151
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Terao M, Itoi S, Murota H, Katayama I. Expression profiles of cortisol-inactivating enzyme, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-2, in human epidermal tumors and its role in keratinocyte proliferation. Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:98-101. [PMID: 23362866 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) catalyzes the interconversion between hormonally active cortisol and inactive cortisone within cells. There are two isozymes: 11β-HSD1 activates cortisol from cortisone and 11β-HSD2 inactivates cortisol to cortisone. 11β-HSD1 was recently discovered in skin, and we subsequently found that the enzyme negatively regulates keratinocyte proliferation. We verified 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2 expression in benign and malignant skin tumors and investigated the role of 11β-HSD in skin tumor pathogenesis. Randomly selected formalin-fixed sections of skin lesions of seborrheic keratosis (SK), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) were stained with 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2 antibodies, and 11β-HSD expression was also evaluated in murine epidermis in which hyperproliferation was induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13 acetate (TPA). We observed that 11β-HSD1 expression was decreased in all SK, SCC, and BCC lesions compared with unaffected skin. Conversely, 11β-HSD2 expression was increased in SK and BCC but not in SCC. Overexpression of 11β-HSD2 in keratinocytes increased cell proliferation. In the murine model, 11β-HSD1 expression was decreased in TPA-treated hyperproliferative skin. Our findings suggest that 11β-HSD1 expression is decreased in keratinocyte proliferative conditions, and 11β-HSD2 expression is increased in basal cell proliferating conditions, such as BCC and SK. Assessing 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2 expression could be a useful tool for diagnosing and characterizing skin tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Terao
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
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152
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Huang HC, Chang TM, Chang YJ, Wen HY. UVB irradiation regulates ERK1/2- and p53-dependent thrombomodulin expression in human keratinocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67632. [PMID: 23844043 PMCID: PMC3699658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombomodulin (TM) is highly expressed in endothelial cells and acts as a natural anticoagulation factor to maintain circulation homeostasis. TM is an interesting molecule with many physiological functions, including anti-inflammation, anti-thrombosis, and carcinogenesis inhibition. TM can also be detected on the spinous layer of epidermal keratinocytes. However, the role of epidermal TM is still under investigation. In this study, we investigated keratinocyte TM expression and regulation in response to sub-cytotoxic ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation. Oxidative stress was assessed with DCF and the results revealed that UVB irradiation significantly and dose-dependently augmented reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in HaCaT cells. In addition, low-dose UVB irradiation decreased TM mRNA and protein levels. Blocking ROS production and ERK activation prevented UVB-induced TM down-regulation. The nuclear p53 accumulation and TM promoter binding was observed within 3 h after UVB exposure. Small interfering RNA-mediated p53 knockdown disrupted the UVB-mediated TM protein down-regulation. Our study demonstrates that UVB irradiation results in ROS accumulation and ERK activation, which causes the nuclear p53 accumulation and TM promoter binding to inhibit TM expression. This study provides novel evidence demonstrating that p53 serves as a key regulator of keratinocyte TM expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Chun Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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153
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D’Orazio J, Jarrett S, Amaro-Ortiz A, Scott T. UV radiation and the skin. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:12222-48. [PMID: 23749111 PMCID: PMC3709783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140612222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1028] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UV radiation (UV) is classified as a "complete carcinogen" because it is both a mutagen and a non-specific damaging agent and has properties of both a tumor initiator and a tumor promoter. In environmental abundance, UV is the most important modifiable risk factor for skin cancer and many other environmentally-influenced skin disorders. However, UV also benefits human health by mediating natural synthesis of vitamin D and endorphins in the skin, therefore UV has complex and mixed effects on human health. Nonetheless, excessive exposure to UV carries profound health risks, including atrophy, pigmentary changes, wrinkling and malignancy. UV is epidemiologically and molecularly linked to the three most common types of skin cancer, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma, which together affect more than a million Americans annually. Genetic factors also influence risk of UV-mediated skin disease. Polymorphisms of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene, in particular, correlate with fairness of skin, UV sensitivity, and enhanced cancer risk. We are interested in developing UV-protective approaches based on a detailed understanding of molecular events that occur after UV exposure, focusing particularly on epidermal melanization and the role of the MC1R in genome maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D’Orazio
- Graduate Center for Toxicology and the Departments of Pediatrics, Biomedical and Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Stuart Jarrett
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Alexandra Amaro-Ortiz
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; E-Mail: (A.A.-O.); (T.S.)
| | - Timothy Scott
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; E-Mail: (A.A.-O.); (T.S.)
