relieve T cell tumour-intrinsic resistance mechanisms and decorate the tumour with antigen to overcome antigen heterogeneity or loss. Despite this helpful remodeling of the tumour microenvironment, it has simultaneously become clear that not all virus induced effects are favourable for CAR T, begging the question whether viruses act as valets ushering CAR T into their active site, or vandals which cause chaos leading to both tumour and T cell death. Herein, we summarize recent studies combining these two therapeutic modalities and seek to place them within the broader context of viral T cell immunology which will help to overcome the current limitations of effective CAR T therapy to make the most of combinatorial strategies.
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159
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Schoenfeld AJ, O'Cearbhaill RE. How Do We Meet the Challenge of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy for Solid Tumors? Cancer J 2021; 27:134-142. [PMID: 33750073 PMCID: PMC8457037 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Immune checkpoint inhibition has vastly improved the treatment of solid tumors, but most patients do not experience durable clinical benefit, so novel immunotherapeutic approaches are needed. Autologous T cells genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have led to unprecedented clinical success in hematologic malignancies, and increasing efforts are actively being pursued to translate these benefits to the solid tumor arena. However, solid tumors present unique challenges for CAR T-cell development. In this review, we examine the potential barriers to progress and present emerging approaches to overcome these challenges with CAR therapy in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Schoenfeld
- From the Cellular Therapy Center, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, and Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
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160
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Yi F, Klebanoff CA. Erasing iatrogenic neoantigens from in vivo CRISPR screens. Immunity 2021; 54:406-408. [PMID: 33691131 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In vivo genetic screens using CRISPR-Cas9 are a powerful tool to resolve the molecular determinants of response and resistance to cancer immunotherapies; however, vector immunogenicity can introduce artifact. In this issue of Immunity, Dubrot et al. report a strategy to "erase" vector-associated neoantigens, enabling a more physiologic assessment of tumor-immune cell interactions in immunocompetent hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yi
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Immuno-Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Cell Engineering, MSKCC, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christopher A Klebanoff
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Immuno-Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Cell Engineering, MSKCC, New York, NY 10065, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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161
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Jones HF, Molvi Z, Klatt MG, Dao T, Scheinberg DA. Empirical and Rational Design of T Cell Receptor-Based Immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2021; 11:585385. [PMID: 33569049 PMCID: PMC7868419 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.585385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of T cells reactive with intracellular tumor-associated or tumor-specific antigens has been a promising strategy for cancer immunotherapies in the past three decades, but the approach has been constrained by a limited understanding of the T cell receptor's (TCR) complex functions and specificities. Newer TCR and T cell-based approaches are in development, including engineered adoptive T cells with enhanced TCR affinities, TCR mimic antibodies, and T cell-redirecting bispecific agents. These new therapeutic modalities are exciting opportunities by which TCR recognition can be further exploited for therapeutic benefit. In this review we summarize the development of TCR-based therapeutic strategies and focus on balancing efficacy and potency versus specificity, and hence, possible toxicity, of these powerful therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather F. Jones
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Zaki Molvi
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Martin G. Klatt
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tao Dao
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - David A. Scheinberg
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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162
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Liu X, Chang Q, Wang H, Qian H, Jiang Y. Discovery and function exploration of microRNA-155 as a molecular biomarker for early detection of breast cancer. Breast Cancer 2021; 28:806-821. [PMID: 33475963 PMCID: PMC8213678 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-021-01215-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNA-155 (miR-155) may function as a diagnostic biomarker of breast cancer (BC). Nevertheless, the available evidence is controversial. Therefore, we performed this study to summarize the global predicting role of miR-155 for early detection of BC and preliminarily explore the functional roles of miR-155 in BC. METHODS We first collected published studies and applied the bivariate meta-analysis model to generate the pooled diagnostic parameters of miR-155 in diagnosing BC such as sensitivity, specificity and area under curve (AUC). Then, we applied function enrichment and protein-protein interactions (PPI) analyses to explore the potential mechanisms of miR-155. RESULTS A total of 21 studies were finally included. The results indicated that miR-155 allowed for the discrimination between BC patients and healthy controls with a sensitivity of 0.87 (95% CI 0.78-0.93), specificity of 0.82 (0.72-0.89), and AUC of 0.91 (0.88-0.93). In addition, the overall sensitivity, specificity and AUC for circulating miR-155 were 0.88 (0.76-0.95), 0.83 (0.72-0.90), and 0.92 (0.89-0.94), respectively. Function enrichment analysis revealed several vital ontologies terms and pathways associated with BC occurrence and development. Furthermore, in the PPI network, ten hub genes and two significant modules were identified to be involved in some important pathways associated with the pathogenesis of BC. