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Joseph S, Mekete T, Danquah WB, Noling J. First Report of Meloidogyne haplanaria Infecting Mi-Resistant Tomato Plants in Florida and Its Molecular Diagnosis Based on Mitochondrial Haplotype. PLANT DISEASE 2016; 100:1438-1445. [PMID: 30686187 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-15-1113-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Meloidogyne haplanaria is a species originally found infesting peanut in Texas and, more recently, in Arkansas. In this study, we confirmed the presence of M. haplanaria in Florida based on morphological and molecular characterization. This species was identified from a sample submitted for diagnosis collected from Mi-resistant tomato rootstock grown in Naples, FL. The major diagnostic criteria to distinguish M. haplanaria from other closely related root-knot nematode (RKN) species are based on morphological differences and host range tests, which are time consuming and labor intensive and require living or well-preserved specimens. In our study, we provide an easy diagnostic strategy to distinguish M. haplanaria from other RKN species based on amplification of two mitochondrial DNA regions. These regions span the intergenic spacer and part of the adjacent large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (lrDNA) and sequence polymorphisms in lrDNA revealed by the restriction pattern following digestion with the restriction enzymes HinfI and MnlI. A unique haplotype pattern, which has not been observed in any of the RKN species described thus far, was observed in M. haplanaria. The outcome of molecular analysis of M. haplanaria aligned with morphological measurement and characteristics as well as perineal pattern originally described for M. haplanaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumi Joseph
- University of Florida, Entomology and Nematology Department; Gainesville 32611
| | - Tesfamariam Mekete
- University of Florida, Entomology and Nematology Department; Gainesville 32611
| | | | - Joseph Noling
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Citrus Research & Education Center, Lake Alfred 33850
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152
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Baldacci-Cresp F, Sacré PY, Twyffels L, Mol A, Vermeersch M, Ziemons E, Hubert P, Pérez-Morga D, El Jaziri M, de Almeida Engler J, Baucher M. Poplar-Root Knot Nematode Interaction: A Model for Perennial Woody Species. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:560-572. [PMID: 27135257 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-16-0015-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant root-knot nematode (RKN) interaction studies are performed on several host plant models. Though RKN interact with trees, no perennial woody model has been explored so far. Here, we show that poplar (Populus tremula × P. alba) grown in vitro is susceptible to Meloidogyne incognita, allowing this nematode to penetrate, to induce feeding sites, and to successfully complete its life cycle. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed to study changes in poplar gene expression in galls compared with noninfected roots. Three genes (expansin A, histone 3.1, and asparagine synthase), selected as gall development marker genes, followed, during poplar-nematode interaction, a similar expression pattern to what was described for other plant hosts. Downregulation of four genes implicated in the monolignol biosynthesis pathway was evidenced in galls, suggesting a shift in the phenolic profile within galls developed on poplar roots. Raman microspectroscopy demonstrated that cell walls of giant cells were not lignified but mainly composed of pectin and cellulose. The data presented here suggest that RKN exercise conserved strategies to reproduce and to invade perennial plant species and that poplar is a suitable model host to study specific traits of tree-nematode interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Baldacci-Cresp
- 1 Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Pierre-Yves Sacré
- 2 University of Liege, CIRM, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, CHU, B36, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Laure Twyffels
- 3 Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging-CMMI, Université libre de Bruxelles
| | - Adeline Mol
- 1 Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Marjorie Vermeersch
- 3 Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging-CMMI, Université libre de Bruxelles
| | - Eric Ziemons
- 2 University of Liege, CIRM, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, CHU, B36, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Philippe Hubert
- 2 University of Liege, CIRM, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, CHU, B36, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - David Pérez-Morga
- 3 Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging-CMMI, Université libre de Bruxelles
- 4 Laboratoire de Parasitologie Moléculaire, Université libre de Bruxelles; and
| | - Mondher El Jaziri
- 1 Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Janice de Almeida Engler
- 5 INRA, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, F-06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Marie Baucher
- 1 Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
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153
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Xie J, Li S, Mo C, Wang G, Xiao X, Xiao Y. A Novel Meloidogyne incognita Effector Misp12 Suppresses Plant Defense Response at Latter Stages of Nematode Parasitism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:964. [PMID: 27446188 PMCID: PMC4927581 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Secreted effectors in plant root-knot nematodes (RKNs, or Meloidogyne spp.) play key roles in their parasite processes. Currently identified effectors mainly focus on the early stage of the nematode parasitism. There are only a few reports describing effectors that function in the latter stage. In this study, we identified a potential RKN effector gene, Misp12, that functioned during the latter stage of parasitism. Misp12 was unique in the Meloidogyne spp., and highly conserved in Meloidogyne incognita. It encoded a secretory protein that specifically expressed in the dorsal esophageal gland, and highly up-regulated during the female stages. Transient expression of Misp12-GUS-GFP in onion epidermal cell showed that Misp12 was localized in cytoplast. In addition, in planta RNA interference targeting Misp12 suppressed the expression of Misp12 in nematodes and attenuated parasitic ability of M. incognita. Furthermore, up-regulation of jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) pathway defense-related genes in the virus-induced silencing of Misp12 plants, and down-regulation of SA pathway defense-related genes in Misp12-expressing plants indicated the gene might be associated with the suppression of the plant defense response. These results demonstrated that the novel nematode effector Misp12 played a critical role at latter parasitism of M. incognita.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xueqiong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Yannong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
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154
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Jang JY, Choi YH, Shin TS, Kim TH, Shin KS, Park HW, Kim YH, Kim H, Choi GJ, Jang KS, Cha B, Kim IS, Myung EJ, Kim JC. Biological Control of Meloidogyne incognita by Aspergillus niger F22 Producing Oxalic Acid. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156230. [PMID: 27258452 PMCID: PMC4892604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Restricted usage of chemical nematicides has led to development of environmentally safe alternatives. A culture filtrate of Aspergillus niger F22 was highly active against Meloidogyne incognita with marked mortality of second-stage juveniles (J2s) and inhibition of egg hatching. The nematicidal component was identified as oxalic acid by organic acid analysis and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Exposure to 2 mmol/L oxalic acid resulted in 100% juvenile mortality at 1 day after treatment and suppressed egg hatching by 95.6% at 7 days after treatment. Oxalic acid showed similar nematicidal activity against M. hapla, but was not highly toxic to Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. The fungus was incubated on solid medium and dried culture was used for preparation of a wettable powder-type (WP) formulation as an active ingredient. Two WP formulations, F22-WP10 (ai 10%) and oxalic acid-WP8 (ai 8%), were prepared using F22 solid culture and oxalic acid. In a field naturally infested with M. incognita, application of a mixture of F22-WP10 + oxalic acid-WP8 at 1,000- and 500-fold dilutions significantly reduced gall formation on the roots of watermelon plants by 58.8 and 70.7%, respectively, compared to the non-treated control. The disease control efficacy of the mixture of F22-WP10 + oxalic acid-WP8 was significantly higher than that of a chemical nematicide, Sunchungtan (ai 30% fosthiazate). These results suggest that A. niger F22 can be used as a microbial nematicide for the control of root-knot nematode disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Yeong Jang
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Plant Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ho Choi
- Center for Eco-friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Teak Soo Shin
- Crop Protection Research Team, Dongbu Advanced Research Institute, Dongbu Farm Hannong Company, Ltd., Nonsan-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Crop Protection Research Team, Dongbu Advanced Research Institute, Dongbu Farm Hannong Company, Ltd., Nonsan-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Sun Shin
- Biological Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Woong Park
- World Institute of Kimchi, an Annex of Korea Food Research Institute, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- Center for Eco-friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Center for Eco-friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Soo Jang
- Center for Eco-friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeongjin Cha
- Department of Plant Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - In Seon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eul Jae Myung
- Crop Protection Research Team, Dongbu Advanced Research Institute, Dongbu Farm Hannong Company, Ltd., Nonsan-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Cheol Kim
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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155
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Biochemical studies of M. incognita and M. javanica towards their identification. J Parasit Dis 2016; 40:230-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s12639-014-0481-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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156
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Filho JVDA, Machado ACZ, Dallagnol LJ, Aranha Camargo LE. Root-Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) Parasitizing Resistant Tobacco Cultivars in Southern Brazil. PLANT DISEASE 2016; 100:1222-1231. [PMID: 30682290 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-15-0341-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Our study surveyed Meloidogyne spp. from tobacco cultivars in Brazil carrying the Rk gene, which confers resistance to Meloidogyne incognita races 1 and 3. Identification of Meloidogyne populations from 39 tobacco fields was based on the analysis of esterase phenotypes, perineal patterns, and 18S-internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1-5.8S ribosomal RNA sequences. Biometric characterization and differential host tests of isolates were determined as well. We detected M. incognita, M. javanica, M. enterolobii, M. arenaria, and M. inornata in 18 (46.2%), 16 (41%), 10 (25.6%), 2 (5.1%), and 1 (2.6%) samples, respectively. Mixtures of species were found in 25.6% of the samples. This is the first report of M. inornata parasitizing tobacco in Brazil's southern region. Two morphological and biochemically unusual populations had host ranges and ITS1 sequences nearly identical to M. enterolobii and M. incognita, respectively. Pathogenic and biometric intraspecific variations were observed. Based on our results and considering the limited efficiency of the Rk gene, it is indispensable not only to search for resistance sources to M. incognita virulent strains but also to consider resistance to M. enterolobii, M. inornata, M. arenaria, and M. javanica in tobacco breeding programs. Changes in integrated management procedures should be considered to avoid increased crop damage in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerônimo Vieira de Araújo Filho
- Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Fitossanidade, Campus Capão do Leão, 96010900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luís Eduardo Aranha Camargo
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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157
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Janssen T, Karssen G, Verhaeven M, Coyne D, Bert W. Mitochondrial coding genome analysis of tropical root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne) supports haplotype based diagnostics and reveals evidence of recent reticulate evolution. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22591. [PMID: 26940543 PMCID: PMC4778069 DOI: 10.1038/srep22591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The polyphagous parthenogenetic root-knot nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne are considered to be the most significant nematode pest in sub-tropical and tropical agriculture. Despite the crucial need for correct diagnosis, identification of these pathogens remains problematic. The traditionally used diagnostic strategies, including morphometrics, host-range tests, biochemical and molecular techniques, now appear to be unreliable due to the recently-suggested hybrid origin of root-knot nematodes. In order to determine a suitable barcode region for these pathogens nine quickly-evolving mitochondrial coding genes were screened. Resulting haplotype networks revealed closely related lineages indicating a recent speciation, an anthropogenic-aided distribution through agricultural practices, and evidence for reticulate evolution within M. arenaria. Nonetheless, nucleotide polymorphisms harbor enough variation to distinguish these closely-related lineages. Furthermore, completeness of lineage sorting was verified by screening 80 populations from widespread geographical origins and variable hosts. Importantly, our results indicate that mitochondrial haplotypes are strongly linked and consistent with traditional esterase isozyme patterns, suggesting that different parthenogenetic lineages can be reliably identified using mitochondrial haplotypes. The study indicates that the barcode region Nad5 can reliably identify the major lineages of tropical root-knot nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toon Janssen
- Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gerrit Karssen
- Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- National Plant Protection Organization, Wageningen Nematode Collection, P.O. Box 9102, 6700 HC Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Myrtle Verhaeven
- Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Danny Coyne
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), c/o icipe, Kasarani, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Wim Bert
- Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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158
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Alcaligenes faecalis ZD02, a Novel Nematicidal Bacterium with an Extracellular Serine Protease Virulence Factor. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:2112-2120. [PMID: 26826227 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03444-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Root knot nematodes (RKNs) are the world's most damaging plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs), and they can infect almost all crops. At present, harmful chemical nematicides are applied to control RKNs. Using microbial nematicides has been proposed as a better management strategy than chemical control. In this study, we describe a novel nematicidal bacterium named Alcaligenes faecalis ZD02. A. faecalis ZD02 was isolated from Caenorhabditis elegans cadavers and has nematostatic and nematicidal activity, as confirmed by C. elegans growth assay and life span assay. In addition, A. faecalis ZD02 fermentation broth showed toxicity against C. elegans and Meloidogyne incognita. To identify the nematicidal virulence factor, the genome of strain ZD02 was sequenced. By comparing all of the predicted proteins of strain ZD02 to reported nematicidal virulence factors, we determined that an extracellular serine protease (Esp) has potential to be a nematicidal virulence factor, which was confirmed by bioassay on C. elegans and M. incognita. Using C. elegans as the target model, we found that both A. faecalis ZD02 and the virulence factor Esp can damage the intestines of C. elegans. The discovery that A. faecalis ZD02 has nematicidal activity provides a novel bacterial resource for the control of RKNs.
