151
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Online LI-rTMS during a Visual Learning Task: Differential Impacts on Visual Circuit and Behavioral Plasticity in Adult Ephrin-A2A5 -/- Mice. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NRS-0163-17. [PMID: 29464193 PMCID: PMC5815844 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0163-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) induces plasticity in normal and abnormal neural circuitries, an effect that may be influenced by intrinsic brain activity during treatment. Here, we study potential synergistic effects between low-intensity rTMS (LI-rTMS) and concurrent neural activity in promoting circuit reorganization and enhancing visual behavior. We used ephrin-A2A5–/– mice, which are known to possess visuotopic mapping errors that are ameliorated by LI-rTMS, and assessed the impact of stimulation when mice were engaged in a visual learning task. A detachable coil was affixed to each mouse, and animals underwent 2 wk of 10-min daily training in a two-choice visual discrimination task with concurrent LI-rTMS or sham stimulation. No-task controls (+LI-rTMS/sham) were placed in the task arena without visual task training. At the end of the experiment, visuomotor tracking behavior was assessed, and corticotectal and geniculocortical pathway organization was mapped by injections of fluorescent tracers into the primary visual cortex. Consistent with previous results, LI-rTMS alone improved geniculocortical and corticotectal topography, but combining LI-rTMS with the visual learning task prevented beneficial corticotectal reorganization and had no additional effect on geniculocortical topography or visuomotor tracking performance. Unexpectedly, there was a significant increase in the total number of trials completed by task + LI-rTMS mice in the visual learning task. Comparison with wild-type mice revealed that ephrin-A2A5–/– mice had reduced accuracy and response rates, suggesting a goal-directed behavioral deficit, which was improved by LI-rTMS. Our results suggest that concurrent brain activity during behavior interacts with LI-rTMS, altering behavior and different visual circuits in an abnormal system.
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152
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Hermans L, Levin O, Maes C, van Ruitenbeek P, Heise KF, Edden RAE, Puts NAJ, Peeters R, King BR, Meesen RLJ, Leunissen I, Swinnen SP, Cuypers K. GABA levels and measures of intracortical and interhemispheric excitability in healthy young and older adults: an MRS-TMS study. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 65:168-177. [PMID: 29494863 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Edited magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have often been used to study the integrity of the GABAergic neurotransmission system in healthy aging. To investigate whether the measurement outcomes obtained with these 2 techniques are associated with each other in older human adults, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in the left sensorimotor cortex were assessed with edited MRS in 28 older (63-74 years) and 28 young adults (19-34 years). TMS at rest was then used to measure intracortical inhibition (short-interval intracortical inhibition/long-interval intracortical inhibition), intracortical facilitation, interhemispheric inhibition from left to right primary motor cortex (M1) and recruitment curves of left and right M1. Our observations showed that short-interval intracortical inhibition and long-interval intracortical inhibition in the left M1 were reduced in older adults, while GABA levels did not significantly differ between age groups. Furthermore, MRS-assessed GABA within left sensorimotor cortex was not correlated with TMS-assessed cortical excitability or inhibition. These observations suggest that healthy aging gives rise to altered inhibition at the postsynaptic receptor level, which does not seem to be associated with MRS-assessed GABA+ levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lize Hermans
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Oron Levin
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Celine Maes
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter van Ruitenbeek
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, MD, the Netherlands
| | - Kirstin-Friederike Heise
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Richard A E Edden
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicolaas A J Puts
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ronald Peeters
- Department of Imaging & Pathology, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bradley R King
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Raf L J Meesen
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Rehabilitation Research Centre, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Inge Leunissen
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience & Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Cuypers
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Rehabilitation Research Centre, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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153
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Kasikci T, Bek S, Koc G, Yucel M, Kutukcu Y, Odabasi Z. Transcallosal conduction in paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia. Somatosens Mot Res 2018; 34:235-241. [PMID: 29334840 DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2017.1421158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Detecting whether a possible disequilibrium between the excitatory and inhibitory interhemispheric interactions in paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) exists. METHODS This study assessed measures of motor threshold, motor evoked potential latency, the cortical silent period, the ipsilateral silent period and the transcallosal conduction time (TCT) in PKD patients. Data were compared between the clinically affected hemisphere (aH) and the fellow hemisphere (fH). RESULTS The transcallosal conduction time from the aH to the fH was 11.8 ms (range = 2.3-20.7) and 13.6 ms (range = 2.8-67.7) from the fH to the aH. The difference in TCT in the affected side was significant (p = .019). CONCLUSION The findings demonstrated that, although inhibitory interneurons act normally and symmetrically between the motor cortices and transcallosal inhibition was normal and symmetrical between both sides, the onset of transcallosal inhibition was asymmetrical. The affected hemisphere's inhibition toward the unaffected hemisphere is faster compared to the inhibition provided by the fellow hemisphere. These results are consistent with an inhibitory deficit in the level of interhemispheric interactions. SIGNIFICANCE This study revealed a defect in inhibition of the motor axis could be responsible in the pathological mechanisms of kinesigenic dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Semai Bek
- a Gulhane Medical Faculty , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Guray Koc
- a Gulhane Medical Faculty , Ankara , Turkey
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154
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Modulation of Corticospinal Excitability of Trunk Muscles in Preparation of Rapid Arm Movement. Neuroscience 2018; 369:231-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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155
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Naro A, Bramanti A, Leo A, Bramanti P, Calabrò RS. Metaplasticity: A Promising Tool to Disentangle Chronic Disorders of Consciousness Differential Diagnosis. Int J Neural Syst 2017; 28:1750059. [PMID: 29370729 DOI: 10.1142/s0129065717500599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The extent of cortical reorganization after brain injury in patients with Vegetative State/Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome (UWS) and Minimally Conscious State (MCS) depends on the residual capability of modulating synaptic plasticity. Neuroplasticity is largely abnormal in patients with UWS, although the fragments of cortical activity may exist, while patients MCS show a better cortical organization. The aim of this study was to evaluate cortical excitability in patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC) using a transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) metaplasticity protocol. To this end, we tested motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitude, short intracortical inhibition (SICI), and intracortical facilitation (ICF). These measures were correlated with the level of consciousness (by the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised, CRS-R). MEP amplitude, SICI, and ICF strength were significantly modulated following different metaplasticity TDCS protocols only in the patients with MCS. SICI modulations showed a significant correlation with the CRS-R score. Our findings demonstrate, for the first time, a partial preservation of metaplasticity properties in some patients with DoC, which correlates with the level of awareness. Thus, metaplasticity assessment may help the clinician in differentiating the patients with DoC, besides the clinical evaluation. Moreover, the responsiveness to metaplasticity protocols may identify the subjects who could benefit from neuromodulation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Naro
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Antonino Leo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Rocco Salvatore Calabrò
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Messina, Italy
- S.S. 113, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
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156
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Neige C, Massé-Alarie H, Gagné M, Bouyer LJ, Mercier C. Modulation of corticospinal output in agonist and antagonist proximal arm muscles during motor preparation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188801. [PMID: 29186189 PMCID: PMC5706717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown modulation of corticospinal output of the agonist muscle when a known-movement is prepared but withheld until a response signal appearance, reflecting motor preparation processes. However, modulation in the antagonist muscles has not been described, despite the fact that reaching movements require precise coordination between the activation of agonist and antagonist muscles. In this study, participants performed an instructed-delay reaction time (RT) task, with randomized elbow flexion and extension movements. The aim was to assess the time course modulation of corticospinal output in two antagonist muscles, by simultaneously quantified the amplitude of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in biceps brachii and triceps brachii, and the amplitude and direction of elbow movements evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Depending on the prepared movement direction, a specific modulation of corticospinal output was observed, MEPs and TMS-evoked movements amplitude being relatively greater for extension compared to flexion. At the end of motor preparation, a decrease in MEPs amplitude was observed for both biceps brachii and triceps brachii, regardless of the prepared movement direction. In contrast, the probability of evoking movement in the flexion direction and the amplitude of TMS-evoked movement decreased at the end of preparation for flexion, but not for extension. Together, these results confirm the existence of inhibitory processes at the end of the motor preparation, probably to avoid a premature motor response. Moreover, they provide evidence of differences in the corticospinal control of elbow flexor and extensor muscles with patterns of modulation that are not necessarily reciprocal during motor preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécilia Neige
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Rehabilitation, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Hugo Massé-Alarie
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Gagné
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Laurent J. Bouyer
