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Olivera I, Luri-Rey C, Teijeira A, Eguren-Santamaria I, Gomis G, Palencia B, Berraondo P, Melero I. Facts and Hopes on Neutralization of Protumor Inflammatory Mediators in Cancer Immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:4711-4727. [PMID: 37522874 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-3653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
In cancer pathogenesis, soluble mediators are responsible for a type of inflammation that favors the progression of tumors. The mechanisms chiefly involve changes in the cellular composition of the tumor tissue stroma and in the functional modulation of myeloid and lymphoid leukocytes. Active immunosuppression, proangiogenesis, changes in leukocyte traffic, extracellular matrix remodeling, and alterations in tumor-antigen presentation are the main mechanisms linked to the inflammation that fosters tumor growth and metastasis. Soluble inflammatory mediators and their receptors are amenable to various types of inhibitors that can be combined with other immunotherapy approaches. The main proinflammatory targets which can be interfered with at present and which are under preclinical and clinical development are IL1β, IL6, the CXCR1/2 chemokine axis, TNFα, VEGF, leukemia inhibitory factor, CCL2, IL35, and prostaglandins. In many instances, the corresponding neutralizing agents are already clinically available and can be repurposed as a result of their use in other areas of medicine such as autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Olivera
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Luri-Rey
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alvaro Teijeira
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Iñaki Eguren-Santamaria
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gabriel Gomis
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Belen Palencia
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Bella Á, Arrizabalaga L, Di Trani CA, Gonzalez-Gomariz J, Gomar C, Russo-Cabrera JS, Olivera I, Cirella A, Fernandez-Sendin M, Alvarez M, Teijeira A, Atay C, Medina-Echeverz J, Hinterberger M, Hochrein H, Melero I, Berraondo P, Aranda F. Intraperitoneal administration of a modified vaccinia virus Ankara confers single-chain interleukin-12 expression to the omentum and achieves immune-mediated efficacy against peritoneal carcinomatosis. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e006702. [PMID: 37918917 PMCID: PMC10626836 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-006702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peritoneal carcinomatosis is an advanced stage of cancer in which the disease has spread to the peritoneal cavity. In order to restore antitumor immunity subverted by tumor cells in this location, we evaluated intraperitoneal administrations of modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) engineered to express single-chain interleukin 12 (scIL-12) to increase antitumor immune responses. METHODS MVA encoding scIL-12 (MVA.scIL-12) was evaluated against peritoneal carcinomatosis models based on intraperitoneal engraftment of tumor cells. CD8-mediated immune responses, elucidated antitumor efficacy, and safety were evaluated following intravenous, intratumoral, or intraperitoneal administration of the viral vector. The immune response was measured by ELISpot (enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot), RNA sequencing, flow cytometry, intravital microscopy, and depletion of lymphocyte subsets with monoclonal antibodies. Safety was assessed by body-weight follow-up and blood testing. Tissue tropism on intravenous or intraperitoneal administration was assessed by bioluminescence analysis using a reporter MVA encoding luciferase. RESULTS Intraperitoneal or locoregional administration, but not other routes of administration, resulted in a potent immune response characterized by increased levels of tumor-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes with the ability to produce both interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α. The antitumor immune response was detectable not only in the peritoneal cavity but also systemically. As a result of intraperitoneal treatment, a single administration of MVA.scIL-12 encoding scIL-12 completely eradicated MC38 tumors implanted in the peritoneal cavity and also protected cured mice from subsequent subcutaneous rechallenges. Bioluminescence imaging using an MVA encoding luciferase revealed that intraperitoneal administration targets transgene to the omentum. The omentum is considered a key tissue in immune protection of the peritoneal cavity. The safety profile of intraperitoneal administration was also better than that following intravenous administration since no weight loss or hematological toxicity was observed when the vector was locally delivered into the peritoneal cavity. CONCLUSION Intraperitoneal administration of MVA vectors encoding scIL-12 targets the omentum, which is the tissue where peritoneal carcinomatosis usually begins. MVA.scIL-12 induces a potent tumor-specific immune response that often leads to the eradication of experimental tumors disseminated to the peritoneal cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Bella
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leire Arrizabalaga
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Claudia Augusta Di Trani
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose Gonzalez-Gomariz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Celia Gomar
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Joan Salvador Russo-Cabrera
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Irene Olivera
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Assunta Cirella
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Myriam Fernandez-Sendin
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Alvarez
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alvaro Teijeira
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Oncology and Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and Oxford Center for Immuno-Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
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Cirella A, Bolaños E, Luri-Rey C, Di Trani CA, Olivera I, Gomis G, Glez-Vaz J, Pinci B, Garasa S, Sánchez-Gregorio S, Azpilikueta A, Eguren-Santamaria I, Valencia K, Palencia B, Alvarez M, Ochoa MC, Teijeira Á, Berraondo P, Melero I. Intratumoral immunotherapy with mRNAs encoding chimeric protein constructs encompassing IL-12, CD137 agonists, and TGF-β antagonists. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2023; 33:668-682. [PMID: 37650116 PMCID: PMC10462790 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Intratumoral immunotherapy strategies for cancer based on interleukin-12 (IL-12)-encoding cDNA and mRNA are under clinical development in combination with anti-PD-(L)1 monoclonal antibodies. To make the most of these approaches, we have constructed chimeric mRNAs encoding single-chain IL-12 fused to single-chain fragment variable (scFv) antibodies that bind to transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and CD137 (4-1BB). Several neutralizing TGF-β agents and CD137 agonists are also undergoing early-phase clinical trials. To attain TGF-β and CD137 binding by the constructions, we used bispecific tandem scFv antibodies (taFvs) derived from the specific 1D11 and 1D8 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), respectively. Transfection of mRNAs encoding the chimeric constructs achieved functional expression of the proteins able to act on their targets. Upon mRNA intratumoral injections in the transplantable mouse cancer models CT26, MC38, and B16OVA, potent therapeutic effects were observed following repeated injections into the tumors. Efficacy was dependent on the number of CD8+ T cells able to recognize tumor antigens that infiltrated the malignant tissue. Although the abscopal effects on concomitant uninjected lesions were modest, such distant effects on untreated lesions were markedly increased when combined with systemic PD-1 blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Cirella
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elixabet Bolaños
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Luri-Rey
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Claudia Augusta Di Trani
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Irene Olivera
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gabriel Gomis
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Glez-Vaz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Beatrice Pinci
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Saray Garasa
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sandra Sánchez-Gregorio
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Arantza Azpilikueta
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iñaki Eguren-Santamaria
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Karmele Valencia
- Program of Solid Tumors, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Palencia
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Alvarez
