151
|
Abstract
The mouse is a genetically tractable model organism widely used to study mammalian development and disease. However, mouse metaphase II (mII) oocytes are exquisitely sensitive and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) with conventional pipettes generally kills them. This problem can be solved with piezo-actuated micromanipulation, in which the piezo-electric effect (crystal deformation in response to an externally applied voltage) propels a microinjection needle tip forward in a precise and rapid movement. Piezo-actuated micromanipulation enhances the penetration of membranes and matrices, and mouse ICSI is a major application. Here we describe a comprehensive, step-by-step mouse piezo ICSI protocol for non-specialists that can be completed in 2-4 h. The protocol is a basic prelude to multiple applications, including nuclear transfer cloning, spermatid injection, blastocyst injection, mII transgenesis, and streamlining micromanipulation in primates and livestock. Moreover, piezo ICSI can be used to obtain offspring from 'dead' (non-motile) sperm, enabling trivial sperm freezing protocols for mouse strain storage and shipment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Yoshida
- Laboratory of Mammalian Molecular Embryology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
152
|
Moreira PN, Pozueta J, Pérez-Crespo M, Valdivieso F, Gutiérrez-Adán A, Montoliu L. Improving the generation of genomic-type transgenic mice by ICSI. Transgenic Res 2007; 16:163-8. [PMID: 17372844 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-007-9075-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Transgenes included in genomic-type constructs, such as yeast artificial chromosomes (YAC), P1-derived artificial chromosomes, or bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC), are normally correctly expressed, according to the endogenous expression pattern of the homologous locus, because their large size usually ensures the inclusion of all regulatory elements required for proper gene expression. The use of these large genomic-type transgenes is therefore the method of choice to overcome most position effects, commonly associated with standard-type transgenes, and to guarantee the faithful transgene expression. However, in spite of the different methods available, including pronuclear microinjection and the use of embryonic stem cells as vehicles for genomic transgenes, the generation of transgenic animals with BACs and, particularly, with YACs can be demanding, because of the low efficiencies requiring extensive microinjection sessions and/or higher number of oocytes. Recently, we have explored the use of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) into metaphase II oocytes as an alternative method for the generation of YAC transgenic mice. Our results suggest that the use of transgenic strategies based on ICSI significantly enhances the efficiency of YAC transgenesis by at least one order of magnitude.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro N Moreira
- Department of Animal Reproduction, INIA, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
153
|
Carrell DT, Emery BR, Hammoud S. Altered protamine expression and diminished spermatogenesis: what is the link? Hum Reprod Update 2007; 13:313-27. [PMID: 17208950 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dml057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the elongating spermatid stage of spermiogenesis, human sperm chromatin undergoes a complex transition in which histones are extensively replaced by protamines in a carefully regulated transition including histone modifications and intermediate and temporary replacement of the histones by sperm-specific transition proteins. The replacement of most histones by protamines 1 and 2 facilitates a high order of chromatin packaging necessary for normal sperm function and may also be necessary for DNA silencing and imprinting changes within the sperm cell. Protamines 1 and 2 are usually expressed in nearly equal quantities, but elevated or diminished protamine 1/protamine 2 ratios are observed in some infertile men and is often associated with severe spermatogenesis defects. Human and animal studies demonstrate that expression of the protamine proteins is uniquely regulated by transcription/translation factors, including storage of the mRNA in ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles composed of the mRNA, transcription factors and a kinesin molecule necessary for transport of the RNP to the cytoplasm and removal of transcriptional activators from the nucleus. Recent studies indicate that most patients with abnormal protamine protein levels have elevated levels of protamine transcript in the mature sperm cell, indicating a possible defect in transcription or translation. The regulation of protamine expression is unique and includes several possible mechanisms which may be responsible for dysregulation of protamine expression and concurrent broad spectrum defects in spermatogenesis. We suggest two hypotheses: (i) that abnormal protamine expression is indicative of a generalized defect in mRNA storage and/or translation which affects other mRNA transcripts or (ii) that protamines may act as a checkpoint of spermatogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas T Carrell
- Andrology and IVF Laboratories, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
154
|
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in methods for production of transgenic livestock; beginning with pronuclear microinjection over 20 years ago. New methods, including the use of viral vectors, sperm-mediated gene transfer and somatic cell cloning, have overcome many of the limitations of pronuclear microinjection. It is now possible to not only readily make simple insertional genetic modifications, but also to accomplish, more complex, homozygous gene targeting and artificial chromosome transfer in livestock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Robl
- Hematech Inc, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
155
|
Niemann H, Kues WA. Transgenic farm animals: an update. Reprod Fertil Dev 2007; 19:762-70. [PMID: 17714630 DOI: 10.1071/rd07040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The first transgenic livestock species were reported in 1985. Since then microinjection of foreign DNA into pronuclei of zygotes has been the method of choice. It is now being replaced by more efficient protocols based on somatic nuclear transfer that also permit targeted genetic modifications. Lentiviral vectors and small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) technology are also becoming important tools for transgenesis. In 2006 the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) gave green light for the commercialistion of the first recombinant protein produced in the milk of transgenic animals. Recombinant antithrombin III will be launched as ATryn for prophylactic treatment of patients with congenital antithrombin deficiency. This important milestone will boost the research activities in farm animal transgenesis. Recent developments in transgenic techniques of farm animals are discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heiner Niemann
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute for Animal Breeding, Mariensee, 31535 Neustadt, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
156
|
Sakai N. In vitro male germ cell cultures of zebrafish. Methods 2006; 39:239-45. [PMID: 16828310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2005.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2005] [Accepted: 12/12/2005] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic modification of sperm before fertilization has the advantages of a much shorter timeline for the production of transgenic animals. A culture system using primary cultures of zebrafish male germ cells, in which the differentiation of spermatogonia to functional sperm can occur in vitro, allows us to introduce foreign DNA into the cultured sperm and to produce transgenics from the sperm. This chapter describes methods for the co-culture of male germ cells and a Sertoli cell feeder layer and the introduction of foreign DNA with retroviruses. This male germ cell culture system should prove useful not only in producing genetically modified sperm, but also in analyzing the regulatory function of Sertoli cells for spermatogenesis in vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriyoshi Sakai
- Genetic Strains Research Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Amanai M, Shoji S, Yoshida N, Brahmajosyula M, Perry ACF. Injection of Mammalian Metaphase II Oocytes with Short Interfering RNAs to Dissect Meiotic and Early Mitotic Events1. Biol Reprod 2006; 75:891-8. [PMID: 16943363 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.106.054213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The manipulation of mammalian metaphase II (mII) oocytes has illuminated the mechanisms of fertilization and early embryogenesis and is central to nuclear transfer. Although RNA interference (RNAi) would greatly facilitate this type of manipulation, its application to mature, developmentally competent mII oocytes has not been evaluated. We report efficient RNAi by the injection of short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) into mII oocytes. The levels of the target mRNA and corresponding protein were rapidly and efficiently reduced. The siRNAs were effective when injected in the subnanomolar to nanomolar range and induced concurrently RNAi of multiple targets, revealing the kinetic parameters of RNAi in mII oocytes. Coinjection of sperm with siRNA functionally abolished the transcripts in the resultant blastocysts and in cloned embryos into which siRNA was coinjected during somatic cell nuclear transfer. The RNAi method was used to dissect the early mitotic roles of meiotic regulators, which suggests that CDC20 is essential for the first mitotic division, while EMI1 and EMI2 are not essential for this process. Our results show that siRNA injection of oocytes confers temporal control of RNAi in the analysis and manipulation of key processes in mammalian meiosis and early embryogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manami Amanai
- Laboratory of Mammalian Molecular Embryology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
158
|
