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Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are immunoglobulins designed to target a specific epitope on an antigen. Immunoglobulins of identical amino-acid sequence were originally produced by hybridomas grown in culture and, subsequently, by recombinant DNA technology using mammalian cell expression systems. The antigen-binding region of the mAb is formed by the variable domains of the heavy and light chains and contains the complementarity-determining region that imparts the high specificity for the target antigen. The pharmacokinetics of mAbs involves target-mediated and non-target-related factors that influence their disposition.Preclinical safety evaluation of mAbs differs substantially from that of small molecular (chemical) entities. Immunogenicity of mAbs has implications for their pharmacokinetics and safety. Early studies of mAbs in humans require careful consideration of the most suitable study population, route/s of administration, starting dose, study design and the potential difference in pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects compared to patients expressing the target antigen.Of the ever-increasing diversity of therapeutic indications for mAbs, we have concentrated on two that have proved dramatically successful. The contribution that mAbs have made to the treatment of inflammatory conditions, in particular arthritides and inflammatory bowel disease, has been nothing short of revolutionary. Their benefit has also been striking in the treatment of solid tumours and, most recently, as immunotherapy for a wide variety of cancers. Finally, we speculate on the future with various new approaches to the development of therapeutic antibodies.
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152
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Alekseenko IV, Monastyrskaya GS, Sverdlov ED. Emerging Potential of Cancer Therapy—Binary Direct Interactions of Cancer and Stromal Cells. RUSS J GENET+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795418120025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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153
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Englinger B, Pirker C, Heffeter P, Terenzi A, Kowol CR, Keppler BK, Berger W. Metal Drugs and the Anticancer Immune Response. Chem Rev 2018; 119:1519-1624. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Englinger
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Pirker
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alessio Terenzi
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian R. Kowol
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard K. Keppler
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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154
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Khalife E, Khodadadi A, Talaeizadeh A, Rahimian L, Nemati M, Jafarzadeh A. Overexpression of Regulatory T Cell-Related Markers (FOXP3, CTLA-4 and GITR) by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Patients with Breast Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:3019-3025. [PMID: 30484986 PMCID: PMC6318404 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2018.19.11.3019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Regulatory T (Treg) cells are immunosuppressor lymphocytes that play a critical role in the establishment and progression of cancers. A number of markers, especially FOXP3, CTLA-4 and GITR influence the function of Treg cells. This investigation aimed to evaluate the expression of a number of important Treg cell-related markers by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from newly-diagnosed women with breast cancer. Methods: The fresh PBMCs were obtained from 20 women with breast cancer and 20 healthy individuals. The PBMCs from both groups were cultured for 32 hours in the presence or absence of PHA (10 μg/ml). After total RNA extraction from cultured PBMCs, the expression of the FOXP3, CTLA-4 and GITR transcripts was assessed using real time-PCR. Results: The mRNA expression of FOXP3, CTLA-4 and GITR in unstimulated PBMCs from patients with breast cancer were significantly higher than healthy control group (P<0.05, P<0.03 and P<0.04, respectively). Similarly, the expression of FOXP3, CTLA-4 and GITR transcripts in PHA-stimulated PBMCs from patients with breast cancer were significantly increased in comparison with healthy individuals (P<0.01, P<0.005 and P<0.01, respectively). Conclusion: The increased expression of FOXP3, CTLA-4 and GITR represent higher activity of Treg cells in patients with breast cancer that may play an important role in the tumor establishment and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmat Khalife
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
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155
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Immune Evasion, a Potential Mechanism of Trichothecenes: New Insights into Negative Immune Regulations. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113307. [PMID: 30355984 PMCID: PMC6275004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Days ago, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2018 was awarded jointly to James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo “for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation”. This news has increased the attention on immunotoxicity and immune evasion mechanisms, which are once again hot research topics. Actually, increasing lines of evidence show that trichothecene mycotoxins have a strong immunosuppressive effect. These mycotoxins suppress the host immunity and make them more sensitive to the infection of pathogens, including bacteria and viruses. However, the underlying mechanism(s) in this context is still poorly understood. Interestingly, recent work showed that an immune evasion mechanism might be involved in trichothecene immunotoxicity. In this work, we discuss the potential immune evasion mechanism in trichothecene immunotoxicity. More importantly, under these circumstances, we are pleased to compile a Special Issue entitled “Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Toxicology of Natural and Synthetic Toxins” for the International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS). Researchers are encouraged to share their latest interesting findings with the readers of IJMS.
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156
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Bateman AC. Molecules in cancer immunotherapy: benefits and side effects. J Clin Pathol 2018; 72:20-24. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2018-205370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This mini review describes some of the key interactions between cancer cells and the immune system. This includes the concept of tumour cell immunosurveillance, mechanisms of immune evasion by tumour cells and some of the novel immunology-based anticancer therapies that have recently been introduced. The latter are also set into the context of the enlarging spectrum of immunohistochemistry-based and molecular testing that can now be performed on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues for predicting response to both well-established and newly developed agents. The emerging field of cancer immunotherapy requires and encourages close working between cellular and molecular pathology and clinical cancer treatment, while providing new hope for patients with cancers that may not have responded to conventional oncological treatments.
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157
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Immune tumor board: integral part in the multidisciplinary management of cancer patients treated with cancer immunotherapy. Virchows Arch 2018; 474:485-495. [PMID: 30143868 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-018-2435-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in the understanding of immune responses to cancer and how tumor cells evade immune control have led to the successful introduction of cancer immunotherapy, in particular immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Treatment of cancer patients with immunotherapy such as ICIs has led to new challenges, including starting and stopping rules for immunotherapy, the management of immune-related adverse events, and logistic issues for the production of cellular therapies and viral delivery vectors. These challenges are not disease- or organ-specific and several potential biomarkers to predict response to ICI are under investigation. We installed an interdisciplinary discussion platform for managing patient-specific challenges associated with cancer immunotherapy in our institution. Here, we describe an immune tumor board for the management of cancer patients treated with immunotherapy and provide an outlook on how such a platform could be potentially used in the future to discuss rational and personalized combination therapies, and how to improve the management of side effects occurring under immunotherapy.
