151
|
Neurologic Changes With Aging, Physical Activity, and Sport Participation. TOPICS IN GERIATRIC REHABILITATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1097/tgr.0000000000000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
152
|
Nnodim JO, Kim H, Ashton-Miller JA. Dual-task performance in older adults during discrete gait perturbation. Exp Brain Res 2015; 234:1077-84. [PMID: 26715410 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4533-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The dual-task (motor and cognitive) performance of eight older adults (72.0 ± 6.4 years; 5 female; 3 male) was evaluated. Vocal choice reaction times (cognitive task) were measured at standstill as well as during unperturbed and perturbed gait (motor task). The perturbation was administered using customized shoes instrumented to lower a small (18.4 mm high) aluminum flap suddenly under the medial or lateral forefoot during a single swing phase of 12 of 30 gait trials. The ankle inverted or everted an average of 10 or 9 degrees, respectively, depending on the flap deployed. Medial and lateral perturbations were randomized between the left and right feet. The results show that vocal choice reaction time was significantly prolonged by gait, both perturbed (614.7 ± 80.2 ms) and unperturbed (529.9 ± 119.3 ms), compared to standstill (332.8 ± 76.5 ms; p = 0.0015). Further, the prolongation associated with gait perturbation was significant, compared to that with unperturbed gait (p = 0.016). The kinematics of the first post-perturbation (recovery) step, with or without concomitant vocal choice reaction task performance, was not significantly different from those of the average step during unperturbed gait. We conclude that in healthy older adults, the requirement to respond to a gait challenge resulted in deterioration in the performance of a concurrent cognitive task as indicated by significant prolongation of response time in the vocal choice reaction task. In contrast, performance of the motor task was not adversely affected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O Nnodim
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, North Ingalls Building, Room 925, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Hogene Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James A Ashton-Miller
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, North Ingalls Building, Room 925, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Hagmann-von Arx P, Manicolo O, Perkinson-Gloor N, Weber P, Grob A, Lemola S. Gait in Very Preterm School-Aged Children in Dual-Task Paradigms. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144363. [PMID: 26641492 PMCID: PMC4671605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The control of gait requires executive and attentional functions. As preterm children show executive and attentional deficits compared to full-term children, performing concurrent tasks that impose additional cognitive load may lead to poorer walking performance in preterm compared to full-term children. Knowledge regarding gait in preterm children after early childhood is scarce. We examined straight walking and if it is more affected in very preterm than in full-term children in dual-task paradigms. STUDY DESIGN Twenty preterm children with very low birth-weight (≤ 1500 g), 24 preterm children with birth-weight > 1500 g, and 44 full-term children, born between 2001 and 2006, were investigated. Gait was assessed using an electronic walkway system (GAITRite) while walking without a concurrent task (single-task) and while performing one concurrent (dual-task) or two concurrent (triple-task) tasks. Spatio-temporal gait parameters (gait velocity, cadence, stride length, single support time, double support time), normalized gait parameters (normalized velocity, normalized cadence, normalized stride length) and gait variability parameters (stride velocity variability, stride length variability) were analyzed. RESULTS In dual- and triple-task conditions children showed decreased gait velocity, cadence, stride length, as well as increased single support time, double support time and gait variability compared to single-task walking. Further, results showed systematic decreases in stride velocity variability from preterm children with very low birth weight (≤ 1500 g) to preterm children with birth weight > 1500 g to full-term children. There were no significant interactions between walking conditions and prematurity status. CONCLUSIONS Dual and triple tasking affects gait of preterm and full-term children, confirming previous results that walking requires executive and attentional functions. Birth-weight dependent systematic changes in stride velocity variability indicate poorer walking performance in preterm children who were less mature at birth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivia Manicolo
- Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Peter Weber
- Division of Neuropediatrics and Developmental Medicine, University Children’s Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Grob
- Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sakari Lemola
- Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Hortobágyi T, Lesinski M, Gäbler M, VanSwearingen JM, Malatesta D, Granacher U. Effects of Three Types of Exercise Interventions on Healthy Old Adults' Gait Speed: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2015; 45:1627-43. [PMID: 26286449 PMCID: PMC4656792 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0371-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Habitual walking speed predicts many clinical conditions later in life, but it declines with age. However, which particular exercise intervention can minimize the age-related gait speed loss is unclear. PURPOSE Our objective was to determine the effects of strength, power, coordination, and multimodal exercise training on healthy old adults' habitual and fast gait speed. METHODS We performed a computerized systematic literature search in PubMed and Web of Knowledge from January 1984 up to December 2014. Search terms included 'Resistance training', 'power training', 'coordination training', 'multimodal training', and 'gait speed (outcome term). Inclusion criteria were articles available in full text, publication period over past 30 years, human species, journal articles, clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, English as publication language, and subject age ≥65 years. The methodological quality of all eligible intervention studies was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. We computed weighted average standardized mean differences of the intervention-induced adaptations in gait speed