Koo BC, Kwon MS, Choi BR, Kim JH, Cho SK, Sohn SH, Cho EJ, Lee HT, Chang W, Jeon I, Park JK, Park JB, Kim T. Production of germline transgenic chickens expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein using a MoMLV-based retrovirus vector. FASEB J 2006; 20:2251-60. [PMID: 17077302 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-5866com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV) -based retrovirus vector system has been used most often in gene transfer work, but has been known to cause silencing of the imported gene in transgenic animals. In the present study, using a MoMLV-based retrovirus vector, we successfully generated a new transgenic chicken line expressing high levels of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). The level of eGFP expression was conserved after germline transmission and as much as 100 microg of eGFP could be detected per 1 mg of tissue protein. DNA sequencing showed that the transgene had been integrated at chromosome 26 of the G1 and G2 generation transgenic chickens. Owing to the stable integration of the transgene, it is now feasible to produce G3 generation of homozygous eGFP transgenic chickens that will provide 100% transgenic eggs. These results will help establish a useful transgenic chicken model system for studies of embryonic development and for efficient production of transgenic chickens as bioreactors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bon Chul Koo
- Department of Physiology, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
159
|
Moreira PN, Pérez-Crespo M, Ramírez MA, Pozueta J, Montoliu L, Gutiérrez-Adán A. Effect of transgene concentration, flanking matrix attachment regions, and RecA-coating on the efficiency of mouse transgenesis mediated by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Biol Reprod 2006; 76:336-43. [PMID: 17035637 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.106.056952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) of DNA-loaded sperm cells has been shown to be a valuable tool for the production of transgenic animals, especially when DNA constructs with submegabase magnitude are used. In order to optimize and to understand the mechanism of the ICSI-mediated transgenesis, we have evaluated the impact of transgene DNA concentration, transgene flanking with nuclear matrix attachment regions (MARs), and the use of recombinase A (RecA)-coated DNA on the efficiency of mouse transgenesis production by ICSI. Presented data include assays with three DNA constructs; an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) plasmid of 5.4 kb, this plasmid flanked with two MAR elements (2.3 Kb of the human beta-interferon domain boundaries), and a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) construct of approximately 510 kb (the largest transgenic construct introduced by ICSI that we have seen reported). ICSI-mediated transgenesis was done in the B6D2 mouse strain using different concentrations for each construct. Analysis of generated data indicated that ICSI allows the use of higher DNA concentrations than the ones used for pronuclear microinjection, however, when a certain threshold is exceeded, embryo/fetal viability decrease dramatically. In addition, independently of the transgene concentration tested, transgene flanking with MAR sequences did not have a significant impact on the efficiency of this transgenesis method. Finally, we observed that although the overall efficiency of ICSI-mediated transgenesis with fresh spermatozoa and RecA-complexed DNA was similar to the one obtained with the common ICSI-mediated transgenesis approach with frozen-thawed spermatozoa and RecA free DNA, this method was not as efficient in maintaining a low frequency of founder animal mosaicism, suggesting that different mechanisms of transgene integration might result from each procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Nuno Moreira
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal y Conservación de Recursos Zoogenéticos, Instituto National de Investigación y Technología Agranria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
160
|
Amanai M, Brahmajosyula M, Perry ACF. A restricted role for sperm-borne microRNAs in mammalian fertilization. Biol Reprod 2006; 75:877-84. [PMID: 16943360 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.106.056499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Prototypical microRNAs (miRNAs) are 21 approximately 25-base-pair RNAs that regulate differentiation, carcinogenesis, and pluripotency by eliminating mRNAs or blocking their translation, in a process that is collectively termed RNA interference (RNAi). In zebrafish, RNAi mediated by miRNAs regulates early development, and in mice embryos that lack the miRNA precursor processor Dicer are nonviable. However, the roles of miRNAs in mammalian fertilization are unknown. In this report, we show using microarrays that miRNAs are present in mouse sperm structures that enter the oocyte at fertilization. The sperm contained a broad profile of miRNAs and a subset of potential mRNA targets, which were expressed in fertilizable metaphase II (mII) oocytes. Oocytes contained transcripts for the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) catalytic subunit, EIF2C3 (formerly AGO3). However, the levels of sperm-borne miRNA (measured by quantitative PCR) were low relative to those of unfertilized mII oocytes, and fertilization did not alter the mII oocyte miRNA repertoire that included the most abundant sperm-borne miRNAs. Coinjection of mII oocytes with sperm heads plus anti-miRNAs to suppress miRNA function did not perturb pronuclear activation or preimplantation development. In contrast, nuclear transfer by microinjection altered the miRNA profile of enucleated oocytes. These data suggest that sperm-borne prototypical miRNAs play a limited role, if any, in mammalian fertilization or early preimplantation development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manami Amanai
- Laboratory of Mammalian Molecular Embryology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
161
|
Tian JH, Wu ZH, Liu L, Cai Y, Zeng SM, Zhu SE, Liu GS, Li Y, Wu CX. Effects of oocyte activation and sperm preparation on the development of porcine embryos derived from in vitro-matured oocytes and intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Theriogenology 2006; 66:439-48. [PMID: 16426671 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 10/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to determine the effects of various methods of oocyte activation and sperm pretreatment on development of porcine embryos derived from in vitro-matured oocytes and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). The second polar body was extruded in the majority (>78.4%) of in vitro-matured (IVM) oocytes 4h after electrical pulse activation. In embryos generated by ICSI and sham-ICSI, a combination of an electrical pulse, with various chemical activators 4 h later, improved (P < 0.05) blastocyst formation rate compared to activation only with a pulse. Treatment with 6-dimethylaminopurine (DMAP) after electrical activation significantly increased the oocyte activation rate. The effects of exposure of sperm to repeated freeze-thaw cycles (without cryoprotectant) on oocyte activation and the effects of sperm pre-incubated with dithiothreitol (DTT) or Triton X-100 on early embryo development were also examined. Blastocyst formation rates after ICSI did not differ between motile sperm and those rendered immotile by one-time freezing and thawing without cryoprotectant. However, sperm rendered immotile by three cycles of freezing/thawing without cryoprotectant had a significantly lower blastocyst formation rate. Although oocytes injected with sperm pre-incubated with Triton X-100 had a higher normal fertilization rate than those pre-incubated with DTT or one-time frozen/thawed sperm, rates of blastocyst formation and cell numbers were similar among the three groups. In conclusion, various methods of oocyte activation and sperm preparation significantly affected the developmental capacity of early porcine embryos derived from IVM and ICSI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hui Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of The Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
162
|
Horiuchi T. Application study of intracytoplasmic sperm injection for golden hamster and cattle production. J Reprod Dev 2006; 52:13-21. [PMID: 16538031 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.17084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes several technical improvements and our results in hamster intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), hamster round spermatid injection (ROSI) and bovine ICSI. The hamster is the mammalian species in which ICSI was first tried to produce fertilized oocytes. However, until recently, no live offspring following ICSI have ever been obtained. We reported the birth of live offspring following hamster ICSI. Improved points to success were 1) performing hamster ICSI in a dark room with a small incandescent lamp and manipulating both oocytes and fertilized eggs under microscope with a red light source and 2) injecting sperm heads without acrosomes. Under controlled illumination, the majority of the oocytes injected with acrosomeless sperm heads were fertilized normally, cleaved, and developed into morulae. Nine live offspring (19%) were born by transfer of hamster ICSI-derived embryos. Furthermore, we reported the birth of live offspring following hamster ROSI. About 70% of oocytes injected with round spermatids broken before injection were fertilized normally and about half of them developed to morulae and blastocysts. Three (5%) live young were born by transfer of hamster ROSI-derived embryos. On the other hand, in cattle, the main improvements were 1) injection of spermatozoa immobilized by scoring their tail just before injection into oocytes, and 2) additional ethanol activation 4 h after ICSI. About 70% of oocytes injected were activated 4 h after ICSI, and about 30% of them developed to blastocysts. Twenty-four live calves (39%) were born by non-surgical transfer of ICSI-derived embryos. Those results shows that, at present, live offspring are able to be obtained following hamster ICSI, ROSI and bovine ICSI, but further improvement is required due to higher production efficiency of offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshitaka Horiuchi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Furuta H, Ichikawa E, Sugimura S, Kikuchi S, Yoshida T, Mukouyama H, Tomogane H. Gene Transfer to Mouse Embryos by Sperm Mediated Gene Transfer Method. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2006.9706583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|
164
|
