151
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Dowhan W, Nikaido H, Stubbe J, Kozarich JW, Wickner WT, Russell DW, Garrett TA, Brozek K, Modrich P. Christian Raetz: scientist and friend extraordinaire. Annu Rev Biochem 2013; 82:1-24. [PMID: 23472605 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-012512-091530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chris Raetz passed away on August 16, 2011, still at the height of his productive years. His seminal contributions to biomedical research were in the genetics, biochemistry, and structural biology of phospholipid and lipid A biosynthesis in Escherichia coli and other gram-negative bacteria. He defined the catalytic properties and structures of many of the enzymes responsible for the "Raetz pathway for lipid A biosynthesis." His deep understanding of chemistry, coupled with knowledge of medicine, biochemistry, genetics, and structural biology, formed the underpinnings for his contributions to the lipid field. He displayed an intense passion for science and a broad interest that came from a strong commitment to curiosity-driven research, a commitment he imparted to his mentees and colleagues. What follows is a testament to both Chris's science and humanity from his friends and colleagues.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Dowhan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Membrane Biology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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152
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Supuran CT, Carta F, Scozzafava A. Metalloenzyme inhibitors for the treatment of Gram-negative bacterial infections: a patent review (2009 – 2012). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:777-88. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.777042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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153
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Hale MR, Hill P, Lahiri S, Miller MD, Ross P, Alm R, Gao N, Kutschke A, Johnstone M, Prince B, Thresher J, Yang W. Exploring the UDP pocket of LpxC through amino acid analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2362-7. [PMID: 23499237 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis is an attractive antibacterial target as it is both conserved and essential for the survival of key pathogenic bacteria. Lipid A is the hydrophobic anchor for LPS and a key structural component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipid A biosynthesis is performed in part by a unique zinc dependent metalloamidase, LpxC (UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase), which catalyzes the first non-reversible step in lipid A biosynthesis. The UDP portion of the LpxC substrate-binding pocket has been relatively unexplored. We have designed and evaluated a series of hydroxamate based inhibitors which explore the SAR of substitutions directed into the UDP pocket with a range of substituted α-amino acid based linkers. We also provide the first wild type structure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa LpxC which was utilized in the design of many of these analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Hale
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA.
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154
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Study on the tandem synthesis of optically active 2-substituted 4 (or 5)-phenyl-1,3-oxazolines. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.12.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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155
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FtsH-mediated coordination of lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis in Escherichia coli correlates with the growth rate and the alarmone (p)ppGpp. J Bacteriol 2013; 195:1912-9. [PMID: 23417489 DOI: 10.1128/jb.02134-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The outer membrane is the first line of defense for Gram-negative bacteria and serves as a major barrier for antibiotics and other harmful substances. The biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), the essential component of the outer membrane, must be tightly controlled as both too much and too little LPS are toxic. In Escherichia coli, the cellular level of the key enzyme LpxC, which catalyzes the first committed step in LPS biosynthesis, is adjusted by proteolysis carried out by the essential and membrane-bound protease FtsH. Here, we demonstrate that LpxC is degraded in a growth rate-dependent manner with half-lives between 4 min and >2 h. According to the cellular demand for LPS biosynthesis, LpxC is degraded during slow growth but stabilized when cells grow rapidly. Disturbing the balance between LPS and phospholipid biosynthesis in favor of phospholipid production in an E. coli strain encoding a hyperactive FabZ protein abolishes growth rate dependency of LpxC proteolysis. Lack of the alternative sigma factor RpoS or inorganic polyphosphates, which are known to mediate growth rate-dependent gene regulation in E. coli, did not affect proteolysis of LpxC. In contrast, absence of RelA and SpoT, which synthesize the alarmone (p)ppGpp, deregulated LpxC degradation resulting in rapid proteolysis in fast-growing cells and stabilization during slow growth. Our data provide new insights into the essential control of LPS biosynthesis in E. coli.
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156
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Pradhan D, Priyadarshini V, Munikumar M, Swargam S, Umamaheswari A, Bitla A. Para-(benzoyl)-phenylalanine as a potential inhibitor against LpxC of Leptospira spp.: homology modeling, docking, and molecular dynamics study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2013; 32:171-85. [PMID: 23383626 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2012.758056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Leptospira interrogans, a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen is the main cause of human leptospirosis. Lipid A is a highly immunoreactive endotoxic center of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that anchors LPS into the outer membrane of Leptospira. Discovery of compounds inhibiting lipid-A biosynthetic pathway would be promising for dissolving the structural integrity of membrane leading to cell lysis and death of Leptospira. LpxC, a unique enzyme of lipid-A biosynthetic pathway was identified as common drug target of Leptospira. Herein, homology modeling, docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to discover potential inhibitors of LpxC. A reliable tertiary structure of LpxC in complex with inhibitor BB-78485 was constructed in Modeller 9v8. A data-set of BB-78485 structural analogs were docked with LpxC in Maestro v9.2 virtual screening workflow, which implements three stage Glide docking protocol. Twelve lead molecules with better XP Gscore compared to BB-78485 were proposed as potential inhibitors of LpxC. Para-(benzoyl)-phenylalanine - that showed lowest XP Gscore (-10.35 kcal/mol) - was predicted to have best binding affinity towards LpxC. MD simulations were performed for LpxC and para-(benzoyl)-phenylalanine docking complex in Desmond v3.0. Trajectory analysis showed the docking complex and inter-molecular interactions was stable throughout the entire production part of MD simulations. The results indicate para-(benzoyl)-phenylalanine as a potent drug molecule against leptospirosis. An animated Interactive 3D Complement (I3DC) is available in Proteopedia at http://proteopedia.org/w/Journal:JBSD:10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyabhaba Pradhan
- a Department of Bioinformatics , SVIMS Bioinformatics Centre, SVIMS University , Tirupati , 517507 , AP , India
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157
