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Huss RS, Huddleston JI, Goodman SB, Butcher EC, Zabel BA. Synovial tissue-infiltrating natural killer cells in osteoarthritis and periprosthetic inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 62:3799-805. [PMID: 20848566 DOI: 10.1002/art.27751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Infiltrating immune cells play a central role in degenerative joint disease associated with osteoarthritis (OA) and particle-mediated periprosthetic osteolysis. The goal of this study was to characterize a newly identified population of synovial tissue-infiltrating natural killer (NK) cells obtained from patients with OA or patients with periprosthetic joint inflammation. METHODS Synovial and interfacial tissue samples were collected from patients with OA who were undergoing primary or revision total joint replacement (TJR) surgery. The histologic features of OA synovium obtained from patients undergoing primary surgery and interfacial tissue obtained from patients undergoing revision surgery were determined by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Synovial tissue-infiltrating NK cells were evaluated for the expression of surface receptors, using flow cytometry. Chemoattractant and cytokine protein and RNA levels in synovial and interfacial tissue and fluid were assessed by Luminex assay and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Cytokine production and degranulation by stimulated synovial tissue versus normal blood NK cells were evaluated by intracellular cytokine staining. RESULTS NK cells comprised nearly 30% of the CD45+ mononuclear cell infiltrate in synovial tissue obtained from patients undergoing primary TJR and from patients undergoing revision TJR. NK cells from both groups expressed CXCR3, CCR5, L-selectin, α4 integrins, and cutaneous lymphocyte antigen. Synovial fluid from patients undergoing revision surgery contained elevated concentrations of the NK cell attractants CCL4, CCL5, CXCL9, and CXCL10; all levels in synovial fluid obtained from patients undergoing revision surgery were higher than those in synovial fluid from patients undergoing primary surgery. Cytokine-stimulated interferon-γ production was significantly impaired in NK cells derived from primary and revision TJRs compared with blood NK cells. CONCLUSION NK cells are a principal tissue-infiltrating lymphocyte subset in patients with OA and patients with periprosthetic inflammation and display a quiescent phenotype that is consistent with postactivation exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Huss
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Jones BA, Beamer M, Ahmed S. Fractalkine/CX3CL1: a potential new target for inflammatory diseases. Mol Interv 2011; 10:263-70. [PMID: 21045240 DOI: 10.1124/mi.10.5.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Toledo, OH, USA
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153
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The rheumatoid joint. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-06551-1.00091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Berg V, Sveinbjörnsson B, Bendiksen S, Brox J, Meknas K, Figenschau Y. Human articular chondrocytes express ChemR23 and chemerin; ChemR23 promotes inflammatory signalling upon binding the ligand chemerin(21-157). Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:R228. [PMID: 21192818 PMCID: PMC3046541 DOI: 10.1186/ar3215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chemerin is a chemotactic peptide which directs leukocytes expressing the chemokine-like receptor ChemR23 towards sites of inflammation. ChemR23 is a G protein-coupled receptor which binds several different ligands, and it is also expressed by other cell types such as adipocytes. In addition to chemotaxis, recent reports suggest that ChemR23 is capable of mediating either inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects, depending on the type of ligand it binds. In the present study, we aimed to clarify whether human chondrocytes express ChemR23 and chemerin, and whether chemerin/ChemR23 signalling could affect secretion of inflammatory mediators. Methods Tissue sections were taken from human knee joints and labelled with antibodies towards chemerin and ChemR23. Chondrocytes from cartilage tissue were isolated, cultured and assessed for chemerin and ChemR23 expression by PCR and immunolabelling. Receptor activation and intracellular signalling were studied by assessment of phosphorylated mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and phosphorylated Akt after stimulating cells with recombinant chemerin21-157. Biological effects of chemerin21-157 were investigated by measuring secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and metalloproteases in cell supernatants. Results Both serially cultured human articular chondrocytes and resident cells in native cartilage expressed chemerin and ChemR23. Stimulating cells with chemerin21-157 resulted in phosphorylation of p44/p42 MAPKs (ERK 1/2) and Akt (Ser 473). Also, significantly enhanced levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and the matrix metalloproteases MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-8 and MMP-13 were detected. Conclusions These results demonstrate that human chondrocytes express both the receptor ChemR23 and the ligand chemerin. Chemerin21-157 stimulation engaged signal-transduction pathways that further promoted inflammatory signalling in chondrocytes, as judged by an enhanced secretion of cytokines and metalloproteases. Taken together, the previously reported chemotaxis and the present findings suggest that the receptor and its ligand may play pivotal roles in joint inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Berg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Sykehusveien 38, N-9038, Tromsø, Norway
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155
