151
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Roy NH, Burkhardt JK. The Actin Cytoskeleton: A Mechanical Intermediate for Signal Integration at the Immunological Synapse. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:116. [PMID: 30283780 PMCID: PMC6156151 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunological synapse (IS) is a specialized structure that serves as a platform for cell-cell communication between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell (APC). Engagement of the T cell receptor (TCR) with cognate peptide-MHC complexes on the APC activates the T cell and instructs its differentiation. Proper T cell activation also requires engagement of additional receptor-ligand pairs, which promote sustained adhesion and deliver costimulatory signals. These events are orchestrated by T cell actin dynamics, which organize IS components and facilitate their signaling. The actin network flows from the edge of the cell inward, driving the centralization of TCR microclusters and providing the force to activate the integrin LFA-1. We recently showed that engagement of LFA-1 slows actin flow, and that this affects TCR signaling. This study highlights the physical nature of the IS, and contributes to a growing appreciation in the field that mechanosensing and mechanotransduction are essential for IS function. Additionally, it is becoming clear that there are multiple types of actin structures at the IS that promote signaling in distinct ways. How the different actin structures contribute to force production and mechanotransduction is just beginning to be explored. In this Perspective, we will feature recent work from our lab and others, that collectively points toward a model in which actin dynamics drive mechanical signaling and receptor crosstalk during T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan H Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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152
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Neve-Oz Y, Sajman J, Razvag Y, Sherman E. InterCells: A Generic Monte-Carlo Simulation of Intercellular Interfaces Captures Nanoscale Patterning at the Immune Synapse. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2051. [PMID: 30254635 PMCID: PMC6141710 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular interactions across intercellular interfaces serve to convey information between cells and to trigger appropriate cell functions. Examples include cell development and growth in tissues, neuronal and immune synapses (ISs). Here, we introduce an agent-based Monte-Carlo simulation of user-defined cellular interfaces. The simulation allows for membrane molecules, embedded at intercellular contacts, to diffuse and interact, while capturing the topography and energetics of the plasma membranes of the interface. We provide a detailed example related to pattern formation in the early IS. Using simulation predictions and three-color single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM), we detected the intricate mutual patterning of T cell antigen receptors (TCRs), integrins and glycoproteins in early T cell contacts with stimulating coverslips. The simulation further captures the dynamics of the patterning under the experimental conditions and at the IS with antigen presenting cells (APCs). Thus, we provide a generic tool for simulating realistic cell-cell interfaces, which can be used for critical hypothesis testing and experimental design in an iterative manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Neve-Oz
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Julia Sajman
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yair Razvag
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eilon Sherman
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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153
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T cell microvilli constitute immunological synaptosomes that carry messages to antigen-presenting cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3630. [PMID: 30194420 PMCID: PMC6128830 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvilli on T cells have been proposed to survey surfaces of antigen-presenting cells (APC) or facilitate adhesion under flow; however, whether they serve essential functions during T cell activation remains unclear. Here we show that antigen-specific T cells deposit membrane particles derived from microvilli onto the surface of cognate antigen-bearing APCs. Microvilli carry T cell receptors (TCR) at all stages of T cell activation and are released as large TCR-enriched, T cell microvilli particles (TMP) in a process of trogocytosis. These microvilli exclusively contain protein arrestin-domain-containing protein 1, which is directly involved in membrane budding and, in combination with vacuolar protein-sorting-associated protein 4, transforms large TMPs into smaller, exosome-sized TMPs. Notably, TMPs from CD4+ T cells are enriched with LFA-2/CD2 and various cytokines involved in activating dendritic cells. Collectively, these results demonstrate that T cell microvilli constitute “immunological synaptosomes” that carry T cell messages to APCs. Microvilli can participate in adhesion or migration of T cells, but whether they are involved in function regulation is unclear. Here the authors show that T cell microvilli form budding vesicles containing T cell signalling components for deposition onto antigen presenting cells (APC) and modulation of APC functions.