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria C. Ochoa
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Teijeira
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 28027 Madrid, Spain
- Centro Del Cancer de La Universidad de Navarra (CCUN), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Nuffield Department of Medicine (NDM), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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Glez-Vaz J, Azpilikueta A, Ochoa MC, Olivera I, Gomis G, Cirella A, Luri-Rey C, Álvarez M, Pérez-Gracia JL, Ciordia S, Eguren-Santamaria I, Alexandru R, Berraondo P, de Andrea C, Teijeira Á, Corrales F, Zapata JM, Melero I. CD137 (4-1BB) requires physically associated cIAPs for signal transduction and antitumor effects. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadf6692. [PMID: 37595047 PMCID: PMC11044178 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf6692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
CD137 (4-1BB) is a member of the TNFR family that mediates potent T cell costimulatory signals upon ligation by CD137L or agonist monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). CD137 agonists attain immunotherapeutic antitumor effects in cancer mouse models, and multiple agents of this kind are undergoing clinical trials. We show that cIAP1 and cIAP2 are physically associated with the CD137 signaling complex. Moreover, cIAPs are required for CD137 signaling toward the NF-κB and MAPK pathways and for costimulation of human and mouse T lymphocytes. Functional evidence was substantiated with SMAC mimetics that trigger cIAP degradation and by transfecting cIAP dominant-negative variants. Antitumor effects of agonist anti-CD137 mAbs are critically dependent on the integrity of cIAPs in cancer mouse models, and cIAPs are also required for signaling from CARs encompassing CD137's cytoplasmic tail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Glez-Vaz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Arantza Azpilikueta
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - María C. Ochoa
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Departments of Immunology-Immunotherapy, Pathology and Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Olivera
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gabriel Gomis
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Asunta Cirella
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Departments of Immunology-Immunotherapy, Pathology and Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Luri-Rey
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Álvarez
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose L. Pérez-Gracia
- Departments of Immunology-Immunotherapy, Pathology and Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, CNB-CSIC, Proteored-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iñaki Eguren-Santamaria
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Departments of Immunology-Immunotherapy, Pathology and Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Raluca Alexandru
- Departments of Immunology-Immunotherapy, Pathology and Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos de Andrea
- Departments of Immunology-Immunotherapy, Pathology and Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Álvaro Teijeira
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Corrales
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, CNB-CSIC, Proteored-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan M. Zapata
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (IIBm), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Departments of Immunology-Immunotherapy, Pathology and Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Cirella A, Olivera I, Luri-Rey C, Bolaños E, Berraondo P, Melero I. Interleukin-18 in cancer immunology and immunotherapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:1035-1042. [PMID: 37993172 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2287574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a myeloid leukocyte inflammatory mediator whose main known function is to elicit IFNγ secretion from T and NK cells. AREAS COVERED This function offers potential in cancer immunotherapy but as a single treatment, preclinical and clinical antitumor activities are modest. IL-18 bioactivity is chiefly downregulated by a decoy soluble receptor named IL18-binding protein (IL-18BP) that is induced by IFNγ as a negative feedback mechanism. Recent advances indicate promising efficacy of IL-18 at armoring CAR-T cells for the treatment of hematological malignancies. Preclinical research has also yielded IL-18 constructs that do not bind IL-18BP but have preserved activity on the receptor and exert markedly increased antitumor effects. Indeed, agents of this kind are undergoing clinical trials. The synergistic effects of IL-18 and IL-12 in combination to induce IFNγ are extremely potent but are toxic if systemically delivered. In mouse models, IL-12 and decoy-resistant variants of IL-18 can be efficaciously used as local treatments for tumors by exploiting mRNA intratumoral co-delivery. Moreover, antitumor T cells can be transiently engineered with mRNAs encoding this combination of cytokines to attain efficacious synergistic effects also upon intratumoral delivery. EXPERT OPINION IL-18 certainly holds promise for immunotherapy in combination with other agents and for local approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Cirella
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Irene Olivera
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Luri-Rey
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elixabet Bolaños
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
- Department of Immunology and immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Madrid, Spain
- Centro del Cancer de la Universidad de Navarra (CCUN), Pamplona, Spain
- Nuffield Department of Medicine (NDM), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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6
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Ochoa MC, Sanchez-Gregorio S, de Andrea CE, Garasa S, Alvarez M, Olivera I, Glez-Vaz J, Luri-Rey C, Etxeberria I, Cirella A, Azpilikueta A, Berraondo P, Argemi J, Sangro B, Teijeira A, Melero I. Synergistic effects of combined immunotherapy strategies in a model of multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101009. [PMID: 37040772 PMCID: PMC10140615 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint-inhibitor combinations are the best therapeutic option for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients, but improvements in efficacy are needed to improve response rates. We develop a multifocal HCC model to test immunotherapies by introducing c-myc using hydrodynamic gene transfer along with CRISPR-Cas9-mediated disruption of p53 in mouse hepatocytes. Additionally, induced co-expression of luciferase, EGFP, and the melanosomal antigen gp100 facilitates studies on the underlying immunological mechanisms. We show that treatment of the mice with a combination of anti-CTLA-4 + anti-PD1 mAbs results in partial clearance of the tumor with an improvement in survival. However, the addition of either recombinant IL-2 or an anti-CD137 mAb markedly improves both outcomes in these mice. Combining tumor-specific adoptive T cell therapy to the aCTLA-4/aPD1/rIL2 or aCTLA-4/aPD1/aCD137 regimens enhances efficacy in a synergistic manner. As shown by multiplex tissue immunofluorescence and intravital microscopy, combined immunotherapy treatments enhance T cell infiltration and the intratumoral performance of T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmen Ochoa
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain; Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Sanchez-Gregorio
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain; Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos E de Andrea
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Pathology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Saray Garasa
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Alvarez
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Irene Olivera
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Glez-Vaz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Luri-Rey
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iñaki Etxeberria
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Assunta Cirella
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Arantza Azpilikueta
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Josepmaria Argemi
- Liver Unit and HPB Oncology Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Bruno Sangro
- Liver Unit and HPB Oncology Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alvaro Teijeira
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain; Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain; Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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7