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Rehabilitation, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Catherine Mercier
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Rehabilitation, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
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157
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Li B, Virtanen JP, Oeltermann A, Schwarz C, Giese MA, Ziemann U, Benali A. Lifting the veil on the dynamics of neuronal activities evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation. eLife 2017; 6:30552. [PMID: 29165241 PMCID: PMC5722613 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a widely used non-invasive tool to study and modulate human brain functions. However, TMS-evoked activity of individual neurons has remained largely inaccessible due to the large TMS-induced electromagnetic fields. Here, we present a general method providing direct in vivo electrophysiological access to TMS-evoked neuronal activity 0.8–1 ms after TMS onset. We translated human single-pulse TMS to rodents and unveiled time-grained evoked activities of motor cortex layer V neurons that show high-frequency spiking within the first 6 ms depending on TMS-induced current orientation and a multiphasic spike-rhythm alternating between excitation and inhibition in the 6–300 ms epoch, all of which can be linked to various human TMS responses recorded at the level of spinal cord and muscles. The advance here facilitates a new level of insight into the TMS-brain interaction that is vital for developing this non-invasive tool to purposefully explore and effectively treat the human brain. Being able to tap into someone’s brain activity by holding loops of wires above their head sounds a little like the stuff of science fiction. And yet this technique, known as transcranial magnetic stimulation or TMS, is used in research and to treat many brain disorders. TMS emits a pulsed magnetic field that induces tiny electrical currents in the underlying brain tissue, activating that region of the brain. But exactly how these currents affect the individual neurons and networks within activated brain regions remains unclear. The main reason for this is that we cannot use conventional electrode-based techniques to study neuronal activity during TMS because its strong electromagnetic interferences mask the signals from the electrodes. Several groups have found ways to overcome this problem. However, their methods are technically demanding and specific to one single animal model –limitations that could present an obstacle for many laboratories. Li et al. therefore set out to develop a simple and widely accessible method to study neuronal activities under TMS. The resulting method makes it possible to measure the activity of individual neurons roughly 1/1,000th of a second after applying TMS. To show that the technique works, Li et al. induced small movements in the forelimbs of rats by applying TMS to the brain region that controls the forelimbs, while measuring the activity of neurons at the same time. This revealed, for the first time, how the neurons responsible for the forelimb movements responded to TMS. The observed TMS-triggered neuronal activity continued long after the TMS pulse had ended. The activity also varied depending on the direction of TMS-induced currents in the brain. This new method opens up the possibility to conveniently study – in rodents or other animals – how TMS procedures that are used in patients affect neuronal activity. Li et al. hope this will make it easier to develop, study and refine these procedures, and lead to advances in TMS therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingshuo Li
- Systems Neurophysiology, Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Section on Computational Sensomotorics, Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Stroke, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Graduate Training Centre/International Max Planck Research School for Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Juha P Virtanen
- Systems Neurophysiology, Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Section on Computational Sensomotorics, Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Stroke, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Axel Oeltermann
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cornelius Schwarz
- Systems Neurophysiology, Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin A Giese
- Section on Computational Sensomotorics, Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alia Benali
- Systems Neurophysiology, Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Section on Computational Sensomotorics, Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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158
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Muthalib M, Ferrari M, Quaresima V, Kerr G, Perrey S. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy to probe sensorimotor region activation during electrical stimulation-evoked movement. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2017; 38:816-822. [PMID: 29110426 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study used non-invasive functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) neuroimaging to monitor bilateral sensorimotor region activation during unilateral voluntary (VOL) and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)-evoked movements. METHODS In eight healthy male volunteers, fNIRS was used to measure relative changes in oxyhaemoglobin (O2 Hb) and deoxyhaemoglobin (HHb) concentrations from a cortical sensorimotor region of interest in the left (LH) and right (RH) hemispheres during NMES-evoked and VOL wrist extension movements of the right arm. RESULTS NMES-evoked movements induced significantly greater activation (increase in O2 Hb and concomitant decrease in HHb) in the contralateral LH than in the ipsilateral RH (O2 Hb: 0·44 ± 0·16 μM and 0·25 ± 0·22 μM, P = 0·017; HHb: -0·19 ± 0·10 μM and -0·12 ± 0·09 μM, P = 0·036, respectively) as did VOL movements (0·51 ± 0·24 μΜ and 0·34 ± 0·21 μM, P = 0·031; HHb: -0·18 ± 0·07 μΜ and -0·12 ± 0·04 μΜ, P = 0·05, respectively). There was no significant difference between conditions for O2 Hb (P = 0·144) and HHb (P = 0·958). CONCLUSION fNIRS neuroimaging enables quantification of bilateral sensorimotor regional activation profiles during voluntary and NMES-evoked wrist extension movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makii Muthalib
- EuroMov, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,SilverLine Research Services, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Movement Neuroscience, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Marco Ferrari
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Valentina Quaresima
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Graham Kerr
- Movement Neuroscience, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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159
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Ehsani F, Samaei A, Zoghi M, Hedayati R, Jaberzadeh S. The effects of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation on static and dynamic postural stability in older individuals: a randomized double-blind sham-controlled study. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 46:2875-2884. [PMID: 28973782 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aging population is growing rapidly. Risk of falling is higher in older people compared to young adults due to several reasons including poor posture and balance. The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cerebellar anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) on static and dynamic postural stability in older individuals. Twenty-nine older adults participated in this study and were randomly allocated to two groups of active a-tDCS (experimental; n = 14) or sham tDCS group (n = 15). Experimental group received cerebellar a-tDCS for 20 min with intensity of 1.5 mA. Anterior-posterior and medial-lateral postural stability indices (postural sway) in addition to Berg Balance Score were measured before and after the intervention. Postural sways in static and dynamic postural tasks were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) after cerebellar a-tDCS, in addition to Berg Balance Score that increased significantly in active cerebellar a-tDCS group (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant changes in postural stability indices or Berg Balance Score in sham group (P > 0.05). The findings indicated immediate effect of cerebellar a-tDCS on improvement of postural control and balance in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ehsani
- Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, 3513138111, Iran
| | - Afshin Samaei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Maryam Zoghi
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic., Australia
| | - Rozita Hedayati
- Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, 3513138111, Iran
| | - Shapour Jaberzadeh
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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160
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Fiori F, Chiappini E, Candidi M, Romei V, Borgomaneri S, Avenanti A. Long-latency interhemispheric interactions between motor-related areas and the primary motor cortex: a dual site TMS study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14936. [PMID: 29097700 PMCID: PMC5668244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13708-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary motor cortex (M1) is highly influenced by premotor/motor areas both within and across hemispheres. Dual site transcranial magnetic stimulation (dsTMS) has revealed interhemispheric interactions mainly at early latencies. Here, we used dsTMS to systematically investigate long-latency causal interactions between right-hemisphere motor areas and the left M1 (lM1). We stimulated lM1 using a suprathreshold test stimulus (TS) to elicit motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in the right hand. Either a suprathreshold or a subthreshold conditioning stimulus (CS) was applied over the right M1 (rM1), the right ventral premotor cortex (rPMv), the right dorsal premotor cortex (rPMd) or the supplementary motor area (SMA) prior to the TS at various CS-TS inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs: 40–150 ms). The CS strongly affected lM1 excitability depending on ISI, CS site and intensity. Inhibitory effects were observed independently of CS intensity when conditioning PMv, rM1 and SMA at a 40-ms ISI, with larger effects after PMv conditioning. Inhibition was observed with suprathreshold PMv and rM1 conditioning at a 150-ms ISI, while site-specific, intensity-dependent facilitation was detected at an 80-ms ISI. Thus, long-latency interhemispheric interactions, likely reflecting indirect cortico-cortical/cortico-subcortical pathways, cannot be reduced to nonspecific activation across motor structures. Instead, they reflect intensity-dependent, connection- and time-specific mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fiori
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179, Rome, Italy.,Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Bologna, 47521, Cesena, Italy.,Dipartimento di Psicologia, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Emilio Chiappini
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179, Rome, Italy.,Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Bologna, 47521, Cesena, Italy
| | - Matteo Candidi
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Psicologia, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Romei
- Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Bologna, 47521, Cesena, Italy.,Centre for Brain Science, Department of Psychology, University of Essex, CO4 3SQ, Colchester, UK
| | - Sara Borgomaneri
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179, Rome, Italy.,Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Bologna, 47521, Cesena, Italy
| | - Alessio Avenanti
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179, Rome, Italy. .,Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Bologna, 47521, Cesena, Italy.
