151
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152
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Evidence for autoinhibitory regulation of the c-src gene product. A possible interaction between the src homology 2 domain and autophosphorylation site. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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153
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Van Etten RA. The molecular pathogenesis of the Philadelphia-positive leukemias: implications for diagnosis and therapy. Cancer Treat Res 1993; 64:295-325. [PMID: 8095796 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-3086-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic, Atypical, BCR-ABL Negative/genetics
- Mice
- Philadelphia Chromosome
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/therapy
- Proto-Oncogenes
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Van Etten
- Harvard Medical School, Center for Blood Research, Boston, MA 02115
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154
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Liu D, Rutter WJ, Wang LH. Modulating effects of the extracellular sequence of the human insulinlike growth factor I receptor on its transforming and tumorigenic potential. J Virol 1993; 67:9-18. [PMID: 8380100 PMCID: PMC237332 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.1.9-18.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We reported previously that an N-terminally truncated insulinlike growth factor I receptor (IGFR) fused to avian sarcoma virus UR2 gag p19 had a greater transforming potential than did the native IGFR, but it failed to cause tumors in vivo. To investigate whether the 36 amino acids (aa) of the IGFR extracellular (EC) sequence in the gag-IGFR fusion protein encoded by the retrovirus UIGFR have a modulatory effect on the biological and biochemical properties of the protein, four mutants, NM1, NM2, NM3, and NM4 of the EC sequence were constructed. NM1 lacks the entire 36 aa residues; NM2 lacks the N-terminal 16 aa residues (aa 870 to 885), including two potential N-linked glycosylation sites of the EC sequence; NM3 contains a deletion of the C-terminal 20 aa residues (aa 886 to 905) of the EC sequence; and NM4 contains N-to-Q substitutions at both N-linked glycosylation sites. NM1 was the strongest of the four mutants in promoting anchorage-independent growth of transfected chicken embryo fibroblasts, while NM2 and NM4 had weaker transforming potential than did the original UIGFR virus. Only NM1 and NM3 were able to induce sarcomas in chickens. The four NM mutant-transformed cells expressed the expected proteins with comparable steady-state levels. The in vitro tyrosine kinase activity of P53NM1 was about fourfold higher than that of the parental P57-75UIGFR, whereas NM2 and NM4 proteins exhibited four- to fivefold-lower kinase activities. Despite lacking the IGFR EC sequence, P53NM1 formed covalent dimers similar to those formed by the parental P57-75UIGFR. Increased phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase activity was found to be associated with the mutant IGFR proteins. Among NM4 proteins. Elevated tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins of 35, 120, 140, 160, and 170 kDa was detected in all mutant IGFR-transformed cells. We conclude that the EC 36-aa sequence of IGFR in the gag-IGFR fusion protein exerts intricate modulatory effects on the protein's transforming and tumorigenic potential. The 20 aa residues immediately upstream of the transmembrane domain have an inhibitory effect on the tumorigenic potential of gag-IGFR, whereas N-linked glycosylation within the EC sequence appears to have a positive effect on the transforming potential of UIGFR. Increased in vitro kinase activity and, to a lesser extent, in vivo tyrosine phosphorylation as well as the elevated association of PI 3-kinase activity with IGFR proteins seem to be correlated with the transforming potential of IGFR mutant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6574
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155
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Adachi M, Sekiya M, Miyachi T, Matsuno K, Hinoda Y, Imai K, Yachi A. Molecular cloning of a novel protein-tyrosine phosphatase SH-PTP3 with sequence similarity to the src-homology region 2. FEBS Lett 1992; 314:335-9. [PMID: 1281790 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(92)81500-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Protein-tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are directly associated with cellular growth, signal transduction, and neoplastic transformation. Here we report the isolation of a complementary DNA (cDNA) clone encoding a novel protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) from a human T cell PEER cDNA library. The predicted open reading frame encodes a approximately 68-kDa protein composed of 593 amino acids which contains two src-homology region 2's (SH2 domains) at the N terminus; this PTP is designated as SH-PTP3. Northern blot analysis revealed that SH-PTP3 mRNA was expressed throughout many tissues and the transcriptional size was consistent at about 6.0 kb. As with other SH2 domains in src-family kinases, the SH2 domains of SH-PTP3 may play a crucial role in interactions with tyrosine phosphorylated signaling proteins, including itself and protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), to regulate targets' enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Adachi
- Department of Internal Medicine Section 1, Sapporo Medical College, Japan
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156
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Identification of residues in GTPase-activating protein Src homology 2 domains that control binding to tyrosine phosphorylated growth factor receptors and p62. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)50015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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157
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pawson
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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158
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Allen PB, Morgan GJ, Wiedemann LM. Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukaemia: the translocated genes and their gene products. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL HAEMATOLOGY 1992; 5:897-930. [PMID: 1308169 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3536(11)80051-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Overwhelming evidence indicates a role for the deregulated ABL protein tyrosine kinase in the aetiology of CML and Ph-positive acute leukaemia. These disorders are characterized by the generation of BCR/ABL fusion proteins with elevated tyrosine kinase activity. Although much is known concerning the transforming potential of ABL proteins in various systems, very little is understood of the normal function and mode of regulation of ABL activity. The mechanism of oncogenic activation is therefore also obscure. In spite of this, our understanding of the molecular details of these chromosomal translocations allows the design of therapies directed against their unique, leukaemia-specific proteins and RNA products.