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Olivera I, Bolaños E, Gonzalez-Gomariz J, Hervas-Stubbs S, Mariño KV, Luri-Rey C, Etxeberria I, Cirella A, Egea J, Glez-Vaz J, Garasa S, Alvarez M, Eguren-Santamaria I, Guedan S, Sanmamed MF, Berraondo P, Rabinovich GA, Teijeira A, Melero I. mRNAs encoding IL-12 and a decoy-resistant variant of IL-18 synergize to engineer T cells for efficacious intratumoral adoptive immunotherapy. Cell Rep Med 2023:100978. [PMID: 36933554 PMCID: PMC10040457 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.100978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) gene transfer enhances the therapeutic potency of adoptive T cell therapies. We previously reported that transient engineering of tumor-specific CD8 T cells with IL-12 mRNA enhanced their systemic therapeutic efficacy when delivered intratumorally. Here, we mix T cells engineered with mRNAs to express either single-chain IL-12 (scIL-12) or an IL-18 decoy-resistant variant (DRIL18) that is not functionally hampered by IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP). These mRNA-engineered T cell mixtures are repeatedly injected into mouse tumors. Pmel-1 T cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic T cells electroporated with scIL-12 or DRIL18 mRNAs exert powerful therapeutic effects in local and distant melanoma lesions. These effects are associated with T cell metabolic fitness, enhanced miR-155 control on immunosuppressive target genes, enhanced expression of various cytokines, and changes in the glycosylation profile of surface proteins, enabling adhesiveness to E-selectin. Efficacy of this intratumoral immunotherapeutic strategy is recapitulated in cultures of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells on IL-12 and DRIL18 mRNA electroporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Olivera
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elixabet Bolaños
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose Gonzalez-Gomariz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sandra Hervas-Stubbs
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Karina V Mariño
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Carlos Luri-Rey
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iñaki Etxeberria
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Assunta Cirella
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Josune Egea
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Glez-Vaz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Saray Garasa
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maite Alvarez
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Iñaki Eguren-Santamaria
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sonia Guedan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi iSunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel F Sanmamed
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Glicomedicina, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Alvaro Teijeira
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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8
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Cirella A, Bolaños E, Di Trani CA, de Andrea CE, Sánchez-Gregorio S, Etxeberria I, Gonzalez-Gomariz J, Olivera I, Brocco D, Glez-Vaz J, Luri-Rey C, Azpilikueta A, Rodríguez I, Fernandez-Sendín M, Egea J, Eguren I, Sanmamed MF, Palencia B, Teijeira A, Berraondo P, Melero I. Intratumoral Gene Transfer of mRNAs Encoding IL12 in Combination with Decoy-Resistant IL18 Improves Local and Systemic Antitumor Immunity. Cancer Immunol Res 2023; 11:184-198. [PMID: 36478221 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-22-0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IL12-based local gene therapy of cancer constitutes an active area of clinical research using plasmids, mRNAs, and viral vectors. To improve antitumor effects, we have experimentally tested the combination of mRNA constructs encoding IL12 and IL18. Moreover, we have used a form of IL18 [decoy-resistant IL18 (DR-18)] which has preserved bioactivity but does not bind to the IL18 binding protein decoy receptor. Both cytokines dramatically synergize to induce IFNγ release from mouse splenocytes, and, if systemically cotransferred to the liver, they mediate lethal toxicity. However, if given intratumorally to B16OVA tumor-bearing mice, the combination attains efficacy against the directly treated tumor and moderate tumor-delaying activity on distant noninjected lesions. Cotreatment was conducive to the presence of more activated CD8+ T cells in the treated and noninjected tumors. In keeping with these findings, the efficacy of treatment was contingent on the integrity of CD8+ T cells and cDC1 dendritic cells in the treated mice. Furthermore, efficacy of IL12 plus DR-18 local mRNA coinjection against distant concomitant tumors could be enhanced upon combination with anti-PD-1 mAb systemic treatment, thus defining a feasible synergistic immunotherapy strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Cirella
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elixabet Bolaños
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Claudia Augusta Di Trani
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos E de Andrea
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Sánchez-Gregorio
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iñaki Etxeberria
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose Gonzalez-Gomariz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Irene Olivera
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Davide Brocco
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. D'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Javier Glez-Vaz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Luri-Rey
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Arantza Azpilikueta
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Rodríguez
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Myriam Fernandez-Sendín
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Josune Egea
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iñaki Eguren
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miguel F Sanmamed
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Oncology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belen Palencia
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alvaro Teijeira
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Oncology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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9
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Alvarez M, Molina C, Garasa S, Ochoa MC, Rodriguez-Ruiz ME, Gomis G, Cirella A, Olivera I, Glez-Vaz J, Gonzalez-Gomariz J, luri-Rey C, azpilikueta A, Bolaños E, Teijeira A, Berraondo P, Quintero M, Melero I. Intratumoral neoadjuvant immunotherapy based on the BO-112 viral RNA mimetic. Oncoimmunology 2023; 12:2197370. [PMID: 37035637 PMCID: PMC10078127 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2023.2197370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BO-112 is a poly I:C-based viral mimetic that exerts anti-tumor efficacy when intratumorally delivered in mouse models. Intratumoral BO-112 synergizes in mice with systemic anti-PD-1 mAbs and this combination has attained efficacy in PD1-refractory melanoma patients. We sought to evaluate the anti-tumor efficacy of BO-112 pre-surgically applied in neoadjuvant settings to mouse models. We have observed that repeated intratumoral injections of BO-112 prior to surgical excision of the primary tumor significantly reduced tumor metastasis from orthotopically implanted 4T1-derived tumors and subcutaneous MC38-derived tumors in mice. Such effects were enhanced when combined with systemic anti-PD-1 mAb. The anti-tumor efficacy of this neoadjuvant immunotherapy approach depended on the presence of antigen-specific effector CD8 T cells and cDC1 antigen-presenting cells. Since BO-112 has been successful in phase-two clinical trials for metastatic melanoma, these results provide a strong rationale for translating this pre-surgical strategy into clinical settings, especially in combination with standard-of-care checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Alvarez
- Program for Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- CONTACT Maite Alvarez
| | - Carmen Molina
- Program for Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Saray Garasa
- Program for Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria C. Ochoa
- Program for Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria E Rodriguez-Ruiz
- Departments of Immunology and Oncology (CCUN), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gabriel Gomis
- Program for Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Assunta Cirella
- Program for Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Irene Olivera
- Program for Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Glez-Vaz
- Program for Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose Gonzalez-Gomariz
- Program for Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - carlos luri-Rey
- Program for Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - arantza azpilikueta