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that miR-155 has great potential to facilitate accurate BC detection and may serve as a promising diagnostic biomarker for BC. However, well-designed cohort studies and biological experiments should be implemented to confirm the diagnostic value of miR-155 before it can be applied to routine clinical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Kang Le Road No. 4, Zhangjiagang, 215600, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qingyu Chang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Kang Le Road No. 4, Zhangjiagang, 215600, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haiqiang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Kang Le Road No. 4, Zhangjiagang, 215600, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hairong Qian
- Department of General Surgery, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Kang Le Road No. 4, Zhangjiagang, 215600, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yikun Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Kang Le Road No. 4, Zhangjiagang, 215600, Jiangsu, China
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163
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Exley AR, McBlane J. Regulating innovation in the early development of cell therapies. IMMUNOTHERAPY ADVANCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/immadv/ltaa011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
Clinical need for paradigm shifts in efficacy and safety is driving the rapid and wide-ranging innovation in cell therapies for cancer beyond existing regulatory frameworks. Critical issues emerging during clinical trials frequently reflect unresolved elements of the regulation of innovation conundrum from earlier stages of development. We address this challenge using a global regulators’ perspective on the preclinical development of cell therapies, as a navigational aid to intended commercial use which maximises the clinical relevance of developmental data. We examine the implications of tumour targeting based on B cell, natural killer cell, conventional and unconventional T cell receptor domains; multiplex approaches; genetic manipulation strategies; and autologous versus allogeneic cell sources. We propose that detailed characterisation of both the cell source and final product is critical to optimising manufacture of individualised autologous or off the shelf allogeneic cell therapies, enabling product consistency to underpin extrapolation of clinical trial data to the expected commercial use. We highlight preclinical approaches to characterising target antigens including the Human Cell Atlas initiative, multi-dimensional cell culture, and safety testing against activated, proliferating or stressed control cells. Practical solutions are provided for preclinical toxicity studies when cell therapies target uniquely human tumour antigens, including illustrative mitigation measures for potential toxicity likely to support timely approval of first-in-human clinical trials. We recommend addressing the regulation of innovation conundrum through serial engagement between innovators and regulators early in the development of cell therapies for cancer, accelerating patient access while safeguarding against unacceptable toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Exley
- Biologicals and Biotechnology Unit, Licensing Division, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, London, UK
| | - James McBlane
- Biologicals and Biotechnology Unit, Licensing Division, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, London, UK
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164
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Leko V, Rosenberg SA. Identifying and Targeting Human Tumor Antigens for T Cell-Based Immunotherapy of Solid Tumors. Cancer Cell 2020; 38:454-472. [PMID: 32822573 PMCID: PMC7737225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer elimination in humans can be achieved with immunotherapy that relies on T lymphocyte-mediated recognition of tumor antigens. Several types of these antigens have been recognized based on their cellular origins and expression patterns, while their detection has been greatly facilitated by recent achievements in next-generation sequencing and immunopeptidomics. Some of them have been targeted in clinical trials with various immunotherapy approaches, while many others remain untested. Here, we discuss molecular identification of different tumor antigen types, and the clinical safety and efficacy of targeting them with immunotherapy. Additionally, we suggest strategies to increase the efficacy and availability of antigen-directed immunotherapies for treatment of patients with metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vid Leko
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10-CRC, Room 3-3942, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Steven A Rosenberg
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10-CRC, Room 3-3942, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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165
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Winge-Main AK, Wälchli S, Inderberg EM. T cell receptor therapy against melanoma-Immunotherapy for the future? Scand J Immunol 2020; 92:e12927. [PMID: 32640053 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma has seen monumental changes in treatment options the last decade from the very poor results of dacarbazine treatment to the modern-day use of targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Melanoma has a high mutational burden making it more capable of evoking immune responses than many other tumours. Even when considering double immune checkpoint blockade with anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1, we still have far to go in melanoma treatment as 50% of patients with metastatic disease do not respond to current treatment. Alternative immunotherapy should therefore be considered. Since melanoma has a high mutational burden, it is considered more immunogenic than many other tumours. T cell receptor (TCR) therapy could be a possible way forward, either alone or in combination, to improve the response rates of this deadly disease. Melanoma is one of the cancers where TCR therapy has been frequently applied. However, the number of antigens targeted remains fairly limited, although advanced personalized therapies aim at also targeting private mutations. In this review, we look at possible aspects of targeting TCR therapy towards melanoma and provide an implication of its use in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Winge-Main