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159
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Msp40 effector of root-knot nematode manipulates plant immunity to facilitate parasitism. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19443. [PMID: 26797310 PMCID: PMC4726423 DOI: 10.1038/srep19443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are obligate biotrophic parasites that invade plant roots and engage in prolonged and intimate relationships with their hosts. Nematode secretions, some of which have immunosuppressing activity, play essential roles in successful parasitism; however, their mechanisms of action remain largely unknown. Here, we show that the RKN-specific gene MiMsp40, cloned from Meloidogyne incognita, is expressed exclusively in subventral oesophageal gland cells and is strongly upregulated during early parasitic stages. Arabidopsis plants overexpressing MiMsp40 were more susceptible to nematode infection than were wild type plants. Conversely, the host-derived MiMsp40 RNAi suppressed nematode parasitism and/or reproduction. Moreover, overexpression of MiMsp40 in plants suppressed the deposition of callose and the expression of marker genes for bacterial elicitor elf18-triggered immunity. Transient expression of MiMsp40 prevented Bax-triggered defence-related programmed cell death. Co-agroinfiltration assays indicated that MiMsp40 also suppressed macroscopic cell death triggered by MAPK cascades or by the ETI cognate elicitors R3a/Avr3a. Together, these results demonstrate that MiMsp40 is a novel Meloidogyne-specific effector that is injected into plant cells by early parasitic stages of the nematode and that plays a role in suppressing PTI and/or ETI signals to facilitate RKN parasitism.
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160
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Favery B, Quentin M, Jaubert-Possamai S, Abad P. Gall-forming root-knot nematodes hijack key plant cellular functions to induce multinucleate and hypertrophied feeding cells. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016. [PMID: 26211599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Among plant-parasitic nematodes, the root-knot nematodes (RKNs) of the Meloidogyne spp. are the most economically important genus. RKN are root parasitic worms able to infect nearly all crop species and have a wide geographic distribution. During infection, RKNs establish and maintain an intimate relationship with the host plant. This includes the creation of a specialized nutritional structure composed of multinucleate and hypertrophied giant cells, which result from the redifferentiation of vascular root cells. Giant cells constitute the sole source of nutrients for the nematode and are essential for growth and reproduction. Hyperplasia of surrounding root cells leads to the formation of the gall or root-knot, an easily recognized symptom of plant infection by RKNs. Secreted effectors produced in nematode salivary glands and injected into plant cells through a specialized feeding structure called the stylet play a critical role in the formation of giant cells. Here, we describe the complex interactions between RKNs and their host plants. We highlight progress in understanding host plant responses, focusing on how RKNs manipulate key plant processes and functions, including cell cycle, defence, hormones, cellular scaffold, metabolism and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Favery
- INRA, UMR 1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; CNRS, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Michaël Quentin
- INRA, UMR 1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; CNRS, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Stéphanie Jaubert-Possamai
- INRA, UMR 1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; CNRS, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRA, UMR 1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; CNRS, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France.
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161
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Gleason C, Leelarasamee N, Meldau D, Feussner I. OPDA Has Key Role in Regulating Plant Susceptibility to the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne hapla in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1565. [PMID: 27822219 PMCID: PMC5075541 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonic acid (JA) is a plant hormone that plays important roles in regulating plant defenses against necrotrophic pathogens and herbivorous insects, but the role of JA in mediating the plant responses to root-knot nematodes has been unclear. Here we show that an application of either methyl jasmonate (MeJA) or the JA-mimic coronatine (COR) on Arabidopsis significantly reduced the number of galls caused by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla. Interestingly, the MeJA-induced resistance was independent of the JA-receptor COI1 (CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1). The MeJA-treated plants accumulated the JA precursor cis-(+)-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) in addition to JA/JA-Isoleucine, indicating a positive feedback loop in JA biosynthesis. Using mutants in the JA-biosynthetic pathway, we found that plants deficient in the biosynthesis of JA and OPDA were hyper-susceptible to M. hapla. However, the opr3 mutant, which cannot convert OPDA to JA, exhibited wild-type levels of nematode galling. In addition, mutants in the JA-biosynthesis and perception which lie downstream of opr3 also displayed wild-type levels of galling. The data put OPR3 (OPDA reductase 3) as the branch point between hyper-susceptibility and wild-type like levels of disease. Overall, the data suggests that the JA precursor, OPDA, plays a role in regulating plant defense against nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Gleason
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Georg August University - Albrecht von Haller InstituteGöttingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Georg August University - Göttingen Center for Molecular BiosciencesGöttingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Cynthia Gleason,
| | - Natthanon Leelarasamee
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Georg August University - Albrecht von Haller InstituteGöttingen, Germany
| | - Dorothea Meldau
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Georg August University - Albrecht von Haller InstituteGöttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Georg August University - Albrecht von Haller InstituteGöttingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Georg August University - Göttingen Center for Molecular BiosciencesGöttingen, Germany
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162
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Ju S, Zheng J, Lin J, Geng C, Zhu L, Guan Z, Zheng Z, Sun M. The complete genome sequence of Alcaligenes faecalis ZD02, a novel potential bionematocide. J Biotechnol 2015; 218:73-4. [PMID: 26656226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) can infect almost all crops, and result in huge economic losses in agriculture. There is no effective and environmentally safe means available to control RKNs. Alcaligenes faecalis ZD02 isolated from free living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans cadavers shows toxicity against RKN Meloidogyne incognita, that makes this strain to be a good bionematicide candidate for controlling of RKNs. Here, we firstly report the complete genome of A. faecalis ZD02 and describe its features. Additionally, we found two potential virulence factors in this genome, which play important roles for the nematocidal activity of A. faecalis ZD02.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouyong Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinshui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ce Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziyu Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziqiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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Harris-Shultz KR, Davis RF, Knoll JE, Anderson W, Wang H. Inheritance and Identification of a Major Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) that Confers Resistance to Meloidogyne incognita and a Novel QTL for Plant Height in Sweet Sorghum. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:1522-8. [PMID: 26574655 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-15-0136-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Southern root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) are a pest on many economically important row crop and vegetable species and management relies on chemicals, plant resistance, and cultural practices such as crop rotation. Little is known about the inheritance of resistance to M. incognita or the genomic regions associated with resistance in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). In this study, an F2 population (n = 130) was developed between the resistant sweet sorghum cultivar 'Honey Drip' and the susceptible sweet cultivar 'Collier'. Each F2 plant was phenotyped for stalk weight, height, juice Brix, root weight, total eggs, and eggs per gram of root. Strong correlations were observed between eggs per gram of root and total eggs, height and stalk weight, and between two measurements of Brix. Genotyping-by-sequencing was used to generate single nucleotide polymorphism markers. The G-Model, single marker analysis, interval mapping, and composite interval mapping were used to identify a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 3 for total eggs and eggs per gram of root. Furthermore, a new QTL for plant height was also discovered on chromosome 3. Simple sequence repeat markers were developed in the total eggs and eggs per gram of root QTL region and the markers flanking the resistance gene are 4.7 and 2.4 cM away. These markers can be utilized to move the southern root-knot nematode resistance gene from Honey Drip to any sorghum line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen R Harris-Shultz
- First, third, fourth, and fifth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS), Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit, 115 Coastal Way, Tifton, GA 31793; and second author: USDA-ARS, Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, 2747 Davis Road, Tifton, GA 31793
| | - Richard F Davis
- First, third, fourth, and fifth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS), Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit, 115 Coastal Way, Tifton, GA 31793; and second author: USDA-ARS, Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, 2747 Davis Road, Tifton, GA 31793
| | - Joseph E Knoll
- First, third, fourth, and fifth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS), Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit, 115 Coastal Way, Tifton, GA 31793; and second author: USDA-ARS, Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, 2747 Davis Road, Tifton, GA 31793
| | - William Anderson
- First, third, fourth, and fifth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS), Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit, 115 Coastal Way, Tifton, GA 31793; and second author: USDA-ARS, Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, 2747 Davis Road, Tifton, GA 31793
| | - Hongliang Wang
- First, third, fourth, and fifth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS), Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit, 115 Coastal Way, Tifton, GA 31793; and second author: USDA-ARS, Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, 2747 Davis Road, Tifton, GA 31793
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164
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Barbary A, Djian-Caporalino C, Palloix A, Castagnone-Sereno P. Host genetic resistance to root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., in Solanaceae: from genes to the field. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2015; 71:1591-1598. [PMID: 26248710 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) heavily damage most solanaceous crops worldwide. Fortunately, major resistance genes are available in a number of plant species, and their use provides a safe and economically relevant strategy for RKN control. From a structural point of view, these genes often harbour NBS-LRR motifs (i.e. a nucleotide binding site and a leucine rich repeat region near the carboxy terminus) and are organised in syntenic clusters in solanaceous genomes. Their introgression from wild to cultivated plants remains a challenge for breeders, although facilitated by marker-assisted selection. As shown with other pathosystems, the genetic background into which the resistance genes are introgressed is of prime importance to both the expression of the resistance and its durability, as exemplified by the recent discovery of quantitative trait loci conferring quantitative resistance to RKNs in pepper. The deployment of resistance genes at a large scale may result in the emergence and spread of virulent nematode populations able to overcome them, as already reported in tomato and pepper. Therefore, careful management of the resistance genes available in solanaceous crops is crucial to avoid significant reduction in the duration of RKN genetic control in the field. From that perspective, only rational management combining breeding and cultivation practices will allow the design and implementation of innovative, sustainable crop production systems that protect the resistance genes and maintain their durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Barbary