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Eftekhari-Sis B, Zirak M, Akbari A. Arylglyoxals in Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2958-3043. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300176g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bagher Eftekhari-Sis
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, University of Maragheh, Golshahr,
P.O. Box. 55181-83111, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Maryam Zirak
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran,
Iran
| | - Ali Akbari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, University of Maragheh, Golshahr,
P.O. Box. 55181-83111, Maragheh, Iran
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158
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Zeng D, Zhao J, Chung HS, Guan Z, Raetz CRH, Zhou P. Mutants resistant to LpxC inhibitors by rebalancing cellular homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:5475-86. [PMID: 23316051 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.447607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
LpxC, the deacetylase that catalyzes the second and committed step of lipid A biosynthesis in Escherichia coli, is an essential enzyme in virtually all gram-negative bacteria and is one of the most promising antibiotic targets for treatment of multidrug-resistant gram-negative infections. Despite the rapid development of LpxC-targeting antibiotics, the potential mechanisms of bacterial resistance to LpxC inhibitors remain poorly understood. Here, we report the isolation and biochemical characterization of spontaneously arising E. coli mutants that are over 200-fold more resistant to LpxC inhibitors than the wild-type strain. These mutants have two chromosomal point mutations that account for resistance additively and independently; one is in fabZ, a dehydratase in fatty acid biosynthesis; the other is in thrS, the Thr-tRNA ligase. For both enzymes, the isolated mutations result in reduced enzymatic activities in vitro. Unexpectedly, we observed a decreased level of LpxC in bacterial cells harboring fabZ mutations in the absence of LpxC inhibitors, suggesting that the biosyntheses of fatty acids and lipid A are tightly regulated to maintain a balance between phospholipids and lipid A. Additionally, we show that the mutation in thrS slows protein production and cellular growth, indicating that reduced protein biosynthesis can confer a suppressive effect on inhibition of membrane biosynthesis. Altogether, our studies reveal a previously unrecognized mechanism of antibiotic resistance by rebalancing cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daina Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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159
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Burkovskiy I, Zhou J, Lehmann C. Use of <i>Escherichia coli</i> toxins in sepsis models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2013.43a056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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160
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Löppenberg M, Müller H, Pulina C, Oddo A, Teese M, Jose J, Holl R. Synthesis and biological evaluation of flexible and conformationally constrained LpxC inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:6056-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41082j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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161
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Piek S, Kahler CM. A comparison of the endotoxin biosynthesis and protein oxidation pathways in the biogenesis of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli and Neisseria meningitidis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:162. [PMID: 23267440 PMCID: PMC3526765 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterial cell envelope consists of an inner membrane (IM) that surrounds the cytoplasm and an asymmetrical outer-membrane (OM) that forms a protective barrier to the external environment. The OM consists of lipopolysaccahride (LPS), phospholipids, outer membrane proteins (OMPs), and lipoproteins. Oxidative protein folding mediated by periplasmic oxidoreductases is required for the biogenesis of the protein components, mainly constituents of virulence determinants such as pili, flagella, and toxins, of the Gram-negative OM. Recently, periplasmic oxidoreductases have been implicated in LPS biogenesis of Escherichia coli and Neisseria meningitidis. Differences in OM biogenesis, in particular the transport pathways for endotoxin to the OM, the composition and role of the protein oxidation, and isomerization pathways and the regulatory networks that control them have been found in these two Gram-negative species suggesting that although form and function of the OM is conserved, the pathways required for the biosynthesis of the OM and the regulatory circuits that control them have evolved to suit the lifestyle of each organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah Piek
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia Perth, WA, Australia
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162
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Stereocontrolled synthesis of four diastereomeric C-aryl manno- and talofuranosides. Carbohydr Res 2012; 361:162-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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163
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Oddo A, Holl R. Design and stereoselective synthesis of a C-aryl furanoside as a conformationally constrained CHIR-090 analogue. Carbohydr Res 2012; 359:59-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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164
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McAllister LA, Montgomery JI, Abramite JA, Reilly U, Brown MF, Chen JM, Barham RA, Che Y, Chung SW, Menard CA, Mitton-Fry M, Mullins LM, Noe MC, O'Donnell JP, Oliver RM, Penzien JB, Plummer M, Price LM, Shanmugasundaram V, Tomaras AP, Uccello DP. Heterocyclic methylsulfone hydroxamic acid LpxC inhibitors as Gram-negative antibacterial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6832-8. [PMID: 23046961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and antibacterial activity of heterocyclic methylsulfone hydroxamates is presented. Compounds in this series are potent inhibitors of the LpxC enzyme, a key enzyme involved in the production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. SAR evaluation of compounds in this series revealed analogs with potent antibacterial activity against challenging Gram-negative species such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A McAllister
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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165
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Kusakabe T, Kawaguchi K, Kawamura M, Niimura N, Shen R, Takayama H, Kato K. Cyclization-carbonylation-cyclization coupling reaction of propargyl ureas with palladium(II)-bisoxazoline catalyst. Molecules 2012; 17:9220-30. [PMID: 22858842 PMCID: PMC6268340 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17089220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclization-carbonylation-cyclization coupling reaction (CCC-coupling reaction) of propargyl ureas catalyzed by Pd(II)(box) complexes afforded symmetrical ketones bearing two 2-amino-2-oxazoline groups in good to moderate yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Kusakabe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan; (T.K.)
| | - Koujiro Kawaguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan; (T.K.)
| | - Miya Kawamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan; (T.K.)
| | - Naohiko Niimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan; (T.K.)
| | - Rong Shen
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan; (T.K.)
| | - Hiroyuki Takayama
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, 10281, Komuro, Inamachi, Kita-Adachigun, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan; (T.K.)