- Department of Cellular Therapy, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oncology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Department of Cellular Therapy, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Department of Cellular Therapy, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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166
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Liu Y, Li Z, Hao J, Chen H, Hou T, Hao H. Circular RNAs associated with a mouse model of concanavalin A-induced autoimmune hepatitis: preliminary screening and comprehensive functional analysis. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:2350-2362. [PMID: 32965791 PMCID: PMC7609805 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Without treatment, autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) often leads to cirrhosis, liver failure and, in some cases, death. However, the pathogenesis of AIH remains incompletely understood. Here, we explored the relationship between differentially expressed circular RNAs (DECs) and development of AIH by obtaining an expression profile of DECs in a concanavalin A‐induced AIH mouse model by microarray. In total, we identified 27 DECs; the host genes of these DECs were annotated with 140 Gene Ontology terms and 19 pathways, revealing potential roles in the metabolism of cellular ions and regulation of protein expression, as well as possible involvement in endocytosis and apoptosis. We constructed a circular RNA–microRNA network that was used to infer that a mmu_circ_0001520/mmu‐miR‐193b‐3p/MAPK10 network may be associated with the occurrence of AIH. These findings may help lay the foundation for validation of the potential roles of circular RNAs in AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China.,Basic Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Zhencheng Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China.,Basic Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Jianheng Hao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China.,Basic Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China.,Basic Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Tiezheng Hou
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China.,Basic Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Huiqin Hao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China.,Basic Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
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167
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Gaissmaier L, Elshiaty M, Christopoulos P. Breaking Bottlenecks for the TCR Therapy of Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:E2095. [PMID: 32937956 PMCID: PMC7564186 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have redefined the treatment of cancer, but their efficacy depends critically on the presence of sufficient tumor-specific lymphocytes, and cellular immunotherapies develop rapidly to fill this gap. The paucity of suitable extracellular and tumor-associated antigens in solid cancers necessitates the use of neoantigen-directed T-cell-receptor (TCR)-engineered cells, while prevention of tumor evasion requires combined targeting of multiple neoepitopes. These can be currently identified within 2 weeks by combining cutting-edge next-generation sequencing with bioinformatic pipelines and used to select tumor-reactive TCRs in a high-throughput manner for expeditious scalable non-viral gene editing of autologous or allogeneic lymphocytes. "Young" cells with a naive, memory stem or central memory phenotype can be additionally armored with "next-generation" features against exhaustion and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, where they wander after reinfusion to attack heavily pretreated and hitherto hopeless neoplasms. Facilitated by major technological breakthroughs in critical manufacturing steps, based on a solid preclinical rationale, and backed by rapidly accumulating evidence, TCR therapies break one bottleneck after the other and hold the promise to become the next immuno-oncological revolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Gaissmaier
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany; (L.G.); (M.E.)
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mariam Elshiaty
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany; (L.G.); (M.E.)
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petros Christopoulos
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany; (L.G.); (M.E.)
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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168
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Donoghue MTA, Schram AM, Hyman DM, Taylor BS. Discovery through clinical sequencing in oncology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 1:774-783. [PMID: 35122052 PMCID: PMC8985175 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-020-0100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The molecular characterization of tumors now informs clinical cancer care for many patients. This advent of molecular oncology is driven by the expanding number of therapeutic biomarkers that can predict sensitivity to both approved and investigational agents. Beyond its role in driving clinical trial enrollments and guiding therapy in individual patients, large-scale clinical genomics in oncology also represents a rapidly expanding research resource for translational scientific discovery. Here, we review the progress, opportunities, and challenges of scientific and translational discovery from prospective clinical genomic screening programs now routinely conducted in cancer patients.