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161
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Sempere-Ferràndez A, Andrés-Bayón B, Geijo-Barrientos E. Callosal responses in a retrosplenial column. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:1051-1069. [PMID: 29081006 PMCID: PMC5869903 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1529-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The axons forming the corpus callosum sustain the interhemispheric communication across homotopic cortical areas. We have studied how neurons throughout the columnar extension of the retrosplenial cortex integrate the contralateral input from callosal projecting neurons in cortical slices. Our results show that pyramidal neurons in layers 2/3 and the large, thick-tufted pyramidal neurons in layer 5B showed larger excitatory callosal responses than layer 5A and layer 5B thin-tufted pyramidal neurons, while layer 6 remained silent to this input. Feed-forward inhibitory currents generated by fast spiking, parvalbumin expressing interneurons recruited by callosal axons mimicked the response size distribution of excitatory responses across pyramidal subtypes, being larger in those of superficial layers and in the layer 5B thick-tufted pyramidal cells. Overall, the combination of the excitatory and inhibitory currents evoked by callosal input had a strong and opposed effect in different layers of the cortex; while layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons were powerfully inhibited, the thick-tufted but not thin-tufted pyramidal neurons in layer 5 were strongly recruited. We believe that these results will help to understand the functional role of callosal connections in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Sempere-Ferràndez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de San Juan, Avenida Ramón y Cajal s/n, 03550, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Belén Andrés-Bayón
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de San Juan, Avenida Ramón y Cajal s/n, 03550, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Emilio Geijo-Barrientos
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de San Juan, Avenida Ramón y Cajal s/n, 03550, San Juan de Alicante, Spain.
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Zhou R, Alvarado L, Kim S, Chong SL, Mushahwar VK. Modulation of corticospinal input to the legs by arm and leg cycling in people with incomplete spinal cord injury. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:2507-2519. [PMID: 28701544 PMCID: PMC5646203 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00663.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The spinal cervico-lumbar interaction during rhythmic movements in humans has recently been studied; however, the role of arm movements in modulating the corticospinal drive to the legs is not well understood. The goals of this study were to investigate the effect of active rhythmic arm movements on the corticospinal drive to the legs (study 1) and assess the effect of simultaneous arm and leg training on the corticospinal pathway after incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI) (study 2). In study 1, neurologically intact (NI) participants or participants with iSCI performed combinations of stationary and rhythmic cycling of the arms and legs while motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle. In the NI group, arm cycling alone could facilitate the VL MEP amplitude, suggesting that dynamic arm movements strongly modulate the corticospinal pathway to the legs. No significant difference in VL MEP between conditions was found in participants with iSCI. In study 2, participants with iSCI underwent 12 wk of electrical stimulation-assisted cycling training: one group performed simultaneous arm and leg (A&L) cycling and the other legs-only cycling. MEPs in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle were compared before and after training. After training, only the A&L group had a significantly larger TA MEP, suggesting increased excitability in the corticospinal pathway. The findings demonstrate the importance of arm movements in modulating the corticospinal drive to the legs and suggest that active engagement of the arms in lower limb rehabilitation may produce better neural regulation and restoration of function.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study aimed to demonstrate the importance of arm movements in modulating the corticospinal drive to the legs. It provides direct evidence in humans that active movement of the arms could facilitate corticospinal transmission to the legs and, for the first time, shows that facilitation is absent after spinal cord injury. Active engagement of the arms in lower limb rehabilitation increased the excitability of the corticospinal pathway and may produce more effective improvement in leg function.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Zhou
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Sensory Motor Adaptive Rehabilitation Technology (SMART) Network, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - L Alvarado
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Sensory Motor Adaptive Rehabilitation Technology (SMART) Network, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - S Kim
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
- Sensory Motor Adaptive Rehabilitation Technology (SMART) Network, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - S L Chong
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
- Sensory Motor Adaptive Rehabilitation Technology (SMART) Network, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - V K Mushahwar
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
- Sensory Motor Adaptive Rehabilitation Technology (SMART) Network, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Grandjean J, Derosiere G, Vassiliadis P, Quemener L, Wilde YD, Duque J. Towards assessing corticospinal excitability bilaterally: Validation of a double-coil TMS method. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 293:162-168. [PMID: 28962906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For several decades, Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been used to monitor corticospinal excitability (CSE) changes in various contexts. Habitually, single-coil TMS is applied over one primary motor cortex (M1), eliciting motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in a contralateral limb muscle, usually a hand effector. However, in many situations, it would be useful to obtain MEPs in both hands simultaneously, to track CSE bilaterally. Such an approach requires stimulating both M1 concurrently while avoiding interference between the two descending stimuli. NEW METHOD We examined MEPs obtained at rest using a double-coil TMS approach where the two M1 are stimulated with a 1ms inter-pulse interval (double-coil1ms). MEPs were acquired using double-coil1ms (MEPdouble) or single-coil (MEPsingle) TMS, at five different intensities of stimulation (100, 115, 130, 145 or 160% of the resting motor threshold, rMT). Given the 1ms inter-pulse interval in double-coil1ms trials, MEPdouble were either evoked by a 1st (MEPdouble-1) or a 2nd (MEPdouble-2) TMS pulse. RESULTS All MEPTYPE (MEPTYPE=MEPsingle, MEPdouble-1 and MEPdouble-2) were equivalent, regardless of the hand within which they were elicited, the intensity of stimulation or the pulse order. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD This method allows one to observe state-related CSE changes for the two hands simultaneously on a trial-by-trial basis. CONCLUSION These results infer the absence of any neural interactions between the two cortico-spinal volleys with double-coil1ms TMS. Hence, this technique can be reliably used to assess CSE bilaterally, opening new research perspectives for scientists interested in physiological markers of activity in the motor output system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Grandjean
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Gerard Derosiere
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Vassiliadis
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Louise Quemener
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ysaline de Wilde
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Duque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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164
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Dubbioso R, Raffin E, Karabanov A, Thielscher A, Siebner HR. Centre-surround organization of fast sensorimotor integration in human motor hand area. Neuroimage 2017; 158:37-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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165
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Neurophysiological insights on flexibility improvements through motor imagery. Behav Brain Res 2017; 331:159-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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166
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Beaulieu LD, Massé-Alarie H, Ribot-Ciscar E, Schneider C. Reliability of lower limb transcranial magnetic stimulation outcomes in the ipsi- and contralesional hemispheres of adults with chronic stroke. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:1290-1298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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167
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Cantone M, Bramanti A, Lanza G, Pennisi M, Bramanti P, Pennisi G, Bella R. Cortical Plasticity in Depression. ASN Neuro 2017. [PMID: 28629225 DOI: 10.1177/1759091417711512.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural plasticity is considered the neurophysiological correlate of learning and memory, although several studies have also noted that it plays crucial roles in a number of neurological and psychiatric diseases. Indeed, impaired brain plasticity may be one of the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlies both cognitive decline and major depression. Moreover, a degree of cognitive impairment is frequently observed throughout the clinical spectrum of mood disorders, and the relationship between depression and cognition is often bidirectional. However, most evidence for dysfunctional neural plasticity in depression has been indirect. Transcranial magnetic stimulation has emerged as a noninvasive tool for investigating several parameters of cortical excitability with the aim of exploring the functions of different neurotransmission pathways and for probing in vivo plasticity in both healthy humans and those with pathological conditions. In particular, depressed patients exhibit a significant interhemispheric difference in motor cortex excitability, an imbalanced inhibitory or excitatory intracortical neurochemical circuitry, reduced postexercise facilitation, and an impaired long-term potentiation-like response to paired-associative transcranial magnetic stimulation, and these symptoms may indicate disrupted plasticity. Research aimed at disentangling the mechanism by which neuroplasticity plays a role in the pathological processes that lead to depression and evaluating the effects of modulating neuroplasticity are needed for the field to facilitate more powerful translational research studies and identify novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariagiovanna Cantone
- 1 Department of Neurology IC, IRCCS " Oasi" Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Lanza
- 1 Department of Neurology IC, IRCCS " Oasi" Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Italy
| | - Manuela Pennisi
- 3 Spinal Unit, Emergency Hospital Cannizzaro, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Pennisi
- 4 Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rita Bella
- 5 Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technology, Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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168
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Beaulieu LD, Milot MH. Changes in transcranial magnetic stimulation outcome measures in response to upper-limb physical training in stroke: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2017; 61:224-234. [PMID: 28579362 DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical training is known to be an effective intervention to improve sensorimotor impairments after stroke. However, the link between brain plastic changes, assessed by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and sensorimotor recovery in response to physical training is still misunderstood. We systematically reviewed reports of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving the use of TMS over the primary motor cortex (M1) to probe brain plasticity after upper-limb physical training interventions in people with stroke. METHODS We searched 5 databases for articles published up to October 2016, with additional studies identified by hand-searching. RCTs had to investigate pre/post-intervention changes in at least one TMS outcome measure. Two independent raters assessed the eligibility of potential studies and reviewed the selected articles' quality by using 2 critical appraisal scales. RESULTS In total, 14 reports of RCTs (pooled participants=358; mean 26±12 per study) met the selection criteria. Overall, 11 studies detected plastic changes with TMS in the presence of clinical improvements after training, and these changes were more often detected in the affected hemisphere by using map area and motor evoked potential (MEP) latency outcome measures. Plastic changes mostly pointed to increased M1/corticospinal excitability and potential interhemispheric rebalancing of M1 excitability, despite sometimes controversial results among studies. Also, the strength of the review observations was affected by heterogeneous TMS methods and upper-limb interventions across studies as well as several sources of bias within the selected studies. CONCLUSIONS The current evidence encourages the use of TMS outcome measures, especially MEP latency and map area to investigate plastic changes in the brain after upper-limb physical training post-stroke. However, more studies involving rigorous and standardized TMS procedures are needed to validate these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-David Beaulieu
- Centre de recherche sur le vieillissement, faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé de l'université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec (QC), Canada
| | - Marie-Hélène Milot
- Centre de recherche sur le vieillissement, faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé de l'université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec (QC), Canada.
