151
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Riley RJ, Foley SA, Barton P, Soars MG, Williamson B. Hepatic drug transporters: the journey so far. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:201-16. [PMID: 26670591 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2016.1132308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The key role of transporter biology in both the manifestation and treatment of disease is now firmly established. Experiences of sub-optimal drug exposure due to drug-transporter interplay have supported incorporation of studies aimed at understanding the interactions between compounds and drug transporters much earlier in drug discovery. While drug transporters can impact the most pivotal pharmacokinetic parameter with respect to human dose and exposure projections, clearance, at a renal or hepatobiliary level, the latter will form the focus of this perspective. AREAS COVERED A synopsis of guidelines on which transporters to study together with an overview of the currently available toolkit is presented. A perspective on when to conduct studies with various hepatic transporters is also provided together with structural "alerts" which should prompt early investigation. EXPERT OPINION Great progress has been made in individual laboratories and via consortia to understand the role of drug transporters in disease, drug disposition, drug-drug interactions and toxicity. A systematic analysis of the value posed by the available approaches and an inter-lab comparison now seems warranted. The emerging ability to use physico-chemical properties to guide future screening cascades promises to revolutionise the efficiency of early drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - P Barton
- b School of Life Sciences , University of Nottingham , Nottingham , UK
| | - M G Soars
- c Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Bristol-Myers Squibb , Wallingford , CT , USA
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152
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Thompson RA, Isin EM, Ogese MO, Mettetal JT, Williams DP. Reactive Metabolites: Current and Emerging Risk and Hazard Assessments. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:505-33. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Thompson
- DMPK, Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Emre M. Isin
- DMPK, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Monday O. Ogese
- Translational Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Darwin Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Rd, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jerome T. Mettetal
- Translational Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, 35 Gatehouse Dr, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Dominic P. Williams
- Translational Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Darwin Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Rd, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
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153
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Kubitz R, Dröge C, Kluge S, Stross C, Walter N, Keitel V, Häussinger D, Stindt J. Autoimmune BSEP disease: disease recurrence after liver transplantation for progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2016; 48:273-84. [PMID: 25342496 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-014-8457-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Severe cholestasis may result in end-stage liver disease with the need of liver transplantation (LTX). In children, about 10 % of LTX are necessary because of cholestatic liver diseases. Apart from bile duct atresia, three types of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) are common causes of severe cholestasis in children. The three subtypes of PFIC are defined by the involved genes: PFIC-1, PFIC-2, and PFIC-3 are due to mutations of P-type ATPase ATP8B1 (familial intrahepatic cholestasis 1, FIC1), the ATP binding cassette transporter ABCB11 (bile salt export pump, BSEP), or ABCB4 (multidrug resistance protein 3, MDR3), respectively. All transporters are localized in the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes and together mediate bile salt and phospholipid transport. In some patients with PFIC-2 disease, recurrence has been observed after LTX, which mimics a PFIC phenotype. It could be shown by several groups that inhibitory anti-BSEP antibodies emerge, which most likely cause disease recurrence. The prevalence of severe BSEP mutations (e.g., splice site and premature stop codon mutations) is very high in this group of patients. These mutations often result in the complete absence of BSEP, which likely accounts for an insufficient auto-tolerance against BSEP. Although many aspects of this "new" disease are not fully elucidated, the possibility of anti-BSEP antibody formation has implications for the pre- and posttransplant management of PFIC-2 patients. This review will summarize the current knowledge including diagnosis, pathomechanisms, and management of "autoimmune BSEP disease."
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Kubitz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany,
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154
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Montanari F, Pinto M, Khunweeraphong N, Wlcek K, Sohail MI, Noeske T, Boyer S, Chiba P, Stieger B, Kuchler K, Ecker GF. Flagging Drugs That Inhibit the Bile Salt Export Pump. Mol Pharm 2015; 13:163-71. [PMID: 26642869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The bile salt export pump (BSEP) is an ABC-transporter expressed at the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes. Its physiological role is to expel bile salts into the canaliculi from where they drain into the bile duct. Inhibition of this transporter may lead to intrahepatic cholestasis. Predictive computational models of BSEP inhibition may allow for fast identification of potentially harmful compounds in large databases. This article presents a predictive in silico model based on physicochemical descriptors that is able to flag compounds as potential BSEP inhibitors. This model was built using a training set of 670 compounds with available BSEP inhibition potencies. It successfully predicted BSEP inhibition for two independent test sets and was in a further step used for a virtual screening experiment. After in vitro testing of selected candidates, a marketed drug, bromocriptin, was identified for the first time as BSEP inhibitor. This demonstrates the usefulness of the model to identify new BSEP inhibitors and therefore potential cholestasis perpetrators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriane Montanari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna , Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marta Pinto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna , Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Narakorn Khunweeraphong
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Wlcek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna , Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Imran Sohail
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Vienna , Waehringerstrasse 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Noeske
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal , Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal 43183, Sweden
| | - Scott Boyer
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal , Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal 43183, Sweden
| | - Peter Chiba
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Vienna , Waehringerstrasse 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital , 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karl Kuchler
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard F Ecker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna , Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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155
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Cheng Y, Woolf TF, Gan J, He K. In vitro model systems to investigate bile salt export pump (BSEP) activity and drug interactions: A review. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 255:23-30. [PMID: 26683212 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The bile salt export pump protein (BSEP), expressed on the canalicular membranes of hepatocytes, is primarily responsible for the biliary excretion of bile salts. The inhibition of BSEP transport activity can lead to an increase in intracellular bile salt levels and liver injury. This review discusses the various in vitro assays currently available for assessing the effect of drugs or other chemical entities to modulate BSEP transport activity. BSEP transporter assays use one of the following platforms: Xenopus laevis oocytes; canalicular membrane vesicles (CMV); BSEP-expressed membrane vesicles; cell lines expressing BSEP; sandwich cultured hepatocytes (SCH); and hepatocytes in suspension. Two of these, BSEP-expressed insect membrane vesicles and sandwich cultured hepatocytes, are the most commonly used assays. BSEP membrane vesicles prepared from transfected insect cells are useful for assessing BSEP inhibition or substrate specificity and exploring mechanisms of BSEP-associated genetic diseases. This model can be applied in a high-throughput format for discovery-drug screening. However, experimental results from use of membrane vesicles may lack physiological relevance and the model does not allow for investigation of in situ metabolism in modulation of BSEP activity. Hepatocyte-based assays that use the SCH format provide results that are generally more physiologically relevant than membrane assays. The SCH model is useful in detailed studies of the biliary excretion of drugs and BSEP inhibition, but due to the complexity of SCH preparation, this model is used primarily for determining biliary clearance and BSEP inhibition in a limited number of compounds. The newly developed hepatocyte in suspension assay avoids many of the complexities of the SCH method. The use of pooled cryopreserved hepatocytes in suspension minimizes genetic variance and individual differences in BSEP activity and also provides the opportunity for higher throughput screening and cross-species comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaofeng Cheng
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | | | - Jinping Gan
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Kan He
- Biotranex LLC, Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852, USA.
