151
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Abstract
Adipocytes constitute a major part of the bone marrow stroma in vivo and may play an active role in lymphohematopoiesis. Earlier studies had shown that the bone marrow stromal cell clone BMS2 was capable of adipocyte differentiation in vitro, in addition to its well-defined ability to support B lymphopoiesis. We now demonstrate that the process of adipogenesis in this functional bone marrow stromal cell clone can be inhibited by the cytokines interleukin-1 alpha, tumor necrosis factor, and transforming growth factor beta. Exposure of preadipocyte BMS2 cells to these agents blocked the induction of adipocyte differentiation as assessed by morphologic criteria and analysis of the neutral lipid content. Both interleukin-1 alpha and tumor necrosis factor elicited a rapid transient elevation in the steady-state mRNA levels of c-fos, c-jun, and JE. When added to differentiated adipocytes, the three cytokines continued to act as adipogenic antagonists. This was indicated by concentration- and time-dependent decreases in the activity of an adipocyte-specific enzyme, lipoprotein lipase. These changes in enzyme activity correlated directly with a decrease in steady-state levels of lipoprotein lipase mRNA. Another RNA marker of adipocyte differentiation (adipsin) was less influenced by the adipogenic antagonists. This may reflect the longer half-life of this mRNA transcript compared with those of lipoprotein lipase. Our results dramatically demonstrate that the differentiation state of bone marrow stromal cells can be modulated by exogenous factors in vitro. It is also the first report that transformation growth factor beta regulates the activity of lipoprotein lipase. These data suggest potential physiologic actions for these cytokines in vivo within the overall context of lymphohematopoiesis.
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152
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Lin BB, Cross SL, Halden NF, Roman DG, Toledano MB, Leonard WJ. Delineation of an enhancerlike positive regulatory element in the interleukin-2 receptor alpha-chain gene. Mol Cell Biol 1990; 10:850-3. [PMID: 2153927 PMCID: PMC360889 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.10.2.850-853.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have delineated a positive regulatory element in the interleukin-2 receptor alpha-chain gene (IL-2R alpha) between positions -299 and -243 that can potently activate a heterologous (herpesvirus thymidine kinase [tk]) promoter in phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-induced Jurkat T cells and is functional when cloned in either orientation. This enhancerlike element contains a site (-268/-257) that can bind NF-kappa B; however, unlike the immunoglobulin kappa gene kappa B enhancer element, the IL-2R alpha kappa B-like site alone can only weakly activate a heterologous promoter. Adjacent 5' and 3' sequences also weakly activate the tk-CAT vector, but constructs combining the IL-2R alpha kappa B-like site plus adjacent 5' and 3' sequences potently activate gene expression. This combination of regions is essential for potent PMA-induced transcription from the tk promoter. Experiments using constructs in which IL-2R alpha upstream sequences are sequentially deleted suggested that there is a region 5' of position -299 which can suppress IL-2R alpha promoter and/or enhancer activity. Thus, it is possible that both positive and negative elements may be important in the regulation of IL-2R alpha gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Lin
- Cell Biology and Metabolism Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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153
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Abstract
The transcription of the immunoglobulin heavy (IGH), kappa (IGK) and lambda (IGL) chain genes is coordinate and B lymphocyte specific. This expression of the immunoglobulin genes is under the control of regulatory elements: the promoters located 5' of each variable (V) gene and the enhancers located between the joining and constant genes in the IGH and IGK locus and downstream on the C kappa gene. These sequences represent sites for the binding of transcription factors. A 90-100 kDa ubiquitous proteins (NF-A1) as well as two specific B cell proteins (NF-A2, OTF-2B) bind to the octamer site of the V promoter and IGH enhancer. The NF-kB protein binds to the kB site in the intron kappa enhancer, but also to kB-like sites found in the promoter regions of other genes. This paper reviews the recent data on these factors and other transcription factors which bind to the promoters and enhancers of the immunoglobulin genes and control their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lefranc
- Laboratoire d'Immunogénétique Moléculaire, URA CNRS 1191, Université de Montpellier II, France
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154
