151
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van Wijk IC, Huffmeijer R, Bosdriesz JR, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Kolijn L, van IJzendoorn MH, Vrijhof CI, van den Bulk BG. Behavioral genetics of temperament and frontal asymmetry in early childhood. J Exp Child Psychol 2018; 179:348-361. [PMID: 30579248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Temperament has been suggested to be influenced by genetic and environmental factors. The current study examined genetic shared environmental and unique environmental factors accounting for variation in Fear, Effortful Control (EC), and Frontal Asymmetry (FA) in 4- to 6-year-old children using bivariate behavioral genetic modeling. We included a total of 214 same-sex twin pairs: 127 monozygotic (MZ) and 87 dizygotic (DZ) pairs. FA was measured during a rest electroencephalogram (EEG) recording, and Fear and EC were measured using parent report. Results show that differences between twins were best explained by genetic factors (about a quarter of the variance) and unique environmental factors (about three quarters of the variance). However, the cross-trait, within-twin correlations were not significant, implying no overlapping genetic or environmental factors on Fear and EC or on Fear and FA. Future research should try to elucidate the large role of unique environmental factors in explaining variance in these temperament-related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse C van Wijk
- Leiden Consortium on Individual Development, Leiden University and VU Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, the Netherlands.
| | - Renske Huffmeijer
- Leiden Consortium on Individual Development, Leiden University and VU Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, the Netherlands.
| | - Jizzo R Bosdriesz
- Leiden Consortium on Individual Development, Leiden University and VU Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Child and Family Studies, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marian J Bakermans-Kranenburg
- Leiden Consortium on Individual Development, Leiden University and VU Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Child and Family Studies, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Laura Kolijn
- Leiden Consortium on Individual Development, Leiden University and VU Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Child and Family Studies, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marinus H van IJzendoorn
- Leiden Consortium on Individual Development, Leiden University and VU Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Claudia I Vrijhof
- Leiden Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, the Netherlands.
| | - Bianca G van den Bulk
- Leiden Consortium on Individual Development, Leiden University and VU Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, the Netherlands.
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152
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Sheffield A, Ahn S, Alagapan S, Fröhlich F. Modulating neural oscillations by transcranial static magnetic field stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: A crossover, double-blind, sham-controlled pilot study. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 49:250-262. [PMID: 30380175 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial static magnetic field stimulation (tSMS) is a novel non-invasive brain stimulation technique that has been shown to locally increase alpha power in the parietal and occipital cortex. We investigated if tSMS locally increased alpha power in the left or right prefrontal cortex, as the balance of left/right prefrontal alpha power (frontal alpha asymmetry) has been linked to emotional processing and mood disorders. Therefore, altering frontal alpha asymmetry with tSMS may serve as a novel treatment to psychiatric diseases. We performed a crossover, double-blind, sham-controlled pilot study to assess the effects of prefrontal tSMS on neural oscillations. Twenty-four right-handed healthy participants were recruited and received left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) tSMS, right DLPFC tSMS, and sham tSMS in a randomized order. Electroencephalography data were collected before (2 min eyes-closed, 2 min eyes-open), during (10 min eyes-open), and after (2 min eyes-open) stimulation. In contrast with our hypothesis, neither left nor right tSMS locally increased frontal alpha power. However, alpha power increased in occipital cortex during left DLPFC tSMS. Right DLPFC tSMS increased post-stimulation fronto-parietal theta power, indicating possible relevance to memory and cognition. Left and right DLPFC tSMS increased post-stimulation left hemisphere beta power, indicating possible changes to motor behavior. Left DLPFC tSMS also increased post-stimulation right frontal beta power, demonstrating complex network effects that may be relevant to aggressive behavior. We concluded that DLPFC tSMS modulated the network oscillations in regions distant from the location of stimulation and that tSMS has region specific effects on neural oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Sheffield
- Neuroscience Program, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado.,Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sangtae Ahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sankaraleengam Alagapan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Flavio Fröhlich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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153
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Finley AJ, Schmeichel BJ. Aftereffects of Self-Control on Positive Emotional Reactivity. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2018; 45:1011-1027. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167218802836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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154
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Self-control and its influence on global/local processing: An investigation of the role of frontal alpha asymmetry and dispositional approach tendencies. Atten Percept Psychophys 2018; 81:173-187. [PMID: 30353499 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-018-1610-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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155