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156
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Abstract
Attrition due to nonclinical safety represents a major issue for the productivity of pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) organizations, especially during the compound optimization stages of drug discovery and the early stages of clinical development. Focusing on decreasing nonclinical safety-related attrition is not a new concept, and various approaches have been experimented with over the last two decades. Front-loading testing funnels in Discovery with in vitro toxicity assays designed to rapidly identify unfavorable molecules was the approach adopted by most pharmaceutical R&D organizations a few years ago. However, this approach has also a non-negligible opportunity cost. Hence, significant refinements to the "fail early, fail often" paradigm have been proposed recently to reflect the complexity of accurately categorizing compounds with early data points without taking into account other important contextual aspects, in particular efficacious systemic and tissue exposures. This review provides an overview of toxicology approaches and models that can be used in pharmaceutical Discovery at the series/lead identification and lead optimization stages to guide and inform chemistry efforts, as well as a personal view on how to best use them to meet nonclinical safety-related attrition objectives consistent with a sustainable pharmaceutical R&D model. The scope of this review is limited to small molecules, as large molecules are associated with challenges that are quite different. Finally, a perspective on how several emerging technologies may impact toxicity evaluation is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A G Blomme
- Global Preclinical Safety, AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Yvonne Will
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer , Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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157
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Schadt S, Simon S, Kustermann S, Boess F, McGinnis C, Brink A, Lieven R, Fowler S, Youdim K, Ullah M, Marschmann M, Zihlmann C, Siegrist Y, Cascais A, Di Lenarda E, Durr E, Schaub N, Ang X, Starke V, Singer T, Alvarez-Sanchez R, Roth A, Schuler F, Funk C. Minimizing DILI risk in drug discovery — A screening tool for drug candidates. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 30:429-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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158
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Tailor A, Faulkner L, Naisbitt DJ, Park BK. The chemical, genetic and immunological basis of idiosyncratic drug–induced liver injury. Hum Exp Toxicol 2015; 34:1310-7. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327115606529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug reactions can be extremely severe and are not accounted for by the regular pharmacology of a drug. Thus, the mechanism of idiosyncratic drug–induced liver injury (iDILI), a phenomenon that occurs with many drugs including β-lactams, anti-tuberculosis drugs and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, has been difficult to determine and remains a pressing issue for patients and drug companies. Evidence has shown that iDILI is multifactorial and multifaceted, which suggests that multiple cellular mechanisms may be involved. However, a common initiating event has been proposed to be the formation of reactive drug metabolites and covalently bound adducts. Although the fate of these metabolites are unclear, recent evidence has shown a possible link between iDILI and the adaptive immune system. This review highlights the role of reactive metabolites, the recent genetic innovations which have provided molecular targets for iDILI, and the current literature which suggests an immunological basis for iDILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tailor
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, England
| | - L Faulkner
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, England
| | - DJ Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, England
| | - BK Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, England
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159
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Telbisz Á, Homolya L. Recent advances in the exploration of the bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11) function. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 20:501-14. [PMID: 26573700 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1102889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11), residing in the apical membrane of hepatocyte, mediates the secretion of bile salts into the bile. A range of human diseases is associated with the malfunction of BSEP, including fatal hereditary liver disorders and mild cholestatic conditions. Manifestation of these diseases primarily depends on the mutation type; however, other factors such as hormonal changes and drug interactions can also trigger or influence the related diseases. AREAS COVERED Here, we summarize the recent knowledge on BSEP by covering its transport properties, cellular localization, regulation and major mutations/polymorphisms, as well as the hereditary and acquired diseases associated with BSEP dysfunction. We discuss the different model expression systems employed to understand the function of the BSEP variants, their drug interactions and the contemporary therapeutic interventions. EXPERT OPINION The limitations of the available model expression systems for BSEP result in controversial conclusions, and obstruct our deeper insight into BSEP deficiencies and BSEP-related drug interactions. The knowledge originating from different methodologies, such as clinical studies, molecular genetics, as well as in vitro and in silico modeling, should be integrated and harmonized. Increasing availability of robust molecular biological tools and our better understanding of the mechanism of BSEP deficiencies should make the personalized, mutation-based therapeutic interventions more attainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Telbisz
- a Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest 1117 , Hungary
| | - László Homolya
- a Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest 1117 , Hungary
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160
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Lassila T, Hokkanen J, Aatsinki SM, Mattila S, Turpeinen M, Tolonen A. Toxicity of Carboxylic Acid-Containing Drugs: The Role of Acyl Migration and CoA Conjugation Investigated. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:2292-303. [PMID: 26558897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many carboxylic acid-containing drugs are associated with idiosyncratic drug toxicity (IDT), which may be caused by reactive acyl glucuronide metabolites. The rate of acyl migration has been earlier suggested as a predictor of acyl glucuronide reactivity. Additionally, acyl Coenzyme A (CoA) conjugates are known to be reactive. Here, 13 drugs with a carboxylic acid moiety were incubated with human liver microsomes to produce acyl glucuronide conjugates for the determination of acyl glucuronide half-lives by acyl migration and with HepaRG cells to monitor the formation of acyl CoA conjugates, their further conjugate metabolites, and trans-acylation products with glutathione. Additionally, in vitro cytotoxicity and mitochondrial toxicity experiments were performed with HepaRG cells to compare the predictability of toxicity. Clearly, longer acyl glucuronide half-lives were observed for safe drugs compared to drugs that can cause IDT. Correlation between half-lives and toxicity classification increased when "relative half-lives," taking into account the formation of isomeric AG-forms due to acyl migration and eliminating the effect of hydrolysis, were used instead of plain disappearance of the initial 1-O-β-AG-form. Correlation was improved further when a daily dose of the drug was taken into account. CoA and related conjugates were detected primarily for the drugs that have the capability to cause IDT, although some exceptions to this were observed. Cytotoxicity and mitochondrial toxicity did not correlate to drug safety. On the basis of the results, the short relative half-life of the acyl glucuronide (high acyl migration rate), high daily dose and detection of acyl CoA conjugates, or further metabolites derived from acyl CoA together seem to indicate that carboxylic acid-containing drugs have a higher probability to cause drug-induced liver injury (DILI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Lassila
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oulu , P.O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.,Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu , P.O. Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | - Sampo Mattila
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oulu , P.O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Miia Turpeinen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu , P.O. Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.,Administration Center, Oulu University Hospital , P.O. Box 10, 90029 OYS, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ari Tolonen
- Admescope Ltd. , Typpitie 1, 90620 Oulu, Finland
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161
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Basal efflux of bile acids contributes to drug-induced bile acid-dependent hepatocyte toxicity in rat sandwich-cultured hepatocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1454-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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162
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Susukida T, Sekine S, Nozaki M, Tokizono M, Ito K. Prediction of the Clinical Risk of Drug-Induced Cholestatic Liver Injury Using an In Vitro Sandwich Cultured Hepatocyte Assay. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1760-8. [PMID: 26329788 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.065425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is of concern to the pharmaceutical industry, and reliable preclinical screens are required. Previously, we established an in vitro bile acid-dependent hepatotoxicity assay that mimics cholestatic DILI in vivo. Here, we confirmed that this assay can predict cholestatic DILI in clinical situations by comparing in vitro cytotoxicity data with in vivo risk. For 38 drugs, the frequencies of abnormal increases in serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), transaminases, gamma glutamyltranspeptidase (γGT), and bilirubin were collected from interview forms. Drugs with frequencies of serum marker increases higher than 1% were classified as high DILI risk compounds. In vitro cytotoxicity was assessed by monitoring lactate dehydrogenase release from rat and human sandwich-cultured hepatocytes (SCRHs and SCHHs) incubated with the test drugs (50 μM) for 24 hours in the absence or presence of a bile acids mixture. Receiver operating characteristic analyses gave optimal cutoff toxicity values of 19.5% and 9.2% for ALP and transaminases in SCRHs, respectively. Using this cutoff, high- and low-risk drugs were separated with 65.4-78.6% sensitivity and 66.7-79.2% specificity. Good separation was also achieved using SCHHs. In conclusion, cholestatic DILI risk can be successfully predicted using a sandwich-cultured hepatocyte-based assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Susukida
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shuichi Sekine
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mayuka Nozaki
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mayuko Tokizono
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kousei Ito
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
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163
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Qiu L, Finley J, Taimi M, Aleo MD, Strock C, Gilbert J, Qin S, Will Y. High-Content Imaging in Human and Rat Hepatocytes Using the Fluorescent Dyes CLF and CMFDA Is Not Specific Enough to Assess BSEP/Bsep and/or MRP2/Mrp2 Inhibition by Cholestatic Drugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2015.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luping Qiu
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Pfizer Global R&D, New York, New York
| | - James Finley
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Global Pfizer R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Mohammed Taimi
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Global Pfizer R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Michael D. Aleo
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Global Pfizer R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | | | | | | | - Yvonne Will
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Global Pfizer R&D, Groton, Connecticut
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164
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Barber JA, Stahl SH, Summers C, Barrett G, Park BK, Foster JR, Kenna JG. Quantification of Drug-Induced Inhibition of Canalicular Cholyl-l-Lysyl-Fluorescein Excretion From Hepatocytes by High Content Cell Imaging. Toxicol Sci 2015. [PMID: 26220638 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the use of a commercially available high content cell imaging algorithm (Cellomics Arrayscan Spot Detector) to quantify biliary excretion of the fluorescent probe substrate cholyl-l-lysyl-fluorescein (CLF) from rat hepatocytes cultured in collagen/matrigel sandwich configuration and to explore inhibition of this process by a variety of test compounds. The method provided robust, reproducible data. Twenty-nine pharmaceuticals inhibited biliary CLF efflux from hepatocytes and a broad range of potencies of inhibition were observed (IC50 values ranged between <1 and 794 µM). Thirteen drugs that inhibited CLF efflux also inhibited hepatocellular uptake of the probe substrate [(3)H]-taurocholate. Although no clear correlation between the potencies of inhibition of the 2 processes was evident, these data highlight the need to consider possible uptake transporter inhibition when interpreting hepatocyte CLF inhibition data. It has been reported that CLF is transported by MRP2. The CLF efflux inhibition data correlated closely with published data on inhibition by the drugs of the bile salt export pump (Bsep), which suggests that the tested drugs inhibit both Bsep and Mrp2. Calculation of the ratios between the maximum human plasma concentrations of the drugs and their CLF efflux inhibition IC50 values raised the possibility that for many, but not all, of them the in vitro effects may be functionally significant in vivo and that Mrp2 inhibition might be a drug-induced liver injury (DILI) risk factor. These data indicate that imaging hepatocyte CLF inhibition is a promising new method for quantification of biliary efflux inhibition by drugs, which could aid assessment of compound-related DILI risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Barber
- *Innovative Medicines & Early Development, Discovery Safety, Drug Safety & Metabolism, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK; Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK;
| | | | - Claire Summers
- *Innovative Medicines & Early Development, Discovery Safety, Drug Safety & Metabolism, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Gillian Barrett
- Oncology iMEDs, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, UK
| | - B Kevin Park
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - John R Foster
- *Innovative Medicines & Early Development, Discovery Safety, Drug Safety & Metabolism, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | - J Gerald Kenna
- *Innovative Medicines & Early Development, Discovery Safety, Drug Safety & Metabolism, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
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165
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Shah F, Leung L, Barton HA, Will Y, Rodrigues AD, Greene N, Aleo MD. Setting Clinical Exposure Levels of Concern for Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) Using Mechanisticin vitroAssays. Toxicol Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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166
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Zhang MY, Wang JP, Feng CH, Li B, Xia XM. Bile salt export pump expression in bile duct tissues of rats with bile duct cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:3254-3258. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i20.3254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To develop a rat model of bile duct cancer and detect bile salt export pump (Bsep) expression in bile duct tissues of this model, in order to provide a new method for the prevention and treatment of bile duct cancer.