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158
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Studying cancer immunotherapy using patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) in humanized mice. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-9. [PMID: 30089794 PMCID: PMC6082857 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is a promising way to eliminate tumor cells by using the patient’s own immune system. Selecting the appropriate animal models to develop or validate preclinical immunotherapeutic trials is now an important aspect of many cancer research programs. Here we discuss the advantages and limitations of using genetically engineered immunodeficient mouse models, patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), and humanized mouse models for developing and testing immunotherapeutic strategies. Improvements to mouse models for cancer immunotherapy could enhance the precision of new drugs. Immunotherapy trials require genetically modified animal models, including ‘humanized’ mice with a functioning human immune system, and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mice, in which cells from patients’ tumors are implanted into immunodeficient mice. Charles Lee at the Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine in Farmington, USA, Yeun-Jun Chung at the Catholic University of Korea in Seoul, and co-workers reviewed developments in both PDX and humanized-PDX mouse models for immunotherapy trials. PDX models improve the chances of finding novel biomarkers for drug development. However, humanized PDX mouse models will allow researchers to study diverse cancers in tumour and immune environments as close as possible to those of humans.
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159
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Lim SY, Rizos H. Immune cell profiling in the age of immune checkpoint inhibitors: implications for biomarker discovery and understanding of resistance mechanisms. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:866-878. [PMID: 29968076 PMCID: PMC6267680 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9757-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has changed the landscape of cancer treatment. The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors has seen tremendous success in improving overall survival of patients with advanced metastatic cancers and has now become the standard of care for multiple tumor types. However, efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade appears to be limited to immunogenic cancers, and even amongst immune-reactive cancers, response rates are low and variable between patients. Recent data have also demonstrated the rapid emergence of resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors, with some patients progressing on treatment within one year. Significant research efforts are now directed at identifying predictive biomarkers and mechanisms of resistance to immune checkpoint blockade. These studies are underpinned by comprehensive and detailed profiling of the immune milieu. In this review, we discuss the utility and efficacy of immune cell profiling to uncover biomarkers of response and mechanisms of resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yin Lim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Helen Rizos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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160
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Siregar P, Julen N, Hufnagl P, Mutter GL. Computational morphogenesis – Embryogenesis, cancer research and digital pathology. Biosystems 2018; 169-170:40-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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161
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Bareke H, Akbuga J. Complement system's role in cancer and its therapeutic potential in ovarian cancer. Scand J Immunol 2018; 88:e12672. [PMID: 29734524 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is a strong candidate for the long-awaited new edition to standard cancer therapies. For an effective immunotherapy, it is imperative to delineate the players of antitumour immune response. As an important innate immune system effector mechanism, complement is highly likely to play a substantial role in cancer immunity. Studies suggest that there may be two different "states of complement" that show opposing effects on cancer cells; a complement profile that has antitumour effects with low expression of membrane-bound complement regulator proteins (mCRPs), lytic membrane attack complex (MAC) concentration and moderate C5a concentration, and a complement profile that has protumour effects with high expression of mCRPs, sublytic MAC and high concentrations of C5a. One of the cancers that urgently require innovative therapeutic approaches is ovarian cancer, and complement has a potential to be a good target for this purpose. A combinatorial approach where the complement cascade is fine-tuned by inhibiting some of its activities while promoting the others can prove to be a fruitful approach. Herein, we will briefly discuss the cancer-immune system interaction and then present a discussion of complement system's role in tumour immunity and its therapeutic potential for ovarian cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bareke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Girne American University, Kyrenia, North Cyprus, Turkey
| | - J Akbuga
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Girne American University, Kyrenia, North Cyprus, Turkey
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162
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Büll C, Boltje TJ, Balneger N, Weischer SM, Wassink M, van Gemst JJ, Bloemendal VR, Boon L, van der Vlag J, Heise T, den Brok MH, Adema GJ. Sialic Acid Blockade Suppresses Tumor Growth by Enhancing T-cell-Mediated Tumor Immunity. Cancer Res 2018; 78:3574-3588. [PMID: 29703719 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acid sugars on the surface of cancer cells have emerged as potent immune modulators that contribute to the immunosuppressive microenvironment and tumor immune evasion. However, the mechanisms by which these sugars modulate antitumor immunity as well as therapeutic strategies directed against them are limited. Here we report that intratumoral injections with a sialic acid mimetic Ac53FaxNeu5Ac block tumor sialic acid expression in vivo and suppress tumor growth in multiple tumor models. Sialic acid blockade had a major impact on the immune cell composition of the tumor, enhancing tumor-infiltrating natural killer cell and CD8+ T-cell numbers while reducing regulatory T-cell and myeloid regulatory cell numbers. Sialic acid blockade enhanced cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell-mediated killing of tumor cells in part by facilitating antigen-specific T-cell-tumor cell clustering. Sialic acid blockade also synergized with adoptive transfer of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells in vivo and enhanced CpG immune adjuvant therapy by increasing dendritic cell activation and subsequent CD8+ T-cell responses. Collectively, these data emphasize the crucial role of sialic acids in tumor immune evasion and provide proof of concept that sialic acid blockade creates an immune-permissive tumor microenvironment for CD8+ T-cell-mediated tumor immunity, either as single treatment or in combination with other immune-based intervention strategies.Significance: Sialic acid sugars function as important modulators of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment that limit potent antitumor immunity.Graphical Abstract: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/78/13/3574/F1.large.jpg Cancer Res; 78(13); 3574-88. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Büll
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Boltje
- Cluster for Molecular Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Natasja Balneger
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah M Weischer
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Melissa Wassink
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jasper J van Gemst
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Victor R Bloemendal
- Cluster for Molecular Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Torben Heise
- Cluster for Molecular Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn H den Brok
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gosse J Adema
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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163