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169
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Adaptive T cell immunotherapy in cancer. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 64:363-371. [PMID: 32712831 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1713-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Impaired tumor-specific effector T cells contribute to tumor progression and unfavorable clinical outcomes. As a compensatory T cell-dependent cancer immunoediting strategy, adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) has achieved encouraging therapeutic results, and this strategy is now on the center stage of cancer treatment and research. ACT involves the ex vivo stimulation and expansion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) with inherent tumor reactivity or T cells that have been genetically modified to express the cognate chimeric antigen receptor or T cell receptor (CAR/TCR), followed by the passive transfer of these cells into a lymphodepleted host. Primed T cells must provide highly efficient and long-lasting immune defense against transformed cells during ACT. Anin-depth understanding of the basic mechanisms of these living drugs can help us improve upon current strategies and design better next-generation T cell-based immunotherapies. From this perspective, we provide an overview of current developments in different ACT strategies, with a focus on frontier clinical trials that offer a proof of principle. Meanwhile, insights into the determinants of ACT are discussed, which will lead to more rational, potent and widespread applications in the future.
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170
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TCR-like domain antibody against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) heat shock protein antigen presented by HLA-A*11 and HLA-A*24. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 155:305-314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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171
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Rath JA, Arber C. Engineering Strategies to Enhance TCR-Based Adoptive T Cell Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:E1485. [PMID: 32570906 PMCID: PMC7349724 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR)-based adoptive T cell therapies (ACT) hold great promise for the treatment of cancer, as TCRs can cover a broad range of target antigens. Here we summarize basic, translational and clinical results that provide insight into the challenges and opportunities of TCR-based ACT. We review the characteristics of target antigens and conventional αβ-TCRs, and provide a summary of published clinical trials with TCR-transgenic T cell therapies. We discuss how synthetic biology and innovative engineering strategies are poised to provide solutions for overcoming current limitations, that include functional avidity, MHC restriction, and most importantly, the tumor microenvironment. We also highlight the impact of precision genome editing on the next iteration of TCR-transgenic T cell therapies, and the discovery of novel immune engineering targets. We are convinced that some of these innovations will enable the field to move TCR gene therapy to the next level.
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MESH Headings
- Biomedical Engineering
- Cell Engineering
- Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy/adverse effects
- Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy/methods
- Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy/trends
- Gene Editing
- Genetic Therapy
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/adverse effects
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/trends
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Safety
- Synthetic Biology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Translational Research, Biomedical
- Tumor Microenvironment/genetics
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Arber
- Department of oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
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172
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Chronic Viral Liver Diseases: Approaching the Liver Using T Cell Receptor-Mediated Gene Technologies. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061471. [PMID: 32560123 PMCID: PMC7349849 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with viral hepatitis is a major risk factor for liver injury and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). One major contributing factor to the chronicity is the dysfunction of virus-specific T cell immunity. T cells engineered to express virus-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) may be a therapeutic option to improve host antiviral responses and have demonstrated clinical success against virus-associated tumours. This review aims to give an overview of TCRs identified from viral hepatitis research and discuss how translational lessons learned from cancer immunotherapy can be applied to the field. TCR isolation pipelines, liver homing signals, cell type options, as well as safety considerations will be discussed herein.
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173
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Etxeberria I, Olivera I, Bolaños E, Cirella A, Teijeira Á, Berraondo P, Melero I. Engineering bionic T cells: signal 1, signal 2, signal 3, reprogramming and the removal of inhibitory mechanisms. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:576-586. [PMID: 32433539 PMCID: PMC7264123 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0464-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene engineering and combinatorial approaches with other cancer immunotherapy agents may confer capabilities enabling full tumor rejection by adoptive T cell therapy (ACT). The provision of proper costimulatory receptor activity and cytokine stimuli, along with the repression of inhibitory mechanisms, will conceivably make the most of these treatment strategies. In this sense, T cells can be genetically manipulated to become refractory to suppressive mechanisms and exhaustion, last longer and differentiate into memory T cells while endowed with the ability to traffic to malignant tissues. Their antitumor effects can be dramatically augmented with permanent or transient gene transfer maneuvers to express or delete/repress genes. A combination of such interventions seeks the creation of the ultimate bionic T cell, perfected to seek and destroy cancer cells upon systemic or local intratumor delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki Etxeberria