Foong SC, Fleetham JA, O'Keane JA, Scott SG, Tough SC, Greene CA. A prospective randomized trial of conventional in vitro fertilization versus intracytoplasmic sperm injection in unexplained infertility. J Assist Reprod Genet 2006; 23:137-40. [PMID: 16622804 PMCID: PMC3455034 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-005-9008-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2005] [Accepted: 09/02/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare outcomes in patients with unexplained infertility undergoing conventional in vitro fertilization (IVF) versus intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). METHODS Sixty women with unexplained infertility in a Canadian tertiary-level clinic were randomized to IVF or ICSI. Subjects underwent downregulation with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist prior to initiation of recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone. The primary outcome measure was fertilization rate. Secondary outcomes included implantation rate, embryo quality, clinical pregnancy rate, and live birth rate. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference in fertilization rate (77.2% IVF vs. 82.4% ICSI), implantation rate (38.2% IVF vs. 44.4% ICSI), clinical pregnancy rate (50% in each group), or live birth rate (46.7% IVF vs. 50% ICSI). There were two cases of failed fertilization in the IVF group. There was no significant difference in embryo quality between groups. CONCLUSIONS There were no differences in clinical outcomes associated with IVF versus ICSI in the treatment of unexplained infertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu C Foong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
165
|
Sakurai F, Kawabata K, Koizumi N, Inoue N, Okabe M, Yamaguchi T, Hayakawa T, Mizuguchi H. Adenovirus serotype 35 vector-mediated transduction into human CD46-transgenic mice. Gene Ther 2006; 13:1118-26. [PMID: 16541121 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that systemic administration of adenovirus serotype 35 (Ad35) vectors to mice does not mediate efficient transduction in organs, probably because expression of the mouse analog of the subgroup B Ad receptor, human CD46 (membrane cofactor protein), is limited to the testis. Here, we describe the in vitro and in vivo transduction characteristics of Ad35 vectors by using homozygous and hemizygous human CD46-transgenic (CD46TG) mice, which ubiquitously express human CD46. An Ad35 vector more efficiently transduced the primary dendritic cells and macrophages prepared from CD46TG mice than those from wild-type mice. In vivo transduction experiments demonstrated that CD46TG mice are more susceptible to Ad35 vector-mediated in vivo transduction than are wild-type mice. In particular, homozygous CD46TG mice, which express higher levels of CD46 in the organs than hemizygous CD46TG mice, tend to exhibit higher transduction efficiencies after intraperitoneal administration than hemizygous CD46TG mice. Intraperitoneal administration of Ad35 vectors resulted in efficient transduction into the mesothelial cells of the peritoneal organs in homozygous CD46TG mice. These results indicate that an Ad35 vector recognizes human CD46 as a cellular receptor in CD46TG mice. However, the in vivo transduction efficiencies of Ad35 vectors in CD46TG mice are much lower than those of conventional Ad5 vectors in wild-type mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Sakurai
- Laboratory of Gene Transfer and Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
166
|
Osada T, Toyoda A, Moisyadi S, Akutsu H, Hattori M, Sakaki Y, Yanagimachi R. Production of inbred and hybrid transgenic mice carrying large (> 200 kb) foreign DNA fragments by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Mol Reprod Dev 2006; 72:329-35. [PMID: 16047391 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a mouse transgenesis technique that facilitates the insertion of large (approximately 200 kilo base pairs) DNA fragments into host genomes of both inbred and hybrid mice. Six inbred and three hybrid transgenic mice carrying a single bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone with genes located in the Down syndrome critical region of human chromosome 21 were produced using this technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoharu Osada
- Department of Anatomy and Reproductive Biology, The Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
167
|
Nakai M, Kashiwazaki N, Takizawa A, Maedomari N, Ozawa M, Noguchi J, Kaneko H, Shino M, Kikuchi K. Morphologic changes in boar sperm nuclei with reduced disulfide bonds in electrostimulated porcine oocytes. Reproduction 2006; 131:603-11. [PMID: 16514203 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In pigs, failure of sperm nuclear decondensation has been reported after injection into oocytes. We examined the effects of pretreating sperm heads with Triton X-100 (TX-100) and dithiothreitol (DTT) and of electrical stimulation of oocytes after sperm head injection on time-dependent morphologic changes in sperm nuclei andin vitrodevelopment to the blastocyst stage. In experiment 1, spermatozoa were pretreated with 1% TX-100 and 5 mM DTT (T + D) or not treated, and then injected intoin vitromatured oocytes. Electrical stimulation (1.5 kV/cm, 20 μs DC pulse) was applied to the oocytes 1 h after injection (stimulated group) or was not applied (unstimulated group). Some of the oocytes in each group were evaluated at hourly intervals until 10 h after injection for morphologic changes in the sperm nuclei. Unstimulated oocytes injected with untreated spermatozoa showed a delayed peak in the rate of nuclear decondensation (39.4–44.1%, 3–6 h after injection) compared with oocytes injected with T + D-treated spermatozoa (57.0% and 52.6%, 1 and 2 h, respectively). The rate of male pronucleus formation peaked 6 h after stimulation (by 40–60%) after injected oocytes had been stimulated with an electrical pulse, irrespective of whether or not the spermatozoa had been pretreated. In unstimulated oocytes, the rate of male pronucleus formation did not increase and stayed at the basal level (less than 20%) throughout the culture period, regardless of the sperm treatment. Thus, T + D treatment of spermatozoa did not affect completion of fertilization. In experiment 2, we evaluated the effects of electrical stimulation and sperm treatment with T + D on the rate of blastocyst formation and the mean number of cells per blastocyst. Oocytes stimulated after injection with either T + D-treated or untreated spermatozoa showed significantly higher percentages of blastocyst formation (24.8% and 27.1% respectively) than did unstimulated oocytes (1.1% and 4.1% for T + D-treated and untreated respectively;P< 0.01 by Duncan’s multiple-range test). The rate of blastocyst formation did not differ between the T + D-treated and untreated groups. The mean number of cells per blastocyst did not differ among any of the groups (14.0–29.4 cells). These results suggest that pretreatment of sperm with TX-100 and DTT shifted the timing of sperm nuclear decondensation forward. However, pronucleus formation and development to the blastocyst stagein vitrowere not improved by sperm treatment. Thus, electrical stimulation of injected oocytes enhancesin vitrodevelopment to the blastocyst stage in pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Nakai
- Genetic Diversity Department, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
168
|
Zannoni A, Spinaci M, Bernardini C, Bacci ML, Seren E, Mattioli M, Forni M. DNase I activity in pig MII oocytes: implications in transgenesis. Reproduction 2006; 131:461-8. [PMID: 16514189 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Several reliable methods to produce transgenic animals utilize the male genome. After penetration into oocyte, sperm DNA undergoes dramatic conformational changes that could represent a great opportunity for exogenous DNA to be integrated in the zygote genome. Among the enzymes responsible for sperm remodeling, a nuclease could be involved. The presence of a DNase I in oocytes has not been much investigated. To date, an immunolocalization of DNase I has been reported only in rat immature oocytes and the presence of nuclease activities has been shown in avian oocytes.The present study was conducted to verify whether a DNase-I like activity is present in MII mature pig oocytes. To do this, oocyte extracts were assessed for nuclease activity by a plasmid degradation assay and by zymography; these analyses evidenced a 33 kDa, Ca2+/Mg2+dependent DNase I-like activity that was inhibited by Zn2+. A further identification of DNase I was achieved by Western blot, immunofluorescence and RT-PCR experiments. Moreover, the presence of the enzyme activity was confirmed by the rapid degradation of exogenous DNA microinjected into the ooplasm. Finally, the exogenous DNA transferred to oocyte by spermatozoa during sperm mediated gene transferin vitrofertilisation protocol seemed to be protected from DNase I degradation and to persist in the ooplasm till 6 h.These results, together with the high efficiency of sperm based transgenesis methods, suggest that the association with spermatozoa protects exogenous DNA from nuclease activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Augusta Zannoni
- Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology and Animal Production, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell' Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
169
|
Tesson L, Cozzi J, Ménoret S, Rémy S, Usal C, Fraichard A, Anegon I. Transgenic modifications of the rat genome. Transgenic Res 2006; 14:531-46. [PMID: 16245144 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-005-5077-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The laboratory rat (R. norvegicus) is a very important experimental animal in several fields of biomedical research. This review describes the various techniques that have been used to generate transgenic rats: classical DNA microinjection and more recently described techniques such as lentiviral vector-mediated DNA transfer into early embryos, sperm-mediated transgenesis, embryo cloning by nuclear transfer and germline mutagenesis. It will also cover techniques associated to transgenesis such as sperm cryopreservation, embryo freezing and determination of zygosity. The availability of several technologies allowing genetic manipulation in the rat coupled to genomic data will allow biomedical research to fully benefit from the rat as an experimental animal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Tesson
- Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation (ITERT), F-44093, Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
170
|
Hirabayashi M, Kato M, Kaneko R, Hirabayashi T, Morita M, Hochi S. No Effect of Recombinase-Mediated DNA Transfer on Production Efficiency of Transgenic Rats. Exp Anim 2006; 55:131-5. [PMID: 16651696 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.55.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It was reported that recombinase-A protein (RecA)-coated exogenous DNA was more likely to be integrated into mouse, goat and pig genomes. The objective of this study was to investigate whether integration of exogenous DNA into the rat genome is improved by the recombinase-mediated DNA transfer. Pronuclear microinjection of RecA-coated EGFP or OAMB DNA resulted in a production efficiency of transgenic rats of 1.4-2.9%, comparable with 0.9-2.6% when non-coated control DNA was used. Intracytoplasmic injection of the sperm heads exposed to RecA-coated EGFP DNA did not produce any transgenic rats (0 vs. 0-2.8% in control groups). Thus, the recombinase-mediated DNA transfer contributed very little to the production of transgenic rats by means of pronuclear microinjection and intracytoplasmic sperm injection.