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154
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Ouschan C, Kuchar A, Möstl E. Measurement of cortisol in dog hair: a noninvasive tool for the diagnosis of hypercortisolism. Vet Dermatol 2013; 24:428-31, e93-4. [PMID: 23738502 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism (hypercortisolism) in dogs are known to be caused by chronic overexposure to glucocorticoids. The quantification of cortisol in serum, saliva or urine reflects the cortisol concentration at the time of sample collection, but in suspected hyperadrenocorticism it may be preferable to examine a long-term parameter of cortisol production. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES There is a need for a noninvasive method to monitor the long-term production of cortisol in dogs. It seems possible that measuring cortisol levels in hair could represent such a method. ANIMALS Hair was collected from 12 dogs with hyperadrenocorticism and from 10 healthy control dogs. METHODS Immunoreactive cortisol, cortisone and corticosterone concentrations were determined by enzyme immunoassay. High-performance liquid chromatography was performed to test the validity of the cortisol assay. RESULTS Levels of immunoreactive cortisol, cortisone and corticosterone were significantly higher in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism than in control dogs. The difference was most pronounced for the cortisol level. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The determination of cortisol in hair offers the advantage that sampling is easier and less invasive than taking blood, urine, faeces or saliva. Measuring cortisol in hair may represent a valuable tool for the diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ouschan
- Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria.
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155
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Watanuki Y, Takayasu S, Kageyama K, Iwasaki Y, Sakihara S, Terui K, Nigawara T, Suda T. Involvement of Nurr-1/Nur77 in corticotropin-releasing factor/urocortin1-induced tyrosinase-related protein 1 gene transcription in human melanoma HMV-II cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 370:42-51. [PMID: 23416839 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent molecular and biochemical analyses have revealed the presence of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and urocortin (Ucn), together with their corresponding receptors in mammalian skin. The melanosomal enzyme tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP1) is involved in modulation of pigment production in response to stressors. Although CRF and Ucn are thought to have potent effects on the skin system, their possible roles and regulation have yet to be fully determined. This study aimed to explore the effects of CRF and Ucn on TRP1 gene expression using human melanoma HMV-II cells. The mRNA of CRF, Ucn1, Ucn2, and CRF receptor type 1 (CRF1 receptor) was detected in HMV-II cells. CRF and Ucn1 stimulated TRP1 gene transcription via the CRF1 receptor, and increased both Nurr-1 and Nur77 mRNA expression levels. Both CRF- and Ucn1-induced Nurr-1/Nur77 acted via a NGFI-B response element on the TRP1 promoter. The combination of Nurr-1/Nur77 and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, a melanocyte-specific transcription factor gene induced by α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, had additive effects on activation of TRP1 gene transcription. The findings suggest that in human melanoma HMV-II cells both CRF and Ucn1 regulate TRP1 gene expression via Nurr-1/Nur77 production, independent of pro-opiomelanocortin or α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone stimulation.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/genetics
- Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism
- Humans
- Melanoma
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2/metabolism
- Oxidoreductases/genetics
- Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- Pro-Opiomelanocortin
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism
- Skin/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Urocortins/genetics
- Urocortins/metabolism
- alpha-MSH
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Watanuki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
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156
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Yan W, Zhang LL, Yan L, Zhang F, Yin NB, Lin HB, Huang CY, Wang L, Yu J, Wang DM, Zhao ZM. Transcriptome analysis of skin photoaging in chinese females reveals the involvement of skin homeostasis and metabolic changes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61946. [PMID: 23637934 PMCID: PMC3634825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Photoaging is cumulative damage to skin, caused by chronic, repeated solar radiation exposure. Its molecular mechanisms are poorly understood at the level of global gene expression. Objective This study set out to uncover genes and functional modules involved in photoaging at the level of transcription, with the use of skin samples from Chinese women. Methods Using the Illumina microarray platform, we compared the genome-wide expression profiles of 21 pairs of sun-exposed pre-auricular and sun-protected post-auricular skin samples from northern Chinese women. Results With microarray analysis, 1,621 significantly regulated genes due to photoaging were identified from skin samples. These genes were subjected to functional enrichment analyses with both the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotation databases. As revealed by the functional analyses, the up-regulated functional modules in sun-exposed pre-auricular skin were related to various cellular activities in regulation of the skin homeostasis (e.g., the KEGG pathways TGF-beta signaling pathway and ECM-receptor interaction), whereas the down-regulated functional modules were mostly metabolic-related. Additionally, five selected genes (HOXA5, LEPR, CLDN5, LAMC3, and CGA) identified as differentially-expressed were further confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR (Q-RT-PCR). Conclusion Our findings suggest that disruption of skin homeostasis and down-regulation of skin metabolism may play important roles in the process of photoaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yan
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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157
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The pattern and time course of somatosensory changes in the human UVB sunburn model reveal the presence of peripheral and central sensitization. Pain 2013; 154:586-597. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2012.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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158