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Elsholtz HP, Albert VR, Treacy MN, Rosenfeld MG. A two-base change in a POU factor-binding site switches pituitary-specific to lymphoid-specific gene expression. Genes Dev 1990; 4:43-51. [PMID: 2307370 DOI: 10.1101/gad.4.1.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The structurally related POU homeo domain proteins Pit-1 and Oct-2 activate pituitary- and lymphoid-specific transcription, respectively, by binding to similar AT-rich motifs in their target genes. In this study we identify bases critical for recognition and activation by Pit-1 and examine how small differences in Pit-1 and Oct-2-binding sites can impart differential transcriptional responses in pituitary and B-lymphoid cells. Scanning mutagenesis of Pit-1 response elements in both the rat prolactin and growth hormone genes reveals a critical binding motif recognized in an identical manner by the native Pit-1 protein and cloned Pit-1 gene product. This motif, ATTATTCCAT, differs by only two bases from the octamer element, ATTTGCAT, required for Oct-2-dependent activation of immunoglobulin genes. Cross recognition of Pit-1 and Oct-2 sites by both factors can be demonstrated in competitive binding assays, in which an oligometric Pit-1 site from the prolactin gene is converted to an Oct-2 site by a double point mutation. In contrast to the binding data, no cross activation of transcription is detectable in cultured cell lines. When inserted immediately 5' to a prolactin TATA box, the wild-type prolactin element enhances transcription strongly in pituitary cells but is inactive in B cells, whereas the octamer variant of the prolactin site activates expression in B cells but is silent in pituitary lines. Both elements are nonfunctional in heterologous cell lines that lack Pit-1 and Oct-2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Elsholtz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093
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155
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Kanno M, Fromental C, Staub A, Ruffenach F, Davidson I, Chambon P. The SV40 TC-II(kappa B) and the related H-2Kb enhansons exhibit different cell type specific and inducible proto-enhancer activities, but the SV40 core sequence and the AP-2 binding site have no enhanson properties. EMBO J 1989; 8:4205-14. [PMID: 2556264 PMCID: PMC401616 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb08606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The enhancer activity of the oligomerized SV40 TC-I and TC-II sequences has been investigated in lymphoid and non-lymphoid cell lines. While the TC-I sequence had no demonstrable enhanson activity, a class C enhanson (proto-enhancer), 5'-GGAAAGTCCCC-3', overlapping the TC-II sequence and the GT-I enhanson was identified. This TC-II enhanson, which is identical to the kappa B motif from the kappa chain enhancer, was active in both lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells, which contrasts with the previously reported lymphoid cell specificity of the kappa B motif. However, its activity in non-lymphoid cells is in agreement with our previous reports describing the effect of mutations in the 'TC region' within the total SV40 enhancer in lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells. The activity of the TC-II enhanson could be moderately increased in HeLa by 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and cycloheximide treatment, indicating that the protein(s) mediating its activity may be partially repressed by the previously described inhibitor protein I kappa B. The TC-II related, H-2Kb element, 5'-TGGGGATTCCCCA-3', of the histocompatibility class I H-2Kb gene promoter is also a class C enhanson which is active in both lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells. However, in contrast to the TC-II enhanson, the H-2Kb enhanson exhibits a very low activity in HeLa cells, but can be strongly induced by TPA and/or cycloheximide treatments which suggests that its cognate factor is inactivated (repressed) by an inhibitor protein. Interestingly, cycloheximide, but not TPA treatment, could induce the activity of both the TC-II and H-2Kb enhansons in F9 embryonal carcinoma cells, suggesting that these cells lack some component(s) of the protein kinase C signal transduction pathway. We also show that oligomers of the SV40 'core' sequence, which overlaps the TC-II enhanson, had no enhanson activity in any of the cell types studied, which questions the possible role of the AP-3 protein in SV40 enhancer activity in these cell types. In addition, oligomers of the AP-2 binding sites which are present in the SV40 TC region and in the human metallothionein IIA promoter show no enhanson activity, irrespective of whether the cells are treated with TPA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kanno
- Laboratorie de Génétique Moléculaire des Eucaryotes du CNRS, Unité 184 de Biologie Moléculaire et de Génie Génétique de l'INSERM, Institut de Chimie Biologique, Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France
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156
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Mikami K, Sakamoto A, Takase H, Tabata T, Iwabuchi M. Wheat nuclear protein HBP-1 binds to the hexameric sequence in the promoter of various plant genes. Nucleic Acids Res 1989; 17:9707-17. [PMID: 2602142 PMCID: PMC335208 DOI: 10.1093/nar/17.23.9707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