using a random-effects model and tested for overall and individual intervention effects relative to no-exercise controls. RESULTS A total of 42 studies (mean PEDro score of 5.0 ± 1.2) were included in the analyses (2495 healthy old adults; age 74.2 years [64.4-82.7]; body mass 69.9 ± 4.9 kg, height 1.64 ± 0.05 m, body mass index 26.4 ± 1.9 kg/m2, and gait speed 1.22 ± 0.18 m/s). The search identified only one power training study, therefore the subsequent analyses focused only on the effects of resistance, coordination, and multimodal training on gait speed. The three types of intervention improved gait speed in the three experimental groups combined (n = 1297) by 0.10 m/s (±0.12) or 8.4% (±9.7), with a large effect size (ES) of 0.84. Resistance (24 studies; n = 613; 0.11 m/s; 9.3%; ES: 0.84), coordination (eight studies, n = 198; 0.09 m/s; 7.6%; ES: 0.76), and multimodal training (19 studies; n = 486; 0.09 m/s; 8.4%, ES: 0.86) increased gait speed statistically and similarly. CONCLUSIONS Commonly used exercise interventions can functionally and clinically increase habitual and fast gait speed and help slow the loss of gait speed or delay its onset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Hortobágyi
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AD, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Melanie Lesinski
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martijn Gäbler
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AD, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jessie M VanSwearingen
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Davide Malatesta
- Institute of Sport Sciences University of Lausanne (ISSUL), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Schmidheiny A, Swanenburg J, Straumann D, de Bruin ED, Knols RH. Discriminant validity and test re-test reproducibility of a gait assessment in patients with vestibular dysfunction. BMC EAR, NOSE, AND THROAT DISORDERS 2015; 15:6. [PMID: 26500447 PMCID: PMC4619276 DOI: 10.1186/s12901-015-0019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Gait function may be impaired in patients with vestibular disorders, making gait assessment in the clinical setting relevant for this patient population. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the discriminant validity of a gait assessment protocol between patients with vestibular disorders and healthy participants. Furthermore, test re-test reproducibility and the measurement error of gait performance measures in patients with vestibular lesions was performed under different walking conditions. Methods Gait parameters of thirty-five patients with vestibular disorders and twenty-seven healthy controls were assessed twice with the GAITRite® system. Discriminant validity, reproducibility (intra class correlation [ICC]) and the measurement error (standard error of measurement [SEM], smallest detectable change [SDC]) were determined for gait speed, cadence and step length. Bland-Altman plots were made to assess systematic bias between tests. Results A significant effect of grouping on gait performance indicates discriminant validity of gait assessment. All tests revealed differences between patients and healthy controls (p < 0.01). The ICCs for test re-test reproducibility were excellent (0.70-0.96) and measurement error showed acceptable SDC values for gait parameters derived from three walking conditions (9-19 %). Bland-Altman plots indicated no systematic bias. Conclusions Good validity and reproducibility of GAITRite® system measurements suggest that this system could facilitate the study of gait in patients with vestibular disorders in clinical settings. The SDC values for gait are generally small enough to detect changes after a rehabilitation program for patients with vestibular disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annatina Schmidheiny
- Directorate Research and Education Office, Physiotherapy Occupational Therapy Research, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ; Institute of Physiotherapy, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Jaap Swanenburg
- Directorate Research and Education Office, Physiotherapy Occupational Therapy Research, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ; Department of Physiotherapy, Balgrist University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ; Department of Chiropractic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Eling D de Bruin
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ; Centre for Evidence Based Physiotherapy, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD The Netherlands ; Department of Epidemiology, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD The Netherlands
| | - Ruud H Knols
- Directorate Research and Education Office, Physiotherapy Occupational Therapy Research, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Zhou S, Després O, Pebayle T, Dufour A. Age-Related Decline in Cognitive Pain Modulation Induced by Distraction: Evidence From Event-Related Potentials. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2015; 16:862-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
157
|
Coincidence Anticipation Timing Performance during an Acute Bout of Brisk Walking in Older Adults: Effect of Stimulus Speed. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:210213. [PMID: 26417457 PMCID: PMC4568373 DOI: 10.1155/2015/210213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined coincidence anticipation timing (CAT) performance at slow and fast stimulus speeds before, during, and after an acute bout of walking in adults aged 60–76 years. Results from a series of repeated measures ANOVAs indicated significant rest versus exercise × stimulus speed × time interactions for absolute and variable errors (both P = 0.0001) whereby absolute and variable error scores, when stimulus speed was slow, improved as the duration of exercise increased. When stimulus speed was fast there were significantly greater absolute and variable errors at 18 minutes of the walking bout. There was also greater error at 18 minutes during walking compared to rest. These results suggest that, in a task involving walking and CAT, stimulus speeds plays an important role; specifically walking (exercise) enhances CAT performance at slow stimulus speeds but reduces CAT performance at fast stimulus speeds. The implications are that in everyday situations, where events require dual-task responses to be made at different speeds, for example, walking on the pavement whilst avoiding a crowd, compared to crossing a busy road, an understanding of how different stimulus speeds influence dual-task performance is extremely important, particularly in the older adult population.