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Menter T, Tzankov A. Mechanisms of Immune Evasion and Immune Modulation by Lymphoma Cells. Front Oncol 2018; 8:54. [PMID: 29564225 PMCID: PMC5845888 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Targeting cancer cells by modulating the immune system has become an important new therapeutic option in many different malignancies. Inhibition of CTLA4/B7 and PD1/PDL1 signaling is now also being investigated and already successfully applied to various hematologic malignancies. Methods A literature review of PubMed and results of our own studies were compiled in order to give a comprehensive overview on this topic. Results We elucidate the pathophysiological role of immunosuppressive networks in lymphomas, ranging from changes in the cellular microenvironment composition to distinct signaling pathways such as PD1/PDL1 or CTLA4/B7/CD28. The prototypical example of a lymphoma manipulating and thereby silencing the immune system is Hodgkin lymphoma. Also other lymphomas, e.g., primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma and some Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-driven malignancies, use analogous survival strategies, while diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the activated B-cell type, follicular lymphoma and angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma to name a few, exert further immune escape strategies each. These insights have already led to new treatment opportunities and results of the most important clinical trials based on this concept are briefly summarized. Immune checkpoint inhibition might also have severe side effects; the mechanisms of the rather un(der)recognized hematological side effects of this treatment approach are discussed. Conclusion Silencing the host’s immune system is an important feature of various lymphomas. Achieving a better understanding of distinct pathways of interactions between lymphomas and different immunological microenvironment compounds yields substantial potential for new treatment concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Menter
- Institute of Pathology and Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandar Tzankov
- Institute of Pathology and Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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164
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Ribatti D. The concept of immune surveillance against tumors. The first theories. Oncotarget 2018; 8:7175-7180. [PMID: 27764780 PMCID: PMC5351698 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a major role in the surveillance against tumors. To avoid attack from the immune system, tumor cells develop different strategies to escape immune surveillance. Evidence of immune surveillance comes from both animal models and clinical observations. Mice with a wide variety of immunodeficiencies have a high rate of tumor incidence and are more susceptible to transplanted or chemical carcinogen-induced tumors. Immunosuppressed patients have a high incidence of tumors. However, many patients develop cancer even in the presence of an apparently normal immune system. This indicates that tumor cells are able to escape immune surveillance. The aim of this review article is to summarize the literature concerning the development of the theory of immune surveillance against tumors; to discuss the evidence for and against this theory, and to discuss the concept of immunoediting. Finally, the current approaches in anti-tumor immunotherapy will be analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.,National Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
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165
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Martini DJ, Hamieh L, McKay RR, Harshman LC, Brandao R, Norton CK, Steinharter JA, Krajewski KM, Gao X, Schutz FA, McGregor B, Bossé D, Lalani AKA, De Velasco G, Michaelson MD, McDermott DF, Choueiri TK. Durable Clinical Benefit in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients Who Discontinue PD-1/PD-L1 Therapy for Immune-Related Adverse Events. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:402-408. [PMID: 29437040 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The current standard of care for treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) patients is PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors until progression or toxicity. Here, we characterize the clinical outcomes for 19 mRCC patients who experienced an initial clinical response (any degree of tumor shrinkage), but after immune-related adverse events (irAE) discontinued all systemic therapy. Clinical baseline characteristics, outcomes, and survival data were collected. The primary endpoint was time to progression from the date of treatment cessation (TTP). Most patients had clear cell histology and received anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy as second-line or later treatment. Median time on PD-1/PD-L1 therapy was 5.5 months (range, 0.7-46.5) and median TTP was 18.4 months (95% CI, 4.7-54.3) per Kaplan-Meier estimation. The irAEs included arthropathies, ophthalmopathies, myositis, pneumonitis, and diarrhea. We demonstrate that 68.4% of patients (n = 13) experienced durable clinical benefit off treatment (TTP of at least 6 months), with 36% (n = 7) of patients remaining off subsequent treatment for over a year after their last dose of anti-PD-1/PD-L1. Three patients with tumor growth found in a follow-up visit, underwent subsequent surgical intervention, and remain off systemic treatment. Nine patients (47.4%) have ongoing irAEs. Our results show that patients who benefitted clinically from anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy can experience sustained beneficial responses, not needing further therapies after the initial discontinuation of treatment due to irAEs. Investigation of biomarkers indicating sustained benefit to checkpoint blockers are needed. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(4); 402-8. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J Martini
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lana Hamieh
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rana R McKay
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Lauren C Harshman
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Raphael Brandao
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Craig K Norton
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John A Steinharter
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Xin Gao
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Fabio A Schutz
- BP-Beneficencia Portuguesa de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bradley McGregor
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dominick Bossé
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aly-Khan A Lalani
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Guillermo De Velasco
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Hospital Universitario, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Dror Michaelson
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David F McDermott
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Toni K Choueiri
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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166
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Martínez-Reza I, Díaz L, García-Becerra R. Preclinical and clinical aspects of TNF-α and its receptors TNFR1 and TNFR2 in breast cancer. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:90. [PMID: 29202842 PMCID: PMC5713022 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0398-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women and a public health problem worldwide. Breast cancer is often accompanied by an inflammatory process characterized by the presence of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), which has important implications in the course of the disease. Inflammation has been described primarily as a favorable environment for tumor development. However, under certain conditions TNF-α can promote signals for activation, differentiation, survival or cell death, so the study of the variants of this cytokine, its receptors, the presence of polymorphisms and its implication in different phenotypes of breast cancer is necessary. Although the clinical application of TNF-α has been limited by its toxicity and side effects, preclinical and clinical studies have shown that these effects may partially be avoided via tumor-targeted delivery strategies. In this manner, TNF-α alone or combined with chemotherapy and radiotherapy can function as an adjuvant in the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isela Martínez-Reza
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Dr. Carlos Gual Castro, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Avenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, C.P.14080, Ciudad de México, México.,Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Interior, Cuidad Universitaria, Av. Universidad 3000, 04510, Coyoacán, México D.F, México
| | - Lorenza Díaz
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Dr. Carlos Gual Castro, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Avenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, C.P.14080, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rocío García-Becerra
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Dr. Carlos Gual Castro, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Avenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, C.P.14080, Ciudad de México, México.