METHODS: Sixty Wistar rats were randomly divided into either a control group or an experimental group, with 30 rats in each group. The control group was fed an ordinary diet, and the experimental group was fed a 3'-Me-DAB diet. After 20 wk, the bile duct cancer model was successfully established. Bile duct tissues were taken from rats in both groups to detect the expression of Bsep by immunohistochemistry (streptavidin-peroxidase) and Western blot.
RESULTS: Both immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses showed that the expression levels of Bsep were significantly higher in the control group than in the experiment group (66.21% vs 18.75%, χ2 = 10.11, P < 0.05; 0.886 ± 0.017 vs 0.297 ± 0.011, P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: The expression of Bsep protein decreases significantly in rats with bile duct cancer, which suggests that drugs targeting Bsep may be a new therapeutic strategy for bile duct cancer.
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167
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Montanari F, Ecker GF. Prediction of drug-ABC-transporter interaction--Recent advances and future challenges. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 86:17-26. [PMID: 25769815 PMCID: PMC6422311 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
With the discovery of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), it became evident that ABC-transporters play a vital role in bioavailability and toxicity of drugs. They prevent intracellular accumulation of toxic compounds, which renders them a major defense mechanism against xenotoxic compounds. Their expression in cells of all major barriers (intestine, blood–brain barrier, blood–placenta barrier) as well as in metabolic organs (liver, kidney) also explains their influence on the ADMET properties of drugs and drug candidates. Thus, in silico models for the prediction of the probability of a compound to interact with P-gp or analogous transporters are of high value in the early phase of the drug discovery process. Within this review, we highlight recent developments in the area, with a special focus on the molecular basis of drug–transporter interaction. In addition, with the recent availability of X-ray structures of several ABC-transporters, also structure-based design methods have been applied and will be addressed.
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168
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Drug-induced cholestasis detection in cryopreserved rat hepatocytes in sandwich culture. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2015; 73:63-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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169
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Kubitz R, Dröge C, Kluge S, Stindt J, Häussinger D. Genetic variations of bile salt transporters. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2015; 12:e55-67. [PMID: 25027376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bile salt transporters directly or indirectly influence biological processes through physicochemical or signalling properties of bile salts. The coordinated action of uptake and efflux transporters in polarized epithelial cells of the liver, biliary tree, small intestine and kidney determine bile salt concentrations in different compartments of the body. Genetic variations of bile salt transporters lead to clinical relevant phenotypes of varying severity ranging from a predisposition for drug-induced liver injury to rapidly progressing end-stage liver disease. This review focuses on the impact of genetic variations of bile salt transporters including BSEP, NTCP, ASBT and OSTα/β and discusses approaches for transporter analysis.
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Abstract
Transporters comprise the largest family of membrane proteins in human organism, including members of solute carrier transporter and ATP-binding cassette transporter families. They play pivotal roles in the absorption, distribution and excretion of xenobiotic and endogenous molecules. Transporters are widely expressed in various human tissues and are routinely evaluated during the process of drug development and approval. Over the past decade, increasing evidence shows that drug transporters are important in both normal physiology and disease. Currently, transporters are utilized as therapeutic targets to treat numerous diseases such as diabetes, major depression, hypertension and constipation. Despite the steady growth of the field of transporter biology, more than half of the members in transporter superfamily have little information available about their endogenous substrate(s) or physiological functions. This review outlines current research methods in transporter studies, and summarizes the drug-transporter interactions including drug-drug and drug-endogenous substrate interactions. In the end, we also discuss the therapeutic perspective of transporters based on their physiological and pathophysiological roles.
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171
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High-content screening technology for studying drug-induced hepatotoxicity in cell models. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1007-22. [PMID: 25787152 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1503-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
High-content screening is the application of automated microscopy and image analysis to both cell biology and drug discovery. Over the last decade, this technique has emerged as a useful technology that allows the simultaneous measurement of different parameters at a single-cell level. Hepatotoxicity is a compelling reason for drug nonapprovals and withdrawals. It is recognized that the safety of a compound cannot be based on a single in vitro assay, and existing methods are not predictive of drug-induced toxicity. However, different HCS assays have been recently demonstrated as being powerful for identifying different mechanisms implicated in drug-induced toxicity with high sensitivity and specificity. These assays integrate the data obtained from different cell function indicators and can be easily incorporated into basic screening processes for the safety evaluation and selection of drug candidates; thus, they contribute greatly to lessen the likelihood of drug failure. Exploring the use of cellular imaging technology in drug-induced liver injury by reviewing the different tests proposed provides evidence that this technology has a strong impact on drug discovery.
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172
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Welch MA, Köck K, Urban TJ, Brouwer KLR, Swaan PW. Toward predicting drug-induced liver injury: parallel computational approaches to identify multidrug resistance protein 4 and bile salt export pump inhibitors. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:725-34. [PMID: 25735837 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.062539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is an important cause of drug toxicity. Inhibition of multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4), in addition to bile salt export pump (BSEP), might be a risk factor for the development of cholestatic DILI. Recently, we demonstrated that inhibition of MRP4, in addition to BSEP, may be a risk factor for the development of cholestatic DILI. Here, we aimed to develop computational models to delineate molecular features underlying MRP4 and BSEP inhibition. Models were developed using 257 BSEP and 86 MRP4 inhibitors and noninhibitors in the training set. Models were externally validated and used to predict the affinity of compounds toward BSEP and MRP4 in the DrugBank database. Compounds with a score above the median fingerprint threshold were considered to have significant inhibitory effects on MRP4 and BSEP. Common feature pharmacophore models were developed for MRP4 and BSEP with LigandScout software using a training set of nine well characterized MRP4 inhibitors and nine potent BSEP inhibitors. Bayesian models for BSEP and MRP4 inhibition/noninhibition were developed with cross-validated receiver operator curve values greater than 0.8 for the test sets, indicating robust models with acceptable false positive and false negative prediction rates. Both MRP4 and BSEP inhibitor pharmacophore models were characterized by hydrophobic and hydrogen-bond acceptor features, albeit in distinct spatial arrangements. Similar molecular features between MRP4 and BSEP inhibitors may partially explain why various drugs have affinity for both transporters. The Bayesian (BSEP, MRP4) and pharmacophore (MRP4, BSEP) models demonstrated significant classification accuracy and predictability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Welch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (M.A.W., P.W.S.); Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.K., T.J.U., K.L.R.B.); Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (T.J.U.)
| | - Kathleen Köck
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (M.A.W., P.W.S.); Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.K., T.J.U., K.L.R.B.); Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (T.J.U.)
| | - Thomas J Urban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (M.A.W., P.W.S.); Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.K., T.J.U., K.L.R.B.); Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (T.J.U.)
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (M.A.W., P.W.S.); Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.K., T.J.U., K.L.R.B.); Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (T.J.U.)
| | - Peter W Swaan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (M.A.W., P.W.S.); Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.K., T.J.U., K.L.R.B.); Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (T.J.U.)