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169
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Cantone M, Bramanti A, Lanza G, Pennisi M, Bramanti P, Pennisi G, Bella R. Cortical Plasticity in Depression. ASN Neuro 2017; 9:1759091417711512. [PMID: 28629225 PMCID: PMC5480639 DOI: 10.1177/1759091417711512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural plasticity is considered the neurophysiological correlate of learning and memory, although several studies have also noted that it plays crucial roles in a number of neurological and psychiatric diseases. Indeed, impaired brain plasticity may be one of the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlies both cognitive decline and major depression. Moreover, a degree of cognitive impairment is frequently observed throughout the clinical spectrum of mood disorders, and the relationship between depression and cognition is often bidirectional. However, most evidence for dysfunctional neural plasticity in depression has been indirect. Transcranial magnetic stimulation has emerged as a noninvasive tool for investigating several parameters of cortical excitability with the aim of exploring the functions of different neurotransmission pathways and for probing in vivo plasticity in both healthy humans and those with pathological conditions. In particular, depressed patients exhibit a significant interhemispheric difference in motor cortex excitability, an imbalanced inhibitory or excitatory intracortical neurochemical circuitry, reduced postexercise facilitation, and an impaired long-term potentiation-like response to paired-associative transcranial magnetic stimulation, and these symptoms may indicate disrupted plasticity. Research aimed at disentangling the mechanism by which neuroplasticity plays a role in the pathological processes that lead to depression and evaluating the effects of modulating neuroplasticity are needed for the field to facilitate more powerful translational research studies and identify novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariagiovanna Cantone
- Department of Neurology IC, IRCCS “Oasi” Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Lanza
- Department of Neurology IC, IRCCS “Oasi” Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Italy
| | | | | | - Giovanni Pennisi
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rita Bella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technology, Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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170
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Shirota Y, Dhaka S, Paulus W, Sommer M. Current direction-dependent modulation of human hand motor function by intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS). Neurosci Lett 2017; 650:109-113. [PMID: 28435045 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with different current directions can activate different sets of neurons. Current direction can also affect the results of repetitive TMS. OBJECTIVE To test the influence of uni-directional intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) using different current directions, namely posteroanterior (PA) and anteroposterior (AP), on motor behaviour. METHODS In a cross-over design, PA- and AP-iTBS was applied over the left primary motor cortex in 19 healthy, right-handed volunteers. Performance of a finger-tapping task was recorded before and 0, 10, 20, and 30min after the iTBS. The task was conducted with the right and left hands separately at each time point. As a control, AP-iTBS with reduced intensity was applied to 14 participants in a separate session (APweak condition). RESULTS The finger-tapping count with the left hand was decreased after PA-iTBS. Neither AP- nor APweak-iTBS altered the performance. CONCLUSIONS Current direction had a significant impact on the after-effects of iTBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Shirota
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Suman Dhaka
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India.
| | - Walter Paulus
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Martin Sommer
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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171
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Vlaar MP, Solis-Escalante T, Dewald JPA, van Wegen EEH, Schouten AC, Kwakkel G, van der Helm FCT. Quantification of task-dependent cortical activation evoked by robotic continuous wrist joint manipulation in chronic hemiparetic stroke. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2017; 14:30. [PMID: 28412953 PMCID: PMC5393035 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-017-0240-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cortical damage after stroke can drastically impair sensory and motor function of the upper limb, affecting the execution of activities of daily living and quality of life. Motor impairment after stroke has been thoroughly studied, however sensory impairment and its relation to movement control has received less attention. Integrity of the somatosensory system is essential for feedback control of human movement, and compromised integrity due to stroke has been linked to sensory impairment. Methods The goal of this study is to assess the integrity of the somatosensory system in individuals with chronic hemiparetic stroke with different levels of sensory impairment, through a combination of robotic joint manipulation and high-density electroencephalogram (EEG). A robotic wrist manipulator applied continuous periodic disturbances to the affected limb, providing somatosensory (proprioceptive and tactile) stimulation while challenging task execution. The integrity of the somatosensory system was evaluated during passive and active tasks, defined as ‘relaxed wrist’ and ‘maintaining 20% maximum wrist flexion’, respectively. The evoked cortical responses in the EEG were quantified using the power in the averaged responses and their signal-to-noise ratio. Results Thirty individuals with chronic hemiparetic stroke and ten unimpaired individuals without stroke participated in this study. Participants with stroke were classified as having severe, mild, or no sensory impairment, based on the Erasmus modification of the Nottingham Sensory Assessment. Under passive conditions, wrist manipulation resulted in contralateral cortical responses in unimpaired and chronic stroke participants with mild and no sensory impairment. In participants with severe sensory impairment the cortical responses were strongly reduced in amplitude, which related to anatomical damage. Under active conditions, participants with mild sensory impairment showed reduced responses compared to the passive condition, whereas unimpaired and chronic stroke participants without sensory impairment did not show this reduction. Conclusions Robotic continuous joint manipulation allows studying somatosensory cortical evoked responses during the execution of meaningful upper limb control tasks. Using such an approach it is possible to quantitatively assess the integrity of sensory pathways; in the context of movement control this provides additional information required to develop more effective neurorehabilitation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn P Vlaar
- BioMechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Teodoro Solis-Escalante
- BioMechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Julius P A Dewald
- BioMechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.,Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Laboratory of BioMechanical Engineering, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin E H van Wegen
- VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alfred C Schouten
- BioMechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.,Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Laboratory of BioMechanical Engineering, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Kwakkel
- VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frans C T van der Helm
- BioMechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.,Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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172
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Shih LC, Pascual-Leone A. Non-invasive Brain Stimulation for Essential Tremor. TREMOR AND OTHER HYPERKINETIC MOVEMENTS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 7:458. [PMID: 28373927 PMCID: PMC5374545 DOI: 10.7916/d8g44w01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background There is increasing interest in the use of non-invasive brain stimulation to characterize and potentially treat essential tremor (ET). Studies have used a variety of stimulation coils, paradigms, and target locations to make these observations. We reviewed the literature to compare prior studies and to evaluate the rationale and the methods used in these studies. Methods We performed a systematic literature search of the PubMed database using the terms “transcranial,” “noninvasive,” “brain stimulation,” “transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS),” “transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS),” “transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS),” and “essential tremor.” Results Single pulses of TMS to the primary motor cortex have long been known to reset tremor. Although there are relatively few studies showing alterations in motor cortical physiology, such as motor threshold, short and long intracortical inhibition, and cortical silent period, there may be some evidence of altered intracortical facilitation and cerebello-brain inhibition in ET. Repetitive TMS, theta burst stimulation, tDCS, and tACS have been applied to human subjects with tremor with some preliminary signs of tremor reduction, particularly in those studies that employed consecutive daily sessions. Discussion A variety of stimulation paradigms and targets have been explored, with the increasing rationale an interest in targeting the cerebellum. Rigorous assessment of coil geometry, stimulation paradigm, rationale for selection of the specific anatomic target, and careful phenotypic and physiologic characterization of the subjects with ET undergoing these interventions may be critical in extending these preliminary findings into effective stimulation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludy C Shih
- Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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173
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Alia C, Spalletti C, Lai S, Panarese A, Lamola G, Bertolucci F, Vallone F, Di Garbo A, Chisari C, Micera S, Caleo M. Neuroplastic Changes Following Brain Ischemia and their Contribution to Stroke Recovery: Novel Approaches in Neurorehabilitation. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:76. [PMID: 28360842 PMCID: PMC5352696 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic damage to the brain triggers substantial reorganization of spared areas and pathways, which is associated with limited, spontaneous restoration of function. A better understanding of this plastic remodeling is crucial to develop more effective strategies for stroke rehabilitation. In this review article, we discuss advances in the comprehension of post-stroke network reorganization in patients and animal models. We first focus on rodent studies that have shed light on the mechanisms underlying neuronal remodeling in the perilesional area and contralesional hemisphere after motor cortex infarcts. Analysis of electrophysiological data has demonstrated brain-wide alterations in functional connectivity in both hemispheres, well beyond the infarcted area. We then illustrate the potential use of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques to boost recovery. We finally discuss rehabilitative protocols based on robotic devices as a tool to promote endogenous plasticity and functional restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Alia
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR)Pisa, Italy; Laboratory of Biology, Scuola Normale SuperiorePisa, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Lai
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna Pontedera, Italy
| | - Alessandro Panarese
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna Pontedera, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lamola