Collapse
|
171
|
Shingai M, Inoue N, Okuno T, Okabe M, Akazawa T, Miyamoto Y, Ayata M, Honda K, Kurita-Taniguchi M, Matsumoto M, Ogura H, Taniguchi T, Seya T. Wild-type measles virus infection in human CD46/CD150-transgenic mice: CD11c-positive dendritic cells establish systemic viral infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:3252-61. [PMID: 16116216 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.5.3252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We generated transgenic (TG) mice that constitutively express human CD46 (huCD46) and/or TLR-inducible CD150 (huCD150), which serve as receptors for measles virus (MV). These mice were used to study the spreading and pathogenicity of GFP-expressing or intact laboratory-adapted Edmonston and wild-type Ichinose (IC) strains of MV. Irrespective of the route of administration, neither type of MV was pathogenic to these TG mice. However, in ex vivo, limited replication of IC was observed in the spleen lymphocytes from huCD46/huCD150 TG and huCD150 TG, but not in huCD46 TG and non-TG mice. In huCD150-positive TG mouse cells, CD11c-positive bone marrow-derived myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) participated in MV-mediated type I IFN induction. The level and induction profile of IFN-beta was higher in mDC than the profile of IFN-alpha. Wild-type IC induced markedly high levels of IFN-beta compared with Edmonston in mDC, as opposed to human dendritic cells. We then generated huCD46/huCD150 TG mice with type I IFN receptor (IFNAR1)-/- mice. MV-bearing mDCs spreading to draining lymph nodes were clearly observed in these triple mutant mice in vivo by i.p. MV injection. Infectious lymph nodes were also detected in the double TG mice into which MV-infected CD11c-positive mDCs were i.v. transferred. This finding suggests that in the double TG mouse model mDCs once infected facilitate systemic MV spreading and infection, which depend on mDC MV permissiveness determined by the level of type I IFN generated via IFNAR1. Although these results may not simply reflect human MV infection, the huCD150/huCD46 TG mice may serve as a useful model for the analysis of MV-dependent modulation of mDC response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Shingai
- Department of Immunology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
172
|
Schneider MR, Wolf E. Genotyping of transgenic mice: Old principles and recent developments. Anal Biochem 2005; 344:1-7. [PMID: 16105546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2005] [Revised: 02/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/18/2005] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marlon R Schneider
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, University of Munich, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
173
|
Park CY, Uhm SJ, Song SJ, Kim KS, Hong SB, Chung KS, Park C, Lee HT. Increase of ICSI efficiency with hyaluronic acid binding sperm for low aneuploidy frequency in pig. Theriogenology 2005; 64:1158-69. [PMID: 16125559 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2004] [Revised: 12/23/2004] [Accepted: 01/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the ability of hyaluronic acid binding sperm (HABS) in increasing the efficiency of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in terms of the production of chromosomally normal porcine embryos. Porcine embryos were produced by in vitro fertilization (IVF), ICSI and ICSI using hyaluronic acid binding sperm (ICSI-HABS). Chromosome aneuploidy in sperm and embryos was evaluated using chromosome 1 submetacentric probe for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. No significant differences were observed in the blastocysts rates (18.6, 23.6 and 23.8%) and cell numbers (61.8+/-12.5, 55.5+/-7.3 and 59.3+/-9.6) among embryos derived from IVF, ICSI, and ICSI-HABS. However, the frequency of normal diploidy in ICSI-HABS (75.5%) was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that in IVF (57.0%) and ICSI (68.2%). Embryos from ICSI-HABS showed significantly lower chromosome abnormality rate (P<0.05). Both ICSI and IVF embryos showed higher rates of polyploidy, and hence chromosomally abnormal embryos, in comparison to ICSI-HABS embryos. In addition, we investigated the chromosomal complement of porcine spermatozoa by FISH. The rate of chromosome number abnormality in porcine sperm was found to be 6.25% (70/1120). Thus, we conclude that the use of hyaluronic acid binding sperm is superior to morphological sperm selection for ICSI in producing chromosomally normal embryos and increasing the ICSI efficiency by lowering the aneuploidy frequency. Our results indicate that the selection of normal sperm with hyaluronic acid binding assay might help to reduce the early embryonic mortality due to chromosomal aneuploidy thereby increasing the success rate of embryo transfer technology in pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Young Park
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
174
|
Ock SA, Lee SL, Jeon BG, Cho SR, Kumar BM, Choi YS, Choe SY, Rho GJ. Isolation and viability of presumptive spermatids collected from bull testes by Percoll density gradient. Anim Reprod Sci 2005; 93:144-56. [PMID: 16126354 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2005.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to develop a procedure for isolating pure populations of round spermatid(s) (RS) by Percoll density gradient from bull testes. Bull testes were de-capsulated and testicular tissues were dissociated enzymatically to recover RS. After being filtered through a 20 microm nylon mesh, the cells were centrifuged at 650 x g for 25 min through the discontinuous Percoll density gradients (20, 35, 40, 45 and 90% Percoll solution). Isolated cells were analyzed by microscopic observation for survivability and apoptosis. In Experiment 1, both microscopic observation and DNA analysis by flow cytometry showed that approximately 40% of cells collected from 35% Percoll gradient were presumptive RS, whereas in 40% Percoll gradient, mostly primary spermatocytes were observed. Experiment 2 compared the effect of 35% Percoll density isolation on the incidence of apoptosis and necrosis in fresh and frozen-thawed cells to those of untreated cells. The percentage (mean+/-S.E.M.) of necrosis in cells collected from 35% Percoll gradient was less (P<0.05) than in untreated and frozen-thawed cells from 35% Percoll gradient (11.7+/-3.1% compared with 26.3+/-2.0% and 53.5+/-1.3%, respectively), but the rate of apoptosis did not differ (1.2+/-0.49% compared with 2.5+/-0.8% and 0.9+/-0.04%, respectively). The proportional data (mean+/-S.E.M.) of live cells in Percoll treated group were greater (P<0.05) than in untreated and frozen-thawed cells from the 35% Percoll gradient (86.7+/-3.26% compared with 70.8+/-2.73% and 41.9+/-1.69%, respectively). Experiment 3 compared the development rates of embryos injected with RS isolated from fresh and frozen-thawed cells collected with the 35% Percoll gradient to those of untreated cells, and parthenotes as control. There were no significant (P>0.05) differences in the rates of cleavage and blastocyst development between untreated fresh cells and fresh cells collected from the 35% Percoll gradient (75.4 and 10.5% compared with 82.4 and 12.8%). However, there were lesser (P<0.05) cleavage and blastocyst rates in frozen-thawed cells from the 35% Percoll gradient (51.6 and 6.3%) and parthenotes (60.7 and 4.1%) were observed. These results suggest that isolation of presumptive RS by 35% Percoll density gradient is effective in eliminating apoptotic and early necrotic cells. However, the use of RS in improving the developmental potential of embryos merits further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun-A Ock
- Department of Obstetrics and Theriogenology, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
175
|
Rothman A, Feinstein P, Hirota J, Mombaerts P. The promoter of the mouse odorant receptor gene M71. Mol Cell Neurosci 2005; 28:535-46. [PMID: 15737743 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2004.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2004] [Revised: 11/10/2004] [Accepted: 11/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
From a repertoire of approximately 2000 odorant receptor (OR) alleles in the mouse genome, a mature olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) is thought to choose only one functional allele of one OR gene for expression. OSNs that express a given OR gene are scattered throughout an epithelial region that is gene specific. The DNA sequences that enable OR gene choice and specify the epithelial pattern are not known. Within the upstream regions of several mouse, rat, and human OR genes, we have previously recognized putative homeodomain and O/E-like binding sites in proximity to each other. Here, we define a minimal promoter region for expression of the mouse OR gene M71 with small transgenes. This region contains a homeodomain and an O/E-like binding site. Combined mutations in both sites abolish transgene expression. When identical mutations are introduced at the endogenous M71 locus by gene targeting, the number of M71-expressing OSNs is reduced by a factor of three and the epithelial pattern is ventralized. The stronger impact observed with the mutant transgenes compared to the targeted mutations may reflect a multiplicity of regulatory sites within the OR gene cluster. We propose that these homeodomain and O/E sites regulate the probability of M71 gene choice differentially across the olfactory epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rothman
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
176
|
Moreira PN, Fernández-González R, Rizos D, Ramirez M, Perez-Crespo M, Gutiérrez-Adán A. Inadvertent transgenesis by conventional ICSI in mice. Hum Reprod 2005; 20:3313-7. [PMID: 16085659 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dei237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ICSI is a relatively new treatment for human male-related infertility, as well as an efficient method for the production of transgenic animals by injecting into the oocyte sperm previously incubated with foreign DNA. As semen samples collected in human infertility clinics are frequently contaminated with bacteria, one risk associated with the ICSI procedure is the injection of foreign, sperm-associated exogenous DNA into the oocyte, and the generation of transgenic offspring. METHODS To analyse this possibility, ICSI was performed in mouse oocytes with frozen-thawed and Percoll-treated fresh sperm samples intentionally contaminated with plasmid EGFP-transformed E. coli bacteria or medium from which these bacteria were washed. Fertilized embryos were cultured in vitro until morula/blastocyst stage, transferred into pseudopregnant females, and at day 14, fetuses and reabsorptions were analysed by PCR for the genomic presence of integrated plasmid and/or bacterial DNA. RESULTS Independently of the sperm pretreatment tested, transgenesis was produced. CONCLUSIONS Inadvertent transgenesis by conventional ICSI is a possibility that should not be neglected. Particular precautions, such as full bacteriological semen examinations and effective antibiotic semen pretreatments, should be taken in human infertility clinics, in order to exclude the possibility of accidental transgenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Nuno Moreira