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167
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Wu Q, Wang X, Nepovimova E, Miron A, Liu Q, Wang Y, Su D, Yang H, Li L, Kuca K. Trichothecenes: immunomodulatory effects, mechanisms, and anti-cancer potential. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3737-3785. [PMID: 29152681 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Paradoxically, trichothecenes have both immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory effects. The underlying mechanisms have not been fully explored. Early studies show that dose, exposure timing, and the time at which immune function is assessed influence whether trichothecenes act in an immunosuppressive or immunostimulatory fashion. Recent studies suggest that the immunomodulatory function of trichothecenes is also actively shaped by competing cell-survival and death-signaling pathways. Autophagy may also promote trichothecene immunosuppression, although the mechanism may be complicated. Moreover, trichothecenes may generate an "immune evasion" milieu that allows pathogens to escape host and vaccine immune defenses. Some trichothecenes, especially macrocyclic trichothecenes, also potently kill cancer cells. T-2 toxin conjugated with anti-cancer monoclonal antibodies significantly suppresses the growth of thymoma EL-4 cells and colon cancer cells. The type B trichothecene diacetoxyscirpenol specifically inhibits the tumor-promoting factor HIF-1 in cancer cells under hypoxic conditions. Trichothecin markedly inhibits the growth of multiple cancer cells with constitutively activated NF-κB. The type D macrocyclic toxin Verrucarin A is also a promising therapeutic candidate for leukemia, breast cancer, prostate cancer, and pancreatic cancer. The anti-cancer activities of trichothecenes have not been comprehensively summarized. Here, we first summarize the data on the immunomodulatory effects of trichothecenes and discuss recent studies that shed light on the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. These mechanisms include autophagy and major signaling pathways and their crosstalk. Second, the anti-cancer potential of trichothecenes and the underlying mechanisms will be discussed. We hope that this review will show how trichothecene bioactivities can be exploited to generate therapies against pathogens and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China. .,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Anca Miron
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa, Iasi, Romania
| | - Qianying Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yun Wang
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Dongxiao Su
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Hualin Yang
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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168
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Cohen IJ, Blasberg R. Impact of the Tumor Microenvironment on Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes: Focus on Breast Cancer. Breast Cancer (Auckl) 2017; 11:1178223417731565. [PMID: 28979132 PMCID: PMC5617083 DOI: 10.1177/1178223417731565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is revolutionizing cancer care across disciplines. The original success of immune checkpoint blockade in melanoma has already been translated to Food and Drug Administration-approved therapies in a number of other cancers, and a large number of clinical trials are underway in many other disease types, including breast cancer. Here, we review the basic requirements for a successful antitumor immune response, with a focus on the metabolic and physical barriers encountered by lymphocytes entering breast tumors. We also review recent clinical trials of immunotherapy in breast cancer and provide a number of interesting questions that will need to be answered for successful breast cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan J Cohen
- Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Ronald Blasberg
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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169
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Schäfer C, Ascui G, Ribeiro CH, López M, Prados-Rosales R, González PA, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, Baena A, Kalergis AM, Carreño LJ. Innate immune cells for immunotherapy of autoimmune and cancer disorders. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 36:315-337. [PMID: 28933579 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2017.1365145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of the immune system has been widely targeted for the treatment of several immune-related diseases, such as autoimmune disorders and cancer, due to its crucial role in these pathologies. Current available therapies focus mainly on symptomatic treatment and are often associated with undesirable secondary effects. For several years, remission of disease and subsequently recovery of immune homeostasis has been a major goal for immunotherapy. Most current immunotherapeutic strategies are aimed to inhibit or potentiate directly the adaptive immune response by modulating antibody production and B cell memory, as well as the effector potential and memory of T cells. Although these immunomodulatory approaches have shown some success in the clinic with promising therapeutic potential, they have some limitations related to their effectiveness in disease models and clinical trials, as well as elevated costs. In the recent years, a renewed interest has emerged on targeting innate immune cells for immunotherapy, due to their high plasticity and ability to exert a potent and extremely rapid response, which can influence the outcome of the adaptive immune response. In this review, we discuss the immunomodulatory potential of several innate immune cells, as well as they use for immunotherapy, especially in autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Schäfer
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy Santiago , Chile.,b Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Gabriel Ascui
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy Santiago , Chile.,b Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Carolina H Ribeiro
- b Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Mercedes López
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy Santiago , Chile.,b Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Rafael Prados-Rosales
- c Centro de Investigaciones Cooperativas en Biociencias (CIC bioGUNE) , Bilbao , Spain
| | - Pablo A González
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy Santiago , Chile.,d Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy Santiago , Chile.,d Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy Santiago , Chile.,e Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina , Universidad Andrés Bello , Santiago , Chile