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Emotional stress regulation: The role of relative frontal alpha asymmetry in shaping the stress response. Biol Psychol 2018; 138:231-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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156
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Angus DJ, Harmon-Jones E. The anger incentive delay task: A novel method for studying anger in neuroscience research. Psychophysiology 2018; 56:e13290. [PMID: 30246254 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Unlike other basic emotions, anger is relatively difficult to produce in the lab, with the most reliable methods involving elaborate and time-consuming manipulations. These factors preclude the possibility of using them for studying short-lived changes in neural activity associated with the subjective experience of anger. In this paper, we present a novel task that allows for the trial-by-trial manipulation of anger and the examination of associated ERPs. Participants completed an incentive delay task, in which accurate responses were rewarded with monetary gains (or breaking even, in a neutral condition), and inaccurate responses were punished with monetary losses. After participants received accuracy feedback, they received information that indicated the amount of money they won or lost on that trial. On a majority of trials, this amount was consistent with the feedback stimuli, while on a minority of trials this amount was inconsistent. Results indicated that participants reported the most anger after trials where goal pursuit was frustrated by monetary losses despite accurate responses. P3b amplitudes were greater for inconsistent outcomes than consistent outcomes, regardless of whether these resulted in unexpected gains or frustrating losses. On frustrating trials, P3b amplitudes were positively correlated with self-reported anger. The same correlation was not observed for trials with stimuli that signaled surprise gains. Discussion focuses on the implications of these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Jozef Angus
- Gambling Treatment and Research Clinic, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eddie Harmon-Jones
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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157
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Ohmann HA, Kuper N, Wacker J. Left frontal anodal tDCS increases approach motivation depending on reward attributes. Neuropsychologia 2018; 119:417-423. [PMID: 30193845 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of literature indicates a correlation between asymmetrical activity of frontal brain sites and approach vs. withdrawal motivation. Yet the causal status of this relationship is presently unclear. Here we examined the effect of anodal tDCS applied over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) on approach motivation, operationalized as effort allocation during the Effort-Expenditure for Reward Task (EEfRT). HYPOTHESIS We expected left frontal anodal transcranial direct current simulation (tDCS) to increase participants' willingness to allocate more effort during the EEfRT. Based on previous research, we expected this effect to be strongest on trials with low probability of reward attainment. METHODS 60 right-handed neurologically and psychologically healthy participants (63% female) aged 18-35 were tested in a counterbalanced within-subject design. Participants were invited to our lab twice to complete two 15-min blocks of the EEfRT on each study day, randomly assigned to either an anodal tDCS or a SHAM condition. RESULTS No main effect of stimulation condition was found, however the interactions of stimulation condition and both probability of reward attainment and reward magnitude reached significance. These interactions indicated that left frontal anodal tDCS specifically increased the percentage of hard task choices (HTC) in trials with low probability of reward attainment and in trials with high reward magnitude. DISCUSSION The observation of an increasing effect of left frontal anodal tDCS on effort expenditure for reward as indicated by HTC supports the idea of a causal relationship between asymmetric activity of frontal brain sites and approach motivation and hints at moderating effects of task-features on the effects of tDCS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niclas Kuper
- Universität Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 5, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Wacker
- Universität Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 5, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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158
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De Pascalis V, Sommer K, Scacchia P. Resting Frontal Asymmetry and Reward Sensitivity Theory Motivational Traits. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13154. [PMID: 30177698 PMCID: PMC6120870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31404-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The revised reinforcement sensitivity theory (rRST) of personality has conceptualized three main systems: the behavioural approach system (BAS), behavioural inhibition system (BIS), and fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS). Research links greater relative left-frontal activity with BAS-related tendencies and impulsivity and greater relative right-frontal activity with "withdrawal" motivation that included both BIS and FFFS. Although rRST has addressed the separation of FFFS and BIS, much of personality neuroscience research does not indicate which system is related to right frontal activity. We administered the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ) to measure the BAS and its facets (goal-drive persistence, reward interest, reward reactivity, and impulsivity), BIS, and the withdrawal FFFS. We examined the association of RST-PQ traits with resting electroencephalogram (EEG) alpha-asymmetry in female participants (N = 162) by considering the influence of experimenter's gender. In the total group, that included two subgroups with experimenters of different gender, BAS-impulsivity was related to greater left- than right-frontal activity, and FFFS, but not BIS, was related to greater relative right-frontocentral activity. These associations remained significant for the subgroup with a young same-sex experimenter, but not with opposite-sex experimenter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathrin Sommer