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Chemokine profile of synovial fluid from normal, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis patients: CCL25, CXCL10 and XCL1 recruit human subchondral mesenchymal progenitor cells. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010; 18:1458-66. [PMID: 20709179 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The microfracture technique activates mesenchymal progenitors that enter the cartilage defect and form cartilage repair tissue. Synovial fluid (SF) has been shown to stimulate the migration of subchondral progenitors. The aim of our study was to determine the chemokine profile of SF from normal, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) donors and evaluate the chemotactic effect of selected chemokines on human subchondral progenitor cells. METHOD Chemokine levels of SF were analyzed using human chemokine antibody membrane arrays. The chemotactic potential of selected chemokines on human mesenchymal progenitors derived from subchondral cortico-spongious bone was tested using 96-well chemotaxis assays. Chemokine receptor expression of subchondral progenitors was assessed by real-time gene expression analysis and immuno-histochemistry. RESULTS Chemokine antibody array analysis showed that SF contains a broad range of chemokines. Ten chemokines that showed significantly reduced levels in RA or OA compared to normal SF or robustly high levels in all SF tested were used for further chemotactic analysis. Chemotaxis assays showed that the chemokines MDC/CCL22, CTACK/CCL27, ENA78/CXCL5 and SDF1α/CXCL12 significantly inhibited migration of progenitors, while TECK/CCL25, IP10/CXCL10 and Lymphotactin/XCL1 effectively stimulated cell migration. MCP1/CCL2, Eotaxin2/CCL24 and NAP2/CXCL7 showed no chemotactic effect on subchondral progenitors. Gene expression and immuno-histochemical analysis of corresponding chemokine receptors document presence of low levels of chemokine receptors in subchondral progenitors, with the CXCL10 receptor CXCR3 showing the highest expression level. CONCLUSION These results suggest that SF contains chemokines that may contribute to the recruitment of human mesenchymal progenitors from the subchondral bone in microfracture.
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Berahovich RD, Zabel BA, Penfold MET, Lewén S, Wang Y, Miao Z, Gan L, Pereda J, Dias J, Slukvin II, McGrath KE, Jaen JC, Schall TJ. CXCR7 protein is not expressed on human or mouse leukocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:5130-9. [PMID: 20889540 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery that CXCR7 binds to CXCL12/SDF-1α, the role of CXCR7 in CXCL12-mediated biological processes has been under intensive scrutiny. However, there is no consensus in the literature on the expression of CXCR7 protein by peripheral blood cells. In this study we analyzed human and mouse leukocytes and erythrocytes for CXCR7 protein expression, using a competitive CXCL12 binding assay as well as by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry using multiple CXCR7 Abs. CXCR7(-/-) mice were used as negative controls. Together, these methods indicate that CXCR7 protein is not expressed by human peripheral blood T cells, B cells, NK cells, or monocytes, or by mouse peripheral blood leukocytes. CXCR7 protein is, however, expressed on mouse primitive erythroid cells, which supply oxygen to the embryo during early stages of development. These studies therefore suggest that, whereas CXCR7 protein is expressed by primitive RBCs during murine embryonic development, in adult mammals CXCR7 protein is not expressed by normal peripheral blood cells.
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157
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Ungethuem U, Haeupl T, Witt H, Koczan D, Krenn V, Huber H, von Helversen TM, Drungowski M, Seyfert C, Zacher J, Pruss A, Neidel J, Lehrach H, Thiesen HJ, Ruiz P, Bläss S. Molecular signatures and new candidates to target the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Physiol Genomics 2010; 42A:267-82. [PMID: 20858714 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00004.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory joint disease of unknown etiology and pronounced interpatient heterogeneity. To characterize RA at the molecular level and to uncover pathomechanisms, we performed genome-wide gene expression analysis. We identified a set of 1,054 genes significantly deregulated in pair-wise comparisons between RA and osteoarthritis (OA) patients, RA and normal donors (ND), or OA and ND. Correlation analysis revealed gene sets regulated identically in all three groups. As a prominent example secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) was identified to be significantly upregulated in RA compared with both OA and ND. SPP1 expression was found to correlate with genes expressed during an inflammatory response, T-cell activation and apoptosis, suggesting common underlying regulatory networks. A subclassification of RA patients was achieved on the basis of proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) expression, distinguishing PRG4 high and low expressors and reflecting the heterogeneity of the disease. In addition, we found that low PRG4 expression was associated with a more aggressive disease stage, which is in accordance with PRG4 loss-of-function mutations causing camptodactyly-arthropathy-coxa vara-pericarditis syndrome. Altogether we provide evidence for molecular signatures of RA and RA subclasses, sets of new candidate genes as well as for candidate gene networks, which extend our understanding of disease mechanisms and may lead to an improved diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Ungethuem
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, CharitéUniversitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
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Cifuentes RA, Cruz-Tapias P, Rojas-Villarraga A, Anaya JM. ZC3H12A (MCPIP1): molecular characteristics and clinical implications. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:1862-8. [PMID: 20807520 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2010] [Revised: 08/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ZC3H12A is a gene whose absence is related to autoimmune disorders and to other phenotypical alterations. METHODS A comprehensive review of the structure, molecular functions and regulation of ZC3H12A gene and its protein MCPIP1 is done in order to understand their clinical implications. RESULTS ZC3H12A, at 1p34.3, has 9860bp, six exons and 61 described SNPs. Eleven are non-synonymous thus leading to changes in MCPIP1, the protein encoded by ZC3H12A. MCPIP1 is induced by MCP-1 and IL-1 whose signals are transduced through the NF-kβ and MAPkinase pathways. This protein acts as an RNAse by degrading chemokine transcripts such as IL-1 as well as its own mRNA and as a transcription factor by reducing the expression of other chemokines induced by NF-kβ such as MCP-1. It also up-regulates genes involved in several differentiation processes and apoptosis. Therefore, ZC3H12A is an equilibrium gatekeeper that not only regulates its own inducers but also controls the regulation by degrading its own mRNA. CONCLUSION Understanding ZC3H12A gives a comprehensive panorama that promises to improve our understanding of processes in which this gene is involved including autoimmune, infectious and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Cifuentes