| | - Andrés Baena
- f Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Antioquia , Medellín , Colombia
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy Santiago , Chile.,d Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile.,g Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Leandro J Carreño
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy Santiago , Chile.,b Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
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170
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Haque S, Yellu M, Randhawa J, Hashemi-Sadraei N. Profile of pembrolizumab in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: design development and place in therapy. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 11:2537-2549. [PMID: 28919706 PMCID: PMC5587117 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s119537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) is the sixth most common malignancy worldwide, and despite advances in cytotoxic, surgical and radiation techniques, outcomes are still poor in those with both locally advanced and metastatic diseases. The need for development of better therapeutics along with a greater understanding of the relationship between the immune system and malignancies has led to a new therapeutic modality, immune modulators, particularly checkpoint inhibitors in HNSCC. It is now well recognized that HNSCC circumvents crucial pathways utilized by the immune system to escape surveillance. These hijacked pathways include impairing tumor antigen presentation machinery and co-opting checkpoint receptors. This understanding has led to the development of monoclonal antibodies targeting checkpoint receptors and has resulted in promising outcomes in HNSCC. This article describes the mechanisms that HNSCC utilizes to escape immune surveillance, clinical impact of checkpoint inhibitors (with a focus on pembrolizumab), ongoing studies, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulsal Haque
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati.,University of Cincinnati Cancer Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mahender Yellu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati.,University of Cincinnati Cancer Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jaskirat Randhawa
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati.,University of Cincinnati Cancer Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nooshin Hashemi-Sadraei
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati.,University of Cincinnati Cancer Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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171
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Bellanger AP, Mougey V, Pallandre JR, Gbaguidi-Haore H, Godet Y, Millon L. Echinococcus multilocularis vesicular fluid inhibits activation and proliferation of natural killer cells. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2017; 64. [PMID: 28906255 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis is a severe chronic helminthic disease that mimics slow-growing liver cancer. The immune evasion strategy of Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart, 1863 remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro the impact of E. multilocularis vesicular fluid (Em-VF) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and on natural killer (NK) cells. PBMC and NK cells were exposed to Em-VF (1 µg/ml) during six days. The effect of Em-VF was assessed on CD69, viability and proliferation, and on and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), interferon γ (IFN-γ), interleukin 17 (IL-17) and interleukin 10, using flow cytometry and ELISA, respectively. Exposure to Em-VF had no bearing on PBMC's viability, proliferation and expression of CD69. In contrast, higher levels of IL-17 at day three and of TGF-β at day six were observed in PBMC supernatant after exposure to Em-VF (p < 0.05, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). Exposure to Em-VF induced a significant decrease of CD69 expression of NK cells at day three and a significant decrease of proliferation of NK cells at day six (p < 0.05, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). In contrast, NK cells viability and levels of cytokines did not vary significantly over Em-VF stimulation. Exposure to Em-VF had a significant bearing on activation and proliferation of NK cells. NK cells may play an important role in the immune response of the host against E. multilocularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Pauline Bellanger
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, University Hospital, Besancon, France.,Chrono-Environnement CNRS 6249 Research Team, Franche-Comte University, Besancon, France
| | - Valentine Mougey
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, University Hospital, Besancon, France
| | | | | | - Yann Godet
- INSERM Unit 1098, University of Franche-Comte, Besancon, France
| | - Laurence Millon
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, University Hospital, Besancon, France.,Chrono-Environnement CNRS 6249 Research Team, Franche-Comte University, Besancon, France
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172
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Abstract
While many decades of scientific research studies have gone into harnessing the power of the immune system to fight cancer, only recently have cancer immunotherapeutic approaches begun to show robust clinical responses in patients with a variety of cancers. These treatments are adding to the current arsenal of cancer treatments; surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, and increasing the therapeutic options for cancer patients. Despite these advances, issues associated with these therapies include that not all patients respond to these therapies, and some patients who respond experience varying degrees of toxicities. One of the major issues affecting immunotherapy is the inability to evaluate trafficking of activated T-cells into sites of tumor. The current diagnostic imaging based on conventional anatomic imaging, which is the mainstay to monitor response to cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiation, is not adequate to assess initial response to immunotherapy or disease evolution. Patients’ prognosis by histological analysis has limited use in regards to immunotherapy. Thus, there is a crucial need for noninvasive biomarkers for screening patients that show long term response to therapy. Here, we provide a brief account of emerging molecular magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers that have potential to exploit the metabolism and metabolic products of activated T cells.