- Department of Psychology, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Scacchia
- Department of Psychology, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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159
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Cavazza M. A Motivational Model of BCI-Controlled Heuristic Search. Brain Sci 2018; 8:E166. [PMID: 30200321 PMCID: PMC6162724 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8090166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Several researchers have proposed a new application for human augmentation, which is to provide human supervision to autonomous artificial intelligence (AI) systems. In this paper, we introduce a framework to implement this proposal, which consists of using Brain⁻Computer Interfaces (BCI) to influence AI computation via some of their core algorithmic components, such as heuristic search. Our framework is based on a joint analysis of philosophical proposals characterising the behaviour of autonomous AI systems and recent research in cognitive neuroscience that support the design of appropriate BCI. Our framework is defined as a motivational approach, which, on the AI side, influences the shape of the solution produced by heuristic search using a BCI motivational signal reflecting the user's disposition towards the anticipated result. The actual mapping is based on a measure of prefrontal asymmetry, which is translated into a non-admissible variant of the heuristic function. Finally, we discuss results from a proof-of-concept experiment using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to capture prefrontal asymmetry and control the progression of AI computation of traditional heuristic search problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Cavazza
- Department of Computing and Information Systems, University of Greenwich, London SE10 9LS, UK.
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160
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Abstract
In recent years, many studies have shown that perceiving other individuals' direct gaze has robust effects on various attentional and cognitive processes. However, considerably less attention has been devoted to investigating the affective effects triggered by eye contact. This article reviews research concerning the effects of others' gaze direction on observers' affective responses. The review focuses on studies in which affective reactions have been investigated in well-controlled laboratory experiments, and in which contextual factors possibly influencing perceivers' affects have been controlled. Two important themes emerged from this review. First, explicit affective evaluations of seeing another's direct versus averted gaze have resulted in rather inconsistent findings; some studies report more positive subjective feelings to direct compared to averted gaze, whereas others report the opposite pattern. These contradictory findings may be related, for example, to differences between studies in terms of the capability of direct-gaze stimuli to elicit feelings of self-involvement. Second, studies relying on various implicit measures have reported more consistent results; they indicate that direct gaze increases affective arousal, and more importantly, that eye contact automatically evokes a positively valenced affective reaction. Based on the review, possible psychological mechanisms for the positive affective reactions elicited by eye contact are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari K. Hietanen
- Human Information Processing Laboratory, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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161
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Harmon-Jones E. On motivational influences, moving beyond valence, and integrating dimensional and discrete views of emotion. Cogn Emot 2018; 33:101-108. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2018.1514293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eddie Harmon-Jones
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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162
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Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the states of high and low social power (the ability to control or influence another's thoughts, feelings, or behaviours) are related to left and right frontal hemisphere activity, respectively, suggesting a connection with two neurobiological motivational systems-the Behavioural Activation and Inhibition Systems. However, an important and outstanding question is which state of social power is associated with differences in hemispheric activity. In the current study, we addressed this outstanding issue by examining differences in frontal alpha asymmetry while participants engaged in an established episodic recall task, priming states of high, low, or neutral social power. Our results showed that it was the low social power state that was associated with hemispheric differences; that is, the low social power state was associated with significantly less left-frontal cortical activity relative to both the high and neutral social power states, while the latter two states did not differ. We discuss our results considering previous work on social power and the notion that different social power states are associated with different cognitive and behavioural tendencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Michael Galang
- a Social Brain, Body and Action Lab, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour , McMaster University , Hamilton , Ontario , Canada
| | - Sukhvinder S Obhi
- a Social Brain, Body and Action Lab, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour , McMaster University , Hamilton , Ontario , Canada
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163