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, INIA, Ctra. de la Coruña Km. 5.9 Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
177
|
Suganuma R, Pelczar P, Spetz JF, Hohn B, Yanagimachi R, Moisyadi S. Tn5 transposase-mediated mouse transgenesis. Biol Reprod 2005; 73:1157-63. [PMID: 16079303 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.105.044669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a novel method for mouse transgenesis. The procedure relies on a hyperactive Tn5 transposase to insert a transgene into mouse chromosomes during intracytoplasmic sperm injection. This procedure integrates foreign DNA into the mouse genome with dramatically increased effectiveness as compared to conventional methods such as pronuclear microinjection and traditional sperm injection-mediated transgenesis. Our data indicate that with this method, transgenic mice, both hybrids and inbreds, can be produced more consistently and with lower numbers of manipulated oocytes required for traditional microinjection methods. The transposase-mediated transgenesis technique is also effective with round spermatids, offering the potential for rescuing the fertility of azoospermic animals using sperm precursor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Suganuma
- Department of Anatomy and Reproductive Biology, University of Hawaii School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
178
|
Hirabayashi M, Kato M, Ishikawa A, Kaneko R, Yagi T, Hochi S. Factors affecting production of transgenic rats by ICSI-mediated DNA transfer: effects of sonication and freeze-thawing of spermatozoa, rat strains for sperm and oocyte donors, and different constructs of exogenous DNA. Mol Reprod Dev 2005; 70:422-8. [PMID: 15685640 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Factors affecting the efficiency of producing transgenic rats by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)-mediated DNA transfer were investigated. Epididymal spermatozoa from Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were sonicated and/or frozen-thawed for cutting the tail and membrane disruption. The sperm heads were exposed for 1 min to different concentrations (0.02-2.5 microg/ml) of 3.0 kb enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) DNA solution, and then microinjected into the denuded F1 hybrid (Donryu x LEW) rat oocytes. The optimal concentration of EGFP DNA solution was 0.1 microg/ml, as determined by the in vitro developmental competence into morulae/blastocysts of the ICSI oocytes and the EGFP expression of the resultant embryos. The efficiency of producing transgenic rat offspring (per transferred zygote) was 2.8%, 1.6%, and 3.3% in the oocytes injected with sonicated, frozen-thawed, and sonicated + frozen-thawed sperm heads, respectively. The founder transgenic rats carrying the EGFP gene transmitted their transgenes to their progeny according to the Mendelian fashion, suggesting the stable incorporation of the transgenes into the rat genomes. Four rat strains (F344, LEW, Donryu, and SD) were compared for their suitability as sperm/oocyte donors for the production of transgenic rats by ICSI with sonicated, frozen-thawed and solution of EGFP DNA-exposed sperm heads. The efficiency of producing transgenic rats in the SD strain (8.2%) was higher than that in the LEW strain (0.9%), while those in the F344 and Donryu strains (4.3%-4.4%) were intermediate. One plasmid DNA (Fyn, 5.0 kb) and two BAC DNA (BAC/Fyn, 208 kb; Svet1/IRES-Cre, 186 kb) were successfully introduced into the SD rat genomes via ICSI, with the producing efficiencies of 2.8%, 0.9%, and 2.4%, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Hirabayashi
- Center for Brain Experiment, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
179
|
Naruse K, Ishikawa H, Kawano HO, Ueda H, Kurome M, Miyazaki K, Endo M, Sawasaki T, Nagashima H, Makuuchi M. Production of a transgenic pig expressing human albumin and enhanced green fluorescent protein. J Reprod Dev 2005; 51:539-46. [PMID: 15947455 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.16073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduced a fusion gene of human albumin and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) into porcine oocytes using the sperm vector method, and produced a piglet that showed clear expression of GFP in the hooves and skin. PCR and Southern blotting analysis of genomic DNA extracted from the piglet's tissues, including the liver, showed that the tissues carried the transgene. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that both the human albumin and EGFP genes were expressed in the tissues. The fact that human albumin gene was integrated and expressed in the liver of the transgenic pig opened a way for us to achieve our goal, which was the use of transgenic pigs for the bioartificial liver support system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsutoshi Naruse
- Division of Artificial Organs & Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
180
|
Kaneko T, Moisyadi S, Suganuma R, Hohn B, Yanagimachi R, Pelczar P. Recombinase-mediated mouse transgenesis by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Theriogenology 2005; 64:1704-15. [PMID: 15950270 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Revised: 04/05/2005] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The low efficiency of current microinjection-based animal transgenesis techniques is largely the result of poor embryo survival. We have developed a new, bacterial recombinase-based transgenesis method. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) of single stranded DNA (ssDNA) complexed with E. coli recombinase RecA into mouse metaphaseII (MII) arrested oocytes resulted in RecA-dependent transgenesis. This approach offers significant advantages over pronuclear microinjection and previous ICSI-based transgenesis approaches in terms of improved embryo survival, which translates into greater transgenesis efficiency. It also opens the possibility to attempt experiments, which may affect gene targeting by homologous recombination into DNA of mammalian single celled pre-implantation embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takehito Kaneko
- Department of Anatomy and Reproductive Biology, University of Hawaii School of Medicine, HI 96822, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
181
|
Abstract
Recent developments in studies of sperm-mediated gene transfer (SMGT) now provide solid ground for the notion that sperm cells can act as vectors for exogenous genetic sequences. A substantive body of evidence indicates that SMGT is potentially useable in animal transgenesis, but also suggests that the final fate of the exogenous sequences transferred by sperm is not always predictable. The analysis of SMGT-derived offspring has shown the existence of integrated foreign sequences in some cases, while in others stable modifications of the genome are difficult to detect. The appearance of SMGT-derived modified offspring on the one hand and, on the other hand, the rarity of actual modification of the genome, suggest inheritance as extrachromosomal structures. Several specific factors have been identified that mediate distinct steps in SMGT. Among those, a prominent role is played by an endogenous reverse transcriptase of retrotransposon origin. Mature spermatozoa are naturally protected against the intrusion of foreign nucleic acid molecules; however, particular environmental conditions, such as those occurring during human assisted reproduction, can abolish this protection. The possibility that sperm cells under these conditions carry genetic sequences affecting the integrity or identity of the host genome should be critically considered. These considerations further suggest the possibility that SMGT events may occasionally take place in nature, with profound implications for evolutionary processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Smith
- School of Contemporary Sciences, University of Abertay, Dundee, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
182
|
Koo BC, Kwon MS, Choi BR, Lee HT, Choi HJ, Kim JH, Kim NH, Jeon I, Chang W, Kim T. Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer and expression of EGFP in chicken. Mol Reprod Dev 2005; 68:429-34. [PMID: 15236326 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Here, we successfully demonstrate expression of the EGFP (enhanced green fluorescence protein) gene in chickens using replication-defective MLV (murine leukemia virus)-based retrovirus vectors encapsidated with VSV-G (vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein). The recombinant retrovirus was injected beneath the blastoderm of non-incubated chicken embryos (stage X). After 12 days incubation, all of the eight living embryos assayed were found to express this vector-encoded EGFP gene, which was under the control of the RSV (Rous Sarcoma Virus) promoter, in diverse organ tissues, including head, beak, neck, wing, hock, tail, toes, heart, amnion, and yolk sac. Surprisingly, despite the presumed cytotoxicity of EGFP, some embryos hatched and survived and these had prominent green fluorescent spots, both in internal organs and externally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bon Chul Koo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
183
|
Shiokawa D, Matsushita T, Kobayashi T, Matsumoto Y, Tanuma SI. Characterization of the human DNAS1L2 gene and the molecular mechanism for its transcriptional activation induced by inflammatory cytokines. Genomics 2005; 84:95-105. [PMID: 15203207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2004.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2003] [Accepted: 02/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