HBP-1 is a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein that interacts with the hexameric sequence ACGTCA, the putative cis-acting element of the wheat histone H3 gene. Gel mobility shift and DNase I footprint analyses showed that this protein interacts with homologous sequences in the regulatory regions for the transcription of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S RNA and nopaline synthase (NOS) genes, evidence that HBP-1 may bind to hexameric sequences in the regulatory regions of various genes. An HBP-1-like protein, indistinguishable from wheat HBP-1 in its the DNA-binding specificity, is present in sunflower nuclear extract, an indication that HBP-1-like DNA-binding proteins also exist in dicots.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mikami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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157
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Green JE, Begley CG, Wagner DK, Waldmann TA, Jay G. trans activation of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and the interleukin-2 receptor in transgenic mice carrying the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 tax gene. Mol Cell Biol 1989; 9:4731-7. [PMID: 2689863 PMCID: PMC363620 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.9.11.4731-4737.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Three lines of transgenic mice carrying the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 tax gene have previously been reported to develop neurofibromas composed of perineural fibroblasts (S. H. Hinrichs, M. Nerenberg, R. K. Reynolds, G. Khoury, and G. Jay, Science 237:1340-1343, 1987; M. Nerenberg, S. H. Hinrichs, R. K. Reynolds, G. Khoury, and G. Jay, Science 237:1324-1329, 1987). Tumors from these mice and tumor cell lines derived from them expressed high levels of tax RNA and protein. They also expressed high levels of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene as measured by proliferative responses of FD-CP1 target cells using conditioned media from tumor cells and by Northern (RNA) blot analysis of RNA from tumors and tumor cell lines. Although other tissues, such as salivary glands and muscles, in the transgenic mice also expressed high levels of tax, they did not express the gene for GM-CSF. This indicates that tissue-specific cellular factors, in addition to tax, are required for GM-CSF gene expression. Systemic effects of excessive GM-CSF production were demonstrated by infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes into tumor tissues which are not necrotic, by peripheral granulocytosis, and by splenomegaly resulting from myeloid hyperplasia. The interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor was also found to be expressed by the tumors and tumor cell lines as measured by IL-2-binding and cross-linking studies. This is the first demonstration that the IL-2 receptor can be activated by tax in a nonlymphoid cell type. These in vivo findings are consistent with other reports which have demonstrated in vitro cis-regulatory elements within the 5'-flanking regions of the genes for GM-CSF and the IL-2 receptor which are responsive to trans activation by the tax gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Green
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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158
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Zhou P, Quackenbush LJ, Albini B, Zaleski MB. In vitro proliferation of murine spleen cells: genetic control of proliferative responses induced by phorbol ester and calcium ionophore A23187. Immunobiology 1989; 180:55-67. [PMID: 2516503 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(89)80030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Proliferative responses of normal (not immunized intentionally) spleen cells from inbred strains of mice to co-stimulation with phorbol ester (PMA) and calcium ionophore A23187 were studied. Striking differences in the magnitude of the responses of spleen cells and splenic T cells from various strains were observed. It appeared that these differences reflected mainly differences in the inducibility of the expression of the gene for the alpha chain of the IL2 receptor (IL2R) by phorbol ester. Formal genetic analysis suggested that the differences in response to phorbol ester and calcium ionophore are controlled by two independent genes with the alleles controlling good response being dominant. The differences in the inducibility of the IL2R gene seemed to be controlled by alleles of a single gene. At least one of the putative genes may be a regulatory element affecting the gene for the alpha chain of IL 2R. The results may have a practical significance for devising more efficient procedure(s) to generate LAK cells used for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, State University of New York, Buffalo
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159