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173
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Hayes DA, Kunde DA, Taylor RL, Pyecroft SB, Sohal SS, Snow ET. ERBB3: A potential serum biomarker for early detection and therapeutic target for devil facial tumour 1 (DFT1). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177919. [PMID: 28591206 PMCID: PMC5462353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Devil Facial Tumour 1 (DFT1) is one of two transmissible neoplasms of Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii) predominantly affecting their facial regions. DFT1's cellular origin is that of Schwann cell lineage where lesions are evident macroscopically late in the disease. Conversely, the pre-clinical timeframe from cellular transmission to appearance of DFT1 remains uncertain demonstrating the importance of an effective pre-clinical biomarker. We show that ERBB3, a marker expressed normally by the developing neural crest and Schwann cells, is immunohistohemically expressed by DFT1, therefore the potential of ERBB3 as a biomarker was explored. Under the hypothesis that serum ERBB3 levels may increase as DFT1 invades local and distant tissues our pilot study determined serum ERBB3 levels in normal Tasmanian devils and Tasmanian devils with DFT1. Compared to the baseline serum ERBB3 levels in unaffected Tasmanian devils, Tasmanian devils with DFT1 showed significant elevation of serum ERBB3 levels. Interestingly Tasmanian devils with cutaneous lymphoma (CL) also showed elevation of serum ERBB3 levels when compared to the baseline serum levels of Tasmanian devils without DFT1. Thus, elevated serum ERBB3 levels in otherwise healthy looking devils could predict possible DFT1 or CL in captive or wild devil populations and would have implications on the management, welfare and survival of Tasmanian devils. ERBB3 is also a therapeutic target and therefore the potential exists to consider modes of administration that may eradicate DFT1 from the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane A. Hayes
- Department of Primary Industries, Parks Water and Environment, Animal Health Laboratory, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
- Save the Tasmanian Devil Program, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Dale A. Kunde
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Robyn L. Taylor
- Save the Tasmanian Devil Program, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Department of Primary Industries, Parks Water and Environment, Resource Management and Conservation, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Stephen B. Pyecroft
- School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, South Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Elizabeth T. Snow
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
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174
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Haworth KB, Arnold MA, Pierson CR, Choi K, Yeager ND, Ratner N, Roberts RD, Finlay JL, Cripe TP. Immune profiling of NF1-associated tumors reveals histologic subtype distinctions and heterogeneity: implications for immunotherapy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:82037-82048. [PMID: 29137242 PMCID: PMC5669868 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful treatment of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)-associated tumors poses a significant clinical challenge. While the primary underlying genetic defect driving RAS signaling is well described, recent evidence suggests immune dysfunction contributes to tumor pathogenesis and malignant transformation. As immunologic characterizations, prognostic and predictive of immunotherapeutic clinical response in other cancers, are not fully described for benign and malignant NF1-related tumors, we sought to define their immunologic profiles. We determined the expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A/-B/-C, β-2-microglobulin (B2M), and T cell inhibitory ligands PD-L1 and CTLA-4 by microarray gene analysis and flow cytometry. We examined HLA-A/-B/-C, B2M, and PD-L1 expression on thirty-six NF1-associated tumor samples by immunohistochemistry, and correlated these with tumoral CD4+, CD8+, FOXP3+, CD56+, and CD45RO+ lymphocytic infiltrates. We evaluated several tumors from a single patient, observing trends of increasing immunogenicity over time, even with disease progression. We observed similarly immunogenic profiles for malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) and nodular and plexiform neurofibromas, contrasting with diffuse neurofibromas. These studies suggest that while immunotherapies may offer some benefit for MPNST and nodular and plexiform neurofibromas, tumor heterogeneity might pose a significant clinical challenge to this novel therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie B Haworth
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael A Arnold
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Christopher R Pierson
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Division of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kwangmin Choi
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Nicholas D Yeager
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Nancy Ratner
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ryan D Roberts
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jonathan L Finlay
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Timothy P Cripe
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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175
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Abstract
The interrogation of cell surface-presented immunogenic epitopes is of great importance to differentiate diseased cells in consequence to malignant transformation or viral infections. On the basis of this knowledge, next-generation immunotherapies against cancers, autoimmunity, or infectious diseases can be developed. The identification of altered peptide repertoires of transformed cells renders mass spectrometry-based analysis indispensable. This is evident considering the low correlation of gene or protein expression alterations, respectively, with changes in the peptide repertoire rendering those analyses less informative. Nevertheless, immunogenicity of peptides appearing to be exclusively found on diseased cells has to be finally proven in T cell-based assays. This review highlights the capabilities and limitations of mass spectrometry in the identification of entire immunopeptidomes, as well as individual potential immunogenic epitopes with a strong focus on cancer. Furthermore, an overview of state-of-the-art immunogenicity screens is presented.
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176
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Yamaguchi S, Yoshimura A, Yasuda Y, Mori A, Tanaka H, Takahashi T, Kitajima K, Sato C. Chemical Synthesis and Evaluation of a Disialic Acid-Containing Dextran Polymer as an Inhibitor for the Interaction between Siglec 7 and Its Ligand. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1194-1203. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sho Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1-H-101 Ookayama Meguro Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Atsushi Yoshimura
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center; Nagoya University; Chikusa Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Yu Yasuda
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center; Nagoya University; Chikusa Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Airi Mori
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center; Nagoya University; Chikusa Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1-H-101 Ookayama Meguro Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Takashi Takahashi
- Yokohama University of Pharmacy; 601 Matano-chou Totsuka-ku Yokohama Kanagawa 245-0066 Japan
| | - Ken Kitajima
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center; Nagoya University; Chikusa Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Chihiro Sato
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center; Nagoya University; Chikusa Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
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177
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Zhou S, Zhang T, Peng B, Luo X, Liu X, Hu L, Liu Y, Di D, Song Y, Deng Y. Targeted delivery of epirubicin to tumor-associated macrophages by sialic acid-cholesterol conjugate modified liposomes with improved antitumor activity. Int J Pharm 2017; 523:203-216. [PMID: 28336455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With the knowledge that the receptors of sialic acid are overexpressed on the surface of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which play a crucial role in the tumor's progression and metastasis, a sialic acid-cholesterol conjugate (SA-CH) was synthesized and modified on the surface of epirubicin (EPI)-loaded liposomes (EPI-SAL) to improve the delivery of EPI to the TAMs. The liposomes were developed using remote loading technology via a pH gradient. The liposomes were evaluated for particle size, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro release, stability, in vitro cytotoxicity and pharmacokinetics. And the in vitro and in vivo cellular uptake studies demonstrated EPI-SAL achieved enhanced accumulation of EPI into TAMs. The antitumor studies indicated that EPI-SAL provided the strongest antitumor activity compared with the other formulations (EPI-S, EPI-CL and EPI-PL represent EPI solution, conventional liposomal EPI, PEGylated liposomal EPI, respectively), and the survival percent of tumor-bearing mice was 83.3%. The superior antitumor efficacy was probably attributed to the killing of TAMs by EPI-SAL, and modulating the tumor microenvironment with the depletion of TAMs. These findings suggested that SA-CH decorated EPI-loaded liposomes may present an effective strategy to eradicate TAMs, which may be a promising approach for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlei Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, PR China, PR China
| | - Ting Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, PR China, PR China
| | - Bo Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, PR China, PR China
| | - Xiang Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, PR China, PR China
| | - Xinrong Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, PR China, PR China
| | - Ling Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, PR China, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, PR China, PR China
| | - Donghua Di
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, PR China, PR China
| | - Yanzhi Song
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, PR China, PR China
| | - Yihui Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, PR China, PR China.