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Irene Olivera
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elixabet Bolaños
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Asunta Cirella
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Álvaro Teijeira
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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174
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Murciano-Goroff YR, Warner AB, Wolchok JD. The future of cancer immunotherapy: microenvironment-targeting combinations. Cell Res 2020; 30:507-519. [PMID: 32467593 PMCID: PMC7264181 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0337-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy holds the potential to induce durable responses, but only a minority of patients currently respond. The etiologies of primary and secondary resistance to immunotherapy are multifaceted, deriving not only from tumor intrinsic factors, but also from the complex interplay between cancer and its microenvironment. In addressing frontiers in clinical immunotherapy, we describe two categories of approaches to the design of novel drugs and combination therapies: the first involves direct modification of the tumor, while the second indirectly enhances immunogenicity through alteration of the microenvironment. By systematically addressing the factors that mediate resistance, we are able to identify mechanistically-driven novel approaches to improve immunotherapy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allison Betof Warner
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jedd D Wolchok
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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175
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Roncati L, Palmieri B. Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) to treat malignant melanoma: the dawn of a chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy from autologous donor. Int J Dermatol 2020; 59:763-769. [PMID: 32441324 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.14945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are B, T-helper, and T-cytotoxic lymphocytes migrated from the blood or lymph stream toward a tumor with the aim to infiltrate and destroy it. They can be histologically graded as brisk, nonbrisk, or absent. Malignant melanoma has been the first malignancy found to be correlated with TILs status, being brisk TILs associated with better clinical outcomes. By the terminology of "adoptive cell transfer" (ACT), the medical oncology refers to the transfer of cells in a tumor-bearing patient from the same recipient or a healthy donor. METHODS A PubMed literature search on the topic has been performed. Additional documents known to the authors and identified from the reference list of cited publications have been included. RESULTS In the past, autologous TILs ACT was successfully tested for the treatment of malignant melanoma and, today, it is a standardized procedure in several centers around the world. It represents the first research step toward the bioengineered chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy from autologous donor. CONCLUSIONS Both autologous TILs ACT and CAR-T cell therapy from autologous donor exploit the anticancer power of targeted self-lymphocytes, but CAR-T cell technology also virtually allows treatment of those melanomas devoid of TILs or with so few cytotoxic TILs that are difficult to identify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Roncati
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, Modena (MO), Italy
| | - Beniamino Palmieri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, Modena (MO), Italy
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176
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Aftab BT, Sasu B, Krishnamurthy J, Gschweng E, Alcazer V, Depil S. Toward “off‐the‐shelf” allogeneic CAR T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/acg2.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbra Sasu
- Allogene Therapeutics South San Francisco CA USA
| | | | | | | | - Stéphane Depil
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon Lyon France
- Centre Léon Bérard Lyon France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Lyon France
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177
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Talotta F, Casalino L, Verde P. The nuclear oncoprotein Fra-1: a transcription factor knocking on therapeutic applications' door. Oncogene 2020; 39:4491-4506. [PMID: 32385348 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1306-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Among the FOS-related members of the AP-1 dimeric complex, the transcription factor Fra-1, encoded by FOSL1, is crucially involved in human tumor progression and metastasis, thus representing a promising therapeutic target. Here we review the state of the art and discuss the emerging topics and perspectives on FOSL1 and its gene product. First, we summarize the present knowledge on the FOSL1 transcriptional and epigenetic controls, driving Fra-1 accumulation in a variety of human solid tumors. We also present a model on the regulatory interactions between Fra-1, p53, and miRNAs. Then, we outline the multiple roles of Fra-1 posttranslational modifications and transactivation mechanisms of select Fra-1 target genes. In addition to summarizing the Fra-1-dependent gene networks controlling proliferation, survival, and epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMT) in multiple cancer cell types, we highlight the roles played by Fra-1 in nonneoplastic cell populations recruited to the tumor microenvironment, and in mouse models of tumorigenesis. Next, we review the prognostic power of the Fra-1-associated gene signatures, and envisage potential strategies aimed at Fra-1 therapeutic inhibition. Finally, we discuss several recent reports showing the emerging roles of Fra-1 in the mechanisms of both resistance and addiction to targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Talotta
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso" CNR, Naples, Italy.,ReiThera Srl, Castel Romano, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Casalino
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso" CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Verde
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso" CNR, Naples, Italy.
