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van Bokhorst-van de Veen H, Abee T, Tempelaars M, Bron PA, Kleerebezem M, Marco ML. Short- and long-term adaptation to ethanol stress and its cross-protective consequences in Lactobacillus plantarum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:5247-56. [PMID: 21705551 PMCID: PMC3147428 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00515-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the molecular responses of Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 toward ethanol exposure. Global transcriptome profiling using DNA microarrays demonstrated adaptation of the microorganism to the presence of 8% ethanol over short (10-min and 30-min) and long (24-h) time intervals. A total of 57 genes were differentially expressed at all time points. Expression levels of an additional 859 and 873 genes were modulated after 30 min and 24 h of exposure to the solvent, respectively. Ethanol exposure led to induced expression of genes involved in citrate metabolism and cell envelope architecture, as well as canonical stress response pathways controlled by the central stress regulators HrcA and CtsR. Correspondingly, cells grown for 24 h in medium containing 8% ethanol exhibited higher levels of citrate consumption and modified cell membrane fatty acid composition and showed invaginating septa compared with cells grown in liquid medium without ethanol. In addition, these physiological changes resulted in cross-protection against high temperatures but not against several other stresses tested. To evaluate the role of HrcA and CtsR in ethanol tolerance, ctsR and hrcA gene deletion mutants were constructed. The growth rate of the L. plantarum ΔctsR::cat strain was impaired in de Man-Rogosa-Sharpe (MRS) medium containing 8% ethanol, whereas growth of the L. plantarum ΔhrcA::cat and ΔctsR ΔhrcA::cat mutants was indistinguishable from that of wild-type cells. Overall, these results suggest that the induction of CtsR class III stress responses provides cross-protection against heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermien van Bokhorst-van de Veen
- TI Food and Nutrition, Nieuwe Kanaal 9A, 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- NIZO food research, P.O. Box 20, 6710 BA Ede, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 8033, 6700 EJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tjakko Abee
- TI Food and Nutrition, Nieuwe Kanaal 9A, 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Tempelaars
- TI Food and Nutrition, Nieuwe Kanaal 9A, 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A. Bron
- TI Food and Nutrition, Nieuwe Kanaal 9A, 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- NIZO food research, P.O. Box 20, 6710 BA Ede, The Netherlands
- Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation/NCSB, P.O. Box 5057, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Kleerebezem
- TI Food and Nutrition, Nieuwe Kanaal 9A, 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- NIZO food research, P.O. Box 20, 6710 BA Ede, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 8033, 6700 EJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria L. Marco
- TI Food and Nutrition, Nieuwe Kanaal 9A, 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- NIZO food research, P.O. Box 20, 6710 BA Ede, The Netherlands
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
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152
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Heluane H, Evans MR, Dagher SF, Bruno-Bárcena JM. Meta-analysis and functional validation of nutritional requirements of solventogenic Clostridia growing under butanol stress conditions and coutilization of D-glucose and D-xylose. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:4473-85. [PMID: 21602379 PMCID: PMC3127714 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00116-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in systems biology, omics, and computational studies allow us to carry out data mining for improving biofuel production bioprocesses. Of particular interest are bioprocesses that center on microbial capabilities to biotransform both the hexose and pentose fractions present in crop residues. This called for a systematic exploration of the components of the media to obtain higher-density cultures and more-productive fermentation operations than are currently found. By using a meta-analysis approach of the transcriptional responses to butanol stress, we identified the nutritional requirements of solvent-tolerant strain Clostridium beijerinckii SA-1 (ATCC 35702). The nutritional requirements identified were later validated using the chemostat pulse-and-shift technique. C. beijerinckii SA-1 was cultivated in a two-stage single-feed-stream continuous production system to test the proposed validated medium formulation, and the coutilization of D-glucose and D-xylose was evaluated by taking advantage of the well-known ability of solventogenic clostridia to utilize a large variety of carbon sources such as mono-, oligo-, and polysaccharides containing pentose and hexose sugars. Our results indicated that C. beijerinckii SA-1 was able to coferment hexose/pentose sugar mixtures in the absence of a glucose repression effect. In addition, our analysis suggests that the solvent and acid resistance mechanisms found in this strain are differentially regulated compared to strain NRRL B-527 and are outlined as the basis of the analysis toward optimizing butanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Heluane
- Department of Microbiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | | | - Sue F. Dagher
- Department of Microbiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - José M. Bruno-Bárcena
- Department of Microbiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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153
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Abstract
Diverse mechanisms for pH sensing and cytoplasmic pH homeostasis enable most bacteria to tolerate or grow at external pH values that are outside the cytoplasmic pH range they must maintain for growth. The most extreme cases are exemplified by the extremophiles that inhabit environments with a pH of below 3 or above 11. Here, we describe how recent insights into the structure and function of key molecules and their regulators reveal novel strategies of bacterial pH homeostasis. These insights may help us to target certain pathogens more accurately and to harness the capacities of environmental bacteria more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry A. Krulwich