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166
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Fei Z, Kong W, Wang H, Peng J, Sun F, Yin Y, Bajwa J, Jiang X. A Scalable Synthesis of a Hydroxamic Acid LpxC Inhibitor. Org Process Res Dev 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/op300163n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ZhongBo Fei
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Suzhou Novartis Pharma Technology Co. Ltd., Changshu,
Jiangsu, China 215537
| | - Weiyong Kong
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Suzhou Novartis Pharma Technology Co. Ltd., Changshu,
Jiangsu, China 215537
| | - Huaimin Wang
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Suzhou Novartis Pharma Technology Co. Ltd., Changshu,
Jiangsu, China 215537
| | - Jianbiao Peng
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Suzhou Novartis Pharma Technology Co. Ltd., Changshu,
Jiangsu, China 215537
| | - Feng Sun
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Suzhou Novartis Pharma Technology Co. Ltd., Changshu,
Jiangsu, China 215537
| | - Yueyan Yin
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Suzhou Novartis Pharma Technology Co. Ltd., Changshu,
Jiangsu, China 215537
| | - Joginder Bajwa
- Chemical
and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover,
New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Xinglong Jiang
- Chemical
and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover,
New Jersey 07936, United States
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167
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Zhong CL, Tang BY, Yin P, Chen Y, He L. Synthesis of 2,5-Disubstituted Oxazoles and Oxazolines Catalyzed by Ruthenium(II) Porphyrin and Simple Copper Salts. J Org Chem 2012; 77:4271-7. [PMID: 22436032 DOI: 10.1021/jo202663n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Long Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting
and Drug-Delivery Systems of the Ministry of Education, Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University,
Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Bo Yang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting
and Drug-Delivery Systems of the Ministry of Education, Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University,
Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Ping Yin
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting
and Drug-Delivery Systems of the Ministry of Education, Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University,
Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine,
Affiliated Hospital, Luzhou Medical College, No. 25 Taiping Street,
Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P. R. China
| | - Ling He
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting
and Drug-Delivery Systems of the Ministry of Education, Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University,
Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P. R. China
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168
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Herath K, Jayasuriya H, Zink DL, Sigmund J, Vicente F, de la Cruz M, Basilio A, Bills GF, Polishook JD, Donald R, Phillips J, Goetz M, Singh SB. Isolation, structure elucidation, and antibacterial activity of methiosetin, a tetramic acid from a tropical sooty mold (Capnodium sp.). JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:420-424. [PMID: 22288374 DOI: 10.1021/np200857y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Drug-resistant bacteria continue to make many existing antibiotic classes ineffective. In order to avoid a future epidemic from drug-resistant bacterial infections, new antibiotics with new modes of action are needed. In an antibiotic screening program for new drug leads with new modes of action using antisense Staphylococcus aureus Fitness Test screening, we discovered a new tetramic acid, methiosetin, from a tropical sooty mold, Capnodium sp. The fungus also produced epicorazine A, a known antibiotic. The structure and relative configuration of methiosetin was elucidated by 2D NMR and ESIMS techniques. Methiosetin and epicorazine A showed weak to modest antibacterial activity against S. aureus and Haemophilus influenzae. The isolation, structure elucidation, and antibacterial activity of both compounds are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kithsiri Herath
- Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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169
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Jenkins RJ, Dotson GD. A continuous fluorescent enzyme assay for early steps of lipid A biosynthesis. Anal Biochem 2012; 425:21-7. [PMID: 22381368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine acyltransferase (LpxA) and UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxyacyl)-glucosamine acyltransferase (LpxD) catalyze the first and third steps of lipid A biosynthesis, respectively. Both enzymes have been found to be essential for survival among gram-negative bacteria that synthesize lipopolysaccharide and are viable targets for antimicrobial development. Catalytically, both acyltransferases catalyze an acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP)-dependent transfer of a fatty acyl moiety to a UDP-glucosamine core ring. Here, we exploited the single free thiol unveiled on holo-ACP after transfer of the fatty acyl group to the glucosamine ring using the thiol-specific labeling reagent, ThioGlo. The assay was continuously monitored as a change in fluorescence at λ(ex)=379 nm and λ(em)=513 nm using a microtiter plate reader. This assay marks the first continuous and nonradioactive assay for either acyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Jenkins
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
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170
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Montgomery JI, Brown MF, Reilly U, Price LM, Abramite JA, Arcari J, Barham R, Che Y, Chen JM, Chung SW, Collantes EM, Desbonnet C, Doroski M, Doty J, Engtrakul JJ, Harris TM, Huband M, Knafels JD, Leach KL, Liu S, Marfat A, McAllister L, McElroy E, Menard CA, Mitton-Fry M, Mullins L, Noe MC, O'Donnell J, Oliver R, Penzien J, Plummer M, Shanmugasundaram V, Thoma C, Tomaras AP, Uccello DP, Vaz A, Wishka DG. Pyridone methylsulfone hydroxamate LpxC inhibitors for the treatment of serious gram-negative infections. J Med Chem 2012; 55:1662-70. [PMID: 22257165 DOI: 10.1021/jm2014875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological activity of a new series of LpxC inhibitors represented by pyridone methylsulfone hydroxamate 2a is presented. Members of this series have improved solubility and free fraction when compared to compounds in the previously described biphenyl methylsulfone hydroxamate series, and they maintain superior Gram-negative antibacterial activity to comparator agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin I Montgomery
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States.