- INRA, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
- Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
- CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Caroline Djian-Caporalino
- INRA, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
- Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
- CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Alain Palloix
- INRA, Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, Montfavet Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Castagnone-Sereno
- INRA, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
- Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
- CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
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165
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Wang GL, Chen X, Chang YN, Du D, Li Z, Xu XY. Synthesis of 1,2,3-benzotriazin-4-one derivatives containing spirocyclic indoline-2-one moieties and their nematicidal evaluation. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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166
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Castagnone-Sereno P, Mulet K, Iachia C. Tracking changes in life-history traits related to unnecessary virulence in a plant-parasitic nematode. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:3677-86. [PMID: 26380696 PMCID: PMC4567871 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluating trade-offs in life-history traits of plant pathogens is essential to understand the evolution and epidemiology of diseases. In particular, virulence costs when the corresponding host resistance gene is lacking play a major role in the adaptive biology of pathogens and contribute to the maintenance of their genetic diversity. Here, we investigated whether life-history traits directly linked to the establishment of plant-nematode interactions, that is, ability to locate and move toward the roots of the host plant, and to invade roots and develop into mature females, are affected in Meloidogyne incognita lines virulent against the tomato Mi-1.2 resistance gene. Virulent and avirulent near-isogenic lines only differing in their capacity to reproduce or not on resistant tomatoes were compared in single inoculation or pairwise competition experiments. Data highlighted (1) a global lack of trade-off in traits associated with unnecessary virulence with respect to the nematode ability to successfully infest plant roots and (2) variability in these traits when the genetic background of the nematode is considered irrespective of its (a)virulence status. These data suggest that the variation detected here is independent from the adaptation of M. incognita to host resistance, but rather reflects some genetic polymorphism in this asexual organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Castagnone-Sereno
- UMR1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France ; UMR7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France ; UMR7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, CNRS 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Karine Mulet
- UMR1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France ; UMR7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France ; UMR7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, CNRS 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Cathy Iachia
- UMR1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France ; UMR7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France ; UMR7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, CNRS 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
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167
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Wang Y, Mao Z, Yan J, Cheng X, Liu F, Xiao L, Dai L, Luo F, Xie B. Identification of MicroRNAs in Meloidogyne incognita Using Deep Sequencing. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133491. [PMID: 26241472 PMCID: PMC4524723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs play important regulatory roles in eukaryotic lineages. In this paper, we employed deep sequencing technology to sequence and identify microRNAs in M. incognita genome, which is one of the important plant parasitic nematodes. We identified 102 M. incognita microRNA genes, which can be grouped into 71 nonredundant miRNAs based on mature sequences. Among the 71 miRANs, 27 are known miRNAs and 44 are novel miRNAs. We identified seven miRNA clusters in M. incognita genome. Four of the seven clusters, miR-100/let-7, miR-71-1/miR-2a-1, miR-71-2/miR-2a-2 and miR-279/miR-2b are conserved in other species. We validated the expressions of 5 M. incognita microRNAs, including 3 known microRNAs (miR-71, miR-100b and let-7) and 2 novel microRNAs (NOVEL-1 and NOVEL-2), using RT-PCR. We can detect all 5 microRNAs. The expression levels of four microRNAs obtained using RT-PCR were consistent with those obtained by high-throughput sequencing except for those of let-7. We also examined how M. incognita miRNAs are conserved in four other nematodes species: C. elegans, A. suum, B. malayi and P. pacificus. We found that four microRNAs, miR-100, miR-92, miR-279 and miR-137, exist only in genomes of parasitic nematodes, but do not exist in the genomes of the free living nematode C. elegans. Our research created a unique resource for the research of plant parasitic nematodes. The candidate microRNAs could help elucidate the genomic structure, gene regulation, evolutionary processes, and developmental features of plant parasitic nematodes and nematode-plant interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsheng Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, PR China
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, CAAS, Beijing, PR China
- * E-mail: (YW); (BX)
| | - Zhenchuan Mao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, CAAS, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jin Yan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Xinyue Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Feng Liu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, CAAS, Beijing, PR China
| | - Luo Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Liangying Dai
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Feng Luo
- School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bingyan Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, CAAS, Beijing, PR China
- * E-mail: (YW); (BX)
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168
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Caboni P, Saba M, Oplos C, Aissani N, Maxia A, Menkissoglu-Spiroudi U, Casu L, Ntalli N. Nematicidal activity of furanocoumarins from parsley against Meloidogyne spp. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2015; 71:1099-105. [PMID: 25157855 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This report describes activity against Meloidogyne spp. and chemical characterisation of the essential oil and methanol extract of Petroselinum crispum aerial parts. The study was based on the hypothesis that P. crispum could be used as an intercrop and soil amendment in tomato culture for nematode control. RESULTS The methanol extract and the essential oil exhibited significant nematicidal activity against M. incognita, M. hapla and M. arenaria, the first being the most sensitive species, with EC50 /72 h values of 140 ± 15 and 795 ± 125 mg L(-1) for the extract and oil respectively. The most abundant furanocoumarin compounds in the methanolic extract were xanthotoxin, psoralen, bergapten and oxypeucedanin; levels ranged from 1.77 to 46.04 mg kg(-1) wet weight. The EC50 /24 h values of xanthotoxol, psoralen and xanthotoxin against M. incognita were 68 ± 33, 147 ± 88 and 200 ± 21 mg L(-1) respectively. The addition of fresh parsley paste to soil reduced the number of M. incognita females and plant galls on tomato roots; EC50 values were 24.79 and 28.07 mg g(-1) respectively. Moreover, parsley paste enhanced tomato growth in a dose-response manner. CONCLUSIONS Parsley exhibits promising nematicidal activity as an organic amendment and as a source of nematotoxic furanocoumarins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Caboni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Saba
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Chrisostomos Oplos
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nadhem Aissani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Maxia
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Urania Menkissoglu-Spiroudi
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Laura Casu
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Nikoletta Ntalli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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169
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Rai KM, Balasubramanian VK, Welker CM, Pang M, Hii MM, Mendu V. Genome wide comprehensive analysis and web resource development on cell wall degrading enzymes from phyto-parasitic nematodes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:187. [PMID: 26232118 PMCID: PMC4521475 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0576-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plant cell wall serves as a primary barrier against pathogen invasion. The success of a plant pathogen largely depends on its ability to overcome this barrier. During the infection process, plant parasitic nematodes secrete cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) apart from piercing with their stylet, a sharp and hard mouthpart used for successful infection. CWDEs typically consist of cellulases, hemicellulases, and pectinases, which help the nematode to infect and establish the feeding structure or form a cyst. The study of nematode cell wall degrading enzymes not only enhance our understanding of the interaction between nematodes and their host, but also provides information on a novel source of enzymes for their potential use in biomass based biofuel/bioproduct industries. Although there is comprehensive information available on genome wide analysis of CWDEs for bacteria, fungi, termites and plants, but no comprehensive information available for plant pathogenic nematodes. Herein we have performed a genome wide analysis of CWDEs from the genome sequenced phyto pathogenic nematode species and developed a comprehensive publicly available database. RESULTS In the present study, we have performed a genome wide analysis for the presence of CWDEs from five plant parasitic nematode species with fully sequenced genomes covering three genera viz. Bursaphelenchus, Glorodera and Meloidogyne. Using the Hidden Markov Models (HMM) conserved domain profiles of the respective gene families, we have identified 530 genes encoding CWDEs that are distributed among 24 gene families of glycoside hydrolases (412) and polysaccharide lyases (118). Furthermore, expression profiles of these genes were analyzed across the life cycle of a potato cyst nematode. Most genes were found to have moderate to high expression from early to late infectious stages, while some clusters were invasion stage specific, indicating the role of these enzymes in the nematode's infection and establishment process. Additionally, we have also developed a Nematode's Plant Cell Wall Degrading Enzyme (NCWDE) database as a platform to provide a comprehensive outcome of the present study. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides collective information about different families of CWDEs from five different sequenced plant pathogenic nematode species. The outcomes of this study will help in developing better strategies to curtail the nematode infection, as well as help in identification of novel cell wall degrading enzymes for biofuel/bioproduct industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishan Mohan Rai
- Department of Plant & Soil Science, Texas Tech University, 2802, 15th street, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA.
| | | | - Cassie Marie Welker
- Department of Plant & Soil Science, Texas Tech University, 2802, 15th street, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA.
| | - Mingxiong Pang
- Department of Plant & Soil Science, Texas Tech University, 2802, 15th street, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA.
| | - Mei Mei Hii
- Department of Plant & Soil Science, Texas Tech University, 2802, 15th street, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA.