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neurorehabilitation-University Hospital of Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Bertolucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neurorehabilitation-University Hospital of Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Vallone
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'AnnaPontedera, Italy; CNR Biophysics Institute, National Research Council (CNR)Pisa, Italy; Neural Computation Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Italian institute of Technology (IIT)Rovereto, Italy
| | - Angelo Di Garbo
- CNR Biophysics Institute, National Research Council (CNR) Pisa, Italy
| | - Carmelo Chisari
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neurorehabilitation-University Hospital of Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvestro Micera
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'AnnaPontedera, Italy; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational NeuroEngineering Laboratory, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of BioengineeringLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Caleo
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR) Pisa, Italy
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174
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Luc-Harkey BA, Harkey MS, Pamukoff DN, Kim RH, Royal TK, Blackburn JT, Spang JT, Pietrosimone B. Greater intracortical inhibition associates with lower quadriceps voluntary activation in individuals with ACL reconstruction. Exp Brain Res 2017; 235:1129-1137. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-4877-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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175
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Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Biologically Based Assay of Lower Extremity Impairment and Gait Velocity. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:6971206. [PMID: 28243474 PMCID: PMC5294370 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6971206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives. (a) To determine associations among motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude, MEP latency, lower extremity (LE) impairment, and gait velocity and (b) determine the association between the presence of a detectable MEP signal with LE impairment and with gait velocity. Method. 35 subjects with chronic, stable LE hemiparesis were undergone TMS, the LE section of the Fugl-Meyer Impairment Scale (LE FM), and 10-meter walk test. We recorded presence, amplitude, and latency of MEPs in the affected tibialis anterior (TA) and soleus (SO). Results. MEP presence was associated with higher LEFM scores in both the TA and SO. MEP latency was larger in subjects with lower LEFM and difficulty walking. Conclusion. MEP latency appears to be an indicator of LE impairment and gait. Significance. Our results support the precept of using TMS, particularly MEP latency, as an adjunctive LE outcome measurement and prognostic technique.
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176
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Preparation and execution of teeth clenching and foot muscle contraction influence on corticospinal hand-muscle excitability. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41249. [PMID: 28117368 PMCID: PMC5259748 DOI: 10.1038/srep41249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Contraction of a muscle modulates not only the corticospinal excitability (CSE) of the contracting muscle but also that of different muscles. We investigated to what extent the CSE of a hand muscle is modulated during preparation and execution of teeth clenching and ipsilateral foot dorsiflexion either separately or in combination. Hand-muscle CSE was estimated based on motor evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and recorded from the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle. We found higher excitability during both preparation and execution of all the motor tasks than during mere observation of a fixation cross. As expected, the excitability was greater during the execution phase than the preparation one. Furthermore, both execution and preparation of combined motor tasks led to higher excitability than individual tasks. These results extend our current understanding of the neural interactions underlying simultaneous contraction of muscles in different body parts.
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177
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Río-Rodríguez D, Iglesias-Soler E, Fernandez-Del-Olmo M. Modulation of quadriceps corticospinal excitability by femoral nerve stimulation. Neurosci Lett 2017; 637:148-153. [PMID: 27865881 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We explored the conditioning effect of a percutaneous electrical pulse of the femoral nerve on cortical motor evoked responses in the rectus femoris muscle. METHODS Corticospinal excitability of rectus femoris muscle was measured in sixteen healthy subjects, when a single transcranial magnetic pulse was preceded by an electrical femoral nerve stimulus, using twelve inter-stimulus intervals (from 10 to 275ms). We also evaluated the effects of the intensities of the transcranial magnetic and of the electrical pulses. RESULTS Quadriceps motor evoked potentials were inhibited and facilitated when a single femoral nerve electrical stimulus was delivered at inter-stimulus intervals of 25ms and 150ms, respectively. The facilitation was reduced when low electrical intensity was used, while the inhibition decreased with high intensity transcranial magnetic pulse. CONCLUSION Afferent inputs of a femoral stimulation modulate the responses elicited by transcranial magnetic pulses of the contralateral quadriceps motor cortex. This modulation indicates a sensorimotor integration of proximal lower limb muscles that may be mediated via different types of afferents. This could be of relevance for studies that explore the role of lower limb muscles in postural control and balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Río-Rodríguez
- Learning and Human Movement Control Group, INEF Galicia, University of A Coruña, Spain
| | - Eliseo Iglesias-Soler
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, Spain
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178
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Fleming MK, Newham DJ. Reliability of Transcallosal Inhibition in Healthy Adults. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 10:681. [PMID: 28119588 PMCID: PMC5220059 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcallosal inhibition (TCI), assessed using transcranial magnetic stimulation, can provide insight into the neurophysiology of aging and of neurological disorders such as stroke. However, the reliability of TCI using the ipsilateral silent period (iSP) has not been formally assessed, despite its use in longitudinal studies. This study aimed to determine the reliability of iSP onset latency, duration and depth in healthy young and older adults. A sample of 18 younger (mean age 27.7 years, range: 19–42) and 13 older healthy adults (mean age 68.1 years, range: 58–79) attended four sessions whereby the iSP was measured from the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle of each hand. 20 single pulse stimuli were delivered to each primary motor cortex at 80% maximum stimulator output while the participant maintained an isometric contraction of the ipsilateral FDI. The average onset latency, duration of the iSP, and depth of inhibition relative to baseline electromyography activity was calculated for each hand in each session. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated for all four sessions, or the first two sessions only. For iSP onset latency the reliability ranged from poor to good. For iSP duration there was moderate to good reliability (ICC > 0.6). Depth of inhibition demonstrated variation in reproducibility depending on which hand was assessed and whether two or four sessions were compared. Bland and Altman analyses showed wide limits of agreement between the first two sessions, particularly for iSP depth. However, there was no systematic pattern to the variability. These results indicate that although iSP duration is reliable in healthy adults, changes in longitudinal studies should be interpreted with caution, particularly for iSP depth. Future studies are needed to determine reliability in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie K Fleming
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London London, UK
| | - Di J Newham
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London London, UK
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179
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Naro A, Bramanti A, Leo A, Manuli A, Sciarrone F, Russo M, Bramanti P, Calabrò RS. Effects of cerebellar transcranial alternating current stimulation on motor cortex excitability and motor function. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:2891-2906. [PMID: 28064346 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum regulates several motor functions through two main mechanisms, the cerebellum-brain inhibition (CBI) and the motor surround inhibition (MSI). Although the exact cerebellar structures and functions involved in such processes are partially known, Purkinje cells (PC) and their surrounding interneuronal networks may play a pivotal role concerning CBI and MSI. Cerebellar transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has been proven to shape specific cerebellar components in a feasible, safe, effective, and non-invasive manner. The aim of our study was to characterize the cerebellar structures and functions subtending CBI and MSI using a tACS approach. Fifteen healthy individuals underwent a cerebellar tACS protocol at 10, 50, and 300 Hz, or a sham-tACS over the right cerebellar hemisphere. We measured the tACS aftereffects on motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitude, CBI induced by tACS (tiCBI) at different frequencies, MSI, and hand motor task performance. None of the participants had any side effect related to tACS. After 50-Hz tACS, we observed a clear tiCBI-50Hz weakening (about +30%, p < 0.001) paralleled by a MEP amplitude increase (about +30%, p = 0.001) and a reduction of the time required to complete some motor task (about -20%, p = 0.01), lasting up to 30 min. The 300-Hz tACS induced a selective, specific tiCBI-300Hz and tiCBI-50Hz modulation in surrounding muscles (about -15%, p = 0.01) and MSI potentiation (about +40%, p < 0.001). The 10-Hz tACS and the sham-tACS were ineffective (p > 0.6). Our preliminary data suggest that PC may represent the last mediator of tiCBI and that the surrounding interneuronal network may have an important role in updating MSI, tiCBI, and M1 excitability during tonic muscle contraction, by acting onto the PC. The knowledge of these neurophysiological issues offers new cues to design innovative, non-invasive neuromodulation protocols to shape cerebellar-cerebral functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Naro
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Palermo, Contrada Casazza, S.S. 113, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessia Bramanti
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Palermo, Contrada Casazza, S.S. 113, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Leo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Palermo, Contrada Casazza, S.S. 113, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Alfredo Manuli
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Palermo, Contrada Casazza, S.S. 113, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca Sciarrone
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Palermo, Contrada Casazza, S.S. 113, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Margherita Russo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Palermo, Contrada Casazza, S.S. 113, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Placido Bramanti
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Palermo, Contrada Casazza, S.S. 113, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Rocco Salvatore Calabrò
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Palermo, Contrada Casazza, S.S. 113, 98124, Messina, Italy.