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178
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Turbitt WJ, Rosean CB, Weber KS, Norian LA. Obesity and CD8 T cell metabolism: Implications for anti-tumor immunity and cancer immunotherapy outcomes. Immunol Rev 2020; 295:203-219. [PMID: 32157710 PMCID: PMC7416819 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is an established risk factor for many cancers and has recently been found to alter the efficacy of T cell-based immunotherapies. Currently, however, the effects of obesity on immunometabolism remain unclear. Understanding these associations is critical, given the fact that T cell metabolism is tightly linked to effector function. Thus, any obesity-associated changes in T cell bioenergetics are likely to drive functional changes at the cellular level, alter the metabolome and cytokine/chemokine milieu, and impact cancer immunotherapy outcomes. Here, we provide a brief overview of T cell metabolism in the presence and absence of solid tumor growth and summarize current literature regarding obesity-associated changes in T cell function and bioenergetics. We also discuss recent findings related to the impact of host obesity on cancer immunotherapy outcomes and present potential mechanisms by which T cell metabolism may influence therapeutic efficacy. Finally, we describe promising pharmaceutical therapies that are being investigated for their ability to improve CD8 T cell metabolism and enhance cancer immunotherapy outcomes in patients, regardless of their obesity status.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Turbitt
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - K. Scott Weber
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Lyse A. Norian
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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179
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Drakes DJ, Rafiq S, Purdon TJ, Lopez AV, Chandran SS, Klebanoff CA, Brentjens RJ. Optimization of T-cell Receptor-Modified T Cells for Cancer Therapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 8:743-755. [PMID: 32209638 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR)-modified T-cell gene therapy can target a variety of extracellular and intracellular tumor-associated antigens, yet has had little clinical success. A potential explanation for limited antitumor efficacy is a lack of T-cell activation in vivo We postulated that expression of proinflammatory cytokines in TCR-modified T cells would activate T cells and enhance antitumor efficacy. We demonstrate that expression of interleukin 18 (IL18) in tumor-directed TCR-modified T cells provides a superior proinflammatory signal than expression of interleukin 12 (IL12). Tumor-targeted T cells secreting IL18 promote persistent and functional effector T cells and a proinflammatory tumor microenvironment. Together, these effects augmented overall survival of mice in the pmel-1 syngeneic tumor model. When combined with sublethal irradiation, IL18-secreting pmel-1 T cells were able to eradicate tumors, whereas IL12-secreting pmel-1 T cells caused toxicity in mice through excessive cytokine secretion. In another xenograft tumor model, IL18 secretion enhanced the persistence and antitumor efficacy of NY-ESO-1-reactive TCR-modified human T cells as well as overall survival of tumor-bearing mice. These results demonstrate a rationale for optimizing the efficacy of TCR-modified T-cell cancer therapy through expression of IL18.See related commentary by Wijewarnasuriya et al., p. 732.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J Drakes
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York
| | - Sarwish Rafiq
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Terence J Purdon
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Andrea V Lopez
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Smita S Chandran
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, New York, New York
| | - Christopher A Klebanoff
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, New York, New York.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Renier J Brentjens
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York. .,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Cellular Therapeutics Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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180
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Chruściel E, Urban-Wójciuk Z, Arcimowicz Ł, Kurkowiak M, Kowalski J, Gliwiński M, Marjański T, Rzyman W, Biernat W, Dziadziuszko R, Montesano C, Bernardini R, Marek-Trzonkowska N. Adoptive Cell Therapy-Harnessing Antigen-Specific T Cells to Target Solid Tumours. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E683. [PMID: 32183246 PMCID: PMC7140076 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, much research has been focused on the field of adoptive cell therapies (ACT) that use native or genetically modified T cells as therapeutic tools. Immunotherapy with T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) demonstrated great success in the treatment of haematologic malignancies, whereas adoptive transfer of autologous tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) proved to be highly effective in metastatic melanoma. These encouraging results initiated many studies where ACT was tested as a treatment for various solid tumours. In this review, we provide an overview of the challenges of T cell-based immunotherapies of solid tumours. We describe alternative approaches for choosing the most efficient T cells for cancer treatment in terms of their tumour-specificity and phenotype. Finally, we present strategies for improvement of anti-tumour potential of T cells, including combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Chruściel
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science (ICCVS), University of Gdańsk, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland; (E.C.); (Z.U.-W.); (M.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Zuzanna Urban-Wójciuk
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science (ICCVS), University of Gdańsk, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland; (E.C.); (Z.U.-W.); (M.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Łukasz Arcimowicz
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science (ICCVS), University of Gdańsk, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland; (E.C.); (Z.U.-W.); (M.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Małgorzata Kurkowiak
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science (ICCVS), University of Gdańsk, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland; (E.C.); (Z.U.-W.); (M.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jacek Kowalski
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science (ICCVS), University of Gdańsk, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland; (E.C.); (Z.U.-W.); (M.K.); (J.K.)