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171
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Dowhan W. The Raetz pathway for lipid A biosynthesis: Christian Rudolf Hubert Raetz, MD PhD, 1946–2011. J Lipid Res 2012; 52:1857-1860. [PMID: 22106472 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.e020701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- William Dowhan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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172
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Brown MF, Reilly U, Abramite JA, Arcari JT, Oliver R, Barham RA, Che Y, Chen JM, Collantes EM, Chung SW, Desbonnet C, Doty J, Doroski M, Engtrakul JJ, Harris TM, Huband M, Knafels JD, Leach KL, Liu S, Marfat A, Marra A, McElroy E, Melnick M, Menard CA, Montgomery JI, Mullins L, Noe MC, O'Donnell J, Penzien J, Plummer MS, Price LM, Shanmugasundaram V, Thoma C, Uccello DP, Warmus JS, Wishka DG. Potent inhibitors of LpxC for the treatment of Gram-negative infections. J Med Chem 2012; 55:914-23. [PMID: 22175825 DOI: 10.1021/jm2014748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we present the synthesis and SAR as well as selectivity, pharmacokinetic, and infection model data for representative analogues of a novel series of potent antibacterial LpxC inhibitors represented by hydroxamic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Brown
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States.
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173
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Page MGP. The role of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria in antibiotic resistance: Ajax' shield or Achilles' heel? Handb Exp Pharmacol 2012:67-86. [PMID: 23090596 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-28951-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There has been an enormous increase in our knowledge of the fundamental steps in the biosynthesis and assembly of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria as is peptidoglycan. Porins, efflux pumps and other transport proteins of the outer membrane are also present. It is clear that there are numerous essential proteins that have the potential to be targets for novel antimicrobial agents. Progress, however, has been slow. Much of the emphasis has been on cytoplasmic processes that were better understood earlier on, but have the drawback that two penetration barriers, with different permeability properties, have to be crossed. With the increased understanding of the late-stage events occurring in the periplasm, it may be possible to shift focus to these more accessible targets. Nevertheless, getting drugs across the outer membrane will remain a challenge to the ingenuity of the medicinal chemist.
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174
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Ma J, Zhang X, Ung CY, Chen YZ, Li B. Metabolic network analysis revealed distinct routes of deletion effects between essential and non-essential genes. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2012; 8:1179-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c2mb05376d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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175
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Dowhan W. The Raetz pathway for lipid A biosynthesis: Christian Rudolf Hubert Raetz, M.D., PH.D. 1946-2011. Glycobiology 2011; 22:3-6. [PMID: 22144406 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- William Dowhan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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176
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Wencewicz TA, Yang B, Rudloff JR, Oliver AG, Miller MJ. N-O chemistry for antibiotics: discovery of N-alkyl-N-(pyridin-2-yl)hydroxylamine scaffolds as selective antibacterial agents using nitroso Diels-Alder and ene chemistry. J Med Chem 2011; 54:6843-58. [PMID: 21859126 PMCID: PMC3188665 DOI: 10.1021/jm200794r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The discovery, syntheses, and structure-activity relationships (SAR) of a new family of heterocyclic antibacterial compounds based on N-alkyl-N-(pyridin-2-yl)hydroxylamine scaffolds are described. A structurally diverse library of ∼100 heterocyclic molecules generated from Lewis acid-mediated nucleophilic ring-opening reactions with nitroso Diels-Alder cycloadducts and nitroso ene reactions with substituted alkenes was evaluated in whole cell antibacterial assays. Compounds containing the N-alkyl-N-(pyridin-2-yl)hydroxylamine structure demonstrated selective and potent antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacterium Micrococcus luteus ATCC 10240 (MIC(90) = 2.0 μM or 0.41 μg/mL) and moderate activity against other Gram-positive strains including antibiotic resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Enterococcus faecalis (VRE). A new synthetic route to the active core was developed using palladium-catalyzed Buchwald-Hartwig amination reactions of N-alkyl-O-(4-methoxybenzyl)hydroxylamines with 2-halo-pyridines that facilitated SAR studies and revealed the simplest active structural fragment. This work shows the value of using a combination of diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) and parallel synthesis for identifying new antibacterial scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Wencewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Baiyuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - James R. Rudloff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Allen G. Oliver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Marvin J. Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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177
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178
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Hua X, Wang H, Wang C, Tian B, Hua Y. Global effect of an RNA polymerase β-subunit mutation on gene expression in the radiation-resistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2011; 54:854-62. [PMID: 21809039 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-011-4209-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The β-subunit of RNA polymerase, which is involved in rifampin binding, is highly conserved among prokaryotes, and Rifr mutants detected in many bacteria are the result of amino acid changes. Spontaneous rifampin resistance mutations resulting in amino acid replacement (L420R) and deletion (1258-66 9 bp deletion) have been previously isolated in the rpoB gene of Deinococcus radiodurans. In this study, a β-subunit mutation in D. radiodurans resulted in a unique effect on growth rate. We used DNA microarrays and biochemical assays to investigate how the Rifr mutation in the β-subunit led to changes in growth rate via altered regulation of multiple genes. The expression of genes with predicted functions in metabolism, cellular processes and signaling, and information storage and processing were significantly altered in the 9 bp-deletion rpoB mutant. The consensus promoter sequence of up-regulated genes in the 9 bp-deletion rpoB mutant was identified as an AT-rich sequence. Greater levels of reactive oxygen species accumulated in the L420R and 9 bp-deletion rpoB mutants compared with wild type. These results provide insight into the molecular mechanism of how the β-subunit Rifr mutation alters the regulation of multiple genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Hua
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
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179
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Lipooligosaccharide is required for the generation of infectious elementary bodies in Chlamydia trachomatis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:10284-9. [PMID: 21628561 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1107478108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and lipooligosaccharides (LOS) are the main lipid components of bacterial outer membranes and are essential for cell viability in most Gram-negative bacteria. Here we show that small molecule inhibitors of LpxC [UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-GlcNAc deacetylase], the enzyme that catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of lipid A, block the synthesis of LOS in the obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis. In the absence of LOS, Chlamydia remains viable and establishes a pathogenic vacuole ("inclusion") that supports robust bacterial replication. However, bacteria grown under these conditions were no longer infectious. In the presence of LpxC inhibitors, replicative reticulate bodies accumulated in enlarged inclusions but failed to express selected late-stage proteins and transition to elementary bodies, a Chlamydia developmental form that is required for invasion of mammalian cells. These findings suggest the presence of an outer membrane quality control system that regulates Chlamydia developmental transition to infectious elementary bodies and highlights the potential application of LpxC inhibitors as unique class of antichlamydial agents.