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180
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Cirillo G, Di Pino G, Capone F, Ranieri F, Florio L, Todisco V, Tedeschi G, Funke K, Di Lazzaro V. Neurobiological after-effects of non-invasive brain stimulation. Brain Stimul 2017; 10:1-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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181
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Meng ZY, Song WQ. Low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation improves motor dysfunction after cerebral infarction. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:610-613. [PMID: 28553342 PMCID: PMC5436360 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.205100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Low frequency (≤ 1 Hz) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can affect the excitability of the cerebral cortex and synaptic plasticity. Although this is a common method for clinical treatment of cerebral infarction, whether it promotes the recovery of motor function remains controversial. Twenty patients with cerebral infarction combined with hemiparalysis were equally and randomly divided into a low frequency rTMS group and a control group. The patients in the low frequency rTMS group were given 1-Hz rTMS to the contralateral primary motor cortex with a stimulus intensity of 90% motor threshold, 30 minutes/day. The patients in the control group were given sham stimulation. After 14 days of treatment, clinical function scores (National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, Barthel Index, and Fugl-Meyer Assessment) improved significantly in the low frequency rTMS group, and the effects were better than that in the control group. We conclude that low frequency (1 Hz) rTMS for 14 days can help improve motor function after cerebral infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yong Meng
- Department of Rehabilitation, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Qun Song
- Department of Rehabilitation, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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182
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Morin-Moncet O, Therrien-Blanchet JM, Ferland MC, Théoret H, West GL. Action Video Game Playing Is Reflected In Enhanced Visuomotor Performance and Increased Corticospinal Excitability. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0169013. [PMID: 28005989 PMCID: PMC5179116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Action video game playing is associated with improved visuomotor performance; however, the underlying neural mechanisms associated with this increased performance are not well understood. Using the Serial Reaction Time Task in conjunction with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, we investigated if improved visuomotor performance displayed in action video game players (actionVGPs) was associated with increased corticospinal plasticity in primary motor cortex (M1) compared to non-video game players (nonVGPs). Further, we assessed if actionVGPs and nonVGPs displayed differences in procedural motor learning as measured by the SRTT. We found that at the behavioral level, both the actionVGPs and nonVGPs showed evidence of procedural learning with no significant difference between groups. However, the actionVGPs displayed higher visuomotor performance as evidenced by faster reaction times in the SRTT. This observed enhancement in visuomotor performance amongst actionVGPs was associated with increased corticospinal plasticity in M1, as measured by corticospinal excitability changes pre- and post- SRTT and corticospinal excitability at rest before motor practice. Our results show that aVGPs, who are known to have better performance on visual and motor tasks, also display increased corticospinal excitability after completing a novel visuomotor task.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marie C. Ferland
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Hugo Théoret
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Hôpital Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Canada
| | - Greg L. West
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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183
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Beaulieu LD, Flamand VH, Massé-Alarie H, Schneider C. Reliability and minimal detectable change of transcranial magnetic stimulation outcomes in healthy adults: A systematic review. Brain Stimul 2016; 10:196-213. [PMID: 28031148 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is used worldwide for noninvasively testing human motor systems but its psychometric properties remain unclear. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS This work systematically reviewed studies on the reliability of TMS outcome measures of primary motor cortex (M1) excitability in healthy humans, with an emphasis on retrieving minimal detectable changes (MDC). METHODS The literature search was performed in three databases (Pubmed, CINAHL, Embase) up to June 2016 and additional studies were identified through hand-searching. French and English-written studies had to report the reliability of at least one TMS outcome of M1 in healthy humans. Two independent raters assessed the eligibility of potential studies, and eligible articles were reviewed using a structured data extraction form and two critical appraisal scales. RESULTS A total of 34 articles met the selection criteria, which tested the intra- and inter-rater reliability (relative and absolute subtypes) of several TMS outcomes. However, our critical appraisal of studies raised concerns on the applicability and generalization of results because of methodological and statistical pitfalls. Importantly, MDC were generally large and likely affected by various factors, especially time elapsed between sessions and number of stimuli delivered. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review underlined that the evidence about the reliability of TMS outcomes is scarce and affected by several methodological and statistical problems. Data and knowledge of the review provided however relevant insights on the ability of TMS outcomes to track plastic changes within an individual or within a group, and recommendations were made to level up the quality of future work in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-David Beaulieu
- Clinical Neuroscience and Neurostimulation Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center - Neuroscience Division, Quebec City, Qc, Canada; Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Qc, Canada.
| | - Véronique H Flamand
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Qc, Canada; Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Quebec City, Qc, Canada
| | - Hugo Massé-Alarie
- Clinical Neuroscience and Neurostimulation Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center - Neuroscience Division, Quebec City, Qc, Canada; Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Qc, Canada
| | - Cyril Schneider
- Clinical Neuroscience and Neurostimulation Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center - Neuroscience Division, Quebec City, Qc, Canada; Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Qc, Canada
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184
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Caranzano L, Stephan MA, Herrmann FR, Benninger DH. Desynchronization does not contribute to intracortical inhibition and facilitation: a paired-pulse paradigm study combined with TST. J Neurophysiol 2016; 117:1052-1056. [PMID: 27974446 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00381.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The paired-pulse (PP) transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) paradigms allow the exploration of the motor cortex physiology. The triple stimulation technique (TST) improves conventional TMS by reducing effects of desynchronization of motor neuron discharges allowing a precise evaluation of the corticospinal conduction. The objective of our study was to explore PP TMS paradigms combined with the TST to study whether the desynchronization contributes to these phenomena and whether the combined TMS-TST protocol could improve the consistency of responses. We investigated the PP paradigms of short intracortical inhibition (SICI) with 2 ms interstimulus interval (ISI) and of intracortical facilitation (ICF) with 10 ms ISI in 22 healthy subjects applying either conventional TMS alone or combined with the TST protocol. The results of the PP paradigms combined with the TST of SICI and ICF do not differ from those with conventional TMS. However, combining the PP paradigm with the TST reduces their variability. These results speak against a contribution of the desynchronization of motor neuron discharges to the PP paradigms of SICI and ICF. Combining the PP TMS paradigm with the TST may improve their consistency, but the interindividual variability remains such that it precludes their utility for clinical practice.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Combining the triple stimulation technique with the paired-pulse stimulation paradigm improves the consistency of short intracortical inhibition and facilitation and could be useful in research, but the interindividual variability precludes their utility for clinical practice. Our findings do not suggest that desynchronization of descending discharges following transcranial magnetic stimulation contributes to short intracortical inhibition or intracortical facilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Caranzano
- Neurology Service, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Faculté de Biologie et de Médecine, Doctoral School, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and
| | - M A Stephan
- Neurology Service, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F R Herrmann
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Rehabilitation, and Geriatrics, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - D H Benninger
- Neurology Service, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland;
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185
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Marneweck M, Flamand VH. Elucidating the neural circuitry underlying planning of internally-guided voluntary action. J Neurophysiol 2016; 116:2469-2472. [PMID: 27121575 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00068.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to elucidate the neural circuitry of planning of internally guided voluntary action, Ariani et al. (2015) used a delayed-movement design and multivariate pattern analysis of functional MRI data and found areas decoding internally elicited action plans, stimulus-elicited action plans, and both types of plans. In interpreting their results in the context of a heuristic decision model of voluntary action, encompassing "what" action to perform, "when" to perform it, and "whether" to perform it at all, we highlight at least some neural dissociation of these components. More to that, we note that the exact neural circuitry of each component might vary depending on the performed action type, and finally, we underscore the importance of understanding the temporal specifics of such circuitries to further elucidate how they are involved and interact during voluntary action planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Marneweck
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Véronique H Flamand
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, New York
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186