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178
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Chen KL, Jung P, Kulkoyluoglu-Cotul E, Liguori C, Lumibao J, Mazewski C, Ranard K, Rowles JL, Wang Y, Xue L, Madak-Erdogan Z. Impact of Diet and Nutrition on Cancer Hallmarks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 7. [PMID: 30581989 DOI: 10.15406/jcpcr.2017.07.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diet and nutrition are undeniably two factors that have a major impact on the prevention, progression, and treatment of various cancers. In this review, we will discuss how bioactives from diet and nutritional status affect each of the hallmarks of cancer. We will present recent research and discuss using diet and nutrition as a means to prevent and treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Chen
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, USA
| | - Paul Jung
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, USA
| | | | - Carli Liguori
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, USA
| | - Jan Lumibao
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, USA
| | - Candice Mazewski
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, USA
| | | | - Joe L Rowles
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, USA
| | - Yanling Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, USA
| | - Louisa Xue
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, USA
| | - Zeynep Madak-Erdogan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, USA.,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, USA
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179
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Optimal multidisciplinary treatment of oral cavity mucosal melanoma: outcome analysis in a case series. Anticancer Drugs 2016; 28:327-334. [PMID: 27926613 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Oral cavity mucosal melanomas (OCMM) represent only 3% of all malignant melanomas. Surgery is the mainstay of treatments and it is often followed by adjuvant radiotherapy. The role of adjuvant immunotherapy and/or chemotherapy is still debated and to date neither treatment is routinely used. From January 1990 to January 2010, we have collected from our database data of 20 patients with a histologically proven diagnosis of OCMM. Upfront surgery, followed by adjuvant radiotherapy was performed in 16/20 (80%) patients. Immunohistochemical analysis was carried out on all tissue samples and the following markers were assessed: Ki-67, HMG-45, Melan-A, S-100, CD31, CD35, CD20, CD21, and CD3. Although Ki-67, HMG-45, Melan-A, and S-100 were assessed in tumor cells, the analysis of CD31, CD21, CD20, CD3, and CD35 was carried out on the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Patient outcome was analyzed and associated with clinical and Immunohistochemical tumor characteristics. The median overall survival (OS) was 12 months, with a 2-year OS rate of 30%. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 9 months, with a 2-year PFS rate of 25%. Grade of lymphocyte infiltration (CD20 and CD3 expression) correlated strongly with prognosis. Interestingly, overexpression of CD21 along with downregulation of CD31 was significantly associated with better OS and PFS, whereas the reversal features correlated with a poor prognosis. Our report shows that patients affected by OCMM have a poor prognosis despite the administration of multimodal treatments. Moreover, our analysis suggests that the evaluation of several biomarkers, especially in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, may identify categories of patients with distinct immune response against the tumor and possibly different treatment response and prognosis.
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180
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Immune and inflammatory responses to DNA damage in cancer and aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 165:10-16. [PMID: 27720808 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genome instability is a hallmark of both cancer and aging processes. Beyond cell-autonomous responses, it is known that DNA damage also elicits systemic mechanisms aimed at favoring survival and damaged cells clearance. Among these mechanisms, immune activation and NF-κB-mediated inflammation play central roles in organismal control of DNA damage. We focus herein on the different experimental evidences that have allowed gaining mechanistic insight about this relationship. We also describe the functional consequences of defective immune function in cancer development and age-related alterations. Finally, we discuss different intervention strategies based on enhancing immunity or on the modulation of the inflammatory response to improve organism homeostasis in cancer and aging.
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181
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Morton JJ, Bird G, Refaeli Y, Jimeno A. Humanized Mouse Xenograft Models: Narrowing the Tumor-Microenvironment Gap. Cancer Res 2016; 76:6153-6158. [PMID: 27587540 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer research has long been hampered by the limitations of the current model systems. Both cultured cells and mouse xenografts grow in an environment highly dissimilar to that of their originating tumor, frequently resulting in promising treatments that are ultimately clinically ineffective. The development of highly immunodeficient mouse strains into which human immune systems can be engrafted can help bridge this gap. Humanized mice (HM) allow researchers to examine xenograft growth in the context of a human immune system and resultant tumor microenvironment, and recent studies have highlighted the increased similarities in attendant tumor structure, metastasis, and signaling to those features in cancer patients. This setting also facilitates the examination of investigational cancer therapies, including new immunotherapies. This review discusses recent advancements in the generation and application of HM models, their promise in cancer research, and their potential in generating clinically relevant treatments. This review also focuses on current efforts to improve HM models by engineering mouse strains expressing human cytokines or HLA proteins and implanting human bone, liver, and thymus tissue to facilitate immune cell maturation and trafficking. Finally, we discuss how these improvements may help direct future HM model cancer studies. Cancer Res; 76(21); 6153-8. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jason Morton
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Gregory Bird
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Yosef Refaeli
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Antonio Jimeno
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado. .,Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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182
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Silvestri I, Cattarino S, Giantulli S, Nazzari C, Collalti G, Sciarra A. A Perspective of Immunotherapy for Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8070064. [PMID: 27399780 PMCID: PMC4963806 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8070064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In cancer patients, the immune system is often altered with an excess of inhibitory factors, such as immunosuppressive cytokines, produced by regulatory T cells (Treg) or myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). The manipulation of the immune system has emerged as one of new promising therapies for cancer treatment, and also represents an attractive strategy to control prostate cancer (PCa). Therapeutic cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint inhibitors have been the most investigated in clinical trials. Many trials are ongoing to define the effects of immune therapy with established treatments: androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and chemotherapy (CT) or radiotherapy (RT). This article discusses some of these approaches in the context of future treatments for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Silvestri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy.