- Program for Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elixabet Bolaños
- Program for Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alvaro Teijeira
- Program for Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program for Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ignacio Melero
- Program for Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Departments of Immunology and Oncology (CCUN), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and Oxford Center for Immuno-Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Ignacio Melero Program for Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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10
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Di Trani CA, Cirella A, Arrizabalaga L, Bella Á, Fernandez-Sendin M, Russo-Cabrera JS, Gomar C, Olivera I, Bolaños E, González-Gomariz J, Álvarez M, Etxeberria I, Palencia B, Teijeira Á, Melero I, Berraondo P, Aranda F. Intracavitary adoptive transfer of IL-12 mRNA-engineered tumor-specific CD8 + T cells eradicates peritoneal metastases in mouse models. Oncoimmunology 2022; 12:2147317. [PMID: 36531687 PMCID: PMC9757485 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2147317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that local delivery of tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes engineered to transiently express single-chain IL-12 mRNA is highly efficacious. Peritoneal dissemination of cancer is a frequent and often fatal patient condition usually diagnosed when the tumor burden is too large and hence uncontrollable with current treatment options. In this study, we have modeled intracavitary adoptive T cell therapy with OVA-specific OT-I T cells electroporated with IL-12 mRNA to treat B16-OVA and PANC02-OVA tumor spread in the peritoneal cavity. Tumor localization in the omentum and the effects of local T-cell encounter with the tumor antigens were monitored, the gene expression profile evaluated, and the phenotypic reprogramming of several immune subsets was characterized. Intraperitoneal administration of T cells promoted homing to the omentum more effectively than intravenous administration. Transient IL-12 expression was responsible for a favorable reprogramming of the tumor immune microenvironment, longer persistence of transferred T lymphocytes in vivo, and the development of immunity to endogenous antigens following primary tumor eradication. The efficacy of the strategy was at least in part recapitulated with the adoptive transfer of lower affinity transgenic TCR-bearing PMEL-1 T lymphocytes to treat the aggressive intraperitoneally disseminated B16-F10 tumor. Locoregional adoptive transfer of transiently IL-12-armored T cells appears to offer promising therapeutic advantages in terms of anti-tumor efficacy to treat peritoneal carcinomatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Augusta Di Trani
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Assunta Cirella
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leire Arrizabalaga
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ángela Bella
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Myriam Fernandez-Sendin
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Joan Salvador Russo-Cabrera
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Celia Gomar
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Irene Olivera
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Bolaños
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - José González-Gomariz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Álvarez
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain,Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Iñaki Etxeberria
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Belen Palencia
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Álvaro Teijeira
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain,Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain,Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain,Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,CONTACT Fernando Aranda Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain,Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
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11
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Teijeira A, Garasa S, Luri-Rey C, de Andrea C, Gato M, Molina C, Kaisho T, Cirella A, Azpilikueta A, Wculek SK, Egea J, Olivera I, Rodriguez I, Rouzaut A, Verkhusha V, Valencia K, Sancho D, Berraondo P, Melero I. Depletion of Conventional Type-1 Dendritic Cells in Established Tumors Suppresses Immunotherapy Efficacy. Cancer Res 2022; 82:4373-4385. [PMID: 36130020 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The ability of conventional type-1 dendritic cells (cDC1) to cross-present tumor antigens to CD8+ T cells is critical for the induction of antitumor CTLs. Mice that are constitutively deficient in cDC1 cells have been reported to fail to respond to immunotherapy strategies based on checkpoint inhibitors. However, further work is needed to clarify the precise time during immunotherapy treatment that cDC1 cells are required for the beneficial effect of treatment. Here, we used a refined XCR1-DTR-Venus transgenic mouse model to acutely deplete cDC1 cells and trace their behavior using intravital microscopy. Diphtheria toxin-mediated cDC1 depletion prior to immunotherapy treatment with anti-PD-1 and/or anti-CD137 immunostimulatory mAbs completely ablated antitumor efficacy. The efficacy of adoptive T-cell therapy was also hampered by prior cDC1 depletion. After the onset of immunotherapy treatment, depletion of cDC1s only moderately reduced the therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD-1 and anti-CD137 mAbs. Intravital microscopy of liver-engrafted tumors revealed changes in the intratumoral behavior of cDC1 cells in mice receiving immunotherapy, and treatment with diphtheria toxin to deplete cDC1s impaired tumor T-cell infiltration and function. These results reveal that the functional integrity of the cDC1 compartment is required at the onset of various immunotherapies to successfully treat established tumors. SIGNIFICANCE These findings reveal the intratumoral behavior of cDC1 dendritic cells in transgenic mouse models and demonstrate that the efficacy of immunotherapy regimens is precluded by elimination of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Teijeira
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Department, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute of Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Saray Garasa
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Department, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute of Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Luri-Rey
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Department, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos de Andrea
- Navarra Institute of Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Pathology Department, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Gato
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Department, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Molina
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Department, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Tsuneyasu Kaisho
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Assunta Cirella
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Department, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Arantza Azpilikueta
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Department, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute of Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Steffanie K Wculek
- Immunobiology Lab, Centro Nacional de Investigación Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Josune Egea
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Department, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Irene Olivera
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Department, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Rodriguez
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Department, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute of Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Rouzaut
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Department, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute of Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Vladislav Verkhusha
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Karmele Valencia
- Navarra Institute of Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Oncology Department, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - David Sancho
- Immunobiology Lab, Centro Nacional de Investigación Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Department, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute of Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Department, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute of Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Deparments of Immunology and Oncology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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12