- Current address Sarawak Biodiversity Centre, KM20, Jalan Borneo Heights, Semengoh, Locked Bag No. 3032, Kuching, Sarawak, 93990, Malaysia.
| | - Venugopal Mendu
- Department of Plant & Soil Science, Texas Tech University, 2802, 15th street, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA.
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170
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Yang F, Abdelnabby H, Xiao Y. The role of a phospholipase (PLD) in virulence of Purpureocillium lilacinum (Paecilomyces lilacinum). Microb Pathog 2015; 85:11-20. [PMID: 26026833 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipases are key enzymes in pathogenic fungi that cleave host phospholipids, resulting in membrane destabilization and host cell penetration. However, understanding the role of phospholipases on the virulence of the filamentous fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum has been still rather limited. In this study, pld gene was characterized. It encodes the protein phospholipase D (PLD) in P. lilacinum. This gene, 3303 bp open reading frame fragment (ORF), encodes a protein of 1100 amino acids with high similarity to the same gene from Penicillium oxalicum and Aspergillus fumigatus. Secondary structure prediction showed two PLD phosphodiesterase domains (437-464 bp and 885-912 bp). The pld gene was significantly regulated during infection of Meloidogyne incognita eggs by P. lilacinum. The expression of pld gene using RT-PCR was the highest at 36 and 48 h, which introduce evidence that the presence of M. incognita may induce the expression of the pld gene in P. lilacinum. In addition, maltose and l-alanine were found to increase the expression of pld gene. An acidic environment (pH 3.0-4.0) and moderate temperatures (27-29 °C) are favorable for pld expression in P. lilacinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Hazem Abdelnabby
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Qaliubia 13736, Egypt
| | - Yannong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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171
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Lourenço-Tessutti IT, Souza Junior JDA, Martins-de-Sa D, Viana AAB, Carneiro RMDG, Togawa RC, de Almeida-Engler J, Batista JAN, Silva MCM, Fragoso RR, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Knock-down of heat-shock protein 90 and isocitrate lyase gene expression reduced root-knot nematode reproduction. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:628-37. [PMID: 26020830 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-14-0237-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Crop losses caused by nematode infections are estimated to be valued at USD 157 billion per year. Meloidogyne incognita, a root-knot nematode (RKN), is considered to be one of the most important plant pathogens due to its worldwide distribution and the austere damage it can cause to a large variety of agronomically important crops. RNA interference (RNAi), a gene silencing process, has proven to be a valuable biotechnology alternative method for RKN control. In this study, the RNAi approach was applied, using fragments of M. incognita genes that encode for two essential molecules, heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) and isocitrate lyase (ICL). Plant-mediated RNAi of these genes led to a significant level of resistance against M. incognita in the transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants. Bioassays of plants expressing HSP90 dsRNA demonstrated a delay in gall formation and up to 46% reduction in eggs compared with wild-type plants. A reduction in the level of HSP90 transcripts was observed in recovered eggs from plants expressing dsRNA, indicating that gene silencing persisted and was passed along to first progeny. The ICL knock-down had no clear effect on gall formation but resulted in up to 77% reduction in egg oviposition compared with wild-type plants. Our data suggest that both genes may be involved in RKN development and reproduction. Thus, in this paper, we describe essential candidate genes that could be applied to generate genetically modified crops, using the RNAi strategy to control RKN parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Tristan Lourenço-Tessutti
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, ninth, and eleventh authors: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Plant-Pest Interaction, Brasília, DF, Brazil; first, second, and third authors: University of Brasília, Department of Cell Biology, Graduate Program in Molecular Biology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; seventh author: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Sophia-Antipolis, France; eighth author: Federal University of Minas Gerais, Botany Department, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; tenth author: Embrapa Cerrados, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Planaltina, DF, Brazil; and eleventh author: Catholic University of Brasília, Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - José Dijair Antonino Souza Junior
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, ninth, and eleventh authors: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Plant-Pest Interaction, Brasília, DF, Brazil; first, second, and third authors: University of Brasília, Department of Cell Biology, Graduate Program in Molecular Biology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; seventh author: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Sophia-Antipolis, France; eighth author: Federal University of Minas Gerais, Botany Department, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; tenth author: Embrapa Cerrados, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Planaltina, DF, Brazil; and eleventh author: Catholic University of Brasília, Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Diogo Martins-de-Sa
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, ninth, and eleventh authors: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Plant-Pest Interaction, Brasília, DF, Brazil; first, second, and third authors: University of Brasília, Department of Cell Biology, Graduate Program in Molecular Biology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; seventh author: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Sophia-Antipolis, France; eighth author: Federal University of Minas Gerais, Botany Department, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; tenth author: Embrapa Cerrados, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Planaltina, DF, Brazil; and eleventh author: Catholic University of Brasília, Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Antônio Américo Barbosa Viana
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, ninth, and eleventh authors: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Plant-Pest Interaction, Brasília, DF, Brazil; first, second, and third authors: University of Brasília, Department of Cell Biology, Graduate Program in Molecular Biology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; seventh author: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Sophia-Antipolis, France; eighth author: Federal University of Minas Gerais, Botany Department, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; tenth author: Embrapa Cerrados, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Planaltina, DF, Brazil; and eleventh author: Catholic University of Brasília, Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Regina Maria Dechechi Gomes Carneiro
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, ninth, and eleventh authors: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Plant-Pest Interaction, Brasília, DF, Brazil; first, second, and third authors: University of Brasília, Department of Cell Biology, Graduate Program in Molecular Biology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; seventh author: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Sophia-Antipolis, France; eighth author: Federal University of Minas Gerais, Botany Department, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; tenth author: Embrapa Cerrados, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Planaltina, DF, Brazil; and eleventh author: Catholic University of Brasília, Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Roberto Coiti Togawa
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, ninth, and eleventh authors: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Plant-Pest Interaction, Brasília, DF, Brazil; first, second, and third authors: University of Brasília, Department of Cell Biology, Graduate Program in Molecular Biology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; seventh author: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Sophia-Antipolis, France; eighth author: Federal University of Minas Gerais, Botany Department, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; tenth author: Embrapa Cerrados, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Planaltina, DF, Brazil; and eleventh author: Catholic University of Brasília, Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Janice de Almeida-Engler
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, ninth, and eleventh authors: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Plant-Pest Interaction, Brasília, DF, Brazil; first, second, and third authors: University of Brasília, Department of Cell Biology, Graduate Program in Molecular Biology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; seventh author: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Sophia-Antipolis, France; eighth author: Federal University of Minas Gerais, Botany Department, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; tenth author: Embrapa Cerrados, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Planaltina, DF, Brazil; and eleventh author: Catholic University of Brasília, Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - João Aguiar Nogueira Batista
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, ninth, and eleventh authors: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Plant-Pest Interaction, Brasília, DF, Brazil; first, second, and third authors: University of Brasília, Department of Cell Biology, Graduate Program in Molecular Biology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; seventh author: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Sophia-Antipolis, France; eighth author: Federal University of Minas Gerais, Botany Department, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; tenth author: Embrapa Cerrados, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Planaltina, DF, Brazil; and eleventh author: Catholic University of Brasília, Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Mattar Silva
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, ninth, and eleventh authors: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Plant-Pest Interaction, Brasília, DF, Brazil; first, second, and third authors: University of Brasília, Department of Cell Biology, Graduate Program in Molecular Biology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; seventh author: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Sophia-Antipolis, France; eighth author: Federal University of Minas Gerais, Botany Department, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; tenth author: Embrapa Cerrados, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Planaltina, DF, Brazil; and eleventh author: Catholic University of Brasília, Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Rocha Fragoso
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, ninth, and eleventh authors: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Plant-Pest Interaction, Brasília, DF, Brazil; first, second, and third authors: University of Brasília, Department of Cell Biology, Graduate Program in Molecular Biology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; seventh author: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Sophia-Antipolis, France; eighth author: Federal University of Minas Gerais, Botany Department, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; tenth author: Embrapa Cerrados, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Planaltina, DF, Brazil; and eleventh author: Catholic University of Brasília, Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Maria Fatima Grossi-de-Sa