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Nojima I, Koganemaru S, Mima T. Combination of Static Magnetic Fields and Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Can Alter Focal Cortical Excitability. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:598. [PMID: 27932966 PMCID: PMC5122585 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For clinical application of transcranial static magnetic stimulation (tSMS), it is important to achieve a focal target cortical stimulation. Previous study suggested that the associative stimulation combining non-invasive stimulation of the motor cortex (M1) and the peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) may be useful to produce cortical excitability change. To test this hypothesis, we measured the M1 excitability and intracortical circuits by using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) before and after the tSMS of short duration (5 min) combined with PNS. Thirty-three normal volunteers were participated; tSMS+PNS (n = 11), sham+PNS (n = 11), and tSMS alone (n = 11). We found the transient suppression of the motor-evoked potential (MEP) of the right abductor pollicis brevis (APB) muscle, but not of the abductor digiti minimi (ADM) muscle, when combining tSMS with PNS over median nerve at the wrist. The lack of suppressive effect on APB in tSMS alone with short duration is in accord with the previous observation. In addition, the tendency of transient enhancement of the short-latency intracortical inhibition was observed immediately after intervention in the tSMS±PNS group. These findings show that the combination of tSMS and PNS can induce the cortical excitability change in target cortical motor area and potentiate the suppression effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ippei Nojima
- Department of Physical Therapy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoko Koganemaru
- Human Brain Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Mima
- Graduate School of Core Ethics and Frontier Sciences, Ritsumeikan University Kyoto, Japan
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187
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Ehsani F, Bakhtiary A, Jaberzadeh S, Talimkhani A, Hajihasani A. Differential effects of primary motor cortex and cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation on motor learning in healthy individuals: A randomized double-blind sham-controlled study. Neurosci Res 2016; 112:10-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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188
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Ruddy KL, Jaspers E, Keller M, Wenderoth N. Interhemispheric sensorimotor integration; an upper limb phenomenon? Neuroscience 2016; 333:104-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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189
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Combining non-invasive transcranial brain stimulation with neuroimaging and electrophysiology: Current approaches and future perspectives. Neuroimage 2016; 140:4-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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190
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Serradj N, Martin JH. Motor Experience Reprograms Development of a Genetically-Altered Bilateral Corticospinal Motor Circuit. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163775. [PMID: 27673329 PMCID: PMC5038944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that motor experience plays a role in shaping development of the corticospinal system and voluntary motor control, which is a key motor function of the system. Here we used a mouse model with conditional forebrain deletion of the gene for EphA4 (Emx1-Cre:EphA4tm2Kldr), which regulates development of the laterality of corticospinal tract (CST). We combined study of Emx1-Cre:EphA4tm2Kldr with unilateral forelimb constraint during development to expand our understanding of experience-dependent CST development from both basic and translational perspectives. This mouse develops dense ipsilateral CST projections, a bilateral motor cortex motor representation, and bilateral motor phenotypes. Together these phenotypes can be used as readouts of corticospinal system organization and function and the changes brought about by experience. The Emx1-Cre:EphA4tm2Kldr mouse shares features with the common developmental disorder cerebral palsy: bilateral voluntary motor impairments and bilateral CST miswiring. Emx1-Cre:EphA4tm2Kldr mice with typical motor experiences during development display the bilateral phenotype of “mirror” reaching, because of a strongly bilateral motor cortex motor representation and a bilateral CST. By contrast, Emx1-Cre:EphA4tm2Kldr mice that experienced unilateral forelimb constraint from P1 to P30 and tested at maturity had a more contralateral motor cortex motor representation in each hemisphere; more lateralized CST projections; and substantially more lateralized/independent reaching movements. Changes in CST organization and function in this model can be explained by reduced synaptic competition of the CST from the side without developmental forelimb motor experiences. Using this model we show that unilateral constraint largely abrogated the effects of the genetic mutation on CST projections and thus demonstrates how robust and persistent experience-dependent development can be for the establishment of corticospinal system connections and voluntary control. Further, our findings inform the mechanisms of and strategies for developing behavioral therapies to treat bilateral movement impairments and CST miswiring in cerebral palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najet Serradj
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - John H. Martin
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
- Neuroscience Program, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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191
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Revisiting the Corticomotor Plasticity in Low Back Pain: Challenges and Perspectives. Healthcare (Basel) 2016; 4:healthcare4030067. [PMID: 27618123 PMCID: PMC5041068 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare4030067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a recurrent debilitating condition that costs billions to society. Refractoriness to conventional treatment, lack of improvement, and associated movement disorders could be related to the extensive brain plasticity present in this condition, especially in the sensorimotor cortices. This narrative review on corticomotor plasticity in CLBP will try to delineate how interventions such as training and neuromodulation can improve the condition. The review recommends subgrouping classification in CLBP owing to brain plasticity markers with a view of better understanding and treating this complex condition.
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Fujiwara T, Honaga K, Kawakami M, Nishimoto A, Abe K, Mizuno K, Kodama M, Masakado Y, Tsuji T, Liu M. Modulation of cortical and spinal inhibition with functional recovery of upper extremity motor function among patients with chronic stroke. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2016; 33:883-94. [PMID: 26578060 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-150547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We hypothesized that recovery of upper extremity motor function is associated with reduction of intracortical inhibition and improved reciprocal inhibition. This study examines the relationships of functional recovery in chronic stroke with the intracortical inhibition and spinal reciprocal inhibition. METHODS Participants were 61 patients with chronic hemiparetic stroke. The participants were applied hybrid assistive neuromuscular dynamic stimulation (HANDS) therapy for 3 weeks. The Fugl-Meyer test upper extremity motor score (FM) and modified Ashworth scale (MAS) were assessed before (T0), immediately after (T1) and 3 months after (T2) the end of HANDS therapy. A paired pulse TMS paradigm was applied to assess short intracortical inhibition (SICI). Reciprocal inhibition (RI) was assessed with H reflex conditioning-test paradigm. RESULTS FM and MAS were improved until T2. The change of FM from T0 to T2 was positively correlated with the change in affected SICI from T0 toT1. The change of wrist MAS from T0 to T1 was positively correlated with the change of RI. CONCLUSIONS In chronic stroke patients with moderate or severe hemiparesis, well-recovered patients showed disinhibition of ipsilesional hemisphere and increased resiprocal inhibition of forearm.
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Massé-Alarie H, Elgueta Cancino E, Schneider C, Hodges P. Paired-Pulse TMS and Fine-Wire Recordings Reveal Short-Interval Intracortical Inhibition and Facilitation of Deep Multifidus Muscle Fascicles. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159391. [PMID: 27509086 PMCID: PMC4980005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (ppTMS) is used to probe inhibitory and excitatory networks within the primary motor cortex (M1). These mechanisms are identified for limb muscles but it is unclear whether they share properties with trunk muscles. The aim was to determine whether it was possible to test the intracortical inhibition and facilitation of the deep multifidus muscle fascicles (DM) and at which inter-stimulus intervals (ISI). Methods In ten pain-free individuals, TMS was applied over M1 and motor evoked potentials (MEP) were recorded using fine-wire electrodes in DM. MEPs were conditioned with subthreshold stimuli at ISIs of 1 to 12 ms to test short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and at 15 ms for long-interval intracortical facilitation. Short-interval facilitation (SICF) was tested using 1-ms ISI. Results SICI of DM was consistently obtained with ISI of 1-, 3-, 4- and 12-ms. Facilitation of DM MEP was only identified using SICF paradigm. Conclusions A similar pattern of MEP modulation with ISI changes for deep trunk and limb muscles implies that M1 networks share some functional properties. Significance The ppTMS paradigm presents a potential to determine how M1 inhibitory and excitatory mechanisms participate in brain re-organization in back pain that affects control of trunk muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Massé-Alarie
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience and neuroStimulation, Université Laval (Dept of Rehabilitation), CHU de Québec Research Center, Neuroscience Unit (CHUL), Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Edith Elgueta Cancino
- The University of Queensland, NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury & Health, School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, Brisbane, Qld Australia
| | - Cyril Schneider
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience and neuroStimulation, Université Laval (Dept of Rehabilitation), CHU de Québec Research Center, Neuroscience Unit (CHUL), Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Paul Hodges
- The University of Queensland, NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury & Health, School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, Brisbane, Qld Australia
- * E-mail:
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194
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Arias P, Corral-Bergantiños Y, Robles-García V, Madrid A, Oliviero A, Cudeiro J. Bilateral tDCS on Primary Motor Cortex: Effects on Fast Arm Reaching Tasks. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160063. [PMID: 27490752 PMCID: PMC4973905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effects produced by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied to the motor system have been widely studied in the past, chiefly focused on primary motor cortex (M1) excitability. However, the effects on functional tasks are less well documented. Objective This study aims to evaluate the effect of tDCS-M1 on goal-oriented actions (i.e., arm-reaching movements; ARM), in a reaction-time protocol. Methods 13 healthy subjects executed dominant ARM as fast as possible to one of two targets in front of them while surface EMG was recorded. Participants performed three different sessions. In each session they first executed ARM (Pre), then received tDCS, and finally executed Post, similar to Pre. Subjects received three different types of tDCS, one per session: In one session the anode was on right-M1 (AR), and the cathode on the left-M1 (CL), thus termed AR-CL; AL-CR reversed the montage; and Sham session was applied likewise. Real stimulation was 1mA-10min while subjects at rest. Three different variables and their coefficients of variation (CV) were analyzed: Premotor times (PMT), reaction-times (RT) and movement-times (MT). Results triceps-PMT were significantly increased at Post-Sham, suggesting fatigue. Results obtained with real tDCS were not different depending on the montage used, in both cases PMT were significantly reduced in all recorded muscles. RT and MT did not change for real or sham stimulation. RT-CV and PMT-CV were reduced after all stimulation protocols. Conclusion tDCS reduces premotor time and fatigability during the execution of fast motor tasks. Possible underlying mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Arias