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Olivera I, Sanz-Pamplona R, Bolaños E, Rodriguez I, Etxeberria I, Cirella A, Egea J, Garasa S, Migueliz I, Eguren-Santamaria I, Sanmamed MF, Glez-Vaz J, Azpilikueta A, Alvarez M, Ochoa MC, Malacrida B, Propper D, de Andrea CE, Berraondo P, Balkwill FR, Teijeira Á, Melero I. A Therapeutically Actionable Protumoral Axis of Cytokines Involving IL-8, TNFα, and IL-1β. Cancer Discov 2022; 12:2140-2157. [PMID: 35771565 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-8 (CXCL8) produced in the tumor microenvironment correlates with poor response to checkpoint inhibitors and is known to chemoattract and activate immunosuppressive myeloid leukocytes. In human cancer, IL8 mRNA levels correlate with IL1B and TNF transcripts. Both cytokines induced IL-8 functional expression from a broad variety of human cancer cell lines, primary colon carcinoma organoids, and fresh human tumor explants. Although IL8 is absent from the mouse genome, a similar murine axis in which TNFα and IL-1β upregulate CXCL1 and CXCL2 in tumor cells was revealed. Furthermore, intratumoral injection of TNFα and IL-1β induced IL-8 release from human malignant cells xenografted in immunodeficient mice. In all these cases, the clinically used TNFα blockers infliximab and etanercept or the IL-1β inhibitor anakinra was able to interfere with this pathogenic cytokine loop. Finally, in paired plasma samples of patients with cancer undergoing TNFα blockade with infliximab in a clinical trial, reductions of circulating IL-8 were substantiated. SIGNIFICANCE IL-8 attracts immunosuppressive protumor myeloid cells to the tumor microenvironment, and IL-8 levels correlate with poor response to checkpoint inhibitors. TNFα and IL-1β are identified as major inducers of IL-8 expression on malignant cells across cancer types and models in a manner that is druggable with clinically available neutralizing agents. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 2007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Olivera
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona Spain
| | - Rebeca Sanz-Pamplona
- Unit of Biomarkers and Susceptibility, Oncology Data Analytics Program (ODAP), Oncobell Program, Catalan Institute of Cancer (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), CIBERESP, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain and ARAID Researcher, Aragon Health Research institute (IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elixabet Bolaños
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona Spain
| | - Inmaculada Rodriguez
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona Spain
| | - Iñaki Etxeberria
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona Spain
| | - Assunta Cirella
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona Spain
| | - Josune Egea
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona Spain
| | - Saray Garasa
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Itziar Migueliz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona Spain
| | - Iñaki Eguren-Santamaria
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona Spain
| | - Miguel F Sanmamed
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Glez-Vaz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona Spain
| | - Arantza Azpilikueta
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona Spain
| | - Maite Alvarez
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María C Ochoa
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatrice Malacrida
- Center for tumour microenvironment, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kindgom
| | - David Propper
- Center for tumour microenvironment, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kindgom
| | - Carlos E de Andrea
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Frances R Balkwill
- Center for tumour microenvironment, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kindgom
| | - Álvaro Teijeira
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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13
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Olivera I, Sanz-Pamplona R, Bolaños E, Rodriguez I, Etxeberria I, Cirella A, Garasa S, Migueliz I, Eguren I, Sanmamed MF, Glez-Vaz J, Azpilikueta A, Alvarez M, Ochoa MC, De Andrea CE, Berraondo P, Teijeira Á, Melero I. Abstract 3826: A therapeutically actionable pro-tumoral axis of cytokines involving interleukin-8, TNFα and IL-1β. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-3826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Interleukin-8 produced in the tumor microenvironment correlates with poor response to checkpoint inhibitors and is known to chemoattract and activate immunosuppressive myeloid leukocytes. An important question is what are the mechanisms that control IL-8 transcription in tumors. Various factors have been described but the main common denominator is NF-кB activation. In this regard, considering inflammatory mediators present in the tumor and whose receptors act as NF-кB inducers, TNFα and IL-1β became obvious candidates. In this study, we provide multiple lines of evidence that TNFα and IL-1β are able to elicit functional IL-8 from malignant cells in a manner that can be inhibited by clinically grade blockade agents.
Methods: Short-term cultured human tumor cell lines, fresh human tumor explants and primary organoids were stimulated with TNFα or IL-1β to test for IL-8 induction. Moreover, syngeneic and xenografted tumors were also used to study IL-8 induction in response to TNFα or to IL-1β. Correlation between these cytokines and IL-8 transcripts were studied in TCGA and other databases to search.
Results: We have been able to correlate IL-8 mRNA levels with IL-1β and TNFα transcripts in human cancers. Both cytokines induced IL-8 functional expression from a broad variety of human cancer cell lines, primary colon carcinoma organoids and fresh human tumor explants. Although IL-8 is absent from the mouse genome, a similar murine axis in which TNFα and IL-1β upregulate CXCL1 and CXCL2 in several mouse tumor cells was revealed. Furthermore, intratumoral injection of TNFα and IL-1β induced IL-8 release from human malignant cells xenografted in immunodeficient mice. In all these cases, the clinically used TNFα-blockers infliximab and etanercept, or the IL-1β inhibitor anakinra were able to interfere with this pathogenic cytokine loop. Moreover, treatment with checkpoint inhibitors augments TNFα in syngeneic and xenografted tumors thereby turning on this immunosuppressive chemokine-driven axis. However, we have demonstrated that co-blockade of TNFα and IL-1β could equally enhance anti-tumor efficacy of αPD1+αCTLA-4 regimens as CXCR1/CXCR2 inhibitors, reparixin and AZD5069, did.
Conclusions: In this study, we have identified TNFα and IL-1β as major inducers of IL-8 transcription on human cancers. In keeping with these findings, both TNFα and IL-1β induce functional IL-8 release from all tested human tumor cell lines representing a variety of tissue origins, as well as from primary organoids and fresh human cancer explants. In all these cases, including xenografted human tumors, IL-8 induction could be blunted by the pharmacological blockade of TNFα or IL-1β. Finally, inhibition of this pathogenic cytokine loop could increase the anti-tumoral effect of checkpoint inhibitors.
Citation Format: Irene Olivera, Rebeca Sanz-Pamplona, Elixabet Bolaños, Inmaculada Rodriguez, Iñaki Etxeberria, Assunta Cirella, Saray Garasa, Itziar Migueliz, Iñaki Eguren, Miguel F. Sanmamed, Javier Glez-Vaz, Arantza Azpilikueta, Maite Alvarez, Maria C. Ochoa, Carlos E. De Andrea, Pedro Berraondo, Álvaro Teijeira, Ignacio Melero. A therapeutically actionable pro-tumoral axis of cytokines involving interleukin-8, TNFα and IL-1β [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 3826.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Olivera
- 1Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Saray Garasa
- 1Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Iñaki Eguren
- 1Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Maite Alvarez
- 1Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
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14
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Glez-Vaz J, Azpilikueta A, Olivera I, Cirella A, Teijeira Á, Ochoa C, Álvarez M, Eguren I, Luri-Rey C, Sanmamed MF, Melero I. Abstract 628: Soluble CD137 as a dynamic biomarker to monitor agonist CD137 immunotherapies. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: On the basis of efficacy in mouse tumor models, multiple CD137 (4-1BB) agonist agents are being preclinically and clinically developed. The costimulatory molecule CD137 is inducibly expressed as a transmembrane or as a soluble protein (sCD137). Moreover, the CD137 cytoplasmic signaling domain is a key part in approved Chimeric Antigen Receptors (CARs). Reliable pharmacodynamic biomarkers for CD137 ligation and co-stimulation of T cells will facilitate clinical development of CD137 agonists in the clinic.