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173
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Yang K, Pfeifer ND, Köck K, Brouwer KLR. Species differences in hepatobiliary disposition of taurocholic acid in human and rat sandwich-cultured hepatocytes: implications for drug-induced liver injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015. [PMID: 25711339 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The bile salt export pump (BSEP) plays an important role in bile acid excretion. Impaired BSEP function may result in liver injury. Bile acids also undergo basolateral efflux, but the relative contributions of biliary (CLBile) versus basolateral efflux (CLBL) clearance to hepatocellular bile acid excretion have not been determined. In the present study, taurocholic acid (TCA; a model bile acid) disposition was characterized in human and rat sandwich-cultured hepatocytes (SCH) combined with pharmacokinetic modeling. In human SCH, biliary excretion of TCA predominated (CLBile = 0.14 ± 0.04 ml/min per g liver; CLBL = 0.042 ± 0.019 ml/min per g liver), whereas CLBile and CLBL contributed approximately equally to TCA hepatocellular excretion in rat SCH (CLBile = 0.34 ± 0.07 ml/min per g liver; CLBL = 0.26 ± 0.07 ml/min per g liver). Troglitazone decreased TCA uptake, CLBile, and CLBL; membrane vesicle assays revealed for the first time that the major metabolite, troglitazone sulfate, was a noncompetitive inhibitor of multidrug resistance-associated protein 4, a basolateral bile acid efflux transporter. Simulations revealed that decreased CLBile led to a greater increase in hepatic TCA exposure in human than in rat SCH. A decrease in both excretory pathways (CLBile and CLBL) exponentially increased hepatic TCA in both species, suggesting that 1) drugs that inhibit both pathways may have a greater risk for hepatotoxicity, and 2) impaired function of an alternate excretory pathway may predispose patients to hepatotoxicity when drugs that inhibit one pathway are administered. Simulations confirmed the protective role of uptake inhibition, suggesting that a drug's inhibitory effects on bile acid uptake also should be considered when evaluating hepatotoxic potential. Overall, the current study precisely characterized basolateral efflux of TCA, revealed species differences in hepatocellular TCA efflux pathways, and provided insights about altered hepatic bile acid exposure when multiple transport pathways are impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyunghee Yang
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nathan D Pfeifer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kathleen Köck
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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174
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Yang K, Pfeifer ND, Köck K, Brouwer KLR. Species differences in hepatobiliary disposition of taurocholic acid in human and rat sandwich-cultured hepatocytes: implications for drug-induced liver injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 353:415-23. [PMID: 25711339 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.221564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The bile salt export pump (BSEP) plays an important role in bile acid excretion. Impaired BSEP function may result in liver injury. Bile acids also undergo basolateral efflux, but the relative contributions of biliary (CLBile) versus basolateral efflux (CLBL) clearance to hepatocellular bile acid excretion have not been determined. In the present study, taurocholic acid (TCA; a model bile acid) disposition was characterized in human and rat sandwich-cultured hepatocytes (SCH) combined with pharmacokinetic modeling. In human SCH, biliary excretion of TCA predominated (CLBile = 0.14 ± 0.04 ml/min per g liver; CLBL = 0.042 ± 0.019 ml/min per g liver), whereas CLBile and CLBL contributed approximately equally to TCA hepatocellular excretion in rat SCH (CLBile = 0.34 ± 0.07 ml/min per g liver; CLBL = 0.26 ± 0.07 ml/min per g liver). Troglitazone decreased TCA uptake, CLBile, and CLBL; membrane vesicle assays revealed for the first time that the major metabolite, troglitazone sulfate, was a noncompetitive inhibitor of multidrug resistance-associated protein 4, a basolateral bile acid efflux transporter. Simulations revealed that decreased CLBile led to a greater increase in hepatic TCA exposure in human than in rat SCH. A decrease in both excretory pathways (CLBile and CLBL) exponentially increased hepatic TCA in both species, suggesting that 1) drugs that inhibit both pathways may have a greater risk for hepatotoxicity, and 2) impaired function of an alternate excretory pathway may predispose patients to hepatotoxicity when drugs that inhibit one pathway are administered. Simulations confirmed the protective role of uptake inhibition, suggesting that a drug's inhibitory effects on bile acid uptake also should be considered when evaluating hepatotoxic potential. Overall, the current study precisely characterized basolateral efflux of TCA, revealed species differences in hepatocellular TCA efflux pathways, and provided insights about altered hepatic bile acid exposure when multiple transport pathways are impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyunghee Yang
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nathan D Pfeifer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kathleen Köck
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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175
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Kenna JG, Stahl SH, Eakins JA, Foster AJ, Andersson LC, Bergare J, Billger M, Elebring M, Elmore CS, Thompson RA. Multiple compound-related adverse properties contribute to liver injury caused by endothelin receptor antagonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 352:281-90. [PMID: 25467130 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.220491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury has been observed in patients treated with the endothelin receptor antagonists sitaxentan and bosentan, but not following treatment with ambrisentan. The aim of our studies was to assess the possible role of multiple contributory mechanisms in this clinically relevant toxicity. Inhibition of the bile salt export pump (BSEP) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 was quantified using membrane vesicle assays. Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration in human liver-derived HuH-7 cells was determined using a Seahorse XF(e96) analyzer. Cytochrome P450 (P450)-independent and P450-mediated cell toxicity was assessed using transfected SV40-T-antigen-immortalized human liver epithelial (THLE) cell lines. Exposure-adjusted assay ratios were calculated by dividing the maximum human drug plasma concentrations by the IC50 or EC50 values obtained in vitro. Covalent binding (CVB) of radiolabeled drugs to human hepatocytes was quantified, and CVB body burdens were calculated by adjusting CVB values for fractional drug turnover in vitro and daily therapeutic dose. Sitaxentan exhibited positive exposure-adjusted signals in all five in vitro assays and a high CVB body burden. Bosentan exhibited a positive exposure-adjusted signal in one assay (BSEP inhibition) and a moderate CVB body burden. Ambrisentan exhibited no positive exposure-adjusted assay signals and a low CVB body burden. These data indicate that multiple mechanisms contribute to the rare, but potentially severe liver injury caused by sitaxentan in humans; provide a plausible rationale for the markedly lower propensity of bosentan to cause liver injury; and highlight the relative safety of ambrisentan.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gerry Kenna
- Drug Safety Consultant, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom (J.G.K.); DMPK (S.H.S.), Discovery Safety (J.A.E.), and Translational Safety (A.J.F.), Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom; DMPK (L.C.A., J.B., C.S.E.), Regulatory Safety (M.B.), Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden; and DMPK, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (M.E.), and Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity (R.A.T.), iMED AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Simone H Stahl
- Drug Safety Consultant, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom (J.G.K.); DMPK (S.H.S.), Discovery Safety (J.A.E.), and Translational Safety (A.J.F.), Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom; DMPK (L.C.A., J.B., C.S.E.), Regulatory Safety (M.B.), Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden; and DMPK, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (M.E.), and Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity (R.A.T.), iMED AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Julie A Eakins
- Drug Safety Consultant, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom (J.G.K.); DMPK (S.H.S.), Discovery Safety (J.A.E.), and Translational Safety (A.J.F.), Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom; DMPK (L.C.A., J.B., C.S.E.), Regulatory Safety (M.B.), Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden; and DMPK, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (M.E.), and Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity (R.A.T.), iMED AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Alison J Foster
- Drug Safety Consultant, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom (J.G.K.); DMPK (S.H.S.), Discovery Safety (J.A.E.), and Translational Safety (A.J.F.), Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom; DMPK (L.C.A., J.B., C.S.E.), Regulatory Safety (M.B.), Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden; and DMPK, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (M.E.), and Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity (R.A.T.), iMED AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Linda C Andersson
- Drug Safety Consultant, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom (J.G.K.); DMPK (S.H.S.), Discovery Safety (J.A.E.), and Translational Safety (A.J.F.), Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom; DMPK (L.C.A., J.B., C.S.E.), Regulatory Safety (M.B.), Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden; and DMPK, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (M.E.), and Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity (R.A.T.), iMED AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergare
- Drug Safety Consultant, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom (J.G.K.); DMPK (S.H.S.), Discovery Safety (J.A.E.), and Translational Safety (A.J.F.), Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom; DMPK (L.C.A., J.B., C.S.E.), Regulatory Safety (M.B.), Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden; and DMPK, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (M.E.), and Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity (R.A.T.), iMED AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Martin Billger
- Drug Safety Consultant, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom (J.G.K.); DMPK (S.H.S.), Discovery Safety (J.A.E.), and Translational Safety (A.J.F.), Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom; DMPK (L.C.A., J.B., C.S.E.), Regulatory Safety (M.B.), Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden; and DMPK, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (M.E.), and Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity (R.A.T.), iMED AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Marie Elebring
- Drug Safety Consultant, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom (J.G.K.); DMPK (S.H.S.), Discovery Safety (J.A.E.), and Translational Safety (A.J.F.), Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom; DMPK (L.C.A., J.B., C.S.E.), Regulatory Safety (M.B.), Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden; and DMPK, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (M.E.), and Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity (R.A.T.), iMED AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Charles S Elmore
- Drug Safety Consultant, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom (J.G.K.); DMPK (S.H.S.), Discovery Safety (J.A.E.), and Translational Safety (A.J.F.), Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom; DMPK (L.C.A., J.B., C.S.E.), Regulatory Safety (M.B.), Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden; and DMPK, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (M.E.), and Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity (R.A.T.), iMED AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Richard A Thompson
- Drug Safety Consultant, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom (J.G.K.); DMPK (S.H.S.), Discovery Safety (J.A.E.), and Translational Safety (A.J.F.), Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom; DMPK (L.C.A., J.B., C.S.E.), Regulatory Safety (M.B.), Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden; and DMPK, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (M.E.), and Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity (R.A.T.), iMED AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden
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176
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Woodhead JL, Yang K, Siler SQ, Watkins PB, Brouwer KLR, Barton HA, Howell BA. Exploring BSEP inhibition-mediated toxicity with a mechanistic model of drug-induced liver injury. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:240. [PMID: 25426072 PMCID: PMC4224072 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the bile salt export pump (BSEP) has been linked to incidence of drug-induced liver injury (DILI), presumably by the accumulation of toxic bile acids in the liver. We have previously constructed and validated a model of bile acid disposition within DILIsym®, a mechanistic model of DILI. In this paper, we use DILIsym® to simulate the DILI response of the hepatotoxic BSEP inhibitors bosentan and CP-724,714 and the non-hepatotoxic BSEP inhibitor telmisartan in humans in order to explore whether we can predict that hepatotoxic BSEP inhibitors can cause bile acid accumulation to reach toxic levels. We also simulate bosentan in rats in order to illuminate potential reasons behind the lack of toxicity in rats compared to the toxicity observed in humans. DILIsym® predicts that bosentan, but not telmisartan, will cause mild hepatocellular ATP decline and serum ALT elevation in a simulated population of humans. The difference in hepatotoxic potential between bosentan and telmisartan is consistent with clinical observations. However, DILIsym® underpredicts the incidence of bosentan toxicity. DILIsym® also predicts that bosentan will not cause toxicity in a simulated population of rats, and that the difference between the response to bosentan in rats and in humans is primarily due to the less toxic bile acid pool in rats. Our simulations also suggest a potential synergistic role for bile acid accumulation and mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) inhibition in producing the observed toxicity in CP-724,714, and suggest that CP-724,714 metabolites may also play a role in the observed toxicity. Our work also compares the impact of competitive and noncompetitive BSEP inhibition for CP-724,714 and demonstrates that noncompetitive inhibition leads to much greater bile acid accumulation and potential toxicity. Our research demonstrates the potential for mechanistic modeling to contribute to the understanding of how bile acid transport inhibitors cause DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Woodhead
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kyunghee Yang
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Scott Q Siler
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Paul B Watkins
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC-Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hugh A Barton
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc. Groton CT, USA
| | - Brett A Howell
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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177
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Hunt CM, Yuen NA, Stirnadel-Farrant HA, Suzuki A. Age-related differences in reporting of drug-associated liver injury: data-mining of WHO Safety Report Database. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 70:519-26. [PMID: 25236535 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Age-differences in the frequency and manifestations of drug-induced liver injury are not fully characterized. Data-mining analyses were performed to assess the impact of age on liver event reporting frequency with different phenotypes and agents. METHODS 236 drugs associated with hepatotoxicity were evaluated using the Empirical Bayes Geometric Mean (EBGM) of the relative reporting ratio with 90% confidence interval (EB05 and EB95) calculated for the age groups: 0-17, 18-64, and⩾65years (or elderly), for overall, serious (acute liver failure), hepatocellular, and cholestatic liver injury, using the WHO Safety Report Database. RESULTS Overall, cases of age 0-17, 18-64, and 65years or older comprised 6%, 62%, and 32% of liver event reports. Acute liver failure and hepatocellular injury were more frequently reported among children compared to adults and the elderly while reports with cholestatic injury were more frequent among the elderly (p<0.00001). A potential to cause mitochondrial dysfunction was more prevalent among the drugs with increased pediatric reporting frequency while high lipophilicity and biliary excretion were more common among the drugs associated with higher reporting frequency in the elderly. CONCLUSION Age-specific phenotypes and potential drug properties associated with age-specific hepatotoxicity were identified in reported liver events; further analyses are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Hunt
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Durham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Nancy A Yuen
- Global Clinical Safety and Pharmacovigilance, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | | | - Ayako Suzuki
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States; Division of Gastroenterology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, United States
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178
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Wu ZT, Qi XM, Sheng JJ, Ma LL, Ni X, Ren J, Huang CG, Pan GY. Timosaponin A3 induces hepatotoxicity in rats through inducing oxidative stress and down-regulating bile acid transporters. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:1188-98. [PMID: 25087997 PMCID: PMC4155534 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the mechanisms underlying the hepatotoxicity of timosaponin A3 (TA3), a steroidal saponin from Anemarrhena asphodeloides, in rats. Methods: Male SD rats were administered TA3 (100 mg·kg−1·d−1, po) for 14 d, and the blood and bile samples were collected after the final administration. The viability of a sandwich configuration of cultured rat hepatocytes (SCRHs) was assessed using WST-1. Accumulation and biliary excretion index (BEI) of d8-TCA in SCRHs were determined with LC-MS/MS. RT-PCR and Western blot were used to analyze the expression of relevant genes and proteins. ROS and ATP levels, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were measured. F-actin cytoskeletal integrity was assessed under confocal microscopy. Results: TA3 administration in rats significantly elevated the total bile acid in serum, and decreased bile acid (BA) component concentrations in bile. TA3 inhibited the viability of the SCRHs with an IC50 value of 15.21±1.73 μmol/L. Treatment of the SCRHs with TA3 (1–10 μmol/L) for 2 and 24 h dose-dependently decreased the accumulation and BEI of d8-TCA. The TA3 treatment dose-dependently decreased the expression of BA transporters Ntcp, Bsep and Mrp2, and BA biosynthesis related Cyp7a1 in hepatocytes. Furthermore, the TA3 treatment dose-dependently increased ROS generation and HO-1 expression, decreased the ATP level and MMP, and disrupted F-actin in the SCRHs. NAC (5 mmol/L) significantly ameliorated TA3-induced effects in the SCRHs, whereas mangiferin (10–200 μg/mL) almost blocked TA3-induced ROS generation. Conclusion: TA3 triggers liver injury through inducing ROS generation and suppressing the expression of BA transporters. Mangiferin, an active component in Anemarrhena, may protect hepatocytes from TA3-induced hepatotoxicity.