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, ninth, and eleventh authors: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Plant-Pest Interaction, Brasília, DF, Brazil; first, second, and third authors: University of Brasília, Department of Cell Biology, Graduate Program in Molecular Biology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; seventh author: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Sophia-Antipolis, France; eighth author: Federal University of Minas Gerais, Botany Department, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; tenth author: Embrapa Cerrados, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Planaltina, DF, Brazil; and eleventh author: Catholic University of Brasília, Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Villeth GRC, Carmo LST, Silva LP, Fontes W, Grynberg P, Saraiva M, Brasileiro ACM, Carneiro RMD, Oliveira JTA, Grossi-de-Sá MF, Mehta A. Cowpea-Meloidogyne incognita
interaction: Root proteomic analysis during early stages of nematode infection. Proteomics 2015; 15:1746-59. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Angela Mehta
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia; Brasília DF Brazil
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173
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Cao Y, Tian B, Ji X, Shang S, Lu C, Zhang K. Associated bacteria of different life stages of Meloidogyne incognita using pyrosequencing-based analysis. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 55:950-60. [PMID: 25809195 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201400816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The root knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne incognita, belongs to the most damaging plant pathogens worldwide, and is able to infect almost all cultivated plants, like tomato. Recent research supports the hypothesis that bacteria often associated with plant-parasitic nematodes, function as nematode parasites, symbionts, or commensal organisms etc. In this study, we explored the bacterial consortia associated with M. incognita at different developmental stages, including egg mass, adult female and second-stage juvenile using the pyrosequencing approach. The results showed that Proteobacteria, with a proportion of 71-84%, is the most abundant phylum associated with M. incognita in infected tomato roots, followed by Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes etc. Egg mass, female and second-stage juvenile of M. incognita harbored a core microbiome with minor difference in communities and diversities. Several bacteria genera identified in M. incognita are recognized cellulosic microorganisms, pathogenic bacteria, nitrogen-fixing bacteria and antagonists to M. incognita. Some genera previously identified in other plant-parasitic nematodes were also found in tomato RKNs. The potential biological control microorganisms, including the known bacterial pathogens and nematode antagonists, such as Actinomycetes and Pseudomonas, showed the largest diversity and proportion in egg mass, and dramatically decreased in second-stage juvenile and female of M. incognita. This is the first comprehensive report of bacterial flora associated with the RKN identified by pyrosequencing-based analysis. The results provide valuable information for understanding nematode-microbiota interactions and may be helpful in the development of novel nematode-control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cao
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, China
| | - Baoyu Tian
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinglai Ji
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Shenghua Shang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, China
| | - Chaojun Lu
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Keqin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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174
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Liu T, Li CM, Han YL, Chiang TY, Chiang YC, Sung HM. Highly diversified fungi are associated with the achlorophyllous orchid Gastrodia flavilabella. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:185. [PMID: 25886817 PMCID: PMC4371811 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1422-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoheterotrophic orchids are achlorophyllous plants that obtain carbon and nutrients from their mycorrhizal fungi. They often show strong preferential association with certain fungi and may obtain nutrients from surrounding photosynthetic plants through ectomycorrhizal fungi. Gastrodia is a large genus of mycoheterotrophic orchids in Asia, but Gastrodia species' association with fungi has not been well studied. We asked two questions: (1) whether certain fungi were preferentially associated with G. flavilabella, which is an orchid in Taiwan and (2) whether fungal associations of G. flavilabella were affected by the composition of fungi in the environment. RESULTS Using next-generation sequencing, we studied the fungal communities in the tubers of Gastrodia flavilabella and the surrounding soil. We found (1) highly diversified fungi in the G. flavilabella tubers, (2) that Mycena species were the predominant fungi in the tubers but minor in the surrounding soil, and (3) the fungal communities in the G. flavilabella tubers were clearly distinct from those in the surrounding soil. We also found that the fungal composition in soil can change quickly with distance. CONCLUSIONS G. flavilabella was associated with many more fungi than previously thought. Among the fungi in the tuber of G. flavilabella, Mycena species were predominant, different from the previous finding that adult G. elata depends on Armillaria species for nutritional supply. Moreover, the preferential fungus association of G. flavilabella was not significantly influenced by the composition of fungi in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsunglin Liu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Min Li
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Yue-Lun Han
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Tzen-Yuh Chiang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chung Chiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Huang-Mo Sung
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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175
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Pagan C, Coyne D, Carneiro R, Kariuki G, Luambano N, Affokpon A, Williamson VM. Mitochondrial haplotype-based identification of ethanol-preserved root-knot nematodes from Africa. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:350-357. [PMID: 25271352 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-14-0225-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The asexual root-knot nematodes (RKNs) (Meloidogyne spp.) exemplified by Meloidogyne incognita are widespread and damaging pests in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Comparison of amplification products of two adjacent polymorphic regions of the mitochondrial genome using DNA extracts of characterized RKN strains, including 15 different species, indicate that several species are derived from the same or closely related female lineages. Nevertheless, M. javanica, M. enterolobii, M. incognita, and other key species could each be assigned unique mitochondrial haplotypes based on polymerase chain reaction fragment size and restriction cleavage patterns. M. arenaria isolates did not group as a single haplotype, consistent with other reports of diversity within this species. To test the utility of this assay, we characterized ethanol-preserved samples from 103 single-species isolates from four countries in sub-Saharan Africa (Benin, Nigeria, Kenya, and Tanzania). Mitochondrial haplotypes corresponding to M. javanica and M. incognita were the most prevalent. Samples from western Africa included several instances of M. enterolobii but this species was not detected in samples from East Africa. This protocol provides progress toward a standardized strategy for identification of RKN species from small, preserved samples and a rational starting point for classifying species present in regions where previous knowledge has been limited.
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176
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Postnikova OA, Hult M, Shao J, Skantar A, Nemchinov LG. Transcriptome analysis of resistant and susceptible alfalfa cultivars infected with root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118269. [PMID: 25710378 PMCID: PMC4339843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematodes are one of the major limiting factors in alfalfa production. Root-knot nematodes (RKN, Meloidogyne spp.) are widely distributed and economically important sedentary endoparasites of agricultural crops and they may inflict significant damage to alfalfa fields. As of today, no studies have been published on global gene expression profiling in alfalfa infected with RKN or any other plant parasitic nematode. Very little information is available about molecular mechanisms that contribute to pathogenesis and defense responses in alfalfa against these pests and specifically against RKN. In this work, we performed root transcriptome analysis of resistant (cv. Moapa 69) and susceptible (cv. Lahontan) alfalfa cultivars infected with RKN Meloidogyne incognita, widespread root-knot nematode species and a major pest worldwide. A total of 1,701,622,580 pair-end reads were generated on an Illumina Hi-Seq 2000 platform from the roots of both cultivars and assembled into 45,595 and 47,590 transcripts in cvs Moapa 69 and Lahontan, respectively. Bioinformatic analysis revealed a number of common and unique genes that were differentially expressed in susceptible and resistant lines as a result of nematode infection. Although the susceptible cultivar showed a more pronounced defense response to the infection, feeding sites were successfully established in its roots. Characteristically, basal gene expression levels under normal conditions differed between the two cultivars as well, which may confer advantage to one of the genotypes toward resistance to nematodes. Differentially expressed genes were subsequently assigned to known Gene Ontology categories to predict their functional roles and associated biological processes. Real-time PCR validated expression changes in genes arbitrarily selected for experimental confirmation. Candidate genes that contribute to protection against M. incognita in alfalfa were proposed and alfalfa-nematode interactions with respect to resistance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A. Postnikova
- USDA-ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maria Hult
- USDA-ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Nematology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Shao
- USDA-ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrea Skantar
- USDA-ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Nematology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lev G. Nemchinov
- USDA-ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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177
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Castagnone-Sereno P, Danchin EGJ. Parasitic success without sex – the nematode experience. J Evol Biol 2015; 27:1323-33. [PMID: 25105196 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Asexual reproduction is usually considered as an evolutionary dead end, and difficulties for asexual lineages to adapt to a fluctuating environment are anticipated due to the lack of sufficient genetic plasticity. Yet, unlike their sexual congeners, mitotic parthenogenetic root-knot nematode species, Meloidogyne spp., are remarkably widespread and polyphagous, with the ability to parasitize most flowering plants. Although this may reflect in part the short-term stability of agricultural environments, the extreme parasitic success of these clonal species points them as an outstanding evolutionary paradox regarding current theories on the benefits of sex. The discovery that most of the genome of the clonal species M. incognita is composed of pairs of homologous but divergent segments that have presumably been evolving independently in the absence of sexual recombination has shed new light on this evolutionary paradox. Together with recent studies on other biological systems, including the closely related sexual species M. hapla and the ancient asexual bdelloid rotifers, this observation suggests that functional innovation could emerge from such a peculiar genome architecture, which may in turn account for the extreme adaptive capacities of these asexual parasites. Additionally, the higher proportion of transposable elements in M. incognita compared to M. hapla and other nematodes may also be responsible in part for genome plasticity in the absence of sexual reproduction. We foresee that ongoing sequencing efforts should lead soon to a genomic framework involving genetically diverse Meloidogyne species with various different reproductive modes. This will undoubtedly promote the entire genus as a unique and valuable model system to help deciphering the evolution of asexual reproduction in eukaryotes.