Methods: We used human and mouse CD8 T cells undergoing activation to measure CD137 transcription and protein expression levels determining both of the membrane-bound and soluble forms. In tumor-bearing mice plasma sCD137 concentrations were monitored upon treatment with agonist anti-CD137 mAbs. Human CD137 knock-in mice were treated with clinical-grade agonist anti-human CD137 (Urelumab). Sequential plasma samples were collected from the first patients intratumorally treated with Urelumab in the INTRUST clinical trial. Anti-Mesothelin CD137-encompassing CAR-transduced T cells were stimulated with mesothelin coated microbeads. sCD137 was measured by sandwich ELISAs and Luminex and flow cytometry was used to monitor CD137 surface expression.
Results: CD137 co-stimulation upregulates transcription and protein expression of CD137 itself including sCD137 in human and mouse CD8 T cells. Immunotherapy with anti-CD137 agonist mAb resulted in increased plasma sCD137 in mice bearing syngeneic tumors. sCD137 induction is also observed in human CD137 knock-in mice treated with Urelumab and in mice transiently humanized with T cells undergoing CD137 co-stimulation inside subcutaneous implanted Matrigel® plugs. CD137 signaling domain-containing CAR T cells readily released sCD137 upon antigen recognition in a manner favored by the CD137 signaling domain. Patients treated intratumorally with low dose Urelumab showed increased plasma concentrations of sCD137.
Conclusion: sCD137 in plasma and CD137 surface expression can be used as quantitative parameters dynamically reflecting therapeutic co-stimulatory activity elicited by agonist CD137-targeted agents.
Citation Format: Javier Glez-Vaz, Arantza Azpilikueta, Irene Olivera, Assunta Cirella, Álvaro Teijeira, Carmen Ochoa, Maite Álvarez, Iñaki Eguren, Carlos Luri-Rey, Miguel F. Sanmamed, Ignacio Melero. Soluble CD137 as a dynamic biomarker to monitor agonist CD137 immunotherapies [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 628.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Glez-Vaz
- 1Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Irene Olivera
- 1Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Assunta Cirella
- 1Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Álvaro Teijeira
- 1Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Ochoa
- 1Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Álvarez
- 1Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iñaki Eguren
- 1Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Luri-Rey
- 1Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Ignacio Melero
- 1Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
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15
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Glez-Vaz J, Azpilikueta A, Olivera I, Cirella A, Teijeira A, Ochoa MC, Alvarez M, Eguren-Santamaria I, Luri-Rey C, Rodriguez-Ruiz ME, Nie X, Chen L, Guedan S, Sanamed MF, Luis Perez Gracia J, Melero I. Soluble CD137 as a dynamic biomarker to monitor agonist CD137 immunotherapies. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-003532. [PMID: 35236742 PMCID: PMC8896037 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background On the basis of efficacy in mouse tumor models, multiple CD137 (4-1BB) agonist agents are being preclinically and clinically developed. The costimulatory molecule CD137 is inducibly expressed as a transmembrane or as a soluble protein (sCD137). Moreover, the CD137 cytoplasmic signaling domain is a key part in approved chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). Reliable pharmacodynamic biomarkers for CD137 ligation and costimulation of T cells will facilitate clinical development of CD137 agonists in the clinic. Methods We used human and mouse CD8 T cells undergoing activation to measure CD137 transcription and protein expression levels determining both the membrane-bound and soluble forms. In tumor-bearing mice plasma sCD137 concentrations were monitored on treatment with agonist anti-CD137 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Human CD137 knock-in mice were treated with clinical-grade agonist anti-human CD137 mAb (Urelumab). Sequential plasma samples were collected from the first patients intratumorally treated with Urelumab in the INTRUST clinical trial. Anti-mesothelin CD137-encompassing CAR-transduced T cells were stimulated with mesothelin coated microbeads. sCD137 was measured by sandwich ELISA and Luminex. Flow cytometry was used to monitor CD137 surface expression. Results CD137 costimulation upregulates transcription and protein expression of CD137 itself including sCD137 in human and mouse CD8 T cells. Immunotherapy with anti-CD137 agonist mAb resulted in increased plasma sCD137 in mice bearing syngeneic tumors. sCD137 induction is also observed in human CD137 knock-in mice treated with Urelumab and in mice transiently humanized with T cells undergoing CD137 costimulation inside subcutaneously implanted Matrigel plugs. The CD137 signaling domain-containing CAR T cells readily released sCD137 and acquired CD137 surface expression on antigen recognition. Patients treated intratumorally with low dose Urelumab showed increased plasma concentrations of sCD137. Conclusion sCD137 in plasma and CD137 surface expression can be used as quantitative parameters dynamically reflecting therapeutic costimulatory activity elicited by agonist CD137-targeted agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Glez-Vaz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Arantza Azpilikueta
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Irene Olivera
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Assunta Cirella
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Departments of Immunology-Immunotherapy and Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alvaro Teijeira
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria C Ochoa
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Departments of Immunology-Immunotherapy and Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maite Alvarez
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Departments of Immunology-Immunotherapy and Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Iñaki Eguren-Santamaria
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Luri-Rey
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria E Rodriguez-Ruiz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Departments of Immunology-Immunotherapy and Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Xinxin Nie
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lieping Chen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Medicine (Medical Oncology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sonia Guedan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Clinic. Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel F Sanamed
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Departments of Immunology-Immunotherapy and Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Perez Gracia
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Departments of Immunology-Immunotherapy and Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain .,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Departments of Immunology-Immunotherapy and Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
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16
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Teijeira A, Migueliz I, Garasa S, Karanikas V, Luri C, Cirella A, Olivera I, Cañamero M, Alvarez M, Ochoa MC, Rouzaut A, Rodriguez-Ruiz ME, Sanmamed MF, Klein C, Umaña P, Ponz M, Bacac M, Melero I. Three-dimensional colon cancer organoids model the response to CEA-CD3 T-cell engagers. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:1373-1387. [PMID: 35154495 PMCID: PMC8771540 DOI: 10.7150/thno.63359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The CEA-CD3 T cell bispecific antibody cibisatamab (CEA-TCB) is currently undergoing clinical trials. Here we study its performance against three-dimensional tumor organoids in cocultures with T cells as compared to a higher affinity CEACAM5-CD3 (CEACAM5-TCB) bispecific antibody using time-lapse confocal microscopy. Methods: Pre-labelled spheroids derived from colon cancer cell lines and primary organoids derived from four colorectal cancer surgical specimens, which expressed different graded levels of CEA, were exposed in cocultures to T lymphocytes. Cocultures were treated with CEA-CD3 T-cell engagers and were followed by live confocal microscopy. Caspase 3 activation detected in real-time was used as an indicator of tumor cell death. Co-cultures were also set up with autologous tumor-associated fibroblasts to test the co-stimulatory effect of a fibroblast activated protein (FAP)- targeted 4-1BBL bispecific antibody fusion protein currently undergoing clinical trials. Results: Tumor-cell killing of 3D colon carcinoma cultures was dependent on the levels of surface CEA expression, in such a way that the lower affinity agent (CEA-TCB) did not mediate killing by human preactivated T cells below a certain CEA expression threshold, while the high affinity construct (CEACAM5-TCB) remained active on the low CEA expressing organoids. Modelling heterogeneity in the levels of CEA expression by coculturing CEA high and low organoids showed measurable but weak bystander killing. Cocultures of tumor organoids, autologous fibroblasts and T cells allowed to observe a costimulatory effect of anti-FAP-4-1BBL both to release IFNγ and to attain more efficacious tumor cell killing. Conclusion: Three-dimensional tumor cocultures with T cells using live confocal microscopy provide suitable models to test the requirements for colon-cancer redirected killing as elicited by CEA-targeted T-cell engagers undergoing clinical trials and treatment allow combinations to be tested in a relevant preclinical system.