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179
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Aleo MD, Luo Y, Swiss R, Bonin PD, Potter DM, Will Y. Human drug-induced liver injury severity is highly associated with dual inhibition of liver mitochondrial function and bile salt export pump. Hepatology 2014; 60:1015-22. [PMID: 24799086 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) accounts for 20-40% of all instances of clinical hepatic failure and is a common reason for withdrawal of an approved drug or discontinuation of a potentially new drug from clinical/nonclinical development. Numerous individual risk factors contribute to the susceptibility to human DILI and its severity that are either compound- and/or patient-specific. Compound-specific primary mechanisms linked to DILI include: cytotoxicity, reactive metabolite formation, inhibition of bile salt export pump (BSEP), and mitochondrial dysfunction. Since BSEP is an energy-dependent protein responsible for the efflux of bile acids from hepatocytes, it was hypothesized that humans exposed to drugs that impair both mitochondrial energetics and BSEP functional activity are more sensitive to more severe manifestations of DILI than drugs that only have a single liability factor. As annotated in the United States National Center for Toxicological Research Liver Toxicity Knowledge Base (NCTR-LTKB), the inhibitory properties of 24 Most-DILI-, 28 Less-DILI-, and 20 No-DILI-concern drugs were investigated. Drug potency for inhibiting BSEP or mitochondrial activity was generally correlated across human DILI concern categories. However, drugs with dual potency as mitochondrial and BSEP inhibitors were highly associated with more severe human DILI, more restrictive product safety labeling related to liver injury, and appear more sensitive to the drug exposure (Cmax) where more restrictive labeling occurs. CONCLUSION These data affirm that severe manifestations of human DILI are multifactorial, highly associated with combinations of drug potency specifically related to known mechanisms of DILI (like mitochondrial and BSEP inhibition), and, along with patient-specific factors, lead to differences in the severity and exposure thresholds associated with clinical DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Aleo
- Investigative Toxicology, Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT
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180
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Abstract
Numerous drugs have been shown to inhibit the activity of the Bile Salt Export Pump (BSEP in humans, Bsep in animals), and this is now considered to be one of several mechanisms by which idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) may be initiated in susceptible patients. The potential importance of BSEP inhibition by drugs has been recognized by the European Medicines Agency and the International Transporter Consortium, who have recommended that it should be evaluated during drug development when evidence of cholestatic liver injury has been observed in nonclinical safety studies or in human clinical trials. In addition, some pharmaceutical companies have proposed evaluation and minimization of BSEP inhibition during drug discovery, when there is a chemical choice, to help reduce DILI risk. The methods that can be used to assess and quantify BSEP inhibition, and key gaps in our current understanding of the relationship between this process and DILI, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gerry Kenna
- Safety Science Consultant, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
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181
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Systems pharmacology modeling predicts delayed presentation and species differences in bile acid-mediated troglitazone hepatotoxicity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2014; 96:589-98. [PMID: 25068506 PMCID: PMC4480860 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2014.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Troglitazone (TGZ) causes delayed, life-threatening drug-induced liver injury in some patients but was not hepatotoxic in rats. This study investigated altered bile acid homeostasis as a mechanism of TGZ hepatotoxicity using a systems pharmacology model incorporating drug/metabolite disposition, bile acid physiology/pathophysiology, hepatocyte life cycle, and liver injury biomarkers. In the simulated human population, TGZ (200-600 mg/day × 6 months) resulted in delayed increases in serum alanine transaminase >3× the upper limit of normal in 0.3-5.1%, with concomitant bilirubin elevations >2× the upper limit of normal in 0.3-3.6%, of the population. By contrast, pioglitazone (15-45 mg/day × 6 months) did not elicit hepatotoxicity, consistent with clinical data. TGZ was not hepatotoxic in the simulated rat population. In summary, mechanistic modeling based only on bile acid effects accurately predicted the incidence, delayed presentation, and species differences in TGZ hepatotoxicity, in addition to predicting the relative liver safety of pioglitazone. Systems pharmacology models integrating physiology and experimental data can evaluate drug-induced liver injury mechanisms and may be useful to predict the hepatotoxic potential of drug candidates.
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182
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Mechanistic Modeling Reveals the Critical Knowledge Gaps in Bile Acid-Mediated DILI. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 3:e123. [PMID: 25006780 PMCID: PMC4120015 DOI: 10.1038/psp.2014.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile salt export pump (BSEP) inhibition has been proposed to be an important mechanism for drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Modeling can prioritize knowledge gaps concerning bile acid (BA) homeostasis and thus help guide experimentation. A submodel of BA homeostasis in rats and humans was constructed within DILIsym, a mechanistic model of DILI. In vivo experiments in rats with glibenclamide were conducted, and data from these experiments were used to validate the model. The behavior of DILIsym was analyzed in the presence of a simulated theoretical BSEP inhibitor. BSEP inhibition in humans is predicted to increase liver concentrations of conjugated chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and sulfate-conjugated lithocholic acid (LCA) while the concentration of other liver BAs remains constant or decreases. On the basis of a sensitivity analysis, the most important unknowns are the level of BSEP expression, the amount of intestinal synthesis of LCA, and the magnitude of farnesoid-X nuclear receptor (FXR)-mediated regulation.
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183
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Yang K, Brouwer KLR. Hepatocellular exposure of troglitazone metabolites in rat sandwich-cultured hepatocytes lacking Bcrp and Mrp2: interplay between formation and excretion. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1219-26. [PMID: 24799397 PMCID: PMC4053994 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.057190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of bile acid transport by troglitazone (TGZ) and its major metabolite, TGZ sulfate (TS), may lead to hepatocellular accumulation of toxic bile acids; TS accumulation and hepatotoxicity may be associated with impaired TS biliary excretion. This study evaluated the impact of impaired transport of breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2) on the hepatobiliary disposition of generated metabolites, TS and TGZ glucuronide (TG). Sandwich-cultured hepatocytes (SCH) from Mrp2-deficient (TR(-)) rats in combination with Bcrp knockdown using RNA interference were employed. The biliary excretion index (BEI) of generated TS was not significantly altered by impaired Bcrp (20.9 to 21.1%) and/or Mrp2 function (24.4% and 17.5% in WT and TR(-) rat SCH, respectively). Thus, loss-of-function of Mrp2 and/or Bcrp do not appear to be risk factors for increased hepatocellular TS accumulation in rats, potentially because of a compensatory transporter(s) that excretes TS into bile. Further investigations revealed that the compensatory TS biliary transporter was not the bile salt export pump (Bsep) or P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Interestingly, TGZ sulfation was significantly decreased in TR(-) compared with WT rat SCH (total recovery: 2.8 versus 5.0% of TGZ dose), resulting in decreased hepatocellular TS accumulation, even though sulfotransferase activity in TR(-) rat hepatocyte S9 fraction was similar. Hepatocellular TG accumulation was significantly increased in TR(-) compared with WT rat SCH due to increased glucuronidation and negligible TG biliary excretion. These data emphasize that the interplay between metabolite formation and excretion determines hepatocellular exposure to generated metabolites such as TS and TG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyunghee Yang
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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184
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Soroka CJ, Boyer JL. Biosynthesis and trafficking of the bile salt export pump, BSEP: therapeutic implications of BSEP mutations. Mol Aspects Med 2014; 37:3-14. [PMID: 23685087 PMCID: PMC3784619 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The bile salt export pump (BSEP, ABCB11) is the primary transporter of bile acids from the hepatocyte to the biliary system. This rate-limiting step in bile formation is essential to the formation of bile salt dependent bile flow, the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids, and the digestion of dietary fats. Mutations in BSEP are associated with cholestatic diseases such as progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 2 (PFIC2), benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis type 2 (BRIC2), drug-induced cholestasis, and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Development of clinical therapies for these conditions necessitates a clear understanding of the cell biology of biosynthesis, trafficking, and transcriptional and translational regulation of BSEP. This chapter will focus on the molecular and cell biological aspects of this critical hepatic membrane transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol J Soroka
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.
| | - James L Boyer
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.