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MESH Headings
- Abelson murine leukemia virus/genetics
- Adult
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Child
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, abl
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins/physiology
- Oncogene Proteins v-abl/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins v-abl/physiology
- Philadelphia Chromosome
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/classification
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/physiology
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcr
- Proto-Oncogenes
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Allen
- Leukaemia Research Fund Centre, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, UK
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159
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Abstract
Growth factor receptors that are tyrosine kinases (RTKs) regulate growth and differentiation of cells in many organisms, including flies, worms, frogs, mice and humans. There has been recent progress in understanding the mechanism by which these receptors transduce signals. Worm and insect studies on RTKs have relied primarily on genetics, while the mammalian studies have employed a combination of molecular genetics and biochemistry. While many RTKs seem to have unique features, there are also many general signal transduction principles that emerge from these studies. In this review, we will focus on common signaling molecules, using RTKs from both vertebrates and invertebrates as examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Pazin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0724
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160
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schlessinger
- New York University Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology, New York 10016
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161
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Waksman G, Kominos D, Robertson SC, Pant N, Baltimore D, Birge RB, Cowburn D, Hanafusa H, Mayer BJ, Overduin M, Resh MD, Rios CB, Silverman L, Kuriyan J. Crystal structure of the phosphotyrosine recognition domain SH2 of v-src complexed with tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides. Nature 1992; 358:646-53. [PMID: 1379696 DOI: 10.1038/358646a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 504] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional structures of complexes of the SH2 domain of the v-src oncogene product with two phosphotyrosyl peptides have been determined by X-ray crystallography at resolutions of 1.5 and 2.0 A, respectively. A central antiparallel beta-sheet in the structure is flanked by two alpha-helices, with peptide binding mediated by the sheet, intervening loops and one of the helices. The specific recognition of phosphotyrosine involves amino-aromatic interactions between lysine and arginine side chains and the ring system in addition to hydrogen-bonding interactions with the phosphate.
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162
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Booker GW, Breeze AL, Downing AK, Panayotou G, Gout I, Waterfield MD, Campbell ID. Structure of an SH2 domain of the p85 alpha subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase. Nature 1992; 358:684-7. [PMID: 1323062 DOI: 10.1038/358684a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Receptor protein-tyrosine kinases, through phosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues, generate high-affinity binding sites which direct assembly of multienzyme signalling complexes. Many of these signalling proteins, including phospholipase C gamma, GTPase-activating protein and phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase, contain src-homology 2 (SH2) domains, which bind with high affinity and specificity to tyrosine-phosphorylated sequences. The critical role played by SH2 domains in signalling has been highlighted by recent studies showing that mutation of specific phosphorylation sites on the platelet-derived growth factor receptor impair its association with phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase, preventing growth factor-induced mitogenesis. Here we report the solution structure of an isolated SH2 domain from the 85K regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase, determined using multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The structure is characterized by a central region of beta-sheet flanked by two alpha-helices, with a highly flexible loop close to functionally important residues previously identified by site-directed mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Booker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK
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163
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Lowenstein EJ, Daly RJ, Batzer AG, Li W, Margolis B, Lammers R, Ullrich A, Skolnik EY, Bar-Sagi D, Schlessinger J. The SH2 and SH3 domain-containing protein GRB2 links receptor tyrosine kinases to ras signaling. Cell 1992; 70:431-42. [PMID: 1322798 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90167-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1242] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA clone encoding a novel, widely expressed protein (called growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 or GRB2) containing one src homology 2 (SH2) domain and two SH3 domains was isolated. Immunoblotting experiments indicate that GRB2 associates with tyrosine-phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) and platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs) via its SH2 domain. Interestingly, GRB2 exhibits striking structural and functional homology to the C. elegans protein sem-5. It has been shown that sem-5 and two other genes called let-23 (EGFR like) and let-60 (ras like) lie along the same signal transduction pathway controlling C. elegans vulval induction. To examine whether GRB2 is also a component of ras signaling in mammalian cells, microinjection studies were performed. While injection of GRB2 or H-ras proteins alone into quiescent rat fibroblasts did not have mitogenic effect, microinjection of GRB2 together with H-ras protein stimulated DNA synthesis. These results suggest that GRB2/sem-5 plays a crucial role in a highly conserved mechanism for growth factor control of ras signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Lowenstein