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180
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Umamaheswari A, Pradhan D, Hemanthkumar M. Identification of potential Leptospira phosphoheptose isomerase inhibitors through virtual high-throughput screening. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2011; 8:246-55. [PMID: 21382593 PMCID: PMC5054147 DOI: 10.1016/s1672-0229(10)60026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The life-threatening infections caused by Leptospira serovars demand the need for designing anti-leptospirosis drugs. The present study encompasses exploring inhibitors against phosphoheptose isomerase (GmhA) of Leptospira, which is vital for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis and is identified as a common drug target through the subtractive genomic approach. GmhA model was built in Modeller 9v7. Structural refinement and energy minimization of the predicted model was carried out using Maestro 9.0. The refined model reliability was assessed through Procheck, ProSA, ProQ and Profile 3D. The substrate-based virtual high-throughput screening (VHTS) in Ligand.Info Meta-Database tool generated an in-house library of 354 substrate structural analogs. Furthermore, structure-based VHTS from the in-house library with different conformations of each ligand provided 14 novel competitive inhibitors. The model together with insight gained from the VHTS would be a promising starting point for developing anti-leptospirosis competitive inhibitors targeting LPS biosynthesis pathway.
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181
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Abstract
Treatment of infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria is difficult due in large part to problems arising from innate and acquired drug resistance, resulting in a limited number of effective antibiotics. Consequently, antibiotics that can circumvent mechanisms of drug resistance are needed. Lipid A is a glucosamine phospholipid that acts as an anchor for lipopolysaccharides (LPS) that comprise the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, a barrier for small molecule entry into the cell, and is also the portion of LPS that stimulates the immune system in septic shock. Consequently, inhibitors of lipid A biosynthesis have the potential to function as antibiotics and/or anti-endotoxins in the treatment of Gram-negative bacterial infections. Current efforts in the development of antibiotics targeted against lipid A have focused on the metal-dependent deacetylase LpxC. Herein we describe fluorescence-based assays that can be used for the evaluation of LpxC inhibitors with the potential to serve as antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcy Hernick
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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182
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Abstract
The discovery of novel small-molecule antibacterial drugs has been stalled for many years. The purpose of this review is to underscore and illustrate those scientific problems unique to the discovery and optimization of novel antibacterial agents that have adversely affected the output of the effort. The major challenges fall into two areas: (i) proper target selection, particularly the necessity of pursuing molecular targets that are not prone to rapid resistance development, and (ii) improvement of chemical libraries to overcome limitations of diversity, especially that which is necessary to overcome barriers to bacterial entry and proclivity to be effluxed, especially in Gram-negative organisms. Failure to address these problems has led to a great deal of misdirected effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn L Silver
- LL Silver Consulting, LLC, 955 S. Springfield Ave., Unit C403, Springfield, NJ 07081, USA.
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183
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Control of lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis by FtsH-mediated proteolysis of LpxC is conserved in enterobacteria but not in all gram-negative bacteria. J Bacteriol 2010; 193:1090-7. [PMID: 21193611 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01043-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the essential function of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in Gram-negative bacteria, it is largely unknown how the exact amount of this molecule in the outer membrane is controlled. The first committed step in LPS biosynthesis is catalyzed by the LpxC enzyme. In Escherichia coli, the cellular concentration of LpxC is adjusted by the only essential protease in this organism, the membrane-anchored metalloprotease FtsH. Turnover of E. coli LpxC requires a length- and sequence-specific C-terminal degradation signal. LpxC proteins from Salmonella, Yersinia, and Vibrio species carry similar C-terminal ends and, like the E. coli enzyme, were degraded by FtsH. Although LpxC proteins are highly conserved in Gram-negative bacteria, there are striking differences in their C termini. The Aquifex aeolicus enzyme, which is devoid of the C-terminal extension, was stable in E. coli, whereas LpxC from the alphaproteobacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Rhodobacter capsulatus was degraded by the Lon protease. Proteolysis of the A. tumefaciens protein required the C-terminal end of LpxC. High stability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa LpxC in E. coli and P. aeruginosa suggested that Pseudomonas uses a proteolysis-independent strategy to control its LPS content. The differences in LpxC turnover along with previously reported differences in susceptibility against antimicrobial compounds have important implications for the potential of LpxC as a drug target.
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184
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Mansoor UF, Vitharana D, Reddy PA, Daubaras DL, McNicholas P, Orth P, Black T, Siddiqui MA. Design and synthesis of potent Gram-negative specific LpxC inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 21:1155-61. [PMID: 21273067 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.12.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistant hospital acquired infections are on the rise, creating an urgent need for novel bactericidal drugs. Enzymes involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis are attractive antibacterial targets since LPS is the major structural component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipid A is an essential hydrophobic anchor of LPS and the first committed step in lipid A biosynthesis is catalyzed by a unique zinc dependent metalloamidase, UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC). LpxC is an attractive Gram-negative only target that has been chemically validated by potent bactericidal hydroxamate inhibitors that work by coordination of the enzyme's catalytic zinc ion. An exploratory chemistry effort focused on expanding the SAR around hydroxamic acid zinc-binding 'warheads' lead to the identification of novel compounds with enzyme potency and antibacterial activity similar to CHIR-090.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Faruk Mansoor
- Department of Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 320 Bent Street, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA.