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178
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Systemic nematicidal activity and biocontrol efficacy of Bacillus firmus against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 31:661-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1820-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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179
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Wang G, Li EF, Mao ZC, Xie BY. Development of polymorphic microsatellites for Meloidogyne incognita, through screening predicted microsatellite loci based on genome sequence. RUSS J GENET+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795415010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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180
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Banakar P, Sharma A, Lilley CJ, Gantasala NP, Kumar M, Rao U. Combinatorial in vitro RNAi of two neuropeptide genes and a pharyngeal gland gene on Meloidogyne incognita. NEMATOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00002859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes are the most economically important group of plant-parasitic nematodes. In the present study, functional validation using in vitro RNAi was carried out on Meloidogyne incognita with two FMRFamide-like peptide genes, flp-14 and flp-18, and a subventral pharyngeal gland specific gene, 16D10. It was found that RNAi silencing of each gene reduced the attraction of M. incognita at different time intervals both in combination and individually. Silencing of the genes reduced nematode infection by 23-30% and development as indicated by a reduction in the number of females by 26-62%. Reproduction was decreased by 27-73% and fecundity was decreased by 19-51%. In situ hybridisation revealed the expression of flp-18 in cells associated with the ventral and retro vesicular ganglia of the central nervous system. qRT-PCR supported the correlation between phenotypic effects of silencing with that of transcript quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Banakar
- Division of Nematology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Amita Sharma
- Division of Nematology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | | | | | - Mukesh Kumar
- Division of Nematology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Uma Rao
- Division of Nematology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
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181
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Zhang L, Davies LJ, Elling AA. A Meloidogyne incognita effector is imported into the nucleus and exhibits transcriptional activation activity in planta. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:48-60. [PMID: 24863562 PMCID: PMC6638493 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes are sedentary biotrophic endoparasites that maintain a complex interaction with their host plants. Nematode effector proteins are synthesized in the oesophageal glands of nematodes and secreted into plant tissue through a needle-like stylet. Effectors characterized to date have been shown to mediate processes essential for nematode pathogenesis. To gain an insight into their site of action and putative function, the subcellular localization of 13 previously isolated Meloidogyne incognita effectors was determined. Translational fusions were created between effectors and EGFP-GUS (enhanced green fluorescent protein-β-glucuronidase) reporter genes, which were transiently expressed in tobacco leaf cells. The majority of effectors localized to the cytoplasm, with one effector, 7H08, imported into the nuclei of plant cells. Deletion analysis revealed that the nuclear localization of 7H08 was mediated by two novel independent nuclear localization domains. As a result of the nuclear localization of the effector, 7H08 was tested for the ability to activate gene transcription. 7H08 was found to activate the expression of reporter genes in both yeast and plant systems. This is the first report of a plant-parasitic nematode effector with transcriptional activation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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182
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Nguyễn PV, Bellafiore S, Petitot AS, Haidar R, Bak A, Abed A, Gantet P, Mezzalira I, de Almeida Engler J, Fernandez D. Meloidogyne incognita - rice (Oryza sativa) interaction: a new model system to study plant-root-knot nematode interactions in monocotyledons. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 7:23. [PMID: 26224554 PMCID: PMC4884005 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-014-0023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant-parasitic nematodes developed strategies to invade and colonize their host plants, including expression of immune suppressors to overcome host defenses. Meloidogyne graminicola and M. incognita are root-knot nematode (RKN) species reported to damage rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivated in upland and irrigated systems. Despite M. incognita wide host range, study of the molecular plant - RKN interaction has been so far limited to a few dicotyledonous model plants. The aim of this study was to investigate if the rice cv. Nipponbare widely used in rice genomic studies could be used as a suitable monocotyledon host plant for studying M. incognita pathogenicity mechanisms. Here we compared the ability of M. graminicola and M. incognita to develop and reproduce in Nipponbare roots. Next, we tested if RKNs modulates rice immunity-related genes expression in galls during infection and express the Mi-crt gene encoding an immune suppressor. RESULTS Root galling, mature females, eggs and newly formed J2s nematodes were obtained for both species in rice cultivated in hydroponic culture system after 4-5 weeks. Meloidogyne graminicola reproduced at higher rates than M. incognita on Nipponbare and the timing of infection was shorter. In contrast, the infection characteristics compared by histological analysis were similar for both nematode species. Giant cells formed from 2 days after infection (DAI) with M. graminicola and from 6 DAI with M. incognita. Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) data indicated that RKNs are able to suppress transcription of immune regulators genes, such as OsEDS1, OsPAD4 and OsWRKY13 in young galls. Four M. incognita reference genes (Mi-eif-3, Mi-GDP-2, Mi-Y45F10D.4, and Mi-actin) were selected for normalizing nematode gene expression studies in planta and in pre-parasitic J2s. Meloidogyne incognita expressed the immune suppressor calreticulin gene (Mi-crt) in rice roots all along its infection cycle. CONCLUSION RKNs repress the transcription of key immune regulators in rice, likely in order to lower basal defence in newly-formed galls. The calreticulin Mi-CRT can be one of the immune-modulator effectors secreted by M. incognita in rice root tissues. Together, these data show that rice is a well suited model system to study host- M. incognita molecular interactions in monocotyledons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phong Vũ Nguyễn
- />Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 186 IRD-Cirad-UM2 Résistance des Plantes aux Bioagresseurs, 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier, 34394 Cedex 5 France
- />Nông Lâm University, Linh Trung, Thủ Đức, Hồ Chí Minh city, Việt Nam
| | - Stéphane Bellafiore
- />Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 186 IRD-Cirad-UM2 Résistance des Plantes aux Bioagresseurs, 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier, 34394 Cedex 5 France
- />Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, LMI RICE, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Agricultural Genetics Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Anne-Sophie Petitot
- />Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 186 IRD-Cirad-UM2 Résistance des Plantes aux Bioagresseurs, 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier, 34394 Cedex 5 France
| | - Rana Haidar
- />Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 186 IRD-Cirad-UM2 Résistance des Plantes aux Bioagresseurs, 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier, 34394 Cedex 5 France
- />INRA, UMR1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble (SAVE), ISVV, CS, 20032, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Aurélie Bak
- />Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 186 IRD-Cirad-UM2 Résistance des Plantes aux Bioagresseurs, 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier, 34394 Cedex 5 France
| | - Amina Abed
- />Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 186 IRD-Cirad-UM2 Résistance des Plantes aux Bioagresseurs, 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier, 34394 Cedex 5 France
- />INRAA- CRP, BP 37 Mehdi Boualem, Baraki, Algiers Algeria
| | - Pascal Gantet
- />Université Montpellier 2, UMR IRD-UM2 DIADE, 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier, 34394 Cedex 5 France
- />Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, LMI RICE, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Agricultural Genetics Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Itamara Mezzalira
- />Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 186 IRD-Cirad-UM2 Résistance des Plantes aux Bioagresseurs, 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier, 34394 Cedex 5 France
- />Embrapa - Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF 70849-970 Brazil
| | - Janice de Almeida Engler
- />UMR IBSV INRA/CNRS/UNS, 400, Route de Chappes, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903 CEDEX France
- />Embrapa - Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF 70849-970 Brazil
| | - Diana Fernandez
- />Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 186 IRD-Cirad-UM2 Résistance des Plantes aux Bioagresseurs, 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier, 34394 Cedex 5 France
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183
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Kapur-Ghai J, Kaur M, Goel P. Development of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. J Parasit Dis 2014; 38:302-6. [PMID: 25035590 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-013-0246-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) are obligate, sedentary plant endoparasites that are extremely polyphagous in nature and cause severe economic losses in agriculture. Hence, it is essential to control the parasite at an early stage. For any control strategy to be effective, an early and accurate diagnosis is of paramount importance. Immunoassays have the inherent advantages of sensitivity and specificity; have the potential to identify and quantify these plant-parasitic nematodes. Hence, in the present studies, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed for the detection of M.incognita antigens. First an indirect ELISA was developed for detection and titration of anti-M.incognita antibodies. Results indicated as high as 320 K titre of the antisera. Finally competitive inhibition ELISA was developed employing these anti-M.incognita antibodies for detection of M.incognita antigens. Sensitivity of ELISA was 10 fg. Competitive inhibition ELISA developed in the present studies has the potential of being used as an easy, rapid, specific and sensitive diagnostic tool for the detection of M.incognita infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kapur-Ghai
- Department of Zoology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004 India
| | - M Kaur
- Department of Zoology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004 India
| | - P Goel
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
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184
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Lunt DH, Kumar S, Koutsovoulos G, Blaxter ML. The complex hybrid origins of the root knot nematodes revealed through comparative genomics. PeerJ 2014; 2:e356. [PMID: 24860695 PMCID: PMC4017819 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Root knot nematodes (RKN) can infect most of the world's agricultural crop species and are among the most important of all plant pathogens. As yet however we have little understanding of their origins or the genomic basis of their extreme polyphagy. The most damaging pathogens reproduce by obligatory mitotic parthenogenesis and it has been suggested that these species originated from interspecific hybridizations between unknown parental taxa. We have sequenced the genome of the diploid meiotic parthenogen Meloidogyne floridensis, and use a comparative genomic approach to test the hypothesis that this species was involved in the hybrid origin of the tropical mitotic parthenogen Meloidogyne incognita. Phylogenomic analysis of gene families from M. floridensis, M. incognita and an outgroup species Meloidogyne hapla was carried out to trace the evolutionary history of these species' genomes, and we demonstrate that M. floridensis was one of the parental species in the hybrid origins of M. incognita. Analysis of the M. floridensis genome itself revealed many gene loci present in divergent copies, as they are in M. incognita, indicating that it too had a hybrid origin. The triploid M. incognita is shown to be a complex double-hybrid between M. floridensis and a third, unidentified, parent. The agriculturally important RKN have very complex origins involving the mixing of several parental genomes by hybridization and their extreme polyphagy and success in agricultural environments may be related to this hybridization, producing transgressive variation on which natural selection can act. It is now clear that studying RKN variation via individual marker loci may fail due to the species' convoluted origins, and multi-species population genomics is essential to understand the hybrid diversity and adaptive variation of this important species complex. This comparative genomic analysis provides a compelling example of the importance and complexity of hybridization in generating animal species diversity more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Lunt
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull , Hull , UK
| | - Sujai Kumar
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | | | - Mark L Blaxter
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK ; The GenePool Genomics Facility, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
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185
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Adam M, Heuer H, Hallmann J. Bacterial antagonists of fungal pathogens also control root-knot nematodes by induced systemic resistance of tomato plants. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90402. [PMID: 24587352 PMCID: PMC3938715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of bacterial antagonists of fungal pathogens to control the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita was investigated under greenhouse conditions. Treatment of tomato seeds with several strains significantly reduced the numbers of galls and egg masses compared with the untreated control. Best performed Bacillus subtilis isolates Sb4-23, Mc5-Re2, and Mc2-Re2, which were further studied for their mode of action with regard to direct effects by bacterial metabolites or repellents, and plant mediated effects. Drenching of soil with culture supernatants significantly reduced the number of egg masses produced by M. incognita on tomato by up to 62% compared to the control without culture supernatant. Repellence of juveniles by the antagonists was shown in a linked twin-pot set-up, where a majority of juveniles penetrated roots on the side without inoculated antagonists. All tested biocontrol strains induced systemic resistance against M. incognita in tomato, as revealed in a split-root system where the bacteria and the nematodes were inoculated at spatially separated roots of the same plant. This reduced the production of egg masses by up to 51%, while inoculation of bacteria and nematodes in the same pot had only a minor additive effect on suppression of M. incognita compared to induced systemic resistance alone. Therefore, the plant mediated effect was the major reason for antagonism rather than direct mechanisms. In conclusion, the bacteria known for their antagonistic potential against fungal pathogens also suppressed M. incognita. Such "multi-purpose" bacteria might provide new options for control strategies, especially with respect to nematode-fungus disease complexes that cause synergistic yield losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Adam
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Zoology and Nematology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Holger Heuer
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Johannes Hallmann
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Braunschweig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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186
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Yu Z, Luo H, Xiong J, Zhou Q, Xia L, Sun M, Li L, Yu Z. Bacillus thuringiensis
Cry6A exhibits nematicidal activity to Caenorhabditis elegans bre
mutants and synergistic activity with Cry5B to C