| | - Susanna Cattarino
- Department of Urology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy.
| | - Sabrina Giantulli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy.
| | - Cristina Nazzari
- Department of Public Health hand Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Giulia Collalti
- Medicine of Systems, Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Translational Medicine of the University Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy.
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183
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Immunotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. MEMO-MAGAZINE OF EUROPEAN MEDICAL ONCOLOGY 2016; 9:66-69. [PMID: 27429658 PMCID: PMC4923082 DOI: 10.1007/s12254-016-0270-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the past years immuno-oncology has evolved and become a novel promising strategy for cancer therapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors such as pembrolizumab or nivolumab, which target the interaction between programmed death receptor 1/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PDL-1) and PDL-2, have been recently approved for the treatment of various malignancies and are currently being investigated in clinical phase III trials for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Data available from these trials indicate substantial activity accompanied by a favorable safety and toxicity profile in this patient population. This review article focuses on the molecular background, gives an overview of current clinical data of checkpoint inhibitors in HNSCC, and points out future challenges such as the need for appropriate biomarkers for these novel compounds.
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184
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Smits NC, Coupet TA, Godbersen C, Sentman CL. Designing multivalent proteins based on natural killer cell receptors and their ligands as immunotherapy for cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 16:1105-12. [PMID: 27248342 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2016.1195364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Natural killer (NK) cells are an important component of the innate immune system that play a key role in host immunity against cancer. NK cell recognition and activation is based on cell surface receptors recognizing specific ligands that are expressed on many types of tumor cells. Some of these receptors are capable of activating NK cell function while other receptors inhibit NK cell function. Therapeutic approaches to treat cancer have been developed based on preventing NK cell inhibition or using NK cell receptors and their ligands to activate NK cells or T cells to destroy tumor cells. AREAS COVERED This article describes the various strategies for targeting NK cell receptors and NK cell receptor ligands using multivalent proteins to activate immunity against cancer. EXPERT OPINION NK cell receptors work in synergy to activate NK cell effector responses. Effective anti-cancer strategies will need to not only kill tumor cells but must also lead to the destruction of the tumor microenvironment. Immunotherapy based on NK cells and their receptors has the capacity to accomplish this through triggering lymphocyte cytotoxicity and cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Smits
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Synthetic Immunity , The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon , NH , USA
| | - Tiffany A Coupet
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Synthetic Immunity , The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon , NH , USA
| | - Claire Godbersen
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Synthetic Immunity , The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon , NH , USA
| | - Charles L Sentman
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Synthetic Immunity , The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon , NH , USA
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185
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Sterlacci W, Fiegl M, Droeser RA, Tzankov A. Expression of PD-L1 Identifies a Subgroup of More Aggressive Non-Small Cell Carcinomas of the Lung. Pathobiology 2016; 83:267-75. [PMID: 27225345 DOI: 10.1159/000444804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In light of various trials showing impressive response rates when treating non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with anti PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies, the currently equivocal role of PD-L1 expression in NSCLC is in need of further clarification. METHODS We therefore analyzed the expression of PD-L1 on 293 well-documented NSCLC cases and correlated the results with clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics. RESULTS The expression of PD-L1 on NSCLC was a poor prognostic factor for patients with nodal-negative adenocarcinoma (ACA) and, independent of other covariates, in tumors with increased CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Expression of PD-L1 was more commonly seen in ACA and in male patients with a past and current smoking history. Finally, PD-L1+ TILs were more often found in squamous and large cell carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS Should the expression of PD-L1 be on the verge of becoming an additional biomarker for routine diagnostics in NSCLC, our findings will provide important further insight and could contribute towards more effectively stratifying patients. These results may single out certain patient groups with a potential for increased benefit from anti PD-1/PD-L1 treatment strategies and should be considered in future trials.
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186
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A Bitter Sweet Symphony: Immune Responses to Altered O-glycan Epitopes in Cancer. Biomolecules 2016; 6:biom6020026. [PMID: 27153100 PMCID: PMC4919921 DOI: 10.3390/biom6020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The appearance of aberrant glycans on the tumor cell surface is one of the emerging hallmarks of cancer. Glycosylation is an important post-translation modification of proteins and lipids and is strongly affected by oncogenesis. Tumor-associated glycans have been extensively characterized regarding their composition and tumor-type specific expression patterns. Nevertheless whether and how tumor-associated glycans contribute to the observed immunomodulatory actions by tumors has not been extensively studied. Here, we provide a detailed overview of the current knowledge on how tumor-associated O-glycans affect the anti-tumor immune response, thereby focusing on truncated O-glycans present on epithelial tumors and mucins. These tumor-associated O-glycans and mucins bind a variety of lectin receptors on immune cells to facilitate the subsequently induction of tolerogenic immune responses. We, therefore, postulate that tumor-associated glycans not only support tumor growth, but also actively contribute to immune evasion.
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