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Sander D, Grandjean D, Scherer KR. An Appraisal-Driven Componential Approach to the Emotional Brain. EMOTION REVIEW 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073918765653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article suggests that methodological and conceptual advancements in affective sciences militate in favor of adopting an appraisal-driven componential approach to further investigate the emotional brain. Here we propose to operationalize this approach by distinguishing five functional networks of the emotional brain: (a) the elicitation network, (b) the expression network, (c) the autonomic reaction network, (d) the action tendency network, and (e) the feeling network, and discuss these networks in the context of the affective neuroscience literature. We also propose that further investigating the “appraising brain” is the royal road to better understand the elicitation network, and may be key to revealing the neural causal mechanisms underlying the emotion process as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sander
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, FPSE, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Didier Grandjean
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, FPSE, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Klaus R. Scherer
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, FPSE, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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164
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Allen JJB, Keune PM, Schönenberg M, Nusslock R. Frontal EEG alpha asymmetry and emotion: From neural underpinnings and methodological considerations to psychopathology and social cognition. Psychophysiology 2018; 55. [PMID: 29243266 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John J B Allen
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Philipp M Keune
- Klinikum Bayreuth GmbH, Department of Neurology, Bayreuth, Germany.,Department of Physiological Psychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Michael Schönenberg
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robin Nusslock
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
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165
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Frontal EEG asymmetry moderates the association between attentional bias towards food and body mass index. Biol Psychol 2018; 136:151-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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166
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Neal LB, Gable PA. Regulatory control and impulsivity relate to resting frontal activity. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2018; 12:1377-1383. [PMID: 28655171 PMCID: PMC5737534 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsx080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gray’s Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) asserts three core personality systems: the behavioral approach system (BAS), the fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS) and the revised behavioral inhibition system (r-BIS). Past models of frontal activity link greater relative left frontal activity with Carver and White’s (1994) BAS scale and trait impulsivity and greater relative right frontal activity with Carver and White’s (1994) BIS scale. However, the original BIS scale assesses both FFFS and r-BIS. Past work linking the BIS scale and right frontal activity does not indicate which system is related to right frontal activity. The current study (n = 182) examined frontal asymmetric activity with personality traits associated with approach (BAS), withdrawal (FFFS-Fear), behavioral inhibition (BIS-Anxiety) and impulsivity (UPPS-P). Resting frontal cortical activity was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG), and the traditional alpha band was examined. Greater BIS-Anxiety related to greater relative right frontal activity. Impulsivity related to less relative right frontal activity. BAS and FFFS-Fear (approach and withdrawal motivation) did not relate to asymmetric frontal activity. Regulatory control processes associated with r-BIS and impulsivity, rather than withdrawal motivation associated with FFFS, may be more closely related to right frontal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Neal
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0348, USA
| | - Philip A Gable
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0348, USA
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167
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Asymmetric hemisphere activation in tenderness: evidence from EEG signals. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8029. [PMID: 29795119 PMCID: PMC5966511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26133-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotions are processed asymmetrically by the human brain. Frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) as measured by electroencephalographic (EEG) power in the alpha band (8–13 Hz), is a sensitive indicator of asymmetric brain activity in the frontal cortex. The current study aimed to analyze the frontal EEG asymmetries in terms of valence and motivational direction. We presented 37 participants with three film excerpts that were selected from the standard emotional film database to elicit three target emotions: tenderness, anger, and neutrality. Participants’ self-reports on their induced emotional responses and EEG signals were recorded and analyzed. The results showed that individuals displayed lower alpha power in the left hemisphere than the right hemisphere when they were watching a tender film, indicating that tenderness was positive and related to approach motivation. In contrast, when watching an angry movie, participants showed higher alpha power in the left hemisphere than the right hemisphere, suggesting that anger was negative and associated with withdrawal motivation. These findings help to link positive and approach-motivated tenderness with greater left hemispheric activation and state-anger with greater right hemispheric activation through the analysis of FAA.