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185
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Structure and function of BCRP, a broad specificity transporter of xenobiotics and endobiotics. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:1205-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1224-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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186
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Treiber A, Äänismaa P, de Kanter R, Delahaye S, Treher M, Hess P, Sidharta P. Macitentan does not interfere with hepatic bile salt transport. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 350:130-43. [PMID: 24769543 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.214106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension with the endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan has been associated with transient increases in liver transaminases. Mechanistically, bosentan inhibits the bile salt export pump (BSEP) leading to an intrahepatic accumulation of cytotoxic bile salts, which eventually results in hepatocellular damage. BSEP inhibition by bosentan is amplified by its accumulation in the liver as bosentan is a substrate of organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) transport proteins. The novel endothelin receptor antagonist macitentan shows a superior liver safety profile. Introduction of the less acidic sulfamide moiety and increased lipophilicity yield a hepatic disposition profile different from other endothelin receptor antagonists. Passive diffusion rather than OATP-mediated uptake is the driving force for macitentan uptake into the liver. Interaction with the sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide and BSEP transport proteins involved in hepatic bile salt homeostasis is therefore limited due to the low intrahepatic drug concentrations. Evidence for this conclusion is provided by in vitro experiments in drug transporter-expressing cell lines, acute and long-term studies in rats and dogs, absence of plasma bile salt changes in healthy human volunteers after multiple dosing, and finally the liver safety profile of macitentan in the completed phase III morbidity/mortality SERAPHIN (Study with an Endothelin Receptor Antagonist in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension to Improve Clinical Outcome) trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Treiber
- Departments of Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.T., P.A., R.d.K., S.D.), Toxicology (M.T.), Pharmacology (P.H.), and Clinical Pharmacology (P.S.), Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Päivi Äänismaa
- Departments of Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.T., P.A., R.d.K., S.D.), Toxicology (M.T.), Pharmacology (P.H.), and Clinical Pharmacology (P.S.), Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Ruben de Kanter
- Departments of Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.T., P.A., R.d.K., S.D.), Toxicology (M.T.), Pharmacology (P.H.), and Clinical Pharmacology (P.S.), Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Stephane Delahaye
- Departments of Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.T., P.A., R.d.K., S.D.), Toxicology (M.T.), Pharmacology (P.H.), and Clinical Pharmacology (P.S.), Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Treher
- Departments of Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.T., P.A., R.d.K., S.D.), Toxicology (M.T.), Pharmacology (P.H.), and Clinical Pharmacology (P.S.), Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hess
- Departments of Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.T., P.A., R.d.K., S.D.), Toxicology (M.T.), Pharmacology (P.H.), and Clinical Pharmacology (P.S.), Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Sidharta
- Departments of Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.T., P.A., R.d.K., S.D.), Toxicology (M.T.), Pharmacology (P.H.), and Clinical Pharmacology (P.S.), Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
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187
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Ritschel T, Hermans SMA, Schreurs M, van den Heuvel JJMW, Koenderink JB, Greupink R, Russel FGM. In silico identification and in vitro validation of potential cholestatic compounds through 3D ligand-based pharmacophore modeling of BSEP inhibitors. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:873-81. [PMID: 24713091 DOI: 10.1021/tx5000393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced cholestasis is a frequently observed side effect of drugs and is often caused by an unexpected interaction with the bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11). BSEP is the key membrane transporter responsible for the transport of bile acids from hepatocytes into bile. Here, we developed a pharmacophore model that describes the molecular features of compounds associated with BSEP inhibitory activity. To generate input and validation data sets, in vitro experiments with membrane vesicles overexpressing human BSEP were used to assess the effect of compounds (50 μM) on BSEP-mediated (3)H-taurocholic acid transport. The model contains two hydrogen bond acceptor/anionic features, two hydrogen bond acceptor vector features, four hydrophobic/aromatic features, and exclusion volumes. The pharmacophore was validated against a set of 59 compounds, including registered drugs. The model recognized 9 out of 12 inhibitors (75%), which could not be identified based on general parameters, such as molecular weight or SlogP, alone. Finally, the model was used to screen a virtual compound database. A number of compounds found via virtual screening were tested and displayed statistically significant BSEP inhibition, ranging from 13 ± 1% to 67 ± 7% of control (P < 0.05). In conclusion, we developed and validated a pharmacophore model that describes molecular features found in BSEP inhibitors. The model may be used as an in silico screening tool to identify potentially harmful drug candidates at an early stage in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Ritschel
- Computational Discovery and Design (CDD) Group, Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (CMBI), Radboud university medical center , P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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188
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Guyot C, Hofstetter L, Stieger B. Differential effects of membrane cholesterol content on the transport activity of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (ABCC2) and of the bile salt export pump (ABCB11). Mol Pharmacol 2014; 85:909-20. [PMID: 24711118 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.092262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rat canalicular membranes contain microdomains enriched in cholesterol and ATP-binding cassette transporters. Cholesterol is known to regulate the activity of transporters. Here, we investigated the effect of membrane cholesterol on the transport kinetics of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) and of bile salt export pump (BSEP) variants and mutants. MRP2 and BSEP were expressed with baculoviruses in insect cells, followed by vesicle isolation from control and cholesterol-loaded cells (1 mM cholesterol@randomly methylated-β-cyclodextrin) for transport assays. We found that cholesterol stimulates MRP2 transport activity for substrates of different molecular weights: estradiol-17-β-glucuronide (E17βG), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), cholecystokinin 8 (CCK8), and vasopressin displayed an increase of Vmax and a variable decrease of Km. Kinetics of E17βG showed a sigmoidal shape and a mild cooperativity in Hanes-Woolf plots in control membranes. High cholesterol content shifted E17βG to Michaelis-Menten kinetics. PGE2/glutathione transport followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics irrespective of cholesterol. The MRP2 substrates CCK8 and vasopressin exhibited Michaelis-Menten kinetics independent of membrane cholesterol content. Transport of ochratoxin A was ATP-dependent but was neither mediated by MRP2 nor stimulated by cholesterol. Transport of the two most common BSEP variants p.444V/A showed Michaelis-Menten kinetics irrespective of membrane cholesterol, whereby cholesterol leads to an increased Vmax while Km remains unchanged. The transport activity of the BSEP mutants p.E297G and p.R432T increased at high cholesterol content but did not reach the capacity of normal BSEP. Hence, changing membrane cholesterol content modulates BSEP and MRP2 transport kinetics differently. Cholesterol increases the transport rates of BSEP and MRP2, but with the latter, may also modify the binding site as for E17βG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Guyot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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189
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de Lima Toccafondo Vieira M, Tagliati CA. Hepatobiliary transporters in drug-induced cholestasis: a perspective on the current identifying tools. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:581-97. [PMID: 24588537 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.884069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Impaired bile formation leads to the accumulation of cytotoxic bile salts in hepatocytes and, consequently, cholestasis and severe liver disease. Knowledge of the role of hepatobiliary transporters, especially the bile salt export pump (BSEP), in the pathogenesis of cholestasis is continuously increasing. AREAS COVERED This review provides an introduction into the role of these transport proteins in bile formation. It addresses the clinical relevance and pathophysiologic consequences of altered functions of these transporters by genetic mutations and drugs. In particular, the current practical aspects of identification and mitigation of drug candidates with liver liabilities employed during drug development, with an emphasis on preclinical screening for BSEP interaction, are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Within the potential pathogenetic mechanisms of acquired cholestasis, the inhibition of BSEP by drugs is well established. Interference of a new compound with BSEP transport activity should raise a warning sign to conduct follow-up experiments and to monitor liver function during clinical development. A combination of in vitro screening for transport interaction, in silico predicting models, and consideration of physicochemical and metabolic properties should lead to a more efficient screening of potential liver liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela de Lima Toccafondo Vieira
- Faculdade de Farmácia - UFMG, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6.627 - Pampulha, 31270-901 - Belo Horizonte - MG , Brazil +55 31 3547 3462 ;
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190
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Persson M, Løye AF, Jacquet M, Mow NS, Thougaard AV, Mow T, Hornberg JJ. High-Content Analysis/Screening for Predictive Toxicology: Application to Hepatotoxicity and Genotoxicity. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 115:18-23. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Persson
- Department of Exploratory Toxicology; Non-Clinical Safety Research; H. Lundbeck A/S Valby Denmark
| | - Anni F. Løye
- Department of Exploratory Toxicology; Non-Clinical Safety Research; H. Lundbeck A/S Valby Denmark
| | - Mélanie Jacquet
- Department of Exploratory Toxicology; Non-Clinical Safety Research; H. Lundbeck A/S Valby Denmark
| | - Natacha S. Mow
- Department of Exploratory Toxicology; Non-Clinical Safety Research; H. Lundbeck A/S Valby Denmark
| | - Annemette V. Thougaard
- Department of Exploratory Toxicology; Non-Clinical Safety Research; H. Lundbeck A/S Valby Denmark
| | - Tomas Mow
- Department of Exploratory Toxicology; Non-Clinical Safety Research; H. Lundbeck A/S Valby Denmark
| | - Jorrit J. Hornberg
- Department of Exploratory Toxicology; Non-Clinical Safety Research; H. Lundbeck A/S Valby Denmark
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191
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Cuperus FJC, Claudel T, Gautherot J, Halilbasic E, Trauner M. The role of canalicular ABC transporters in cholestasis. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:546-60. [PMID: 24474736 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.056358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis, a hallmark feature of hepatobiliary disease, is characterized by the retention of biliary constituents. Some of these constituents, such as bile acids, inflict damage to hepatocytes and bile duct cells. This damage may lead to inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually carcinogenesis, sequelae that aggravate the underlying disease and deteriorate clinical outcome. Canalicular ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, which mediate the excretion of individual bile constituents, play a key role in bile formation and cholestasis. The study of these transporters and their regulatory nuclear receptors has revolutionized our understanding of cholestatic disease. This knowledge has served as a template to develop novel treatment strategies, some of which are currently already undergoing phase III clinical trials. In this review we aim to provide an overview of the structure, function, and regulation of canalicular ABC transporters. In addition, we will focus on the role of these transporters in the pathogenesis and treatment of cholestatic bile duct and liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans J C Cuperus
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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192
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Hepatocyte-based in vitro model for assessment of drug-induced cholestasis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 274:124-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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193
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Urban L, Maciejewski M, Lounkine E, Whitebread S, Jenkins JL, Hamon J, Fekete A, Muller PY. Translation of off-target effects: prediction of ADRs by integrated experimental and computational approach. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00077c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are associated with most drugs, often discovered late in drug development and sometimes only during extended course of clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Urban
- Preclinical Safety Profiling
- Center for Proteomic Chemistry
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research
- Cambridge, USA
| | - Mateusz Maciejewski
- Preclinical Safety Profiling
- Center for Proteomic Chemistry
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research
- Cambridge, USA
| | - Eugen Lounkine
- Preclinical Safety Profiling
- Center for Proteomic Chemistry
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research
- Cambridge, USA
| | - Steven Whitebread
- Preclinical Safety Profiling
- Center for Proteomic Chemistry
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research
- Cambridge, USA
| | - Jeremy L. Jenkins
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research
- Cambridge, USA
| | - Jacques Hamon
- Basel Screening Operations
- Center for Proteomic Chemistry
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research
- Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Fekete
- Preclinical Safety Profiling
- Center for Proteomic Chemistry
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research
- Cambridge, USA
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194
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Garzel B, Yang H, Zhang L, Huang SM, Polli JE, Wang H. The role of bile salt export pump gene repression in drug-induced cholestatic liver toxicity. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 42:318-22. [PMID: 24335466 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.054189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The bile salt export pump (BSEP, ABCB11) is predominantly responsible for the efflux of bile salts, and disruption of BSEP function is often associated with altered hepatic homeostasis of bile acids and cholestatic liver injury. Accumulating evidence suggests that many drugs can cause cholestasis through interaction with hepatic transporters. To date, a relatively strong association between drug-induced cholestasis and attenuated BSEP activity has been proposed. However, whether repression of BSEP transcription would contribute to drug-induced cholestasis is largely unknown. In this study, we selected 30 drugs previously reported as BSEP inhibitors to evaluate their effects on BSEP expression, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) activation, and correlations to clinically reported liver toxicity. Our results indicate that of the 30 BSEP inhibitors, five exhibited potent repression of BSEP expression (≥60% repression), ten were moderate repressors (20-60% repression), whereas others had negligible effects (≤20% repression). Of importance, two drugs (troglitazone and benzbromarone), previously withdrawn from the market because of liver injury, are among the potent repressors. Further investigation of the five potent repressors revealed that transcriptional repression of BSEP by lopinavir and troglitazone may occur through their interaction with FXR, whereas others are via FXR-independent yet unidentified pathways. Our data suggest that in addition to functional inhibition, repression of BSEP expression may play an important role in drug-induced cholestatic liver toxicity. Thus, a combination of the two would reveal a more accurate prediction of drug-induced cholestasis than does either repression or inhibition alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandy Garzel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore Maryland (B.G., H.Y., J.E.P., H.W.) and Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, CDER, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland (L.Z., S.H.)