DNAS1L2, a member of the DNase I-like endonuclease family, is the only divalent cation-dependent acid DNase so far identified in mammals. The presence of a proline-rich domain (PRD) is its unique feature among family members. We found that a novel transcript encoding a short product, DNAS1L2-S, is expressed in peripheral blood leukocytes. Although DNAS1L2-S lacks the PRD, its enzymatic properties are apparently the same as those of the previously identified long form, DNAS1L2-L. Sequence analysis reveals that DNAS1L2 consists of seven exons. The exon/intron boundaries agree with the GT/AG rule with one exception: GC replaces GT at the 5' splice site in the sixth intron. TNF-alpha and IL-1beta are found to be potent inducers of DNAS1L2 expression in keratinocytes. They induce DNAS1L2 activation via the NF-kappaB pathway, and an NF-kappaB binding site located within the 5' flanking region is identified as the cis-responsive element.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Shiokawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
184
|
Zheng P, Schramm RD, Latham KE. Developmental regulation and in vitro culture effects on expression of DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint control genes in rhesus monkey oocytes and embryos. Biol Reprod 2005; 72:1359-69. [PMID: 15703371 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.039073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA repair is essential for maintaining genomic integrity, and may be required in the early embryo to correct damage inherited via the gametes, damage that arises during DNA replication, or damage that arises in response to exposure to genotoxic agents. The capacity of preimplantation stage mammalian embryos to repair damaged DNA has not been well characterized, particularly in primate embryos. In this study, we examined the expression of 48 mRNAs related to sensing different kinds of DNA damage, repairing that DNA damage, and controlling the cell cycle to provide an opportunity for DNA repair. The expression data reveal dynamic temporal changes, indicating a changing ability of the rhesus embryo to detect and repair different kinds of DNA damage. Low expression or overexpression of specific DNA repair genes may limit the ability of the embryo to respond to DNA damage at certain stages. Additionally, our data reveal that in vitro culture may lead to dysregulation of many such genes and a potentially impaired ability to repair DNA damage, thus affecting cellular viability and long-term embryo viability via effects on genome integrity. This effect of in vitro culture on nonhuman primate embryos may be relevant to assessing the potential advantages and disadvantages of prolonged in vitro culture of human embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zheng
- The Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
185
|
Yanagimachi R. Intracytoplasmic injection of spermatozoa and spermatogenic cells: its biology and applications in humans and animals. Reprod Biomed Online 2005; 10:247-88. [PMID: 15823233 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60947-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has become the method of choice to overcome male infertility when all other forms of assisted fertilization have failed. Animals in which ICSI has produced normal offspring include many species. Success rate with normal spermatozoa is well above 50% in the mouse but ICSI success rates in other animals have been low, ranging from 0.3 to 16.5%. Mouse ICSI revealed that spermatozoa that cannot participate in normal fertilization can produce normal offspring by ICSI, provided their nuclei are genomically intact. Human ICSI using infertile spermatozoa has been highly successful perhaps because of the intrinsic instability of human sperm plasma membrane. The health of children born after ICSI and other assisted fertilization techniques is of major concern. Careful analyses suggest that higher incidences of congenital malformations and/or low birth weights after assisted fertilization are largely attributable to parental genetic background and increased incidence of multiple births, rather than to the techniques of assisted fertilization. Since the physiological and nutritional environments of developing embryos may cause persisting alteration in DNA methylation, extreme caution must be exercised in handling gametes and embryos in vitro. In the mouse, round spermatid injection (ROSI) has been routinely successful but its use in humans is controversial. Whether human ROSI and assisted fertilization involving younger spermatogenic cells are medically safe must be the subject of further investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuzo Yanagimachi
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, University of Hawaii Medical School, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Ogura A, Ogonuki N, Miki H, Inoue K. Microinsemination and Nuclear Transfer Using Male Germ Cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2005; 246:189-229. [PMID: 16164969 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(05)46005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Microinsemination has been widely used in basic reproductive research and in human-assisted reproductive technology for treating infertility. Historically, microinsemination in mammals started with research on the golden hamster; since then, it has provided invaluable information on the mechanisms of mammalian fertilization. Thanks to advances in animal genetic engineering and germ-cell technologies, microinsemination techniques are now used extensively to identify the biological significance of genes of interest or to confirm the genetic normality of gametes produced by experimental manipulations in vitro. Fortunately, in mice, high rates of embryo development to offspring can be obtained so long as postmeiotic spermatogenic cells are used as male gametes-that is, round spermatids, elongated spermatids, and spermatozoa. For some other mammalian species, using immature spermatogenic cells significantly decreases the efficiency of microinsemination. Physically unstable chromatin and low oocyte-activating capacity are the major causes of fertilization failure. The youngest male germ cells, including primordial germ cells and gonocytes, can be used in the construction of diploid embryos by nuclear-transfer cloning. The cloned embryos obtained in this way provide invaluable information on the erasure and reestablishment of genomic imprinting in germ cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuo Ogura
- RIKEN Bioresource Center, 3-1-1, Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
187
|
Wakayama S, Ohta H, Kishigami S, Thuan NV, Hikichi T, Mizutani E, Miyake M, Wakayama T. Establishment of male and female nuclear transfer embryonic stem cell lines from different mouse strains and tissues. Biol Reprod 2004; 72:932-6. [PMID: 15601921 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.035105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear transfer can be used to generate embryonic stem cell lines from somatic cells, and these have great potential in regenerative medicine. However, it is still unclear whether any individual or cell type can be used to generate such lines. Here, we tested seven different male and female mouse genotypes and three cell types as sources of nuclei to determine the efficiency of establishing nuclear transfer embryonic stem cell lines. Lines were successfully established from all sources. Cumulus cell nuclei from F(1) mouse genotypes showed a significantly higher cumulative establishment rate from reconstructed oocytes than from other cells; however, there were no genotype differences in success rates from cloned blastocysts. Thus, the overall success depends on preimplantation development, and, once embryos have reached the blastocyst stage, the genotype differences disappear. All mouse genotypes that were tested demonstrated at least one cell line that subsequently contributed to germline transmission in chimeric mice, so these cell lines clearly possess the same potential as embryonic stem cells derived from fertilized embryos. Thus, nuclear transfer embryonic stem cells can be generated relatively easily from a variety of inbred mouse genotypes and cell types of both sexes, even though it may be more difficult to generate clones directly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Wakayama
- Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN Kobe, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
188
|
Nicopoullos JDM, Almeida PA, Ramsay JWA, Gilling-Smith C. The effect of human immunodeficiency virus on sperm parameters and the outcome of intrauterine insemination following sperm washing. Hum Reprod 2004; 19:2289-97. [PMID: 15242991 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deh426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This is the first study to assess the outcome of sperm washing and intrauterine insemination (IUI) cycles in human immunodeficiency virus-positive (HIV(+)) men to determine any predictors of success, as well as evaluating the effect of HIV on sperm parameters. METHODS Semen characteristics were evaluated in 106 HIV(+) men and a control group of 234 HIV(-) men, and the effect of markers of HIV disease assessed. Age, stimulation regime, sperm parameters, markers of HIV disease and the use of anti-retrovirals were assessed as predictors of the outcome of sperm washing/IUI cycles in the HIV(+) men. RESULTS Ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, total count, progressive motility and normal morphology were all significantly higher in the control group compared to the HIV(+) men (P<0.05). A significant positive correlation was observed between CD4 count and sperm concentration, total count, motility, progressive motility type 'a'+'b' and post-preparation concentration and a significant negative correlation with normal sperm morphology of both raw and post-preparation samples. No correlation was observed between viral load (VL), years since diagnosis, use of anti-retrovirals or duration of use and any sperm parameter. The only factors that significantly improved IUI outcome were a VL <1000 copies/ml and the use of anti-retrovirals. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that sperm parameters are significantly impaired by the presence of HIV infection and in particular correlate with CD4 count. Undetectable VL and the use of anti-retrovirals improve the outcome of IUI/sperm washing in HIV(+) men.