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Skobowiat C, Sayre RM, Dowdy JC, Slominski AT. Ultraviolet radiation regulates cortisol activity in a waveband-dependent manner in human skin ex vivo. Br J Dermatol 2013; 168:595-601. [PMID: 23363016 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2), and glucocorticoids (GC) and their receptor (GR) play a key role in tissue-specific regulation of GC action. OBJECTIVES To determine the expression of genes encoding 11β-HSD1 (HSD11B1), 11β-HSD2 (HSD11B2) and GR (GRα; also known as NC3R1) and their protein products, and levels of cortisol in human skin explants and/or cocultured keratinocytes/melanocytes after treatment with ultraviolet (UV) A, B or C wavebands. METHODS Skin from foreskins and/or cocultured human keratinocytes/melanocytes were irradiated with UVA, UVB or UVC (skin) and incubated for 12 and 24 h. Methods of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to determine expression and localization of corresponding genes or antigens. RESULTS UVB enhanced the HSD11B1 gene and protein expression in a dose-dependent manner, while UVA had no effect. Similarly, UVC increased 11β-HSD1 protein product as measured by IHC. UVB and UVC enhanced cortisol production and decreased epidermal GR expression, while UVA had no detectable effects. Although both UVA and UVB stimulated HSD11B2 gene expression, only UVA increased 11β-HSD2 protein product levels with UVB and UVC having no effect. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that these differential, waveband-dependent effects of UV radiation on the expression of cutaneous HSD11B1, HSD11B2 and GRα genes and their corresponding protein products, and cortisol production are to protect and/or restore the epidermal barrier homeostasis against disruption caused by the elevated cortisol level induced by UVB and UVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Skobowiat
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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159
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-fourth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2011 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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160
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Zhou J, Shang J, Song J, Ping F. Interleukin-18 augments growth ability of primary human melanocytes by PTEN inactivation through the AKT/NF-κB pathway. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012. [PMID: 23178856 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Normal human skin relies on melanocytes to provide photoprotection and thermoregulation by producing melanin. The growth and behavior of melanocytes are controlled by many factors. Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is expressed in both immune and non-immune cells and participates in the adjustment of multitude cellular functions. Nonetheless, the regulative roles of IL-18 in melanogenesis and growth of melanocytes have not been explored. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of IL-18 on melanocytes and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. We proved that IL-18 increased the tyrosinase activity and melanin content in normal human foreskin-derived epidermal melanocytes (NHEM). Treatment with IL-18 (20 ng/ml) enhanced the expression of c-Kit, microphtalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and its downstream tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP-1), and TRP-2. In addition, IL-18 induced NHEM migration at concentration of 20 ng/ml. These results indicated a promotive action of IL-18 on melanogenesis in NHEM. Our data revealed that IL-18 stimulated ERK1/2 and NF-κB activation, improved p-Akt, p70 S6K and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 levels, and deactivated phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) in NHEM. Besides, IL-18 increased level of PTEN phosphorylation to protect NHEM from damage induced by H(2)O(2). These results in vitro showed the accommodation of IL-18 in melanocytes growth. Therefore, we suggested an important regulating action of IL-18 to melanogenesis and cell growth ability of skin melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhou
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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161
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Juzeniene A, Moan J. Beneficial effects of UV radiation other than via vitamin D production. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2012; 4:109-17. [PMID: 22928066 PMCID: PMC3427189 DOI: 10.4161/derm.20013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Most of the positive effects of solar radiation are mediated via ultraviolet-B (UVB) induced production of vitamin D in skin. However, several other pathways may exist for the action of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on humans as focused on in this review. One is induction of cosmetic tanning (immediate pigment darkening, persistent pigment darkening and delayed tanning). UVB-induced, delayed tanning (increases melanin in skin after several days), acts as a sunscreen. Several human skin diseases, like psoriasis, vitiligo, atopic dermatitis and localized scleroderma, can be treated with solar radiation (heliotherapy) or artificial UV radiation (phototherapy). UV exposure can suppress the clinical symptoms of multiple sclerosis independently of vitamin D synthesis. Furthermore, UV generates nitric oxide (NO), which may reduce blood pressure and generally improve cardiovascular health. UVA-induced NO may also have antimicrobial effects and furthermore, act as a neurotransmitter. Finally, UV exposure may improve mood through the release of endorphins.
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162
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Koren L, Nakagawa S, Burke T, Soma KK, Wynne-Edwards KE, Geffen E. Non-breeding feather concentrations of testosterone, corticosterone and cortisol are associated with subsequent survival in wild house sparrows. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:1560-6. [PMID: 22090380 PMCID: PMC3282351 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.2062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Potential mechanistic mediators of Darwinian fitness, such as stress hormones or sex hormones, have been the focus of many studies. An inverse relationship between fitness and stress or sex hormone concentrations has been widely assumed, although empirical evidence is scarce. Feathers gradually accumulate hormones during their growth and provide a novel way to measure hormone concentrations integrated over time. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we measured testosterone, corticosterone and cortisol in the feathers of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) in a wild population which is the subject of a long-term study. Although corticosterone is considered the dominant avian glucocorticoid, we unambiguously identified cortisol in feathers. In addition, we found that feathers grown during the post-nuptial moult in autumn contained testosterone, corticosterone and cortisol levels that were significantly higher in birds that subsequently died over the following winter than in birds that survived. Thus, feather steroids are candidate prospective biomarkers to predict the future survival of individuals in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Koren
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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