- Neuroscience and Motor Control Group (NEUROcom), Department of Medicine, INEF Galicia and Biomedical Research Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC), University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
- * E-mail: )
| | - Yoanna Corral-Bergantiños
- Neuroscience and Motor Control Group (NEUROcom), Department of Medicine, INEF Galicia and Biomedical Research Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC), University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Verónica Robles-García
- Neuroscience and Motor Control Group (NEUROcom), Department of Medicine, INEF Galicia and Biomedical Research Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC), University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Antonio Madrid
- Neuroscience and Motor Control Group (NEUROcom), Department of Medicine, INEF Galicia and Biomedical Research Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC), University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Antonio Oliviero
- FENNSI Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
| | - Javier Cudeiro
- Neuroscience and Motor Control Group (NEUROcom), Department of Medicine, INEF Galicia and Biomedical Research Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC), University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
- Centro de Estimulación Cerebral de Galicia, A Coruña, Spain
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195
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Quessy S, Côté SL, Hamadjida A, Deffeyes J, Dancause N. Modulatory Effects of the Ipsi and Contralateral Ventral Premotor Cortex (PMv) on the Primary Motor Cortex (M1) Outputs to Intrinsic Hand and Forearm Muscles in Cebus apella. Cereb Cortex 2016; 26:3905-20. [PMID: 27473318 PMCID: PMC5028004 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ventral premotor cortex (PMv) is a key node in the neural network involved in grasping. One way PMv can carry out this function is by modulating the outputs of the primary motor cortex (M1) to intrinsic hand and forearm muscles. As many PMv neurons discharge when grasping with either arm, both PMv within the same hemisphere (ipsilateral; iPMv) and in the opposite hemisphere (contralateral; cPMv) could modulate M1 outputs. Our objective was to compare modulatory effects of iPMv and cPMv on M1 outputs to intrinsic hand and forearm muscles. We used paired-pulse protocols with intracortical microstimulations in capuchin monkeys. A conditioning stimulus was applied in either iPMv or cPMv simultaneously or prior to a test stimulus in M1 and the effects quantified in electromyographic signals. Modulatory effects from iPMv were predominantly facilitatory, and facilitation was much more common and powerful on intrinsic hand than forearm muscles. In contrast, while the conditioning of cPMv could elicit facilitatory effects, in particular to intrinsic hand muscles, it was much more likely to inhibit M1 outputs. These data show that iPMv and cPMv have very different modulatory effects on the outputs of M1 to intrinsic hand and forearm muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Quessy
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sandrine L Côté
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Adjia Hamadjida
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central (GRSNC), Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Joan Deffeyes
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Numa Dancause
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central (GRSNC), Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Veniero D, Strüber D, Thut G, Herrmann CS. Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Techniques Can Modulate Cognitive Processing. ORGANIZATIONAL RESEARCH METHODS 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1094428116658960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent methods that allow a noninvasive modulation of brain activity are able to modulate human cognitive behavior. Among these methods are transcranial electric stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation that both come in multiple variants. A property of both types of brain stimulation is that they modulate brain activity and in turn modulate cognitive behavior. Here, we describe the methods with their assumed neural mechanisms for readers from the economic and social sciences and little prior knowledge of these techniques. Our emphasis is on available protocols and experimental parameters to choose from when designing a study. We also review a selection of recent studies that have successfully applied them in the respective field. We provide short pointers to limitations that need to be considered and refer to the relevant papers where appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Veniero
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Strüber
- Experimental Psychology Lab, Center for Excellence ‘Hearing4all’, European Medical School, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Gregor Thut
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph S. Herrmann
- Experimental Psychology Lab, Center for Excellence ‘Hearing4all’, European Medical School, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg, Germany
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Amoruso L, Urgesi C. Contextual modulation of motor resonance during the observation of everyday actions. Neuroimage 2016; 134:74-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Karabanov A, Ziemann U, Hamada M, George MS, Quartarone A, Classen J, Massimini M, Rothwell J, Siebner HR. Consensus Paper: Probing Homeostatic Plasticity of Human Cortex With Non-invasive Transcranial Brain Stimulation. Brain Stimul 2016; 8:993-1006. [PMID: 26598772 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic plasticity is thought to stabilize neural activity around a set point within a physiologically reasonable dynamic range. Over the last ten years, a wide range of non-invasive transcranial brain stimulation (NTBS) techniques have been used to probe homeostatic control of cortical plasticity in the intact human brain. Here, we review different NTBS approaches to study homeostatic plasticity on a systems level and relate the findings to both, physiological evidence from in vitro studies and to a theoretical framework of homeostatic function. We highlight differences between homeostatic and other non-homeostatic forms of plasticity and we examine the contribution of sleep in restoring synaptic homeostasis. Finally, we discuss the growing number of studies showing that abnormal homeostatic plasticity may be associated to a range of neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Cowie MJ, MacDonald HJ, Cirillo J, Byblow WD. Proactive modulation of long-interval intracortical inhibition during response inhibition. J Neurophysiol 2016; 116:859-67. [PMID: 27281744 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00144.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Daily activities often require sudden cancellation of preplanned movement, termed response inhibition. When only a subcomponent of a whole response must be suppressed (required here on Partial trials), the ensuing component is markedly delayed. The neural mechanisms underlying partial response inhibition remain unclear. We hypothesized that Partial trials would be associated with nonselective corticomotor suppression and that GABAB receptor-mediated inhibition within primary motor cortex might be responsible for the nonselective corticomotor suppression contributing to Partial trial response delays. Sixteen right-handed participants performed a bimanual anticipatory response inhibition task while single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was delivered to elicit motor evoked potentials in the left first dorsal interosseous muscle. Lift times, amplitude of motor evoked potentials, and long-interval intracortical inhibition were examined across the different trial types (Go, Stop-Left, Stop-Right, Stop-Both). Go trials produced a tight distribution of lift times around the target, whereas those during Partial trials (Stop-Left and Stop-Right) were substantially delayed. The modulation of motor evoked potential amplitude during Stop-Right trials reflected anticipation, suppression, and subsequent reinitiation of movement. Importantly, suppression was present across all Stop trial types, indicative of a "default" nonselective inhibitory process. Compared with blocks containing only Go trials, inhibition increased when Stop trials were introduced but did not differ between trial types. The amount of inhibition was positively correlated with lift times during Stop-Right trials. Tonic levels of inhibition appear to be proactively modulated by task context and influence the speed at which unimanual responses occur after a nonselective "brake" is applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Cowie
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hayley J MacDonald
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John Cirillo
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Winston D Byblow
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Wilke S, Groenveld D, Grittner U, List J, Flöel A. cSPider - Evaluation of a Free and Open-Source Automated Tool to Analyze Corticomotor Silent Period. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156066. [PMID: 27249017 PMCID: PMC4889140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The corticomotor silent period (CSP), as assessed noninvasively by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in the primary motor cortex, has been found to reflect intracortical inhibitory mechanisms. Analysis of CSP is mostly conducted manually. However, this approach is time-consuming, and comparison of results from different laboratories may be compromised by inter-rater variability in analysis. No open source program for automated analysis is currently available. Methods/Results Here, we describe cross-validation with the manual analysis of an in-house written automated tool to assess CSP (cSPider). Results from automated routine were compared with results of the manual evaluation. We found high inter-method reliability between automated and manual analysis (p<0.001), and significantly reduced time for CSP analysis (median = 10.3 sec for automated analysis of 10 CSPs vs. median = 270 sec for manual analysis of 10 CSPs). cSPider can be downloaded free of charge. Conclusion cSPider allows automated analysis of CSP in a reliable and time-efficient manner. Use of this open-source tool may help to improve comparison of data from different laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skadi Wilke
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail: (SW); (AF)
| | - Dennis Groenveld
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Ulrike Grittner
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department for Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan List
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Agnes Flöel
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail: (SW); (AF)
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