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
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159
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Zhang Z, Xing X, Hensley G, Chang LW, Liao W, Abu-Amer Y, Sandell LJ. Resistin induces expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in human articular chondrocytes via transcription and messenger RNA stabilization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:1993-2003. [PMID: 20506172 DOI: 10.1002/art.27473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the effects of resistin on human articular chondrocytes and to generate a picture of their regulation at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. METHODS Human articular chondrocytes were cultured with resistin. Changes in gene expression were analyzed at various doses and times. Cells were also treated with the transcription inhibitor actinomycin D after resistin treatment or with the NF-kappaB inhibitor IKK-NBD before resistin treatment. Gene expression was tested by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Computational analysis for transcription factor binding motifs was performed on the promoter regions of differentially expressed genes. TC-28 chondrocytes were transfected with CCL3 and CCL4 promoter constructs, pNF-kappaB reporter, and NF-kappaB and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta) expression vectors with or without resistin. RESULTS Resistin-treated human articular chondrocytes increased the expression of cytokines and chemokines. Levels of messenger RNA (mRNA) for matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1), MMP-13, and ADAMTS-4 also increased, while type II collagen alpha1 (COL2A1) and aggrecan were down-regulated. The cytokine and chemokine genes could be categorized into 3 groups according to the pattern of mRNA expression over a 24-hour time course. One pattern suggested rapid regulation by mRNA stability. The second and third patterns were consistent with transcriptional regulation. Computational analysis suggested the transcription factors NF-kappaB and C/EBPbeta were involved in the resistin-induced up-regulation. This prediction was confirmed by the cotransfection of NF-kappaB and C/EBPbeta and the IKK-NBD inhibition. CONCLUSION Resistin has diverse effects on gene expression in human chondrocytes, affecting chemokines, cytokines, and matrix genes. Messenger RNA stabilization and transcriptional up-regulation are involved in resistin-induced gene expression in human chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Zhang
- Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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160
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Jensen SS, Gad M. Differential induction of inflammatory cytokines by dendritic cells treated with novel TLR-agonist and cytokine based cocktails: targeting dendritic cells in autoimmunity. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2010; 7:37. [PMID: 20663192 PMCID: PMC2918604 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-7-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Dendritic cells (DC) are main gate-keepers of the immune system, bridging the innate and adaptive immune system. DCs are able to mature into inflammatory DCs at sites of inflammation in both autoimmune and allergic disease, thereby sustaining a continuous activation of the adaptive immune system at sites of inflammation. This function of DCs makes them attractive target cells for therapeutic intervention in inflammatory diseases. We have designed a DC-based screening model by which drug candidates can be evaluated for their ability to suppress DC maturation into an inflammatory and disease promoting phenotype. Methods Human monocyte derived DCs were differentiated using IL-4 and GM-CSF to immature DCs (imDCs). The imDCs were treated with various combinations of TLR-agonists and pro-inflammatory cytokines to identify cocktails with ability to mature imDCs into inflammatory DCs. The effect of the cocktails on DC maturation was evaluated using ELISA and cytokine arrays to measure secreted cytokines and chemokines. FACS analysis was used to assess expression of maturation markers, and functional studies were carried out using naïve allogeneic T-cells to assay for a Th1-promoting DC phenotype. Results Nine cocktails were designed with potent ability to induce secretion of the Th1-promoting cytokines IL-12p70 and TNFα from imDCs, and three were able to induce the Th17-promoting cytokine IL-23. The cocktails were further characterized using cytokine arrays, showing induction of inflammation related cytokines and chemokines like CXCL10, CCL2, CCL4, CCL8, CCL15, CCL20 and IL-8, of which some are present in a range of autoimmune pathologies. Prostaglandin E2 secretion was identified from DCs treated with TLR agonists poly I:C and peptidoglycan, but not LPS. The cocktails were able to induce DC maturation markers like HLA-DR, CD40, CD80, CD83 and CD86, except the TLR7/8 agonist R848. Functional end-points made by co-culture of allogeneic CD4+ T cells with the cocktail treated DCs, showed that five cocktails in particular could induce a classical Th1-phenotype with ability to secrete high amounts of the hall-mark cytokine IFNγ. The model was validated using dexamethasone and two COX-inhibitors, which were able to suppress the cocktail driven pro-inflammatory DC maturation. Conclusions The identification of novel Th1-promoting cocktails allows screening of anti-inflammatory drug candidates by assessing the ability to suppress the activation and differentiation of imDCs into inflammatory DCs with a specific Th1-promoting phenotype. The model thus provides a screening tool, which can identify potential anti-inflammatory effects on the natural regulator of the immune response, the dendritic cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon S Jensen
- Department of immune targeting, Bioneer A/S, Kogle Allé 2, Hørsholm, DK-2970, Denmark.