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154
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Rossboth B, Arnold AM, Ta H, Platzer R, Kellner F, Huppa JB, Brameshuber M, Baumgart F, Schütz GJ. TCRs are randomly distributed on the plasma membrane of resting antigen-experienced T cells. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:821-827. [PMID: 30013143 PMCID: PMC6071872 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The main function of T cells is to identify harmful antigens as quickly and precisely as possible. Super-resolution microscopy data have indicated that global clustering of T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) occurs before T cell activation. Such pre-activation clustering has been interpreted as representing a potential regulatory mechanism that fine tunes the T cell response. We found here that apparent TCR nanoclustering could be attributed to overcounting artifacts inherent to single-molecule-localization microscopy. Using complementary super-resolution approaches and statistical image analysis, we found no indication of global nanoclustering of TCRs on antigen-experienced CD4+ T cells under non-activating conditions. We also used extensive simulations of super-resolution images to provide quantitative limits for the degree of randomness of the TCR distribution. Together our results suggest that the distribution of TCRs on the plasma membrane is optimized for fast recognition of antigen in the first phase of T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haisen Ta
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - René Platzer
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Kellner
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes B Huppa
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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155
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Feng Y, Reinherz EL, Lang MJ. αβ T Cell Receptor Mechanosensing Forces out Serial Engagement. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:596-609. [PMID: 30060805 PMCID: PMC6154790 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes use αβ T cell receptors (TCRs) to recognize
sparse antigenic peptides bound to MHC molecules (pMHCs) arrayed on
antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Contrary to conventional receptor–ligand
associations exemplified by antigen-antibody interactions, forces play a crucial
role in nonequilibrium mechanosensor-based T cell activation. Both T cell
motility and local cytoskeleton machinery exert forces (i.e., generate loads) on
TCR–pMHC bonds. We review biological features of the load-dependent
activation process as revealed by optical tweezers single molecule/single cell
and other biophysical measurements. The findings link pMHC-triggered TCRs to
single cytoskeletal motors; define the importance of energized anisotropic
(i.e., force direction dependent) activation; and characterize immunological
synapse formation as digital, revealing no serial requirement. The emerging
picture suggests new approaches for the monitoring and design of cytotoxic T
lymphocyte (CTL)-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinnian Feng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Ellis L Reinherz
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Matthew J Lang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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156
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Cai H, Muller J, Depoil D, Mayya V, Sheetz MP, Dustin ML, Wind SJ. Full control of ligand positioning reveals spatial thresholds for T cell receptor triggering. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 13:610-617. [PMID: 29713075 PMCID: PMC6035778 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-018-0113-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the rules for receptor triggering in cell-cell and cell-matrix contacts requires precise control of ligand positioning in three dimensions. Here, we use the T cell receptor (TCR) as a model and subject T cells to different geometric arrangements of ligands, using a nanofabricated single-molecule array platform. This comprises monovalent TCR ligands anchored to lithographically patterned nanoparticle clusters surrounded by mobile adhesion molecules on a supported lipid bilayer. The TCR ligand could be co-planar with the supported lipid bilayer (2D), excluding the CD45 transmembrane tyrosine phosphatase, or elevated by 10 nm on solid nanopedestals (3D), allowing closer access of CD45 to engaged TCR. The two configurations resulted in different T cell responses, depending on the lateral spacing between the ligands. These results identify the important contributions of lateral and axial components of ligand positioning and create a more complete foundation for receptor engineering for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haogang Cai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - James Muller
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Depoil
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Viveka Mayya
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael P Sheetz
- Mechanobiology Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Shalom J Wind
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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157
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Goddard TD, Brilliant AA, Skillman TL, Vergenz S, Tyrwhitt-Drake J, Meng EC, Ferrin TE. Molecular Visualization on the Holodeck. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3982-3996. [PMID: 29964044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Can virtual reality be useful for visualizing and analyzing molecular structures and three-dimensional (3D) microscopy? Uses we are exploring include studies of drug binding to proteins and the effects of mutations, building accurate atomic models in electron microscopy and x-ray density maps, understanding how immune system cells move using 3D light microscopy, and teaching schoolchildren about biomolecules that are the machinery of life. Virtual reality (VR) offers immersive display with a wide field of view and head tracking for better perception of molecular architectures and uses 6-degree-of-freedom hand controllers for simple manipulation of 3D data. Conventional computer displays with trackpad, mouse and keyboard excel at two-dimensional tasks such as writing and studying research literature, uses for which VR technology is at present far inferior. Adding VR to the conventional computing environment could improve 3D capabilities if new user-interface problems can be solved. We have developed three VR applications: ChimeraX for analyzing molecular structures and electron and light microscopy data, AltPDB for collaborative discussions around atomic models, and Molecular Zoo for teaching young students characteristics of biomolecules. Investigations over three decades have produced an extensive literature evaluating the potential of VR in research and education. Consumer VR headsets are now affordable to researchers and educators, allowing direct tests of whether the technology is valuable in these areas. We survey here advantages and disadvantages of VR for molecular biology in the context of affordable and dramatically more powerful VR and graphics hardware than has been available in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Goddard