- Department of Pharmacology, New York University Medical Center, New York 10016
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164
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Fu XY. A transcription factor with SH2 and SH3 domains is directly activated by an interferon alpha-induced cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase(s). Cell 1992; 70:323-35. [PMID: 1638633 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90106-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3), the primary transcription factor induced by interferon alpha, is a complex of four (113, 91, 84, and 48 kd) proteins. This paper reports that the 113, 91, and 84 kd (ISGF3 alpha) proteins of ISGF3 contain conserved SH2 and SH3 domains. A specific interferon alpha-induced cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase(s) can form a transient complex with ISGF3 alpha proteins. These ISGF3 alpha proteins can be immunoprecipitated by anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies only after interferon alpha treatment. Phosphoamino acid analyses of 32P-labeled ISGF3 alpha proteins confirm that ISGF3 alpha proteins are directly tyrosine phosphorylated both in vitro and in vivo in response to interferon alpha, and this tyrosine phosphorylation can be inhibited by staurosporine and genistein. Phosphatase treatment of these ISGF3 alpha proteins results in inhibition of ISGF3 complex formation in vitro. These observations indicate that interferon alpha-induced direct tyrosine phosphorylation of ISGF3 alpha proteins is necessary for activation of the transcription factor ISGF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Y Fu
- Department of Biochemistry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
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165
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Russell RB, Breed J, Barton GJ. Conservation analysis and structure prediction of the SH2 family of phosphotyrosine binding domains. FEBS Lett 1992; 304:15-20. [PMID: 1377638 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(92)80579-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Src homology 2 (SH2) regions are short (approximately 100 amino acids), non-catalytic domains conserved among a wide variety of proteins involved in cytoplasmic signaling induced by growth factors. It is thought that SH2 domains play an important role in the intracellular response to growth factor stimulation by binding to phosphotyrosine containing proteins. In this paper we apply the techniques of multiple sequence alignment, secondary structure prediction and conservation analysis to 67 SH2 domain amino acid sequences. This combined approach predicts seven core secondary structure regions with the pattern beta-alpha-beta-beta-beta-beta-alpha, identifies those residues most likely to be buried in the hydrophobic core of the native SH2 domain, and highlights patterns of conservation indicative of secondary structural elements. Residues likely to be involved in phosphotyrosine binding are shown and orientations of the predicted secondary structures suggested which could enable such residues to cooperate in phosphate binding. We propose a consensus pattern that encapsulates the principal conserved features of the SH2 domains. Comparison of the proposed SH2 domain of akt to this pattern shows only 12/40 matches, suggesting that this domain may not exhibit SH2-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Russell
- University of Oxford, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, UK
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166
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167
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Birge R, Fajardo J, Mayer B, Hanafusa H. Tyrosine-phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor and cellular p130 provide high affinity binding substrates to analyze Crk-phosphotyrosine-dependent interactions in vitro. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)50057-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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168
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169
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Clark SG, Stern MJ, Horvitz HR. C. elegans cell-signalling gene sem-5 encodes a protein with SH2 and SH3 domains. Nature 1992; 356:340-4. [PMID: 1372395 DOI: 10.1038/356340a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 501] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The induction of the hermaphrodite vulva and the migration of the sex myoblasts in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans are both controlled by intercellular signalling. The gonadal anchor cell induces formation of the vulva from nearby hypodermal cells, and a set of somatic gonadal cells attract the migrating sex myoblasts to their final positions. Many genes required for vulval induction have been identified, including the let-23 receptor tyrosine kinase gene and the let-60 ras gene. We report here the identification and characterization of a new gene, sem-5 (sem, sex muscle abnormal), that acts both in vulval induction and in sex myoblast migration. On the basis of its DNA sequence, sem-5 encodes a novel 228-amino-acid protein which consists almost entirely of one SH2 (SH, src homology region) and two SH3 domains. SH2 and SH3 domains are present in many signalling proteins regulated by receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases. Mutations that impair sem-5 activity alter residues that are highly conserved among different SH2 and SH3 domains. Our results indicate that the sem-5 gene encodes a novel protein that functions in at least two distinct cell-signalling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Clark
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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