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185
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Evolution of the Kdo2-lipid A biosynthesis in bacteria. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:362. [PMID: 21106097 PMCID: PMC3087551 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipid A is the highly immunoreactive endotoxic center of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). It anchors the LPS into the outer membrane of most Gram-negative bacteria. Lipid A can be recognized by animal cells, triggers defense-related responses, and causes Gram-negative sepsis. The biosynthesis of Kdo2-lipid A, the LPS substructure, involves with nine enzymatic steps. Results In order to elucidate the evolutionary pathway of Kdo2-lipid A biosynthesis, we examined the distribution of genes encoding the nine enzymes across bacteria. We found that not all Gram-negative bacteria have all nine enzymes. Some Gram-negative bacteria have no genes encoding these enzymes and others have genes only for the first four enzymes (LpxA, LpxC, LpxD, and LpxB). Among the nine enzymes, five appeared to have arisen from three independent gene duplication events. Two of such events happened within the Proteobacteria lineage, followed by functional specialization of the duplicated genes and pathway optimization in these bacteria. Conclusions The nine-enzyme pathway, which was established based on the studies mainly in Escherichia coli K12, appears to be the most derived and optimized form. It is found only in E. coli and related Proteobacteria. Simpler and probably less efficient pathways are found in other bacterial groups, with Kdo2-lipid A variants as the likely end products. The Kdo2-lipid A biosynthetic pathway exemplifies extremely plastic evolution of bacterial genomes, especially those of Proteobacteria, and how these mainly pathogenic bacteria have adapted to their environment.
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186
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Mode-of-action studies of the novel bisquaternary bisnaphthalimide MT02 against Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 55:311-20. [PMID: 20937782 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00586-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening of various bisquaternary bisnaphthalimides against a variety of human pathogens revealed one compound, designated MT02, with strong inhibitory effects against Gram-positive bacteria. The MICs ranged from 0.31 μg/ml against community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) lineage USA300 to 20 μg/ml against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Radioactive whole-cell labeling experiments indicated a strong impact of MT02 on bacterial DNA replication. DNA microarray studies generated a transcriptional signature characterized by stronger expression of genes involved in DNA metabolism, DNA replication, SOS response, and transport of positively charged compounds. Furthermore, surface plasmon resonance and gel retardation experiments demonstrated direct binding of MT02 to DNA in a concentration-dependent, reversible, and non-sequence-specific manner. The data presented suggest that the bisquaternary bisnaphthalimide MT02 exerts anti-Gram-positive activity by binding to DNA and thereby preventing appropriate DNA replication.
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187
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Metzger LE, Raetz CRH. An alternative route for UDP-diacylglucosamine hydrolysis in bacterial lipid A biosynthesis. Biochemistry 2010; 49:6715-26. [PMID: 20608695 DOI: 10.1021/bi1008744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The outer leaflet of the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria is composed primarily of lipid A, the hydrophobic anchor of lipopolysaccharide. Like Escherichia coli, most Gram-negative bacteria encode one copy of each of the nine genes required for lipid A biosynthesis. An important exception exists in the case of the fourth enzyme, LpxH, a peripheral membrane protein that hydrolyzes UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine to form 2,3-diacylglucosamine 1-phosphate and UMP by catalyzing the attack of water at the alpha-P atom. Many Gram-negative organisms, including all alpha-proteobacteria and diverse environmental isolates, lack LpxH. Here, we report a distinct UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine pyrophosphatase, designated LpxI, which has no sequence similarity to LpxH but generates the same products by a different route. LpxI was identified because its structural gene is located between lpxA and lpxB in Caulobacter crescentus. The lpxI gene rescues the conditional lethality of lpxH-deficient E. coli. Lysates of E. coli in which C. crescentus LpxI (CcLpxI) is overexpressed display high levels of UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine pyrophosphatase activity. CcLpxI was purified to >90% homogeneity. CcLpxI is stimulated by divalent cations and is inhibited by EDTA. Unlike E. coli LpxH, CcLpxI is not inhibited by an increase in the concentration of detergent, and its pH dependency is different. When the CcLpxI reaction is conducted in the presence of H(2)(18)O, the (18)O is incorporated exclusively into the 2,3-diacylglucosamine 1-phosphate product, as judged by mass spectrometry, demonstrating that CcLpxI catalyzes the attack of water on the beta-P atom of UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis E Metzger
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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188
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Coelomycin, a highly substituted 2,6-dioxo-pyrazine fungal metabolite antibacterial agent discovered by Staphylococcus aureus fitness test profiling. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2010; 63:512-8. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2010.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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189
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Chung HS, Raetz CRH. Interchangeable domains in the Kdo transferases of Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae. Biochemistry 2010; 49:4126-37. [PMID: 20394418 DOI: 10.1021/bi100343e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Kdo(2)-lipid A, a conserved substructure of lipopolysaccharide, plays critical roles in Gram-negative bacterial survival and interaction with host organisms. Inhibition of Kdo biosynthesis in Escherichia coli results in cell death and accumulation of the tetra-acylated precursor lipid IV(A). E. coli KdtA (EcKdtA) is a bifunctional enzyme that transfers two Kdo units from two CMP-Kdo molecules to lipid IV(A). In contrast, Haemophilus influenzae KdtA (HiKdtA) transfers only one Kdo unit. E. coli CMR300, which lacks Kdo transferase because of a deletion in kdtA, can be rescued to grow in broth at 37 degrees C if multiple copies of msbA are provided in trans. MsbA, the inner membrane transporter for nascent lipopolysaccharide, prefers hexa-acylated to tetra-acylated lipid A, but with the excess MsbA present in CMR300, lipid IV(A) is efficiently exported to the outer membrane. CMR300 is hypersensitive to hydrophobic antibiotics and bile salts and does not grow at 42 degrees C. Expressing HiKdtA in CMR300 results in the accumulation of Kdo-lipid IV(A) in place of lipid IV(A) without suppression of its growth phenotypes at 30 degrees C. EcKdtA restores intact lipopolysaccharide, together with normal antibiotic resistance, detergent resistance, and growth at 42 degrees C. To determine which residues are important for the mono- or bifunctional character of KdtA, protein chimeras were constructed using EcKdtA and HiKdtA. These chimeras, which are catalytically active, were characterized by in vitro assays and in vivo complementation. The N-terminal half of KdtA, especially the first 30 amino acid residues, specifies whether one or two Kdo units are transferred to lipid IV(A).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak Suk Chung