Collapse
|
189
|
Kwon MS, Koo BC, Choi BR, Lee HT, Kim YH, Ryu WS, Shim H, Kim JH, Kim NH, Kim T. Development of transgenic chickens expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 320:442-8. [PMID: 15219848 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2004] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work we demonstrated the successful production of transgenic chickens expressing the enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) gene. Replication-defective recombinant retroviruses produced from vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein pseudotyped retrovirus vector system were injected beneath the blastoderm of non-incubated chicken embryos (stage X). From 129 injected eggs, 13 chicks hatched after 21 days of incubation. All hatched chicks were found to express vector-encoded EGFP gene, which was under the control of the Rous sarcoma virus promoter and boosted post-transcriptionally by woodchuck hepatitis virus post-transcriptional regulatory element sequence. Green fluorescent signals, indicative of the EGFP gene expression, were detected in various body parts, including head, limb, eye, toe, and several internal organs. Genomic incorporation of the transgene was also proven by Southern blot assay. Our results show the exceptional versatile effectiveness of the EGFP gene as a marker in the gene expression-related studies which therefore would be very helpful in establishing a useful transgenic chicken model system for studies on embryo development and for efficient production of transgenic chickens as bioreactors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mo Sun Kwon
- Department of Physiology, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
190
|
Oatley JM, de Avila DM, Reeves JJ, McLean DJ. Spermatogenesis and Germ Cell Transgene Expression in Xenografted Bovine Testicular Tissue1. Biol Reprod 2004; 71:494-501. [PMID: 15070832 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.027953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the development of spermatogenesis and utility of using electroporation to stably transfect germ cells with the beta-galactosidase gene in neonatal bovine testicular tissue ectopically xenografted onto the backs of recipient nude mice. Bull testicular tissue from 4-wk donor calves, which contains a germ cell population consisting solely of gonocytes or undifferentiated spermatogonia, was grafted onto the backs of castrated adult recipient nude mice. Testicular grafts significantly increased in weight throughout the grafting period and the timing of germ cell differentiation in grafted tissue was consistent with postnatal testis development in vivo relative to the bull. Seminiferous tubule diameter also significantly increased with advancing time after grafting. At 1 wk after grafting, gonocytes in the seminiferous cords completed migration to the basement membrane and differentiated germ cell types could be observed 24 wk after grafting. The presence of elongating spermatids at 24 wk confirmed that germ cell differentiation occurred in the bovine tissue. Leydig cells in the grafted bovine tissue were also capable of producing testosterone in the castrated recipient mice from 4 wk to 24 wk after grafting at concentrations that were similar to levels in intact, nongrafted control mice. The testicular tissue that had been electroporated with a beta-galactosidase expression vector showed tubule-specific transgene expression 24 wk after grafting. Histological analysis showed that transgene expression was present in both Sertoli and differentiated germ cells but not in interstitial cells. The system reported here has the potential to be used for generation of transgenic bovine spermatozoa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon M Oatley
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
191
|
Moreira PN, Giraldo P, Cozar P, Pozueta J, Jiménez A, Montoliu L, Gutiérrez-Adán A. Efficient generation of transgenic mice with intact yeast artificial chromosomes by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Biol Reprod 2004; 71:1943-7. [PMID: 15286029 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.032904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of animals with large transgenes is an increasingly valuable tool in biotechnology and for genetic studies, including the characterization and manipulation of large genes and polygenic traits. In the present study, we describe an intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) method for the stable incorporation and phenotypic expression of large yeast artificial chromosomes (YAC) constructs of submegabase and megabase magnitude. By coinjecting spermatozoa and YACs into metaphase II oocytes, we were able to produce founders exhibiting germline transmission of an intact and functional transgene of 250 kilobases, carrying the mouse tyrosinase locus, used here as a reporter gene to rescue the albinism of recipient mice. More than 35% transgenesis was obtained for this YAC transgene. When compared with the pronuclear microinjection standard method, the efficiency of the ICSI-mediated YAC transfer system was significantly greater. In summary, we describe, for the first time, stable incorporation in the host genome and correct phenotypic expression of large DNA constructs mediated by ICSI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro N Moreira
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
192
|
Chan AWS. Transgenic nonhuman primates for neurodegenerative diseases. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2004; 2:39. [PMID: 15200672 PMCID: PMC441412 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-2-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2004] [Accepted: 06/16/2004] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models that represent human diseases constitute an important tool in understanding the pathogenesis of the diseases, and in developing effective therapies. Neurodegenerative diseases are complex disorders involving neuropathologic and psychiatric alterations. Although transgenic and knock-in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease, (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD) have been created, limited representation in clinical aspects has been recognized and the rodent models lack true neurodegeneration. Chemical induction of HD and PD in nonhuman primates (NHP) has been reported, however, the role of intrinsic genetic factors in the development of the diseases is indeterminable. Nonhuman primates closely parallel humans with regard to genetic, neuroanatomic, and cognitive/behavioral characteristics. Accordingly, the development of NHP models for neurodegenerative diseases holds greater promise for success in the discovery of diagnoses, treatments, and cures than approaches using other animal species. Therefore, a transgenic NHP carrying a mutant gene similar to that of patients will help to clarify our understanding of disease onset and progression. Additionally, monitoring disease onset and development in the transgenic NHP by high resolution brain imaging technology such as MRI, and behavioral and cognitive testing can all be carried out simultaneously in the NHP but not in other animal models. Moreover, because of the similarity in motor repertoire between NHPs and humans, it will also be possible to compare the neurologic syndrome observed in the NHP model to that in patients. Understanding the correlation between genetic defects and physiologic changes (e.g. oxidative damage) will lead to a better understanding of disease progression and the development of patient treatments, medications and preventive approaches for high risk individuals. The impact of the transgenic NHP model in understanding the role which genetic disorders play in the development of efficacious interventions and medications is foreseeable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W S Chan
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
193
|
Kanatsu-Shinohara M, Toyokuni S, Shinohara T. Transgenic mice produced by retroviral transduction of male germ line stem cells in vivo. Biol Reprod 2004; 71:1202-7. [PMID: 15189822 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.031294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cells are the only stem cells in the postnatal body that can transmit parental genetic information to the offspring, making them an attractive target cell population for animal transgenesis. Although transgenic mice and rats were recently produced by retrovirus transduction of these cells in vitro, with transplantation of the transduced cells into infertile recipients, the difficulty of restoring fertility and preparing recipients using spermatogonial transplantation limits practical application of the technique. In this article, we describe a novel approach for producing transgenic animals by transducing spermatogonial stem cells in vivo using a retrovirus vector. Microinjection of retrovirus into immature seminiferous tubules resulted in the direct transduction of spermatogonial stem cells in situ, and the animals produced transgenic offspring after mating with females. Transgenic mice were produced in C57BL/6, BALB/C, A, and C3H backgrounds, with an average efficiency of 2.8%. The transgene was transmitted stably and expressed in the next generation. The technique overcomes the drawback of the in vitro-transduction approach, and will be useful as a novel method for producing transgenic animals as well as providing a means for analyzing the self-renewal and differentiation processes of spermatogonial stem cells in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mito Kanatsu-Shinohara