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161
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Akbulut H, Koca SS, Ozgen M, Isik A. Anti-tumor necrosis factor therapies reduce serum macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha in ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol 2010; 37:1073-4. [PMID: 20439531 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.091469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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162
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Wong CK, Chen DP, Tam LS, Li EK, Yin YB, Lam CWK. Effects of inflammatory cytokine IL-27 on the activation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:R129. [PMID: 20604932 PMCID: PMC2945019 DOI: 10.1186/ar3067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Interleukin (IL)-27 is a novel member of the IL-6/IL-12 family cytokines that are produced early by antigen-presenting cells in T helper (Th)1-mediated inflammation. Elevated expression of IL-27 has been detected in the synovial membranes and fluid of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods We investigated the in vitro effects of IL-27, alone or in combination with inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α or IL-1 β on the pro-inflammatory activation of human primary fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) from RA patients and normal control subjects, and the underlying intracellular signaling molecules were determined by intracellular staining using flow cytometry. Results Significantly higher plasma concentration of IL-27 was found in RA patients (n = 112) than control subjects (n = 46). Both control and RA-FLS constitutively express functional IL-27 receptor heterodimer, gp130 and WSX-1, with more potent IL-27-mediated activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT)1 in RA-FLS. IL-27 was found to induce significantly higher cell surface expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 and release of inflammatory chemokine IL-6, CCL2, CXCL9, CXCL10 and matrix metalloproteinase-1 of RA-FLS than that of control FLS (all P < 0.05). Moreover, an additive or synergistic effect was observed in the combined treatment of IL-27 and TNF-α or IL-1 β on the surface expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 and the release of CXCL9 and CXCL10 of RA-FLS. Further investigations showed that the expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and chemokines stimulated by IL-27 was differentially regulated by intracellular activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase-AKT, c-Jun amino-terminal kinase and Janus kinase pathways. Conclusions Our results therefore provide a new insight into the IL-27-activated immunopathological mechanisms mediated by distinct intracellular signal transductions in joint inflammation of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun K Wong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong.
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163
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Cytokines and chemokines in neuropsychiatric syndromes of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:268436. [PMID: 20617145 PMCID: PMC2896663 DOI: 10.1155/2010/268436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric syndromes of systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) is a life-threatening disorder and early diagnosis and proper treatment are critical in the management of this neuropsychiatric manifestations in lupus. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electroencephalogram (EEG), neuropsychological tests, and lumbar puncture are clinical used for the diagnosis of NPSLE. In addition to these tests, cytokine and chemokine levels in CSF have been reported as useful diagnostic marker of NPSLE. Based on the number of recently published studies, this review overviewed the roles of cytokines and chemokines in NPSLE.