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Alan A Brilliant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | | | - James Tyrwhitt-Drake
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, NIH National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Elaine C Meng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Thomas E Ferrin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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158
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Gp41 dynamically interacts with the TCR in the immune synapse and promotes early T cell activation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9747. [PMID: 29950577 PMCID: PMC6021400 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 glycoprotein gp41 critically mediates CD4+ T-cell infection by HIV-1 during viral entry, assembly, and release. Although multiple immune-regulatory activities of gp41 have been reported, the underlying mechanisms of these activities remain poorly understood. Here we employed multi-colour single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) to resolve interactions of gp41 proteins with cellular proteins at the plasma membrane (PM) of fixed and live CD4+ T-cells with resolution of ~20–30 nm. We observed that gp41 clusters dynamically associated with the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) at the immune synapse upon TCR stimulation. This interaction, confirmed by FRET, depended on the virus clone, was reduced by the gp41 ectodomain in tight contacts, and was completely abrogated by mutation of the gp41 transmembrane domain. Strikingly, gp41 preferentially colocalized with phosphorylated TCRs at the PM of activated T-cells and promoted TCR phosphorylation. Gp41 expression also resulted in enhanced CD69 upregulation, and in massive cell death after 24–48 hrs. Our results shed new light on HIV-1 assembly mechanisms at the PM of host T-cells and its impact on TCR stimulation.
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159
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Martín-Cófreces NB, Sánchez-Madrid F. Sailing to and Docking at the Immune Synapse: Role of Tubulin Dynamics and Molecular Motors. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1174. [PMID: 29910809 PMCID: PMC5992405 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The different cytoskeleton systems and their connecting molecular motors move vesicles and intracellular organelles to shape cells. Polarized cells with specialized functions display an exquisite spatio-temporal regulation of both cytoskeletal and organelle arrangements that support their specific tasks. In particular, T cells rapidly change their shape and cellular function through the establishment of cell surface and intracellular polarity in response to a variety of cues. This review focuses on the contribution of the microtubule-based dynein/dynactin motor complex, the tubulin and actin cytoskeletons, and different organelles to the formation of the antigen-driven immune synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Beatriz Martín-Cófreces
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
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160
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161
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Ponjavic A, McColl J, Carr AR, Santos AM, Kulenkampff K, Lippert A, Davis SJ, Klenerman D, Lee SF. Single-Molecule Light-Sheet Imaging of Suspended T Cells. Biophys J 2018; 114:2200-2211. [PMID: 29742413 PMCID: PMC5961759 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immune responses are initiated by triggering of the T cell receptor. Single-molecule imaging based on total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy at coverslip/basal cell interfaces is commonly used to study this process. These experiments have suggested, unexpectedly, that the diffusional behavior and organization of signaling proteins and receptors may be constrained before activation. However, it is unclear to what extent the molecular behavior and cell state is affected by the imaging conditions, i.e., by the presence of a supporting surface. In this study, we implemented single-molecule light-sheet microscopy, which enables single receptors to be directly visualized at any plane in a cell to study protein dynamics and organization in live, resting T cells. The light sheet enabled the acquisition of high-quality single-molecule fluorescence images that were comparable to those of total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. By comparing the apical and basal surfaces of surface-contacting T cells using single-molecule light-sheet microscopy, we found that most coated-glass surfaces and supported lipid bilayers profoundly affected the diffusion of membrane proteins (T cell receptor and CD45) and that all the surfaces induced calcium influx to various degrees. Our results suggest that, when studying resting T cells, surfaces are best avoided, which we achieve here by suspending cells in agarose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleks Ponjavic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James McColl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander R Carr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Mafalda Santos
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Klara Kulenkampff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Lippert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Davis