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1603, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tel. 212-241-7280; Fax. 212-996-7214
| | - George Sachs
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles, California 90024, USA Tel. 310-268-3923, Fax 310-312-9478
| | - Etana Padan
- Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, Tel. 972 2 6585094, Fax 972 2 658947
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154
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Arioli S, Ragg E, Scaglioni L, Fessas D, Signorelli M, Karp M, Daffonchio D, De Noni I, Mulas L, Oggioni M, Guglielmetti S, Mora D. Alkalizing reactions streamline cellular metabolism in acidogenic microorganisms. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15520. [PMID: 21152088 PMCID: PMC2994868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An understanding of the integrated relationships among the principal cellular functions that govern the bioenergetic reactions of an organism is necessary to determine how cells remain viable and optimise their fitness in the environment. Urease is a complex enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia and carbonic acid. While the induction of urease activity by several microorganisms has been predominantly considered a stress-response that is initiated to generate a nitrogen source in response to a low environmental pH, here we demonstrate a new role of urease in the optimisation of cellular bioenergetics. We show that urea hydrolysis increases the catabolic efficiency of Streptococcus thermophilus, a lactic acid bacterium that is widely used in the industrial manufacture of dairy products. By modulating the intracellular pH and thereby increasing the activity of β-galactosidase, glycolytic enzymes and lactate dehydrogenase, urease increases the overall change in enthalpy generated by the bioenergetic reactions. A cooperative altruistic behaviour of urease-positive microorganisms on the urease-negative microorganisms within the same environment was also observed. The physiological role of a single enzymatic activity demonstrates a novel and unexpected view of the non-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that govern the bioenergetics of a bacterial cell, highlighting a new role for cytosol-alkalizing biochemical pathways in acidogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Arioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari e Microbiologiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Enzio Ragg
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari Agroalimentari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Leonardo Scaglioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari Agroalimentari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Dimitrios Fessas
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari e Microbiologiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Signorelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari e Microbiologiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Matti Karp
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Daniele Daffonchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari e Microbiologiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivano De Noni
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari e Microbiologiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Mulas
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia, Dipartimento Biologia Molecolare, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Oggioni
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia, Dipartimento Biologia Molecolare, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Simone Guglielmetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari e Microbiologiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Mora
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari e Microbiologiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
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155
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Koskenniemi K, Laakso K, Koponen J, Kankainen M, Greco D, Auvinen P, Savijoki K, Nyman TA, Surakka A, Salusjärvi T, de Vos WM, Tynkkynen S, Kalkkinen N, Varmanen P. Proteomics and transcriptomics characterization of bile stress response in probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 10:M110.002741. [PMID: 21078892 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m110.002741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (GG) is a widely used and intensively studied probiotic bacterium. Although the health benefits of strain GG are well documented, the systematic exploration of mechanisms by which this strain exerts probiotic effects in the host has only recently been initiated. The ability to survive the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, including gastric juice containing bile salts, is one of the vital characteristics that enables a probiotic bacterium to transiently colonize the host. Here we used gene expression profiling at the transcriptome and proteome levels to investigate the cellular response of strain GG toward bile under defined bioreactor conditions. The analyses revealed that in response to growth of strain GG in the presence of 0.2% ox gall the transcript levels of 316 genes changed significantly (p < 0.01, t test), and 42 proteins, including both intracellular and surface-exposed proteins (i.e. surfome), were differentially abundant (p < 0.01, t test in total proteome analysis; p < 0.05, t test in surfome analysis). Protein abundance changes correlated with transcriptome level changes for 14 of these proteins. The identified proteins suggest diverse and specific changes in general stress responses as well as in cell envelope-related functions, including in pathways affecting fatty acid composition, cell surface charge, and thickness of the exopolysaccharide layer. These changes are likely to strengthen the cell envelope against bile-induced stress and signal the GG cells of gut entrance. Notably, the surfome analyses demonstrated significant reduction in the abundance of a protein catalyzing the synthesis of exopolysaccharides, whereas a protein dedicated for active removal of bile compounds from the cells was up-regulated. These findings suggest a role for these proteins in facilitating the well founded interaction of strain GG with the host mucus in the presence of sublethal doses of bile. The significance of these findings in terms of the functionality of a probiotic bacterium is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerttu Koskenniemi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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