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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190
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Jiang H, Yuan S, Wan W, Yang K, Deng H, Hao J. Bromotriphenylphosphonium Salt Promoted Tandem One-Pot Cyclization to Optically Active 2-Aryl-1,3-oxazolines. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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191
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Gronenberg LS, Kahne D. Development of an activity assay for discovery of inhibitors of lipopolysaccharide transport. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:2518-9. [PMID: 20136079 DOI: 10.1021/ja910361r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria contains an outer leaflet composed of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that is transported to this location by a pathway that is essential for viability. It has been suggested that inhibitors of this pathway could be useful antibiotics. Herein we reconstitute the activity of the ATPase component (LptB) of the ABC transporter that initiates LPS transport and assembly. We developed a high-throughput assay and screened a library of kinase inhibitors against LptB. We identified two classes of ATP-competitive inhibitors. These are the first inhibitors of the ATPase component of any bacterial ABC transporter. The small-molecule inhibitors will be very useful tools for further biochemical studies of the proteins involved in LPS transport and assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa S Gronenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01238, USA
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192
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Antimicrobial activity of CHIR-090, an inhibitor of lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, against the Burkholderia cepacia complex. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:3531-3. [PMID: 20516283 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01600-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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193
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Barb AW, Jiang L, Raetz CRH, Zhou P. Assignment of 1H, 13C and 15N backbone resonances of Escherichia coli LpxC bound to L-161,240. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2010; 4:37-40. [PMID: 19941092 PMCID: PMC3631426 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-009-9201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase LpxC catalyzes the committed reaction of lipid A biosynthesis, an essential pathway in Gram-negative bacteria. We report the backbone resonance assignments of the 34 kDa LpxC from Escherichia coli in complex with the antibiotic L-161,240 using multidimensional, multinuclear NMR experiments. The (1)H chemical shifts of complexed L-161,240 are also determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W Barb
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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194
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Hernick M, Gattis SG, Penner-Hahn JE, Fierke CA. Activation of Escherichia coli UDP-3-O-[(R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase by Fe2+ yields a more efficient enzyme with altered ligand affinity. Biochemistry 2010; 49:2246-55. [PMID: 20136146 DOI: 10.1021/bi902066t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The metal-dependent deacetylase UDP-3-O-[(R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC) catalyzes the first committed step in lipid A biosynthesis, the hydrolysis of UDP-3-O-myristoyl-N-acetylglucosamine to form UDP-3-O-myristoylglucosamine and acetate. Consequently, LpxC is a target for the development of antibiotics, nearly all of which coordinate the active site metal ion. Here we examine the ability of Fe(2+) to serve as a cofactor for wild-type Escherichia coli LpxC and a mutant enzyme (EcC63A), in which one of the ligands for the inhibitory metal binding site has been removed. LpxC exhibits higher activity (6-8-fold) with a single bound Fe(2+) as the cofactor compared to Zn(2+)-LpxC; both metalloenzymes have a bell-shaped dependence on pH with similar pK(a) values, indicating that at least two ionizations are important for maximal activity. X-ray absorption spectroscopy experiments suggest that the catalytic metal ion bound to Fe(2+)-EcLpxC is five-coordinate, suggesting that catalytic activity may correlate with coordination number. Furthermore, the ligand affinity of Fe(2+)-LpxC compared to the Zn(2+) enzyme is altered by up to 6-fold. In contrast to Zn(2+)-LpxC, the activity of Fe(2+)-LpxC is redox-sensitive, and a time-dependent decrease in activity is observed under aerobic conditions. The LpxC activity of crude E. coli cell lysates is also aerobically sensitive, consistent with the presence of Fe(2+)-LpxC. These data indicate that EcLpxC can use either Fe(2+) or Zn(2+) to activate catalysis in vitro and possibly in vivo, which may allow LpxC to function in E. coli grown under different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcy Hernick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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195
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Zhou Y, Taylor B, Smith TJ, Liu ZP, Clench M, Davies NW, Rainsford KD. A novel compound from celery seed with a bactericidal effect against Helicobacter pylori. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.61.08.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The aim was to purify and characterise an antimicrobial component from celery (Apium graveolens) seeds, which have been used for centuries as a herbal medicine with reported antibacterial effects.
Methods
A crude alcoholic extract of celery seeds was fractionated by organic solvent extractions, column chromatography and HPLC. Fractions were assayed for antimicrobial activity against the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori and other bacteria. The purified antibacterial component was characterised via MS and NMR. Preliminary investigation of its mechanism of action included morphological studies, incorporation of macromolecular precursors, membrane integrity and two-dimensional protein electrophoresis.
Key findings
The purified component, termed ‘compound with anti-Helicobacter activity’ (CAH), had potent bactericidal effects against H. pylori; the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were 3.15 μg/ml and 6.25–12.5 μg/ml, respectively. CAH (Mr = 384.23; empirical formula C24H32O4) had specific inhibitory effects on H. pylori and was not active against Campylobacter jejuni or Escherichia coli. MS and NMR data were consistent with a dimeric phthalide structure. The results appeared to rule out mechanisms that operated solely by loss of membrane integrity or inhibition of protein or nucleic acid synthesis.