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17
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Di Trani CA, Fernandez-Sendin M, Cirella A, Segués A, Olivera I, Bolaños E, Melero I, Berraondo P. Advances in mRNA-based drug discovery in cancer immunotherapy. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 17:41-53. [PMID: 34496689 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1978972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive T-cell therapy based on chimeric antigen receptors are the spearhead strategies to exploit the immune system to fight cancer. To take advantage of the full potential of the immune system, cancer immunotherapy must incorporate new biotechnologies such as mRNA technology that may synergize with already approved immunotherapies and act more effectively on immune targets. AREAS COVERED This review describes the basics of mRNA biotechnology and provides insight into the recent advances in the use of mRNA for the local and systemic delivery of immunostimulatory antibodies, proinflammatory cytokines or for optimizing adoptive T-cell therapy. EXPERT OPINION mRNA-based nanomedicines have great potential to expand the arsenal of immunotherapy tools due to their ability to simplify and accelerate drug development and their suitability for transient and local expression of immunostimulatory molecules, whose systemic and sustained expression would be toxic. The success of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines has highlighted the feasibility of this approach. Continuous advances in the delivery and construction of RNA-based vectors hold promise for improvements in clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Augusta Di Trani
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad De Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (Idisna), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Myriam Fernandez-Sendin
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad De Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (Idisna), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Assunta Cirella
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad De Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (Idisna), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aina Segués
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh UK
| | - Irene Olivera
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad De Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (Idisna), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elixabet Bolaños
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad De Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (Idisna), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad De Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (Idisna), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red De Cáncer (Ciberonc), Spain.,Departments of Oncology and Immunology, Clínica Universidad De Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad De Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (Idisna), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red De Cáncer (Ciberonc), Spain
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18
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Teijeira A, Garasa S, Ochoa MDC, Cirella A, Olivera I, Glez-Vaz J, Andueza MP, Migueliz I, Alvarez M, Rodríguez-Ruiz ME, Rouzaut A, Berraondo P, Sanmamed MF, Perez Gracia JL, Melero I. Differential Interleukin-8 thresholds for chemotaxis and netosis in human neutrophils. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:2274-2280. [PMID: 33963542 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In humans, IL-8 (CXCL8) is a key chemokine for chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes/macrophages when acting on CXCR1 and CXCR2. CXCL8 activity on neutrophils includes chemotaxis and eliciting the extrusion of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). In this study, we show that concentrations of IL-8 that induce NETosis surpass in at least one order of magnitude those required to elicit chemoattraction in human neutrophils. IL-8-induced NETosis was less dependent on G-proteins than migration, while extracellular Ca+2 chelation similarly inhibited both processes. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were more important for NETosis than for chemotaxis as evidenced by neutralization with N-acetyl -cysteine. Interestingly, selective blockade with anti-CXCR1 mAb inhibited NETosis much more readily than chemotaxis, while pharmacological inhibition of both CXCR1 and CXCR2, or selective inhibition for CXCR2 alone, similarly inhibited both functions. Together, these results propose a model according to which low concentrations of IL-8 in a gradient attract neutrophils to the inflammatory foci, while high receptor-saturating concentrations of IL-8 give rise to NETosis once leukocytes reach the core of the inflammatory insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Teijeira
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Saray Garasa
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Assunta Cirella
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Irene Olivera
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Glez-Vaz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Pilar Andueza
- Departments of Oncology and Immunology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Itziar Migueliz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Alvarez
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Esperanza Rodríguez-Ruiz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Departments of Oncology and Immunology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Rouzaut
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miguel F Sanmamed
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Departments of Oncology and Immunology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose L Perez Gracia
- Departments of Oncology and Immunology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Departments of Oncology and Immunology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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19
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Teijeira A, Garasa S, Ochoa MC, Villalba M, Olivera I, Cirella A, Eguren-Santamaria I, Berraondo P, Schalper KA, de Andrea CE, Sanmamed MF, Melero I. IL8, Neutrophils, and NETs in a Collusion against Cancer Immunity and Immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 27:2383-2393. [PMID: 33376096 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important mechanisms by which cancer fosters its own development is the generation of an immune microenvironment that inhibits or impairs antitumor immune responses. A cancer permissive immune microenvironment is present in a large proportion of the patients with cancer who do not respond to immunotherapy approaches intended to trigger preexisting antitumor immune responses, for instance, immune checkpoint blockade. High circulating levels of IL8 in patients with cancer quite accurately predict those who will not benefit from checkpoint-based immunotherapy. IL8 has been reported to favor cancer progression and metastases via different mechanisms, including proangiogenesis and the maintenance of cancer stem cells, but its ability to attract and functionally modulate neutrophils and macrophages is arguably one of the most important factors. IL8 does not only recruit neutrophils to tumor lesions, but also triggers the extrusion of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET). The relevance and mechanisms underlying the contribution of both neutrophils and NETs to cancer development and progression are starting to be uncovered and include both direct effects on cancer cells and changes in the tumor microenvironment, such as facilitating metastasis, awakening micrometastases from dormancy, and facilitating escape from cytotoxic immune cells. Blockade of IL8 or its receptors (CXCR1 and CXCR2) is being pursued in drug development, and clinical trials alone or in combination with anti-PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors are already ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Teijeira
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Saray Garasa
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Maria C Ochoa
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Villalba
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Irene Olivera
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Assunta Cirella
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Iñaki Eguren-Santamaria
- Departments of Oncology and Immunology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Kurt A Schalper
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Carlos E de Andrea