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Gimble JM, Dorheim MA, Cheng Q, Pekala P, Enerback S, Ellingsworth L, Kincade PW, Wang CS. Response of bone marrow stromal cells to adipogenic antagonists. Mol Cell Biol 1989; 9:4587-95. [PMID: 2601690 PMCID: PMC363604 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.9.11.4587-4595.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes constitute a major part of the bone marrow stroma in vivo and may play an active role in lymphohematopoiesis. Earlier studies had shown that the bone marrow stromal cell clone BMS2 was capable of adipocyte differentiation in vitro, in addition to its well-defined ability to support B lymphopoiesis. We now demonstrate that the process of adipogenesis in this functional bone marrow stromal cell clone can be inhibited by the cytokines interleukin-1 alpha, tumor necrosis factor, and transforming growth factor beta. Exposure of preadipocyte BMS2 cells to these agents blocked the induction of adipocyte differentiation as assessed by morphologic criteria and analysis of the neutral lipid content. Both interleukin-1 alpha and tumor necrosis factor elicited a rapid transient elevation in the steady-state mRNA levels of c-fos, c-jun, and JE. When added to differentiated adipocytes, the three cytokines continued to act as adipogenic antagonists. This was indicated by concentration- and time-dependent decreases in the activity of an adipocyte-specific enzyme, lipoprotein lipase. These changes in enzyme activity correlated directly with a decrease in steady-state levels of lipoprotein lipase mRNA. Another RNA marker of adipocyte differentiation (adipsin) was less influenced by the adipogenic antagonists. This may reflect the longer half-life of this mRNA transcript compared with those of lipoprotein lipase. Our results dramatically demonstrate that the differentiation state of bone marrow stromal cells can be modulated by exogenous factors in vitro. It is also the first report that transformation growth factor beta regulates the activity of lipoprotein lipase. These data suggest potential physiologic actions for these cytokines in vivo within the overall context of lymphohematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Gimble
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research, Foundation, Oklahoma City 73104
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160
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Hennighausen L, Furth PA, Pittius CW. kappa B elements strongly activate gene expression in non-lymphoid cells and function synergistically with NF1 elements. Nucleic Acids Res 1989; 17:8197-206. [PMID: 2510129 PMCID: PMC334958 DOI: 10.1093/nar/17.20.8197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
kappa B elements have been described as lymphoid-specific transcriptional activators. Here we show that kappa B elements are able to stimulate expression from test promoters more than 100-fold in T47D and 3T3 non-lymphoid cells. We also demonstrate that nuclear proteins from T47D cells form two prominent complexes with HIV kappa B sites. Since the complexes formed in nuclear extracts from T47D and PHA/PMA stimulated Jurkat cells comigrate in polyacrylamide gels, we suggest that the respective binding protein in T47D cells is either NF-kappa B or a closely related family member. In addition we provide evidence that NF1 and kappa B elements can act synergistically to further increase transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hennighausen
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Metabolism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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161
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Lenardo
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
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162
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Lenardo MJ, Fan CM, Maniatis T, Baltimore D. The involvement of NF-kappa B in beta-interferon gene regulation reveals its role as widely inducible mediator of signal transduction. Cell 1989; 57:287-94. [PMID: 2495183 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90966-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The DNA binding protein NF-kappa B has been implicated in gene regulation in B and T lymphocytes. We have found that NF-kappa B also has a central role in virus induction of human beta-interferon (beta-IFN) gene expression. A critical virus-inducible element of this gene, PRDII, behaves interchangeably with the NF-kappa B binding site from the Ig kappa enhancer in both B lymphocytes and virus-infected fibroblasts. Single base substitutions that impair inducibility of the beta-IFN gene in vivo also reduce the binding of NF-kappa B to PRDII in vitro. Virus infection potently activates the binding and nuclear localization of NF-kappa B and, in pre-B lymphocytes, results in the expression of both the beta-IFN gene and the Ig kappa gene. The wide variety of cell types in which beta-interferon can be induced and the divergent set of gene induction processes involving NF-kappa B suggest that this transcription factor plays a broad role in gene regulation as a mediator of inducible signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Lenardo
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
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