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - David Klenerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Steven F Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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162
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Brameshuber M, Kellner F, Rossboth BK, Ta H, Alge K, Sevcsik E, Göhring J, Axmann M, Baumgart F, Gascoigne NRJ, Davis SJ, Stockinger H, Schütz GJ, Huppa JB. Monomeric TCRs drive T cell antigen recognition. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:487-496. [PMID: 29662172 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
T cell antigen recognition requires T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) engaging MHC-embedded antigenic peptides (pMHCs) within the contact region of a T cell with its conjugated antigen-presenting cell. Despite micromolar TCR:pMHC affinities, T cells respond to even a single antigenic pMHC, and higher-order TCRs have been postulated to maintain high antigen sensitivity and trigger signaling. We interrogated the stoichiometry of TCRs and their associated CD3 subunits on the surface of living T cells through single-molecule brightness and single-molecule coincidence analysis, photon-antibunching-based fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and Förster resonance energy transfer measurements. We found exclusively monomeric TCR-CD3 complexes driving the recognition of antigenic pMHCs, which underscores the exceptional capacity of single TCR-CD3 complexes to elicit robust intracellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florian Kellner
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Haisen Ta
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kevin Alge
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Sevcsik
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Janett Göhring
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Axmann
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Nicholas R J Gascoigne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Simon J Davis
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hannes Stockinger
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Johannes B Huppa
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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163
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Jankowska KI, Williamson EK, Roy NH, Blumenthal D, Chandra V, Baumgart T, Burkhardt JK. Integrins Modulate T Cell Receptor Signaling by Constraining Actin Flow at the Immunological Synapse. Front Immunol 2018; 9:25. [PMID: 29403502 PMCID: PMC5778112 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Full T cell activation requires coordination of signals from multiple receptor–ligand pairs that interact in parallel at a specialized cell–cell contact site termed the immunological synapse (IS). Signaling at the IS is intimately associated with actin dynamics; T cell receptor (TCR) engagement induces centripetal flow of the T cell actin network, which in turn enhances the function of ligand-bound integrins by promoting conformational change. Here, we have investigated the effects of integrin engagement on actin flow, and on associated signaling events downstream of the TCR. We show that integrin engagement significantly decelerates centripetal flow of the actin network. In primary CD4+ T cells, engagement of either LFA-1 or VLA-4 by their respective ligands ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 slows actin flow. Slowing is greatest when T cells interact with low mobility integrin ligands, supporting a predominately drag-based mechanism. Using integrin ligands presented on patterned surfaces, we demonstrate that the effects of localized integrin engagement are distributed across the actin network, and that focal adhesion proteins, such as talin, vinculin, and paxillin, are recruited to sites of integrin engagement. Further analysis shows that talin and vinculin are interdependent upon one another for recruitment, and that ongoing actin flow is required. Suppression of vinculin or talin partially relieves integrin-dependent slowing of actin flow, indicating that these proteins serve as molecular clutches that couple engaged integrins to the dynamic actin network. Finally, we found that integrin-dependent slowing of actin flow is associated with reduction in tyrosine phosphorylation downstream of the TCR, and that this modulation of TCR signaling depends on expression of talin and vinculin. More generally, we found that integrin-dependent effects on actin retrograde flow were strongly correlated with effects on TCR signaling. Taken together, these studies support a model in which ligand-bound integrins engage the actin cytoskeletal network via talin and vinculin, and tune TCR signaling events by modulating actin dynamics at the IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna I Jankowska
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Edward K Williamson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nathan H Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Daniel Blumenthal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Vidhi Chandra
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tobias Baumgart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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164
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Wong HS, Germain RN. Robust control of the adaptive immune system. Semin Immunol 2017; 36:17-27. [PMID: 29290544 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The adaptive immune system continually faces unpredictable circumstances yet reproducibly counteracts invading pathogens while limiting damage to self. However, the system is dynamic in nature: many of its internal components are not fixed, but rather, fluctuate over time. This concept is exemplified by αβ T lymphocytes, which vary significantly from cell-to-cell in their spatiotemporal dynamics, antigen-binding receptors, and subcellular protein concentrations. How are reproducible immune functions achieved in the face of such variability? This design principle is known as robustness and requires the system to employ layered control schemes that both buffer and exploit different facets of cellular variation. In this article, we discuss these schemes and their applications to individual αβ T cell responses as well as integrated population level behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harikesh S Wong
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1892, USA.
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1892, USA.