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195
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Atienzar FA, Novik EI, Gerets HH, Parekh A, Delatour C, Cardenas A, MacDonald J, Yarmush ML, Dhalluin S. Predictivity of dog co-culture model, primary human hepatocytes and HepG2 cells for the detection of hepatotoxic drugs in humans. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 275:44-61. [PMID: 24333257 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Drug induced liver injury (DILI) is a major cause of attrition during early and late stage drug development. Consequently, there is a need to develop better in vitro primary hepatocyte models from different species for predicting hepatotoxicity in both animals and humans early in drug development. Dog is often chosen as the non-rodent species for toxicology studies. Unfortunately, dog in vitro models allowing long term cultures are not available. The objective of the present manuscript is to describe the development of a co-culture dog model for predicting hepatotoxic drugs in humans and to compare the predictivity of the canine model along with primary human hepatocytes and HepG2 cells. After rigorous optimization, the dog co-culture model displayed metabolic capacities that were maintained up to 2 weeks which indicates that such model could be also used for long term metabolism studies. Most of the human hepatotoxic drugs were detected with a sensitivity of approximately 80% (n=40) for the three cellular models. Nevertheless, the specificity was low approximately 40% for the HepG2 cells and hepatocytes compared to 72.7% for the canine model (n=11). Furthermore, the dog co-culture model showed a higher superiority for the classification of 5 pairs of close structural analogs with different DILI concerns in comparison to both human cellular models. Finally, the reproducibility of the canine system was also satisfactory with a coefficient of correlation of 75.2% (n=14). Overall, the present manuscript indicates that the dog co-culture model may represent a relevant tool to perform chronic hepatotoxicity and metabolism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck A Atienzar
- UCB Pharma SA, Non-Clinical Development, Chemin du Foriest, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium.
| | - Eric I Novik
- Hμrel Corporation, 675 U.S. Highway 1, North Brunswick, NJ 08902, USA
| | - Helga H Gerets
- UCB Pharma SA, Non-Clinical Development, Chemin du Foriest, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Amit Parekh
- Hμrel Corporation, 675 U.S. Highway 1, North Brunswick, NJ 08902, USA
| | - Claude Delatour
- UCB Pharma SA, Non-Clinical Development, Chemin du Foriest, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Alvaro Cardenas
- UCB Pharma SA, Non-Clinical Development, Chemin du Foriest, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - James MacDonald
- Chrysalis Pharma Consulting, LLC, 385 Route 24, Suite 1G, Chester, NJ 07930, USA
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Stéphane Dhalluin
- UCB Pharma SA, Non-Clinical Development, Chemin du Foriest, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
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196
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Shoda LKM, Woodhead JL, Siler SQ, Watkins PB, Howell BA. Linking physiology to toxicity using DILIsym®, a mechanistic mathematical model of drug-induced liver injury. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2013; 35:33-49. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisl K. M. Shoda
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences; The Hamner Institutes; Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Woodhead
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences; The Hamner Institutes; Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA
| | - Scott Q. Siler
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences; The Hamner Institutes; Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA
| | - Paul B. Watkins
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences; The Hamner Institutes; Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA
| | - Brett A. Howell
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences; The Hamner Institutes; Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA
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197
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Garside H, Marcoe KF, Chesnut-Speelman J, Foster AJ, Muthas D, Kenna JG, Warrior U, Bowes J, Baumgartner J. Evaluation of the use of imaging parameters for the detection of compound-induced hepatotoxicity in 384-well cultures of HepG2 cells and cryopreserved primary human hepatocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 28:171-81. [PMID: 24189122 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major cause of failed drug development, withdrawal and restricted usage. Therefore screening assays which aid selection of candidate drugs with reduced propensity to cause DILI are required. We have investigated the toxicity of 144 drugs, 108 of which caused DILI, using assays identified in the literature as having some predictivity for hepatotoxicity. The validated assays utilised either HepG2 cells, HepG2 cells in the presence of rat S9 fraction or isolated human hepatocytes. All parameters were quantified by multiplexed and automated high content fluorescence microscopy, at appropriate time points after compound administration (4, 24 or 48h). The individual endpoint which identified drugs that caused DILI with greatest precision was maximal fold induction in CM-H2DFFDA staining in hepatocytes after 24h (41% sensitivity, 86% specificity). However, hierarchical clustering analysis of all endpoints provided the most sensitive identification of drugs which caused DILI (58% sensitivity, 75% specificity). We conclude that multi-parametric high content cell toxicity assays can enable in vitro detection of drugs that have high propensity to cause DILI in vivo but that many DILI compounds exhibit few in vitro signals when evaluated using these assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Muthas
- AstraZeneca, Drug Safety and Metabolism, R&D, SE, Sweden
| | | | | | - Joanne Bowes
- AstraZeneca, Drug Safety and Metabolism, R&D, UK
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198
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Persson M, Løye AF, Mow T, Hornberg JJ. A high content screening assay to predict human drug-induced liver injury during drug discovery. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2013; 68:302-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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199
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Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) represents a broad spectrum of liver manifestations. However, the most common manifestation is hepatocyte death following drug intake. DILI can be predictable and dose dependent with a notable example of acetaminophen toxicity. Idiosyncratic DILI occurs in an unpredictable fashion at low frequencies, implying that environmental and genetic factors alter the susceptibility of individuals to the insult (drugs).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neil Kaplowitz
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 323 442 5576; fax: +1 323 442 3243.
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200
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Pfeifer ND, Hardwick RN, Brouwer KLR. Role of hepatic efflux transporters in regulating systemic and hepatocyte exposure to xenobiotics. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 54:509-35. [PMID: 24160696 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-011613-140021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic efflux transporters include numerous well-known and emerging proteins localized to the canalicular or basolateral membrane of the hepatocyte that are responsible for the excretion of drugs into the bile or blood, respectively. Altered function of hepatic efflux transporters due to drug-drug interactions, genetic variation, and/or disease states may lead to changes in xenobiotic exposure in the hepatocyte and/or systemic circulation. This review focuses on transport proteins involved in the hepatocellular efflux of drugs and metabolites, discusses mechanisms of altered transporter function as well as the interplay between multiple transport pathways, and highlights the importance of considering intracellular unbound concentrations of transporter substrates and/or inhibitors. Methods to evaluate hepatic efflux transport and predict the effects of impaired transporter function on systemic and hepatocyte exposure are discussed, and the sandwich-cultured hepatocyte model to evaluate comprehensively the role of hepatic efflux in the hepatobiliary disposition of xenobiotics is characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Pfeifer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; ,
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