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Miguel F Sanmamed
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Departments of Oncology and Immunology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
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20
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Etxeberria I, Olivera I, Bolaños E, Cirella A, Teijeira Á, Berraondo P, Melero I. Engineering bionic T cells: signal 1, signal 2, signal 3, reprogramming and the removal of inhibitory mechanisms. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:576-586. [PMID: 32433539 PMCID: PMC7264123 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0464-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene engineering and combinatorial approaches with other cancer immunotherapy agents may confer capabilities enabling full tumor rejection by adoptive T cell therapy (ACT). The provision of proper costimulatory receptor activity and cytokine stimuli, along with the repression of inhibitory mechanisms, will conceivably make the most of these treatment strategies. In this sense, T cells can be genetically manipulated to become refractory to suppressive mechanisms and exhaustion, last longer and differentiate into memory T cells while endowed with the ability to traffic to malignant tissues. Their antitumor effects can be dramatically augmented with permanent or transient gene transfer maneuvers to express or delete/repress genes. A combination of such interventions seeks the creation of the ultimate bionic T cell, perfected to seek and destroy cancer cells upon systemic or local intratumor delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki Etxeberria
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Irene Olivera
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elixabet Bolaños
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Asunta Cirella
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Álvaro Teijeira
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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21
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Olivera I, Etxeberria I, Bolaños E, Gato-Cañas M, Melero I. Exploiting TCR Recognition of Shared Hotspot Oncogene-encoded Neoantigens. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:1203-1204. [PMID: 32001482 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-3813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
T-cell recognizable p53 hotspot mutations offer opportunities for immunotherapy and immune monitoring. Recognition of p53 mutations by peripheral blood CD8 and CD4 T lymphocytes has been revealed.See related article by Malekzadeh et al., p. 1267.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Olivera
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iñaki Etxeberria
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elixabet Bolaños
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Gato-Cañas
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain. .,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Immunology, Clinical Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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22
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Etxeberria I, Bolaños E, Quetglas JI, Gros A, Villanueva A, Palomero J, Sánchez-Paulete AR, Piulats JM, Matias-Guiu X, Olivera I, Ochoa MC, Labiano S, Garasa S, Rodriguez I, Vidal A, Mancheño U, Hervás-Stubbs S, Azpilikueta A, Otano I, Aznar MA, Sanmamed MF, Inogés S, Berraondo P, Teijeira Á, Melero I. Intratumor Adoptive Transfer of IL-12 mRNA Transiently Engineered Antitumor CD8 + T Cells. Cancer Cell 2019; 36:613-629.e7. [PMID: 31761658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Retroviral gene transfer of interleukin-12 (IL-12) into T cells markedly enhances antitumor efficacy upon adoptive transfer but has clinically shown unacceptable severe side effects. To overcome the toxicity, we engineered tumor-specific CD8+ T cells to transiently express IL-12. Engineered T cells injected intratumorally, but not intravenously, led to complete rejections not only of the injected lesion but also of distant concomitant tumors. Efficacy was further enhanced by co-injection with agonist anti-CD137 mAb or by transient co-expression of CD137 ligand. This treatment induced epitope spreading of the endogenous CD8+ T cell immune response in a manner dependent on cDC1 dendritic cells. Mouse and human tumor-infiltrating T lymphocyte cultures can be transiently IL-12 engineered to attain marked immunotherapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki Etxeberria
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Avenida de Pio XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elixabet Bolaños
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Avenida de Pio XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose I Quetglas
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Avenida de Pio XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alena Gros
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain; Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (V.H.I.O.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Villanueva
- Program against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), IDIBELL, Catalan Institute of Oncology, L'hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jara Palomero
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain; Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (V.H.I.O.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfonso R Sánchez-Paulete
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Avenida de Pio XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose María Piulats
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain; Program against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), IDIBELL, Catalan Institute of Oncology, L'hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medical Oncology, IDIBELL, Catalan Institute of Oncology, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Matias-Guiu
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Pathology Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRB-Lleida, Lleida, Spain; Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Olivera
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Avenida de Pio XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria C Ochoa
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Avenida de Pio XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Labiano
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Avenida de Pio XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Saray Garasa
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Avenida de Pio XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Rodriguez
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Avenida de Pio XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - August Vidal
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Uxua Mancheño
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Avenida de Pio XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sandra Hervás-Stubbs
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Avenida de Pio XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Arantza Azpilikueta
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Avenida de Pio XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Itziar Otano
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Avenida de Pio XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - M Angela Aznar
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Avenida de Pio XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miguel F Sanmamed
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Avenida de Pio XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain; Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Susana Inogés
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Avenida de Pio XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Teijeira
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Avenida de Pio XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Avenida de Pio XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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23
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Abstract
About one third of cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) show gain-of-function mutations of CTNNB1 (β-catenin) that correlate with sparse intratumoral T-cell content, as observed previously in an ample spectrum of malignancies, and there is mounting preliminary evidence that such HCC cases are refractory to treatment with PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors. Elegant hepatocarcinogenesis experiments by in vivo gene transfer to mouse hepatocytes show that coexpression of active forms of β-catenin result in poor T-cell infiltrates, faster progression in immunocompetent hosts, and unresponsiveness to immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors.See related article by Ruiz de Galarreta et al., p. 1124.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
| | - Maria C Ochoa
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Irene Olivera
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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