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165
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Chowdhury S, Eldridge WJ, Wax A, Izatt JA. Structured illumination microscopy for dual-modality 3D sub-diffraction resolution fluorescence and refractive-index reconstruction. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:5776-5793. [PMID: 29296504 PMCID: PMC5745119 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.005776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Though structured illumination (SI) microscopy is a popular imaging technique conventionally associated with fluorescent super-resolution, recent works have suggested its applicability towards sub-diffraction resolution coherent imaging with quantitative endogenous biological contrast. Here, we demonstrate that SI can efficiently integrate together the principles of fluorescent super-resolution and coherent synthetic aperture to achieve 3D dual-modality sub-diffraction resolution, fluorescence and refractive-index (RI) visualizations of biological samples. We experimentally demonstrate this framework by introducing a SI microscope capable of 3D sub-diffraction resolution fluorescence and RI imaging, and verify its biological visualization capabilities by experimentally reconstructing 3D RI/fluorescence visualizations of fluorescent calibration microspheres as well as alveolar basal epithelial adenocarcinoma (A549) and human colorectal adenocarcinmoa (HT-29) cells, fluorescently stained for F-actin. This demonstration may suggest SI as an especially promising imaging technique to enable future biological studies that explore synergistically operating biophysical/biochemical and molecular mechanisms at sub-diffraction resolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwetadwip Chowdhury
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, 1427 FCIEMAS, 101 Science Drive Box 90281, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Will J. Eldridge
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, 1427 FCIEMAS, 101 Science Drive Box 90281, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Adam Wax
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, 1427 FCIEMAS, 101 Science Drive Box 90281, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Joseph A. Izatt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, 1427 FCIEMAS, 101 Science Drive Box 90281, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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166
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Mechanosensing in the immune response. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 71:137-145. [PMID: 28830744 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cells have a remarkable ability to sense and respond to the mechanical properties of their environment. Mechanosensing is essential for many phenomena, ranging from cell movements and tissue rearrangements to cell differentiation and the immune response. Cells of the immune system get activated when membrane receptors bind to cognate antigen on the surface of antigen presenting cells. Both T and B lymphocyte signaling has been shown to be responsive to physical forces and mechanical cues. Cytoskeletal forces exerted by cells likely mediate this mechanical modulation. Here, we discuss recent advances in the field of immune cell mechanobiology at the molecular and cellular scale.
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167
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Abstract
Leukocytes can completely reorganize their cytoskeletal architecture within minutes. This structural plasticity, which facilitates their migration and communicative function, also enables them to exert a substantial amount of mechanical force against the extracellular matrix and the surfaces of interacting cells. In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that these forces have crucial roles in immune cell activation and subsequent effector responses. Here, I review our current understanding of how mechanical force regulates cell-surface receptor activation, cell migration, intracellular signalling and intercellular communication, highlighting the biological ramifications of these effects in various immune cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Huse
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
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168
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Johnson DL, Wayt J, Wilson JM, Donaldson JG. Arf6 and Rab22 mediate T cell conjugate formation by regulating clathrin-independent endosomal membrane trafficking. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2405-2415. [PMID: 28584192 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.200477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosomal trafficking can influence the composition of the plasma membrane and the ability of cells to polarize their membranes. Here, we examined whether trafficking through clathrin-independent endocytosis (CIE) affects the ability of T cells to form a cell-cell conjugate with antigen-presenting cells (APCs). We show that CIE occurs in both the Jurkat T cell line and primary human T cells. In Jurkat cells, the activities of two guanine nucleotide binding proteins, Arf6 and Rab22 (also known as Rab22a), influence CIE and conjugate formation. Expression of the constitutively active form of Arf6, Arf6Q67L, inhibits CIE and conjugate formation, and results in the accumulation of vacuoles containing lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) and CD4, molecules important for T cell interaction with the APC. Moreover, expression of the GTP-binding defective mutant of Rab22, Rab22S19N, inhibits CIE and conjugate formation, suggesting that Rab22 function is required for these activities. Furthermore, Jurkat cells expressing Rab22S19N were impaired in spreading onto coverslips coated with T cell receptor-activating antibodies. These observations support a role for CIE, Arf6 and Rab22 in conjugate formation between T cells and APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra L Johnson
- Cell Biology & Physiology Center, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Jessica Wayt
- Cell Biology & Physiology Center, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jean M Wilson
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Julie G Donaldson
- Cell Biology & Physiology Center, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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169
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VanHook AM. Papers of note in
Science
356
(6338). Sci Signal 2017. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aan6391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
This week’s articles demonstrate how T cells search for ligands; a role for the endoplasmic reticulum in the nonclathrin-mediated endocytosis of a growth factor receptor; and growth coupling between distant bacterial colonies that enables the cells to share limited resources.
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