- Horizontal Medical Research Organization, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Yoshida-Konoe, Kyoto, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
194
|
Smith KR. Gene Therapy: The Potential Applicability of Gene Transfer Technology to the Human Germline. Int J Med Sci 2004; 1:76-91. [PMID: 15912200 PMCID: PMC1074716 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.1.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2004] [Accepted: 05/14/2004] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The theoretical possibility of applying gene transfer methodologies to the human germline is explored. Transgenic methods for genetically manipulating embryos may in principle be applied to humans. In particular, microinjection of retroviral vector appears to hold the greatest promise, with transgenic primates already obtained from this approach. Sperm-mediated gene transfer offers potentially the easiest route to the human germline, however the requisite methodology is presently underdeveloped. Nuclear transfer (cloning) offers an alternative approach to germline genetic modification, however there are major health concerns associated with current nuclear transfer methods. It is concluded that human germline gene therapy remains for all practical purposes a future possibility that must await significant and important advances in gene transfer technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Smith
- School of Contemporary Sciences, University of Abertay, Dundee, DD1 1HG, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
Soffer Y. Azoospermies non obstructives; facteurs prédictifs du prélèvement testiculaire et risques de la fécondation assistée. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03035466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
196
|
Nicopoullos JDM, Frodsham LCG, Ramsay JWA, Almeida PA, Rozis G, Gilling-Smith C. Synchronous sperm retrieval and sperm washing in an intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycle in an azoospermic man who was positive for human immunodeficiency virus. Fertil Steril 2004; 81:670-4. [PMID: 15037418 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2003] [Revised: 08/27/2003] [Accepted: 08/27/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present the first reported case of synchronous sperm retrieval followed by sperm washing before an intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycle in an HIV-positive azoospermic man. DESIGN Case report. SETTING Assisted reproduction center. PATIENT(S) A 40-year-old HIV-positive man with obstructive azoospermia due to vasal aplasia. INTERVENTION(S) Synchronous sperm retrieval, sperm washing, nucleic acid-based sequence amplification testing, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Successful sperm retrieval sufficient for sperm washing and fertilization. RESULT(S) Sufficient quantity of spermatozoa for washing was obtained at epididymal aspiration. After the wash, HIV ribonucleic acid (RNA) was undetectable with nucleic acid-based sequence amplification testing, enabling injection of oocytes collected after routine gonadotropin superovulation. Of seven oocytes collected from the 39-year-old woman partner, six were injected and five fertilized (83%). Three embryos were transferred on day 2. The pregnancy test was negative on this occasion. CONCLUSION(S) This case demonstrates that sperm washing can be applied in cases of sperm retrieval where sperm volume and density is low, allowing the treatment of azoospermic HIV-positive men.
Collapse
|
197
|
Kishigami S, Wakayama S, Nguyen VT, Wakayama T. Similar time restriction for intracytoplasmic sperm injection and round spermatid injection into activated oocytes for efficient offspring production. Biol Reprod 2004; 70:1863-9. [PMID: 14985245 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.103.025171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The injection of male haploid germ cells, such as spermatozoa and round spermatids, into preactivated mouse oocytes can result in the development of viable embryos and offspring. However, it is not clear how the timing of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and round spermatid injection (ROSI) affects the production of offspring. We carried out ICSI and ROSI every 20 min for up to 4 h after the activation of mouse oocytes by Sr(2+) and compared the late-stage development of ICSI- and ROSI- treated oocytes, including the formation of pronuclei, blastocyst formation, and offspring production. The rate of pronucleus formation (RPF) after carrying out ICSI started to decrease from >95% at 100 min following oocyte activation and declined to <20% by 180 min. In comparison, RPF by ROSI decreased gradually from >70% between 0 and 4 h after activation. The RPFs were closely correlated with blastocyst formation. Offspring production for both ICSI and ROSI decreased significantly when injections were conducted after 100 min, a time at which activated oocytes were in the early G1 stage of the cell cycle. These results suggest that spermatozoa and round spermatids have different potentials for inducing the formation of a male pronucleus in activated oocytes, but ICSI and ROSI are both subject to the same time constraint for the efficient production of offspring, which is determined by the cell cycle of the activated oocyte.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kishigami
- Laboratory for Genome Reprogramming, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
198
|
Kurita K, Burgess SM, Sakai N. Transgenic zebrafish produced by retroviral infection of in vitro-cultured sperm. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:1263-7. [PMID: 14745028 PMCID: PMC337041 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0304265101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic modification of sperm before fertilization has distinct advantages over conventional transgenic methods. The primary advantage is that the mosaicism inherent in those other techniques is avoided. A culture system using primary cultures of zebrafish male germ cells, in which the differentiation from spermatogonia to functional sperm can occur in vitro, provides the opportunity for genetic modification of sperm in vitro. Here, we report the production of transgenic zebrafish from cultured sperm. The sperm were differentiated from premeiotic germ cells infected with a pseudotyped retrovirus in vitro. The collected sperm were used to perform successful in vitro fertilizations, and transgenic embryos were identified. The transgenic fish transmitted the proviral integration to the next generation in a Mendelian fashion. We report the generation of a transgenic animal by cultured sperm and open the door to many exciting possibilities for the rapid generation of transgenic lines in model organisms such as zebrafish or other animal systems that are otherwise intractable to transgenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayoko Kurita
- Department of Marine Bioscience and Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Obama 917-0003, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
199
|
Hewitson L, Simerly CR, Schatten G. ICSI, male pronuclear remodeling and cell cycle checkpoints. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2004; 518:199-210. [PMID: 12817688 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9190-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hewitson
- Pittsburgh Development Center, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
200
|
Rho GJ, Lee SL, Kim YS, Yeo HJ, Ock SA, Balasubramanian S, Choe SY. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection of frozen-thawed bovine oocytes and subsequent embryo development. Mol Reprod Dev 2004; 68:449-55. [PMID: 15236329 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Oocyte cryopreservation and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) are advantageous to expand their usefulness in genetic engineering. Oocytes matured for 22 hr were vitrified in droplets of cryoprotectants (3.2 M ethylene glycol (EG), 2.36 M dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 0.6 M sucrose) on copper electron microscope (EM) grids. After being warmed, the oocytes were cultured in IVM medium for an additional 2 hr. Sperm treated with dithiothreitol were utilized for ICSI. Oocytes injected with sperm were activated by combination of ionomycin with cycloheximide (CHX). The ICSI oocytes were compared for the rates of pronuclear formation, development, cell number, and the ratio of ICM to those of fresh ICSI and IVF control. The proportion of 2PN formation was significantly higher in IVF control (Group 1) than those in other treated groups. Among the treated groups a significant lower 2PN formation was observed in IVF-frozen-thawed than in ICSI-fresh and frozen-thawed groups. Cleavage rates in IVF-frozen-thawed and ICSI-frozen-thawed groups were significantly lower than those of IVF control and ICSI-fresh groups. In ICSI groups, the rates of cleavage and blastocyst in fresh oocytes were significantly higher than in frozen-thawed. Development rates into blastocysts in the ICSI-fresh and frozen-thawed groups were significantly lower than that of IVF control. Total cell number was significantly lower in both frozen-thawed IVF and ICSI groups than those in IVF-control and ICSI-fresh groups. However, the rates of the remaining cells that were found in the ICM were significantly higher in both frozen-thawed IVF and ICSI than in the IVF-control and ICSI-fresh groups. The results indicated that frozen-thawed bovine oocytes were suitable for ICSI procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gyu-Jin Rho
- Department of Obstetrics and Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Chinju, Republic of Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|