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164
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Largo R, Roman-Blas JA, Moreno-Rubio J, Sánchez-Pernaute O, Martínez-Calatrava MJ, Castañeda S, Herrero-Beaumont G. Chondroitin sulfate improves synovitis in rabbits with chronic antigen-induced arthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010; 18 Suppl 1:S17-23. [PMID: 20399901 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 12/26/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to explore the effect of chondroitin sulfate (CS), a natural glycosaminoglycan with attributed anti-inflammatory properties, on synovitis in a rabbit model of chronic arthritis with intense systemic inflammation bolstered by endothelial lesion and atherosclerotic diet. METHODS Chronic arthritis was induced by intraarticular injections of ovalbumin in immunized rabbits. Systemic inflammation was boosted in these rabbits by receiving a hyperlipidemic diet after producing an endothelial lesion in the femoral arteries. A group of these rabbits were treated with CS (100mg/kg/day). At sacrifice, synovial membranes were isolated, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) mRNA, as well as protein expression were assayed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot studies. Histological synovial examination was also carried out employing the histopathological synovitis score (Krenn scale). RESULTS CS diminished both gene expression and protein synthesis of COX-2 and CCL2, and the histopathological score of the synovial membrane, when compared to untreated rabbits. In fact, CS partially prevented the intimal layer proliferation and the inflammatory cell infiltration in the synovial membrane, which was observed in non-treated animals. CONCLUSION CS reduced the inflammatory response of the synovial membrane, as well as decreased the synovial histopathological lesions in our animal model. Further studies are warranted to demonstrate whether CS might be beneficial in the treatment of inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Largo
- Joint and Bone Research Unit, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
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165
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Gruen M, Rose C, König C, Gajda M, Wetzker R, Bräuer R. Loss of phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma decreases migration and activation of phagocytes but not T cell activation in antigen-induced arthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2010; 11:63. [PMID: 20374644 PMCID: PMC2867834 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-11-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ) has been depicted as a major regulator of inflammatory processes, including leukocyte activation and migration towards several chemokines. This study aims to explore the role of PI3Kγ in the murine model of antigen-induced arthritis (AIA). Methods Development of AIA was investigated in wildtype and PI3Kγ-deficient mice as well as in mice treated with a specific inhibitor of PI3Kγ (AS-605240) in comparison to untreated animals. Inflammatory reactions of leukocytes, including macrophage and T cell activation, and macrophage migration, were studied in vivo and in vitro. Results Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of PI3Kγ induced a marked decrease of clinical symptoms in early AIA, together with a considerably diminished macrophage migration and activation (lower production of NO, IL-1β, IL-6). Also, macrophage and neutrophil infiltration into the knee joint were impaired in vivo. However, T cell functions, measured by cytokine production (TNFα, IFNγ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-17) in vitro and DTH reaction in vivo were not altered, and accordingly, disease developed normally at later timepoints Conclusion PI3Kγ specifically affects phagocyte function in the AIA model but has no impact on T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gruen
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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166
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Kuan WP, Tam LS, Wong CK, Ko FWS, Li T, Zhu T, Li EK. CXCL 9 and CXCL 10 as Sensitive markers of disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2009; 37:257-64. [PMID: 20032101 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.090769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether serum levels of CC and CXC chemokines correlate with disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to determine whether these effects predict clinical response. METHODS Serum levels of the chemokines CC (CCL2, CCL5) and CXC (CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10) were quantified at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs or biologic agents in 28 patients using flow cytometry. Serum from 40 healthy individuals was collected for comparison at baseline. Response to treatment was classified according to the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) response criteria. Remission of disease was defined as a Disease Activity Score < 2.6. RESULTS The baseline serum concentrations of CC and CXC chemokines were significantly elevated in patients with active RA compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05) except for CCL2. Significant improvement in all disease activity measurements was observed after 12 weeks of treatment. Seventeen (60.7%) patients achieved good to moderate response based on the EULAR response criteria, and 5 (17.9%) patients achieved remission. The improvement in clinical activity in patients with RA was accompanied by a significant reduction in the serum concentration of CXCL9 and CXCL10 (p < 0.001). A significant reduction in the serum level of CXCL10 was also observed in the group that achieved EULAR response. Serum concentration of CCL5 remained significantly elevated in patients with RA (n = 5) who achieved remission compared to the healthy controls (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Serum concentration of CXCL9 and CXCL10 may serve as sensitive biomarkers for disease activity in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon Pang Kuan
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Selayang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Grcevic D, Jajic Z, Kovacic N, Lukic IK, Velagic V, Grubisic F, Ivcevic S, Marusic A. Peripheral blood expression profiles of bone morphogenetic proteins, tumor necrosis factor-superfamily molecules, and transcription factor Runx2 could be used as markers of the form of arthritis, disease activity, and therapeutic responsiveness. J Rheumatol 2009; 37:246-56. [PMID: 20008919 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.090167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether different forms of arthritis and disease activity could be distinguished by peripheral blood expression profiles of bone-regulatory factors including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-superfamily [TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), the Fas ligand (FasL), and the ligand for herpesvirus entry mediator (LIGHT)] and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-family members (BMP-2, BMP-4, BMP-6) as well as osteoblast differentiation gene Runx2. METHODS Blood cells from healthy controls (n = 25) and patients at different disease stages with rheumatoid arthritis (RA; n = 49), osteoarthritis (OA; n = 17), or spondyloarthritis, including ankylosing spondylitis (AS; n = 27) or psoriatic arthritis (PsA; n = 23), were processed for quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Gene expression was assessed in comparison with control samples, correlated with clinical data of different forms of arthritis, and analyzed for discriminative efficacy between groups by receiver-operation characteristic (ROC) curves. Results were confirmed on diagnostic RA (n = 5) and AS (n = 8) samples. RESULTS BMP-4, BMP-6, and Runx2 expressions were significantly decreased in patients with RA and OA versus controls. Patients with RA also had decreased FasL and LIGHT expression, while patients with AS had increased Runx2 expression. Negative correlation with disease activity was found for BMP-4, FasL, and Runx2 in RA and for Runx2 in PsA, while positive correlation was found for BMP-4 in PsA. Gene expression was higher in the therapy-resistant form of AS (for BMP-4, LIGHT, and Runx2) and in methotrexate-treated patients in RA (for BMP-2 and LIGHT). ROC curve analysis confirmed discrimination between groups, particularly decreased LIGHT and Runx2 for RA and increased Runx2 for AS. CONCLUSION Our study identified BMP and Runx2 as possible biomarkers of bone metabolism in several forms of arthritis, while lower FasL and LIGHT were associated with RA. Correlation between gene expression and disease activity may be clinically useful in assessing therapeutic effectiveness and disease monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danka Grcevic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.