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Gliwiński
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Marjański
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland; (T.M.); (W.R.)
| | - Witold Rzyman
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland; (T.M.); (W.R.)
| | - Wojciech Biernat
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Rafał Dziadziuszko
- Department of Oncology and Radiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Carla Montesano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Roberta Bernardini
- Department of Biology and Interdepartmental Center CIMETA, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Natalia Marek-Trzonkowska
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science (ICCVS), University of Gdańsk, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland; (E.C.); (Z.U.-W.); (M.K.); (J.K.)
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Cellular Therapies, Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
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181
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Xu S, Tang L, Li X, Fan F, Liu Z. Immunotherapy for glioma: Current management and future application. Cancer Lett 2020; 476:1-12. [PMID: 32044356 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are intrinsic brain tumors that originate from neuroglial progenitor cells. Conventional therapies, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, have achieved limited improvements in the prognosis of glioma patients. Immunotherapy, a revolution in cancer treatment, has become a promising strategy with the ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier since the pioneering discovery of lymphatics in the central nervous system. Here we detail the current management of gliomas and previous studies assessing different immunotherapies in gliomas, despite the fact that the associated clinical trials have not been completed yet. Moreover, several drugs that have undergone clinical trials are listed as novel strategies for future application; however, these clinical trials have indicated limited efficacy in glioma. Therefore, additional studies are warranted to evaluate novel therapeutic approaches in glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengchao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xizhe Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhixiong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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182
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Chandran SS, Klebanoff CA. T cell receptor-based cancer immunotherapy: Emerging efficacy and pathways of resistance. Immunol Rev 2020; 290:127-147. [PMID: 31355495 PMCID: PMC7027847 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells can induce durable remissions in patients with refractory B-lymphoid cancers. By contrast, results applying CAR-modified T cells to solid malignancies have been comparatively modest. Alternative strategies to redirect T cell specificity and cytolytic function are therefore necessary if ACT is to serve a greater role in human cancer treatments. T cell receptors (TCRs) are antigen recognition structures physiologically expressed by all T cells that have complementary, and in some cases superior, properties to CARs. Unlike CARs, TCRs confer recognition to epitopes derived from proteins residing within any subcellular compartment, including the membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus. This enables TCRs to detect a broad universe of targets, such as neoantigens, cancer germline antigens, and viral oncoproteins. Moreover, because TCRs have evolved to efficiently detect and amplify antigenic signals, these receptors respond to epitope densities many fold smaller than required for CAR-signaling. Herein, we summarize recent clinical data demonstrating that TCR-based immunotherapies can mediate regression of solid malignancies, including immune-checkpoint inhibitor refractory cancers. These trials simultaneously highlight emerging mechanisms of TCR resistance. We conclude by discussing how TCR-based immunotherapies can achieve broader dissemination through innovations in cell manufacturing and non-viral genome integration techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita S Chandran
- Center for Cell Engineering and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, New York, NY
| | - Christopher A Klebanoff
- Center for Cell Engineering and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, New York, NY.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
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183
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Liu Y, Chen H, Hao J, Li Z, Hou T, Hao H. Characterization and functional prediction of the microRNAs differentially expressed in a mouse model of concanavalin A-induced autoimmune hepatitis. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:2312-2327. [PMID: 32922197 PMCID: PMC7484648 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.47766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the altered expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the development of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), the aberrantly expressed miRNAs in the concanavalin A (Con A)-induced AIH mouse model were identified for the first time with microarray in this study. A total of 49 miRNAs (31 up- and 18 down-regulated) were screened out, and the qRT-PCR validation results of 12 chosen miRNAs were consistent with the microarray data. Combined with the profiling of differently expressed mRNAs in the same model (data not shown), 959 predicted target genes (601 for up- and 358 for down-regulated miRNAs) were obtained according to the intersection of databases miRWalk and miRDB, and several hub genes were obtained from the regulatory networks, including Cadm1 and Mier3. These target genes were significantly enriched in the Gene ontology (GO) terms of "transcription, DNA-templated", and were annotated in 47 signaling pathways, comprising "Wnt signaling pathway", "Hippo signaling pathway", "Ferroptosis" and "mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway", according to the GO and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. In the miRNA-GO-network, mmu-miR-193b-3p were exhibited in 33 GO terms of biological processes (BP), and the most significantly regulated GO term in BP categories was "regulation of transcription, DNA-templated". While in the miRNA-pathway-network, mmu-miR-7005-5p were enriched in 37 pathways, which was more than the other specifically expressed miRNAs, and the most significantly enriched pathways were "Endocytosis" and "MAPK signaling pathway". In conclusion, these differently expressed miRNAs seemed to be associated with the onset of AIH, and have the potential to serve as the new targets on the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, 030619, PR China.,Basic Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, 030619, PR China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, 030619, PR China.,Basic Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, 030619, PR China