Conclusions
CAH may be suitable for further investigation as a potent agent for treating H. pylori infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhou
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Brian Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Thomas J Smith
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Zhong-ping Liu
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Malcolm Clench
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Noel W Davies
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - K D Rainsford
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
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196
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Fan R, Wang H, Ye Y, Gan J. PhIO/Bu4NI mediated oxidative cyclization of amidoalkylation adducts for the synthesis of N-benzoyl aziridines and oxazolines. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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197
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Metzger LE, Raetz CRH. Purification and characterization of the lipid A disaccharide synthase (LpxB) from Escherichia coli, a peripheral membrane protein. Biochemistry 2009; 48:11559-71. [PMID: 19883124 DOI: 10.1021/bi901750f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli LpxB, an inverting glycosyl transferase of the GT-B superfamily and a member of CAZy database family 19, catalyzes the fifth step of lipid A biosynthesis: UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine + 2,3-diacylglucosamine 1-phosphate --> 2',3'-diacylglucosamine-(beta,1'-6)-2,3-diacylglucosamine 1-phosphate + UDP. LpxB is a target for the development of new antibiotics, but no member of family 19, which consists entirely of LpxB orthologues, has been characterized mechanistically or structurally. Here, we have purified E. coli and Haemophilus influenzae LpxB to near homogeneity on a 10-100 mg scale using protease-cleavable His(10)-tagged constructs. E. coli LpxB activity is dependent upon the bulk surface concentration of its substrates in a mixed micelle assay system, suggesting that catalysis occurs at the membrane interface. E. coli LpxB (M(r) approximately 43 kDa) sediments with membranes at low salt concentrations but is largely solubilized with buffers of high ionic strength. It purifies with 1.6-3.5 mol of phospholipid/mol of LpxB polypeptide. Transmission electron microscopy reveals the accumulation of aberrant intracellular membranes when LpxB is overexpressed. Mutagenesis of LpxB identified two conserved residues, D89A and R201A, for which no residual catalytic activity was detected. Our results provide a rational starting point for structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis E Metzger
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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198
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Langsdorf EF, Malikzay A, Lamarr WA, Daubaras D, Kravec C, Rumin Zhang, Hart R, Monsma F, Black T, Ozbal CC, Miesel L, Lunn CA. Screening for Antibacterial Inhibitors of the UDP-3-O-(R-3-Hydroxymyristoyl)- N-Acetylglucosamine Deacetylase (LpxC) Using a High-Throughput Mass Spectrometry Assay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 15:52-61. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057109355319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A high-throughput mass spectrometry assay to measure the catalytic activity of UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl)- Nacetylglucosamine deacetylase, LpxC, is described. This reaction is essential in the biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria and is an attractive target for the development of new antibacterial agents. The assay uses the RapidFire™ mass spectrometry platform to measure the native LpxC substrate and the reaction product and thereby generates a ratiometric readout with minimal artifacts due to detection interference. The assay was robust in a high-throughput screen of a library of more than 700,000 compounds arrayed as orthogonal mixtures, with a median Z' factor of 0.74. Selected novel inhibitors from the screening campaign were confirmed as binding to LpxC by biophysical measurements using a thermal stability shift assay. Some inhibitors showed whole-cell antimicrobial activity against a sensitive strain of Escherichia coli with reduced LpxC activity (strain D22; minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.625-20 µg/mL). The results show that mass spectrometry—based screening is a valuable high-throughput screening tool for detecting inhibitors of enzymatic targets involving difficult to detect reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik F. Langsdorf
- Department of Antimicrobial Therapy, Schering-Plough
Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Asra Malikzay
- Department of New Lead Discovery, Schering-Plough Research
Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | | | - Dayna Daubaras
- Department of Antimicrobial Therapy, Schering-Plough
Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Cynthia Kravec
- Department of Antimicrobial Therapy, Schering-Plough
Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Rumin Zhang
- Department of New Lead Discovery, Schering-Plough Research
Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Richard Hart
- Department of New Lead Discovery, Schering-Plough Research
Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Frederick Monsma
- Department of New Lead Discovery, Schering-Plough Research
Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Todd Black
- Department of Antimicrobial Therapy, Schering-Plough
Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | | | - Lynn Miesel
- Department of Antimicrobial Therapy, Schering-Plough
Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Charles A. Lunn
- Department of New Lead Discovery, Schering-Plough Research
Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey,
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199
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Huber J, Donald RG, Lee SH, Jarantow LW, Salvatore MJ, Meng X, Painter R, Onishi RH, Occi J, Dorso K, Young K, Park YW, Skwish S, Szymonifka MJ, Waddell TS, Miesel L, Phillips JW, Roemer T. Chemical Genetic Identification of Peptidoglycan Inhibitors Potentiating Carbapenem Activity against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 16:837-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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200
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Cuny GD. A new class of UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristol)-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC) inhibitors for the treatment of Gram-negative infections: PCT application WO 2008027466. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2009; 19:893-9. [PMID: 19473108 DOI: 10.1517/13543770902766829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human infections due to Gram-negative bacteria cause significant morbidity and mortality. Identification of new strategies, molecular targets, and agents for the treatment of Gram-negative bacterial infections are needed urgently. Lipid A is a necessary component of the lipopolysaccharide-containing outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. The zinc-dependent hydrolase UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristol)-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC) involved in the first committed step in the biosynthetic pathway of lipid A has no sequence homology to any known mammalian enzymes and has emerged as an attractive Gram-negative antibacterial molecular target. Most previously described LpxC inhibitors contain a hydroxamic acid, which can lead to low specificity vs. other metal-dependent enzymes and can consequently result in unwanted side effects. OBJECTIVE This review examines a new reported class of nonhydroxamic LpxC inhibitors for the treatment of Gram-negative infections. METHODS The new class of inhibitor is compared with several previously reported LpxC inhibitors. CONCLUSION The LpxC inhibitors disclosed in PCT application WO 2008027466 contain hydantoins in place of the hydroxamic acids commonly found in most previously described inhibitors. These molecules could represent a means of treating Gram-negative infections via a more selective inhibition of LpxC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Cuny
- Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Partners Center for Drug Discovery, Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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