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168
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Min SH, Wang Y, Gonsiorek W, Anilkumar G, Kozlowski J, Lundell D, Fine JS, Grant EP. Pharmacological targeting reveals distinct roles for CXCR2/CXCR1 and CCR2 in a mouse model of arthritis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 391:1080-6. [PMID: 20004647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils and monocytes are abundantly represented in the synovial fluid and tissue in rheumatoid arthritis patients. We therefore explored the effects of small molecule chemokine receptor antagonists to block migration of these cells in anti-collagen antibody-induced arthritis. Targeting neutrophil migration with the CXCR2/CXCR1 antagonist SCH563705 led to a dose-dependent decrease in clinical disease scores and paw thickness measurements and clearly reduced inflammation and bone and cartilage degradation based on histopathology and paw cytokine analyses. In contrast, targeting monocyte migration with the CCR2 antagonist MK0812 had no effect on arthritis disease severity. The pharmacodynamic activities of both SCH563705 and MK0812 were verified by assessing their effects on the peripheral blood monocyte and neutrophil populations. SCH563705 selectively reduced the peripheral blood neutrophil frequency, and caused an elevation in the CXCR2 ligand CXCL1. MK0812 selectively reduced the peripheral blood monocyte frequency, and caused an elevation in the CCR2 ligand CCL2. The much greater impact of CXCR2/CXCR1 antagonism relative to CCR2 antagonism in this model of arthritis highlights the therapeutic potential for targeting CXCR2/CXCR1 in human arthritides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Hong Min
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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169
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Boulais PE, Dulude D, Cabana J, Heveker N, Escher E, Lavigne P, Leduc R. Photolabeling identifies transmembrane domain 4 of CXCR4 as a T140 binding site. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:1382-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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170
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Bioluminescent CXCL12 fusion protein for cellular studies of CXCR4 and CXCR7. Biotechniques 2009; 47:625-32. [PMID: 19594447 DOI: 10.2144/000113126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine CXCL12 and its two known receptors, CXCR4 and CXCR7, may play a role in diseases including tumor growth and metastasis, atherosclerosis, and HIV infection. Therefore, these molecules may be promising targets for drug development. While studies of cell signaling and high-throughput screening for drug discovery increasingly are based on luminescent assays because of their high sensitivity and signal-to-background ratio, there currently is no bioluminescent assay for chemokine[#x02013]chemokine receptor binding. To develop a bioluminescent probe for chemokine binding and cellular uptake, we fused CXCL12 to Gaussia luciferase (GL), an ATP-independent enzyme that is the smallest known luciferase. Fusing CXCL12 to Gaussia luciferase (CXCL12-GL) did not alter the bioluminescence emission spectrum and only minimally affected enzyme function under varying conditions of pH, temperature, and NaCl concentration. CXCL12-GL also activated CXCR4-dependent signaling to a comparable extent as unfused CXCL12. Using multiwell plate assays, we established that CXCR7 increases cell-associated CXCL12 to a significantly greater extent than CXCR4. We also showed that CXCL12-GL can be used to quantify inhibition of chemokine receptor binding by compounds that specifically target CXCR7. These data validate CXCL12-GL as a bioluminescent probe to investigate molecular functions of CXCR4 and CXCR7 and screen for compounds that modulate ligand-receptor binding.