. elegans. Lett Appl Microbiol 2014; 58:511-9. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base of Microbial Molecular Biology; The Cooperative Innovation Center of Engineering and New Products for Developmental Biology of Hunan Province; College of Life Science; Hunan Normal University; Changsha China
| | - H. Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base of Microbial Molecular Biology; The Cooperative Innovation Center of Engineering and New Products for Developmental Biology of Hunan Province; College of Life Science; Hunan Normal University; Changsha China
| | - J. Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base of Microbial Molecular Biology; The Cooperative Innovation Center of Engineering and New Products for Developmental Biology of Hunan Province; College of Life Science; Hunan Normal University; Changsha China
| | - Q. Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base of Microbial Molecular Biology; The Cooperative Innovation Center of Engineering and New Products for Developmental Biology of Hunan Province; College of Life Science; Hunan Normal University; Changsha China
| | - L. Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base of Microbial Molecular Biology; The Cooperative Innovation Center of Engineering and New Products for Developmental Biology of Hunan Province; College of Life Science; Hunan Normal University; Changsha China
| | - M. Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; College of Life Science and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
| | - L. Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; College of Life Science and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
| | - Z. Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; College of Life Science and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
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187
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Barbary A, Palloix A, Fazari A, Marteu N, Castagnone-Sereno P, Djian-Caporalino C. The plant genetic background affects the efficiency of the pepper major nematode resistance genes Me1 and Me3. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2014; 127:499-507. [PMID: 24258389 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-013-2235-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The plant genetic background influences the efficiency of major resistance genes to root-knot nematodes in pepper and has to be considered in breeding strategies. Root-knot nematodes (RKNs), Meloidogyne spp., are extremely polyphagous plant parasites worldwide. Since the use of most chemical nematicides is being prohibited, genetic resistance is an efficient alternative way to protect crops against these pests. However, nematode populations proved able to breakdown plant resistance, and genetic resources in terms of resistance genes (R-genes) are limited. Sustainable management of these valuable resources is thus a key point of R-gene durability. In pepper, Me1 and Me3 are two dominant major R-genes, currently used in breeding programs to control M. arenaria, M. incognita and M. javanica, the three main RKN species. These two genes differ in the hypersensitive response induced by nematode infection. In this study, they were introgressed in either a susceptible or a partially resistant genetic background, in either homozygous or heterozygous allelic status. Challenging these genotypes with an avirulent M. incognita isolate demonstrated that (1) the efficiency of the R-genes in reducing the reproductive potential of RKNs is strongly affected by the plant genetic background, (2) the allelic status of the R-genes has no effect on nematode reproduction. These results highlight the primary importance of the choice of both the R-gene and the genetic background into which it is introgressed during the selection of new elite cultivars by plant breeders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Barbary
- INRA, UMR1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France,
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188
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Antonino de Souza Júnior JD, Ramos Coelho R, Tristan Lourenço I, da Rocha Fragoso R, Barbosa Viana AA, Lima Pepino de Macedo L, Mattar da Silva MC, Gomes Carneiro RM, Engler G, de Almeida-Engler J, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Knocking-down Meloidogyne incognita proteases by plant-delivered dsRNA has negative pleiotropic effect on nematode vigor. PLoS One 2013; 8:e85364. [PMID: 24392004 PMCID: PMC3877404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita causes serious damage and yield losses in numerous important crops worldwide. Analysis of the M. incognita genome revealed a vast number of proteases belonging to five different catalytic classes. Several reports indicate that M. incognita proteases could play important roles in nematode parasitism, besides their function in ordinary digestion of giant cell contents for feeding. The precise roles of these proteins during parasitism however are still unknown, making them interesting targets for gene silencing to address protein function. In this study we have knocked-down an aspartic (Mi-asp-1), a serine (Mi-ser-1) and a cysteine protease (Mi-cpl-1) by RNAi interference to get an insight into the function of these enzymes during a host/nematode interaction. Tobacco lines expressing dsRNA for Mi-ser-1 (dsSER), Mi-cpl-1 (dsCPL) and for the three genes together (dsFusion) were generated. Histological analysis of galls did not show clear differences in giant cell morphology. Interestingly, nematodes that infected plants expressing dsRNA for proteases produced a reduced number of eggs. In addition, nematode progeny matured in dsSER plants had reduced success in egg hatching, while progeny resulting from dsCPL and dsFusion plants were less successful to infect wild-type host plants. Quantitative PCR analysis confirmed a reduction in transcripts for Mi-cpl-1 and Mi-ser-1 proteases. Our results indicate that these proteases are possibly involved in different processes throughout nematode development, like nutrition, reproduction and embryogenesis. A better understanding of nematode proteases and their possible role during a plant-nematode interaction might help to develop new tools for phytonematode control.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Dijair Antonino de Souza Júnior
- Graduate Program in Biology Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Roberta Ramos Coelho
- Graduate Program in Biology Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Isabela Tristan Lourenço
- Graduate Program in Biology Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Américo Barbosa Viana
- Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Gilbert Engler
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355 ISA/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7254 ISA/Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UMR ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Janice de Almeida-Engler
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355 ISA/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7254 ISA/Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UMR ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Maria Fatima Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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189
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Papolu PK, Gantasala NP, Kamaraju D, Banakar P, Sreevathsa R, Rao U. Utility of host delivered RNAi of two FMRF amide like peptides, flp-14 and flp-18, for the management of root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80603. [PMID: 24223228 PMCID: PMC3819290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, is an obligate sedentary endoparasite that infects a large number of crop species and causes substantial yield losses. Non-chemical based control strategies for these nematodes are gaining importance. In the present study, we have demonstrated the significance of two FMRFamide like peptide genes (flp-14 and flp-18) for infection and development of resistance to M. incognita through host-derived RNAi. The study demonstrated both in vitro and in planta validation of RNAi-induced silencing of the two genes cloned from J2 stage of M. incognita. In vitro silencing of both the genes interfered with nematode migration towards the host roots and subsequent invasion into the roots. Transgenic tobacco lines were developed with RNAi constructs of flp-14 and flp-18 and evaluated against M. incognita. The transformed plants did not show any visible phenotypic variations suggesting the absence of any off-target effects. Bioefficacy studies with deliberate challenging of M. incognita resulted in 50-80% reduction in infection and multiplication confirming the silencing effect. We have provided evidence for in vitro and in planta silencing of the genes by expression analysis using qRT-PCR. Thus the identified genes and the strategy can be used as a potential tool for the control of M. incognita. This is the first ever report that has revealed the utility of host delivered RNAi of flps to control M. incognita. The strategy can also be extended to other crops and nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Papolu
- Division of Nematology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Divya Kamaraju
- Division of Nematology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Prakash Banakar
- Division of Nematology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Rohini Sreevathsa
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Uma Rao
- Division of Nematology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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190
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Luo H, Xiong J, Zhou Q, Xia L, Yu Z. The effects of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry6A on the survival, growth, reproduction, locomotion, and behavioral response of Caenorhabditis elegans. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:10135-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5249-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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191
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Khallouk S, Voisin R, Portier U, Polidori J, Van Ghelder C, Esmenjaud D. Multiyear evaluation of the durability of the resistance conferred by Ma and RMia genes to Meloidogyne incognita in Prunus under controlled conditions. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2013; 103:833-40. [PMID: 23425239 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-12-0228-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) (Meloidogyne spp.) are highly polyphagous pests that parasitize Prunus crops in Mediterranean climates. Breeding for RKN-resistant Prunus cultivars, as an alternative to the now-banned use of nematicides, is a real challenge, because the perennial nature of these trees increases the risk of resistance breakdown. The Ma plum resistance (R) gene, with a complete spectrum, and the RMia peach R gene, with a more restricted spectrum, both provide total control of Meloidogyne incognita, the model parthenogenetic species of the genus and the most important RKN in terms of economic losses. We investigated the durability of the resistance to this nematode conferred by these genes, comparing the results obtained with those for the tomato Mi-1 reference gene. In multiyear experiments, we applied a high and continuous nematode inoculum pressure by cultivating nematode-infested susceptible tomato plants with either Prunus accessions carrying Ma or RMia R genes, or with resistant tomato plants carrying the Mi-1 gene. Suitable conditions for Prunus development were achieved by carrying out the studies in a glasshouse, in controlled conditions allowing a short winter leaf fall and dormancy. We first assessed the plum accession 'P.2175', which is heterozygous for the Ma gene, in two successive 2-year evaluations, for resistance to two M. incognita isolates. Whatever the isolate used, no nematodes reproducing on P.2175 were detected, whereas galls and nematodes reproducing on tomato plants carrying Mi-1 were observed. In a second experiment with the most aggressive isolate, interspecific full-sib material (P.2175 × ['Garfi' almond × 'Nemared' peach]), carrying either Ma or RMia (from Nemared) or both (in the heterozygous state) or neither of these genes, was evaluated for 4 years. No virulent nematodes developed on Prunus spp. carrying R genes, whereas galling and virulent individuals were observed on Mi-1-resistant tomato plants. Thus, the resistance to M. incognita conferred by Ma in Prunus material in both a pure-plum and an interspecific genetic background, or by RMia in an interspecific background, appears to be durable, highlighting the value of these two genes for the creation of Prunus rootstock material.
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192
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Rahman M, Haegeman A, Rahman BM, Gheysen G. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Molecular cloning and expression analysis of novel putative effector genes from Meloidogyne graminicola. J Appl Genet 2013; 54:493. [PMID: 23846215 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-013-0160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masuder Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science & Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh,
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193
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Williamson VM, Thomas V, Ferris H, Dubcovsky J. An Aegilops ventricosa Translocation Confers Resistance Against Root-knot Nematodes to Common Wheat. CROP SCIENCE 2013; 53:1412-1418. [PMID: 27182071 PMCID: PMC4864860 DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2012.12.0681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Root knot nematodes (RKN; Meloidogyne spp.) cause severe losses worldwide to a wide range of crops. Crop rotations with resistant hosts can be used to control losses, but the wide host range of RKN limits this option. In this study, we found that the wheat cultivar Lassik is resistant to several isolates of the RKN species M. incognita and M. javanica, including those that can reproduce on tomato with the resistance gene Mi-1. Comparison of near-isogenic lines of wheat showed that the wheat resistance gene(s) is localized within a segment of the short arm of chromosome 2N from Aegilops ventricosa (Zhuk.) Chennav translocated into common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) chromosome arm 2AS and is associated with a highly significant decrease in RKN eggs in the roots. This RKN resistance gene has been assigned the name Rkn3. While wheat itself is tolerant of RKN infection, a microplot experiment coupled with tomato bioassays showed less RKN root galling in the tomato samples grown in soil from the previous microplots including RKN resistant wheat varieties than in those including a susceptible wheat isogenic line. This result suggests that rotation with Rkn3 resistant wheat cultivars has the potential to be a valuable component of nematode management for crops that are highly susceptible to nematode damage and for which alternative strategies are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Varghese Thomas
- Dept. of Entomology and Nematology; University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Howard Ferris
- Dept. of Entomology and Nematology; University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Jorge Dubcovsky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Gordon & Betty Moore Foundation Investigator, Dept. of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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194
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Castagnone-Sereno P, Danchin EGJ, Perfus-Barbeoch L, Abad P. Diversity and evolution of root-knot nematodes, genus Meloidogyne: new insights from the genomic era. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2013; 51:203-20. [PMID: 23682915 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082712-102300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) (Meloidogyne spp.) are obligate endoparasites of major worldwide economic importance. They exhibit a wide continuum of variation in their reproductive strategies, ranging from amphimixis to obligatory mitotic parthenogenesis. Molecular phylogenetic studies have highlighted divergence between mitotic and meiotic parthenogenetic RKN species and probable interspecific hybridization as critical steps in their speciation and diversification process. The recent completion of the genomes of two RKNs, Meloidogyne hapla and Meloidogyne incognita, that exhibit striking differences in their mode of reproduction (with and without sex, respectively), their geographic distribution, and their host range has opened the way for deciphering the evolutionary significance of (a)sexual reproduction in these parasites. Accumulating evidence suggests that whole-genome duplication (in M. incognita) and horizontal gene transfers (HGTs) represent major forces that have shaped the genome of current RKN species and may account for the extreme adaptive capacities and parasitic success of these nematodes.