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168
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Wang MY, Lu FM, Hu Z, Zhang J, Yuan Z. Optical mapping of prefrontal brain connectivity and activation during emotion anticipation. Behav Brain Res 2018; 350:122-128. [PMID: 29752969 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Accumulated neuroimaging evidence shows that the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) is activated during emotion anticipation. The aim of this work is to examine the brain connectivity and activation differences in dlPFC between the positive, neutral and negative emotion anticipation by using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). The hemodynamic responses were first assessed for all subjects during the performance of various emotion anticipation tasks. And then small-world analysis was performed, in which the small-world network indicators including the clustering coefficient, average path length, average node degree, and measure of small-world index were calculated for the functional brain networks associated with the positive, neutral and negative emotion anticipation, respectively. We discovered that compared to negative and neutral emotion anticipation, the positive one exhibited enhanced brain activation in the left dlPFC. Although the functional brain networks for the three emotion anticipation cases manifested the small-world properties regarding the clustering coefficient, average path length, average node degree, and measure of small-world index, the positive one showed significantly higher clustering coefficient and shorter average path length than those from the neutral and negative cases. Consequently, the small-world network indicators and brain activation in dlPPC were able to distinguish well between the positive, neutral and negative emotion anticipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yun Wang
- Bioimaging Core, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Feng-Mei Lu
- Bioimaging Core, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Zhishan Hu
- Bioimaging Core, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Bioimaging Core, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China.
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169
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Denson TF, O'Dean SM, Blake KR, Beames JR. Aggression in Women: Behavior, Brain and Hormones. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:81. [PMID: 29770113 PMCID: PMC5942158 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the literature on aggression in women with an emphasis on laboratory experimentation and hormonal and brain mechanisms. Women tend to engage in more indirect forms of aggression (e.g., spreading rumors) than other types of aggression. In laboratory studies, women are less aggressive than men, but provocation attenuates this difference. In the real world, women are just as likely to aggress against their romantic partner as men are, but men cause more serious physical and psychological harm. A very small minority of women are also sexually violent. Women are susceptible to alcohol-related aggression, but this type of aggression may be limited to women high in trait aggression. Fear of being harmed is a robust inhibitor of direct aggression in women. There are too few studies and most are underpowered to detect unique neural mechanisms associated with aggression in women. Testosterone shows the same small, positive relationship with aggression in women as in men. The role of cortisol is unclear, although some evidence suggests that women who are high in testosterone and low in cortisol show heightened aggression. Under some circumstances, oxytocin may increase aggression by enhancing reactivity to provocation and simultaneously lowering perceptions of danger that normally inhibit many women from retaliating. There is some evidence that high levels of estradiol and progesterone are associated with low levels of aggression. We highlight that more gender-specific theory-driven hypothesis testing is needed with larger samples of women and aggression paradigms relevant to women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Denson
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Siobhan M O'Dean
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Khandis R Blake
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joanne R Beames
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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170
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Harmon-Jones E, Harmon-Jones C, Summerell E. On the Importance of Both Dimensional and Discrete Models of Emotion. Behav Sci (Basel) 2017; 7:E66. [PMID: 28961185 PMCID: PMC5746675 DOI: 10.3390/bs7040066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We review research on the structure and functions of emotions that has benefitted from a serious consideration of both discrete and dimensional perspectives on emotion. To illustrate this point, we review research that demonstrates: (1) how affective valence within discrete emotions differs as a function of individuals and situations, and how these differences relate to various functions; (2) that anger (and other emotional states) should be considered as a discrete emotion but there are dimensions around and within anger; (3) that similarities exist between approach-related positive and negative discrete emotions and they have unique motivational functions; (4) that discrete emotions and broad dimensions of emotions both have unique functions; and (5) evidence that a "new" discrete emotion with discrete functions exists within a broader emotion family. We hope that this consideration of both discrete and dimensional perspectives on emotion will assist in understanding the functions of emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie Harmon-Jones