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171
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Abstract
CXCR3 is a G protein-coupled, seven-transmembrane receptor that binds and is activated by the three IFN-gamma-inducible chemokines of the CXC family named CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11. These chemokines are not constitutively expressed but are up-regulated in a proinflammatory cytokine milieu. Consequently, their major function is to selectively recruit immune cells at inflammation sites, but they also play a role in angiogenesis mechanisms. In the last few years, strong experimental and clinical evidence has been obtained supporting the idea that the CXCR3 pathway is involved in the development of autoimmune diseases, especially by creating local amplification loops of inflammation in target organs, thereby inducing worsening of clinical manifestations. This article briefly reviews what we know today about the nature and functions of CXCR3, with special emphasis on its involvement in two main rheumatic systemic autoimmune diseases, namely rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Lacotte
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Immunologie et Chimie Thérapeutiques, Strasbourg, France
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172
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Milks MW, Cripps JG, Lin H, Wang J, Robinson RT, Sargent JL, Whitfield ML, Gorham JD. The role of Ifng in alterations in liver gene expression in a mouse model of fulminant autoimmune hepatitis. Liver Int 2009; 29:1307-15. [PMID: 19490417 PMCID: PMC3038248 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2009.02028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS BALB/c mice with a homozygous deficiency in the Tgfb1 gene are a model of fulminant autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), spontaneously and rapidly developing Th1-mediated IFN-gamma-dependent necroinflammatory liver disease. We sought to understand the molecular basis for fulminant Th1 liver disease and the specific role of the Ifng gene. METHODS Global gene expression in livers from BALB/c Tgfb1(-/-) mice with and without an intact Ifng gene was assessed by microarray analysis. Expression patterns were confirmed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Gene ontology clustering analysis was performed to identify altered pathways. The contributions of Ifng to altered expression pathways were quantified. RESULTS Over 100 genes were strongly (>10-fold) upregulated, most encoding proteins involved in immune function/response. Chemokines were the most prominently upregulated group, with eight chemokine genes upregulated >10-fold. Ifng was necessary for the upregulation of CXC chemokines gene, but not of CC chemokine genes. By quantitative analysis, Ifng's role in liver gene upregulation varied greatly among overexpressed genes. CONCLUSIONS Gene expression changes indicate a particularly important and heretofore unappreciated role for chemokines in fulminant AIH. Ifng has an important role in expression of some but not all genes. Ifng is dichotomous in the regulation of distinct chemokine subfamilies: specifically, Ifng is critical for overexpression of specific CXCL genes but dispensable for overexpression of specific CCL genes. These results provide a clearer understanding of the role of Ifng in the molecular basis of necroinflammatory liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Milks
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - James G. Cripps
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Heping Lin
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Richard T. Robinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Sargent
- Department of Genetics, Dartmouth Medical School, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Michael L. Whitfield
- Department of Genetics, Dartmouth Medical School, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - James D. Gorham
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
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173
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Saunders R, Sutcliffe A, Kaur D, Siddiqui S, Hollins F, Wardlaw A, Bradding P, Brightling C. Airway smooth muscle chemokine receptor expression and function in asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39:1684-92. [PMID: 19735481 PMCID: PMC2774481 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokine receptors play an important role in cell migration and wound repair. In asthma, CCR3 and 7 are expressed by airway smooth muscle (ASM) and CCR7 has been implicated in the development of ASM hyperplasia. The expression profile of other chemokine receptors by ASM and their function needs to be further explored. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate ASM chemokine receptor expression and function in asthma. METHODS ASM cells were derived from 17 subjects with asthma and 36 non-asthmatic controls. ASM chemokine receptor expression was assessed by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. The function of chemokine receptors expressed by more than 10% of ASM cells was investigated by intracellular calcium measurements, chemotaxis, wound healing, proliferation and survival assays. RESULTS In addition to CCR3 and 7, CXCR1, 3 and 4 were highly expressed by ASM. These CXC chemokine receptors were functional with an increase in intracellular calcium following ligand activation and promotion of wound healing [CXCL10 (100 ng/mL) 34 +/- 2 cells/high-powered field (hpf) vs. control 29 +/- 1; P=0.03; n=8]. Spontaneous wound healing was inhibited by CXCR3 neutralizing antibody (mean difference 7 +/- 3 cells/hpf; P=0.03; n=3). CXC chemokine receptor activation did not modulate ASM chemotaxis, proliferation or survival. No differences in chemokine receptor expression or function were observed between ASM cells derived from asthmatic or non-asthmatic donors. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the chemokine receptors CXCR1, 3 and 4 modulate some aspects of ASM function but their importance in asthma is uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Saunders
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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174
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Yang MH, Wu FX, Xie CM, Qing YF, Wang GR, Guo XL, Tang Z, Zhou JG, Yuan GH. Expression of CC chemokine ligand 5 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and its correlation with disease activity and medication. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 24:50-4. [PMID: 19382425 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-9294(09)60059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the levels of CC chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) in serum and synovial fluid (SF) from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and their relations with disease activity and medication. METHODS CCL5 in serum and SF was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 28 RA patients and 21 osteoarthritis (OA) patients. In RA patients, the correlations of CCL5 levels in serum and SF with disease activity were analyzed. Meanwhile, the serum CCL5 levels among RA patients treated with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), Tripterygium Glucosides, and other Chinese herbs without disease-modifying effects were also compared. RESULTS CCL5 levels in both serum and SF of RA patients were significantly higher than those of OA patients (P < 0.05). Moreover, the level of CCL5 was higher in SF than that in serum of RA patients (P < 0.01). Serum CCL5 level was correlated significantly with the number of swollen joints (r = 0.3329, P < 0.05), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (r = 0.4001, P < 0.05), and C reactive protein (r = 0.3735, P < 0.01). In addition, the level of CCL5 had a trend of lower in patients treated with DMARDs or Tripterygium Glucosides than those treated with other Chinese herbs, although the difference was not significant among those patients due to the small number of patients in each group. CONCLUSIONS In RA patients, the expression of CCL5 increases and correlates with some clinical and laboratory parameters of RA, which indicate that CCL5 plays an important role in RA and may serve as a useful marker of disease activity. DMARDs and Tripterygium Glucosides might exert their clinical effects through reducing CCL5 production in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-hui Yang
- Institute of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China
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175
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O'Boyle G, Mellor P, Kirby JA, Ali S. Anti-inflammatory therapy by intravenous delivery of non-heparan sulfate-binding CXCL12. FASEB J 2009; 23:3906-16. [PMID: 19667120 PMCID: PMC2791779 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-134643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Interaction between chemokines and heparan sulfate (HS) is essential for leukocyte recruitment during inflammation. Previous studies have shown that a non-HS-binding mutant form of the inflammatory chemokine CCL7 can block inflammation produced by wild-type chemokines. This study examined the anti-inflammatory mechanism of a non-HS-binding mutant of the homeostatic chemokine CXCL12. Initial experiments demonstrated that mutant CXCL12 was an effective CXCR4 agonist. However, this mutant chemokine failed to promote transendothelial migration in vitro and inhibited the haptotactic response to wild-type CCL7, CXCL12, and CXCL8, and naturally occurring chemoattractants in synovial fluid from the rheumatoid synovium, including CCL2, CCL7, and CXCL8. Notably, intravenous administration of mutant CXCL12 also inhibited the recruitment of leukocytes to murine air pouches filled with wild-type CXCL12. Following intravenous administration, wild-type CXCL12 was cleared from the circulation rapidly, while the mutant chemokine persisted for >24 h. Chronic exposure to mutant CXCL12 in the circulation reduced leukocyte-surface expression of CXCR4, reduced the chemotactic response of these cells to CXCL12, and inhibited normal chemokine-mediated induction of adhesion between the alpha4beta1 integrin, VLA-4, and VCAM-1. These data demonstrate that systemic administration of non-HS-binding variants of CXCL12 can mediate a powerful anti-inflammatory effect through chemokine receptor desensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme O'Boyle
- Applied Immunobiology and Transplantation Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH UK
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176
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Abstract
SDF-1 is ubiquitously expressed in vertebrate tissues in a constitutive manner. It performs an essential role in cell migration and proliferation as well as participates in tissue-specific physiological processes such as neuromodulation. It is also involved in many pathological processes including: HIV infection, metastatic malignancy, chronic inflammatory disorders and benign proliferative diseases. SDF-1 is mostly regulated at the splicing, and not transcriptional level. Different splicing variants share agonist potency to their cognate receptor, CXCR4, but are characterized by distinct properties. SDF-1alpha is the predominant isoform found in all organs, but undergoes rapid proteolysis in blood. SDF-1beta is more resistant to blood-dependent degradation, stimulates angiogenesis and is present in highly vascularized organs such as: the liver, spleen and kidneys. In contrast, SDF-1gamma is located in very active, less vascularized organs susceptible to infarction such as the heart and the brain. The understanding of the functional diversity of the different splicing variants will help in developing therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslaw Janowski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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Aiken A, Khokha R. Unraveling metalloproteinase function in skeletal biology and disease using genetically altered mice. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2009; 1803:121-32. [PMID: 19616584 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The metalloproteinase family includes MMP, ADAM and ADAMTS proteases. Mice deficient in individual or pairs of metalloproteinases have been generated, and a number of these genetic models spontaneously develop skeletal abnormalities. Here we review metalloproteinase function in endochondral and intramembranous ossification, as well as in postnatal bone remodeling. We highlight how metalloproteinases enable interactions between distinct bone cell types and how this communication contributes to the skeletal phenotypes observed in knockout mice. In addition to the physiological actions of metalloproteinases in the skeletal system, the experimental manipulation of metalloproteinase-deficient mice has revealed substantial roles for these enzymes in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. MMP, ADAM and ADAMTS proteases thus emerge as key players in the development and homeostasis of the skeletal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Aiken
- Ontario Cancer Institute/University Health Network, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
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178
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) have been implicated both in initiation of immunity and in immune tolerance. The mechanisms whereby tolerogenic DC may induce and maintain peripheral tolerance include the generation or expansion of regulatory T cells (Treg) and the promotion of T-cell anergy or deletion. A wide spectrum of hematopoietic growth factors and cytokines are endowed with the ability to differentiate tolerogenic DC both in vitro and in vivo. Based on this knowledge, therapeutic vaccination with cytokine-modulated tolerogenic DC has been applied to animal models of autoimmune disorders. This article will review the current experimental evidence underpinning DC dysfunction in rheumatic autoimmune diseases and will discuss how the manipulation of DC and Treg number and function may control undesired T-cell responses.
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179
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Kothandaraman S, Donnely KL, Butora G, Jiao R, Pasternak A, Morriello GJ, Goble SD, Zhou C, Mills SG, MacCoss M, Vicario PP, Ayala JM, DeMartino JA, Struthers M, Cascieri MA, Yang L. Design, synthesis, and structure–activity relationship of novel CCR2 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:1830-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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