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195
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Miranda VDJ, Coelho RR, Viana AAB, de Oliveira Neto OB, Carneiro RMDG, Rocha TL, Grossi de Sa MF, Fragoso RR. Validation of reference genes aiming accurate normalization of qPCR data in soybean upon nematode parasitism and insect attack. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:196. [PMID: 23668315 PMCID: PMC3660166 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soybean pathogens and pests reduce grain production worldwide. Biotic interaction cause extensive changes in plant gene expression profile and the data produced by functional genomics studies need validation, usually done by quantitative PCR. Nevertheless, this technique relies on accurate normalization which, in turn, depends upon the proper selection of stable reference genes for each experimental condition. To date, only a few studies were performed to validate reference genes in soybean subjected to biotic stress. Here, we report reference genes validation in soybean during root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) parasitism and velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis) attack. FINDINGS The expression stability of nine classical reference genes (GmCYP2, GmELF1A, GmELF1B, GmACT11, GmTUB, GmTUA5, GmG6PD, GmUBC2 and GmUBC4) was evaluated using twenty-four experimental samples including different organs, developmental stages, roots infected with M. incognita and leaves attacked by A. gemmatalis. Two different algorithms (geNorm and NormFinder) were used to determine expression stability. GmCYP2 and GmUBC4 are the most stable in different organs. Considering the developmental stages, GmELF1A and GmELF1B genes are the most stable. For spatial and temporal gene expression studies, normalization may be performed using GmUBC4, GmUBC2, GmCYP2 and GmACT11 as reference genes. Our data indicate that both GmELF1A and GmTUA5 are the most stable reference genes for data normalization obtained from soybean roots infected with M. incognita, and GmCYP2 and GmELF1A are the most stable in soybean leaves infested with A. gemmatalis. CONCLUSIONS Future expression studies using nematode infection and caterpilar infestation in soybean plant may utilize the reference gene sets reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vívian de Jesus Miranda
- Department of Cell Biology Graduate Program in Molecular Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Roberta Ramos Coelho
- Department of Cell Biology Graduate Program in Molecular Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Plant-Pest Interaction, PqEB Final Av. W/5 Norte, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Antônio Américo Barbosa Viana
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Plant-Pest Interaction, PqEB Final Av. W/5 Norte, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Catholic University of Brasília, Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Osmundo Brilhante de Oliveira Neto
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Plant-Pest Interaction, PqEB Final Av. W/5 Norte, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Faculdades Integradas do Planalto Central – Faciplac, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Thales Lima Rocha
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Plant-Pest Interaction, PqEB Final Av. W/5 Norte, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Maria Fatima Grossi de Sa
- Department of Cell Biology Graduate Program in Molecular Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Plant-Pest Interaction, PqEB Final Av. W/5 Norte, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Catholic University of Brasília, Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Rocha Fragoso
- Department of Cell Biology Graduate Program in Molecular Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Embrapa Cerrados, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Planaltina, DF, Brazil
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196
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Teillet A, Dybal K, Kerry BR, Miller AJ, Curtis RHC, Hedden P. Transcriptional changes of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in response to Arabidopsis thaliana root signals. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61259. [PMID: 23593446 PMCID: PMC3625231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes are obligate parasites that invade roots and induce the formation of specialized feeding structures. Although physiological and molecular changes inside the root leading to feeding site formation have been studied, very little is known about the molecular events preceding root penetration by nematodes. In order to investigate the influence of root exudates on nematode gene expression before plant invasion and to identify new genes potentially involved in parasitism, sterile root exudates from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana were produced and used to treat Meloidogyne incognita pre-parasitic second-stage juveniles. After confirming the activity of A. thaliana root exudates (ARE) on M. incognita stylet thrusting, six new candidate genes identified by cDNA-AFLP were confirmed by qRT-PCR as being differentially expressed after incubation for one hour with ARE. Using an in vitro inoculation method that focuses on the events preceding the root penetration, we show that five of these genes are differentially expressed within hours of nematode exposure to A. thaliana roots. We also show that these genes are up-regulated post nematode penetration during migration and feeding site initiation. This study demonstrates that preceding root invasion plant-parasitic nematodes are able to perceive root signals and to respond by changing their behaviour and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Teillet
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, United Kingdom.
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197
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Zeng Q, Huang H, Zhu J, Fang Z, Sun Q, Bao S. A new nematicidal compound produced by Streptomyces albogriseolus HA10002. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2013; 103:1107-11. [PMID: 23444037 PMCID: PMC3621998 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-013-9890-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Strain HA10002 was isolated from mangrove sediment collected from Dongzhaigang Mangrove Reserve in Hainan, China. It was selected with potent nematicidal activity and was identified as Streptomyces albogriseolus. By bioassay-guided fractionation, a new active component A22-1(S1) against root-knot nematodes was separated from its fermentation broth. On the basis of spectroscopic analyses and comparison with the data from correlative literature, the structure of S1 was established to be 6′-methyl-fungichromin, named as fungichromin B in this paper. The LD50 values of fungichromin B to the 2-stage juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne javanica were 7.64 and 7.83 μg/ml, respectively. Further examination demonstrated fungichromin B still showed a wide antifungal spectrum, as with fungichromin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfei Zeng
- Guizhou Institute of Prataculture, Guiyang, People's Republic of China.
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198
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Thomas VP, Fudali SL, Schaff JE, Liu Q, Scholl EH, Opperman CH, Bird DM, Williamson VM. A sequence-anchored linkage map of the plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne hapla reveals exceptionally high genome-wide recombination. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2012; 2:815-24. [PMID: 22870404 PMCID: PMC3385987 DOI: 10.1534/g3.112.002261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) cause major yield losses to many of the world's crops, but efforts to understand how these pests recognize and interact with their hosts have been hampered by a lack of genetic resources. Starting with progeny of a cross between inbred strains (VW8 and VW9) of Meloidogyne hapla that differed in host range and behavioral traits, we exploited the novel, facultative meiotic parthenogenic reproductive mode of this species to produce a genetic linkage map. Molecular markers were derived from SNPs identified between the sequenced and annotated VW9 genome and de novo sequence of VW8. Genotypes were assessed in 183 F2 lines. The colinearity of the genetic and physical maps supported the veracity of both. Analysis of local crossover intervals revealed that the average recombination rate is exceptionally high compared with that in other metazoans. In addition, F2 lines are largely homozygous for markers flanking crossover points, and thus resemble recombinant inbred lines. We suggest that the unusually high recombination rate may be an adaptation to generate within-population genetic diversity in this organism. This work presents the most comprehensive linkage map of a parasitic nematode to date and, together with genomic and transcript sequence resources, empowers M. hapla as a tractable model. Alongside the molecular map, these progeny lines can be used for analyses of genome organization and the inheritance of phenotypic traits that have key functions in modulating parasitism, behavior, and survival and for the eventual identification of the responsible genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varghese P. Thomas
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, and
| | - Sylwia L. Fudali
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, and
| | | | - Qingli Liu
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, and
| | | | | | - David McK Bird
- Department of Plant Pathology, and
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
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199
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The map-1 gene family in root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp.: a set of taxonomically restricted genes specific to clonal species. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38656. [PMID: 22719916 PMCID: PMC3377709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxonomically restricted genes (TRGs), i.e., genes that are restricted to a limited subset of phylogenetically related organisms, may be important in adaptation. In parasitic organisms, TRG-encoded proteins are possible determinants of the specificity of host-parasite interactions. In the root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita, the map-1 gene family encodes expansin-like proteins that are secreted into plant tissues during parasitism, thought to act as effectors to promote successful root infection. MAP-1 proteins exhibit a modular architecture, with variable number and arrangement of 58 and 13-aa domains in their central part. Here, we address the evolutionary origins of this gene family using a combination of bioinformatics and molecular biology approaches. Map-1 genes were solely identified in one single member of the phylum Nematoda, i.e., the genus Meloidogyne, and not detected in any other nematode, thus indicating that the map-1 gene family is indeed a TRG family. A phylogenetic analysis of the distribution of map-1 genes in RKNs further showed that these genes are specifically present in species that reproduce by mitotic parthenogenesis, with the exception of M. floridensis, and could not be detected in RKNs reproducing by either meiotic parthenogenesis or amphimixis. These results highlight the divergence between mitotic and meiotic RKN species as a critical transition in the evolutionary history of these parasites. Analysis of the sequence conservation and organization of repeated domains in map-1 genes suggests that gene duplication(s) together with domain loss/duplication have contributed to the evolution of the map-1 family, and that some strong selection mechanism may be acting upon these genes to maintain their functional role(s) in the specificity of the plant-RKN interactions.
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200
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Potential of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry as a rapid detection technique in plant pathology: identification of plant-associated microorganisms. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:1247-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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