| | - Jianheng Hao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, 030619, PR China.,Basic Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, 030619, PR China
| | - Zhencheng Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, 030619, PR China.,Basic Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, 030619, PR China
| | - Tiezheng Hou
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, 030619, PR China.,Basic Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, 030619, PR China
| | - Huiqin Hao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, 030619, PR China.,Basic Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, 030619, PR China
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184
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Human Anti-tumor Immunity: Insights from Immunotherapy Clinical Trials. Immunity 2020; 52:36-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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185
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Summers C, Sheth VS, Bleakley M. Minor Histocompatibility Antigen-Specific T Cells. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:284. [PMID: 32582592 PMCID: PMC7283489 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Minor Histocompatibility (H) antigens are major histocompatibility complex (MHC)/Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-bound peptides that differ between allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) recipients and their donors as a result of genetic polymorphisms. Some minor H antigens can be used as therapeutic T cell targets to augment the graft-vs.-leukemia (GVL) effect in order to prevent or manage leukemia relapse after HCT. Graft engineering and post-HCT immunotherapies are being developed to optimize delivery of T cells specific for selected minor H antigens. These strategies have the potential to reduce relapse risk and thereby permit implementation of HCT approaches that are associated with less toxicity and fewer late effects, which is particularly important in the growing and developing pediatric patient. Most minor H antigens are expressed ubiquitously, including on epithelial tissues, and can be recognized by donor T cells following HCT, leading to graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD) as well as GVL. However, those minor H antigens that are expressed predominantly on hematopoietic cells can be targeted for selective GVL. Once full donor hematopoietic chimerism is achieved after HCT, hematopoietic-restricted minor H antigens are present only on residual recipient malignant hematopoietic cells, and these minor H antigens serve as tumor-specific antigens for donor T cells. Minor H antigen-specific T cells that are delivered as part of the donor hematopoietic stem cell graft at the time of HCT contribute to relapse prevention. However, in some cases the minor H antigen-specific T cells delivered with the graft may be quantitatively insufficient or become functionally impaired over time, leading to leukemia relapse. Following HCT, adoptive T cell immunotherapy can be used to treat or prevent relapse by delivering large numbers of donor T cells targeting hematopoietic-restricted minor H antigens. In this review, we discuss minor H antigens as T cell targets for augmenting the GVL effect in engineered HCT grafts and for post-HCT immunotherapy. We will highlight the importance of these developments for pediatric HCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Summers
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Vipul S Sheth
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Marie Bleakley
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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186
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Cho J, Kuswanto W, Benoist C, Mathis D. T cell receptor specificity drives accumulation of a reparative population of regulatory T cells within acutely injured skeletal muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:26727-26733. [PMID: 31822623 PMCID: PMC6936428 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1914848116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxp3+CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) play important roles in controlling both homeostatic processes and immune responses at the tissue and organismal levels. For example, Tregs promote muscle regeneration in acute or chronic injury models by direct effects on local muscle progenitor cells, as well as on infiltrating inflammatory cells. Muscle Tregs have a transcriptome, a T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, and effector capabilities distinct from those of classical, lymphoid-organ Tregs, but it has proven difficult to study the provenance and functions of these unique features due to the rarity of muscle Tregs and their fragility on isolation. Here, we attempted to sidestep these hindrances by generating, characterizing, and employing a line of mice carrying rearranged transgenes encoding the TCRα and TCRβ chains from a Treg clone rapidly and specifically expanded within acutely injured hindlimb muscle of young mice. Tregs displaying the transgene-encoded TCR preferentially accumulated in injured hindlimb muscle in a TCR-dependent manner both in the straight transgenic model and in adoptive-transfer systems; non-Treg CD4+ T cells expressing the same TCR did not specifically localize in injured muscle. The definitive muscle-Treg transcriptome was not established until the transgenic Tregs inhabited muscle. When crossed onto the mdx model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, the muscle-Treg TCR transgenes drove enhanced accumulation of Tregs in hindlimb muscles and improved muscle regeneration. These findings invoke the possibility of harnessing muscle Tregs or their TCRs for treatment of skeletal muscle pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cho
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 61005 Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Wilson Kuswanto
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Christophe Benoist
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Diane Mathis
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
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