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
| | - Cindy Harmon-Jones
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth Summerell
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
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171
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Moran JK, Crombach A, Elbert T, Nandi C, Bambonyé M, Wienbruch C, Lommen U, Weierstall R. The individual contribution of DSM 5 symptom clusters of PTSD, life events, and childhood adversity to frontal oscillatory brain asymmetry in a large sample of active combatants. Biol Psychol 2017; 129:305-313. [PMID: 28958482 PMCID: PMC5678498 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has been linked to deviations in lateralized frontal functional oscillatory activity. This is possibly because left and right DLPFC have differential roles in regulating both memory and stress response, which are both dysfunctional in PTSD. However, previous results are heterogeneous, and could be attributable to individual symptom clusters, traumatic or aggressive life events, early life stress, or the interaction of these factors. In a large sample of active combatants (N=401), we regressed these factors on frontal electroencephalography (EEG) asymmetry across 5 frequency bands (delta: 2-4Hz; theta: 4-8Hz; alpha: 8-12Hz; beta: 12-24Hz; gamma: 24-48Hz). Negative cognition and mood was associated with stronger relative left delta and theta band power. Traumatic life events showed stronger right alpha and beta band power. Traumatic life events in interaction with hyperarousal predicted stronger relative right left-right imbalance (theta, alpha, and beta bands), whereas childhood adversity, in interaction with negative cognition and mood, predicted stronger relative left left-right imbalance (delta, theta, alpha and beta bands). The contribution of lateralized DLPFC dysfunction to PTSD is thus dependent on the individual complexities of subsymptom clusters and life history, and future studies need to take these factors into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Moran
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Baden-Württemberg, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Anselm Crombach
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Baden-Württemberg, Germany; Department of Psychology, University Lumière of Bujumbura, Burundi
| | - Thomas Elbert
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Baden-Württemberg, Germany; Department of Psychology, University Lumière of Bujumbura, Burundi
| | - Corina Nandi
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Manassé Bambonyé
- Department of Psychology, University Lumière of Bujumbura, Burundi
| | - Christian Wienbruch
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Ursula Lommen
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Roland Weierstall
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Baden-Württemberg, Germany; MSH Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Germany
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172
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Abstract
Emotion has a substantial influence on the cognitive processes in humans, including perception, attention, learning, memory, reasoning, and problem solving. Emotion has a particularly strong influence on attention, especially modulating the selectivity of attention as well as motivating action and behavior. This attentional and executive control is intimately linked to learning processes, as intrinsically limited attentional capacities are better focused on relevant information. Emotion also facilitates encoding and helps retrieval of information efficiently. However, the effects of emotion on learning and memory are not always univalent, as studies have reported that emotion either enhances or impairs learning and long-term memory (LTM) retention, depending on a range of factors. Recent neuroimaging findings have indicated that the amygdala and prefrontal cortex cooperate with the medial temporal lobe in an integrated manner that affords (i) the amygdala modulating memory consolidation; (ii) the prefrontal cortex mediating memory encoding and formation; and (iii) the hippocampus for successful learning and LTM retention. We also review the nested hierarchies of circular emotional control and cognitive regulation (bottom-up and top-down influences) within the brain to achieve optimal integration of emotional and cognitive processing. This review highlights a basic evolutionary approach to emotion to understand the effects of emotion on learning and memory and the functional roles played by various brain regions and their mutual interactions in relation to emotional processing. We also summarize the current state of knowledge on the impact of emotion on memory and map implications for educational settings. In addition to elucidating the memory-enhancing effects of emotion, neuroimaging findings extend our understanding of emotional influences on learning and memory processes; this knowledge may be useful for the design of effective educational curricula to provide a conducive learning environment for both traditional "live" learning in classrooms and "virtual" learning through online-based educational technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chai M Tyng
- Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PetronasSeri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Hafeez U Amin
- Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PetronasSeri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad N M Saad
- Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PetronasSeri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Aamir S Malik
- Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PetronasSeri Iskandar, Malaysia
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173
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Tyng CM, Amin HU, Saad MNM, Malik AS. The Influences of Emotion on Learning and Memory. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1454. [PMID: 28883804 PMCID: PMC5573739 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotion has a substantial influence on the cognitive processes in humans, including perception, attention, learning, memory, reasoning, and problem solving. Emotion has a particularly strong influence on attention, especially modulating the selectivity of attention as well as motivating action and behavior. This attentional and executive control is intimately linked to learning processes, as intrinsically limited attentional capacities are better focused on relevant information. Emotion also facilitates encoding and helps retrieval of information efficiently. However, the effects of emotion on learning and memory are not always univalent, as studies have reported that emotion either enhances or impairs learning and long-term memory (LTM) retention, depending on a range of factors. Recent neuroimaging findings have indicated that the amygdala and prefrontal cortex cooperate with the medial temporal lobe in an integrated manner that affords (i) the amygdala modulating memory consolidation; (ii) the prefrontal cortex mediating memory encoding and formation; and (iii) the hippocampus for successful learning and LTM retention. We also review the nested hierarchies of circular emotional control and cognitive regulation (bottom-up and top-down influences) within the brain to achieve optimal integration of emotional and cognitive processing. This review highlights a basic evolutionary approach to emotion to understand the effects of emotion on learning and memory and the functional roles played by various brain regions and their mutual interactions in relation to emotional processing. We also summarize the current state of knowledge on the impact of emotion on memory and map implications for educational settings. In addition to elucidating the memory-enhancing effects of emotion, neuroimaging findings extend our understanding of emotional influences on learning and memory processes; this knowledge may be useful for the design of effective educational curricula to provide a conducive learning environment for both traditional "live" learning in classrooms and "virtual" learning through online-based educational technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aamir S. Malik
- Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PetronasSeri Iskandar, Malaysia
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174
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Montazeribarforoushi S, Keshavarzsaleh A, Ramsøy TZ. On the hierarchy of choice: An applied neuroscience perspective on the AIDA model. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2017.1363343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Saba Montazeribarforoushi
- Department of Genetic and Molecular Biology, University of Malaya (UM), Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abolfazl Keshavarzsaleh
- Department of Genetic and Molecular Biology, University of Malaya (UM), Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Faculty of Business and Law, High Impact Research Center (HIR), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Thomas Zoëga Ramsøy
- Center for Behavioral Innovation, Ahlgade 33, 1, Holbæk 4300, Denmark
- Singularity University, NASA Ames Research Park Building 20 S. Akron Rd., Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Neurons Inc Ahlgade 33, 1, 4300 Holbæk, Denmark
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175
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Effects of Emotional Valence on Hemispheric Asymmetries in Response Inhibition. Symmetry (Basel) 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/sym9080145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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