Collapse
|
158
|
Brain activity during walking: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 57:310-27. [PMID: 26306029 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review provides an overview of the literature deducing information about brain activation during (1) imagined walking using MRI/fMRI or (2) during real walking using measurement systems as fNIRS, EEG and PET. METHODS Three independent reviewers undertook an electronic database research browsing six databases. The search request consisted of three search fields. The first field comprised common methods to evaluate brain activity. The second search field comprised synonyms for brain responses to movements. The third search field comprised synonyms for walking. RESULTS 48 of an initial yield of 1832 papers were reviewed. We found differences in cortical activity regarding young vs. old individuals, physically fit vs. physically unfit cohorts, healthy people vs. patients with neurological diseases, and between simple and complex walking tasks. CONCLUSIONS We summarize that the dimension of brain activity in different brain areas during walking is highly sensitive to task complexity, age and pathologies supporting previous assumptions underpinning the significance of cortical control. Many compensation mechanisms reflect the brain's plasticity which ensures stable walking.
Collapse
|
159
|
Lu CF, Liu YC, Yang YR, Wu YT, Wang RY. Maintaining Gait Performance by Cortical Activation during Dual-Task Interference: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129390. [PMID: 26079605 PMCID: PMC4469417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In daily life, mobility requires walking while performing a cognitive or upper-extremity motor task. Although previous studies have evaluated the effects of dual tasks on gait performance, few studies have evaluated cortical activation and its association with gait disturbance during dual tasks. In this study, we simultaneously assessed gait performance and cerebral oxygenation in the bilateral prefrontal cortices (PFC), premotor cortices (PMC), and supplemental motor areas (SMA), using functional near-infrared spectroscopy, in 17 young adults performing dual tasks. Each participant was evaluated while performing normal-pace walking (NW), walking while performing a cognitive task (WCT), and walking while performing a motor task (WMT). Our results indicated that the left PFC exhibited the strongest and most sustained activation during WCT, and that NW and WMT were associated with minor increases in oxygenation levels during their initial phases. We observed increased activation in channels in the SMA and PMC during WCT and WMT. Gait data indicated that WCT and WMT both caused reductions in walking speed, but these reductions resulted from differing alterations in gait properties. WCT was associated with significant changes in cadence, stride time, and stride length, whereas WMT was associated with reductions in stride length only. During dual-task activities, increased activation of the PMC and SMA correlated with declines in gait performance, indicating a control mechanism for maintaining gait performance during dual tasks. Thus, the regulatory effects of cortical activation on gait behavior enable a second task to be performed while walking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Feng Lu
- Translational Imaging Research Center, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yan-Ci Liu
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yea-Ru Yang
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Te Wu
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- * E-mail: (Y-TW); (R-YW)
| | - Ray-Yau Wang
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- * E-mail: (Y-TW); (R-YW)
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Smith-Ray RL, Makowski-Woidan B, Hughes SL. A randomized trial to measure the impact of a community-based cognitive training intervention on balance and gait in cognitively intact Black older adults. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2015; 41:62S-9S. [PMID: 25274713 DOI: 10.1177/1090198114537068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fall prevention is important for maintaining mobility and independence into old age. Approaches for reducing falls include exercise, tai chi, and home modifications; however, causes of falling are multifactorial and include not just physical but cognitive factors. Cognitive decline occurs with age, but older adults with the greatest declines in executive function experience more falls. The purpose of this study was twofold: to demonstrate the feasibility of a community-based cognitive training program for cognitively intact Black older adults and to analyze its impact on gait and balance in this population. METHOD This pilot study used a pretest/posttest randomized trial design with assignment to an intervention or control group. Participants assigned to the intervention completed a computer-based cognitive training class that met 2 days a week for 60 min over 10 weeks. Classes were held at senior/community centers. Primary outcomes included balance as measured by the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), 10-meter gait speed, and 10-meter gait speed under visuospatial dual-task condition. All measures were assessed at baseline and immediately post-intervention. RESULTS Participants were community-dwelling Black adults with a mean age of 72.5 and history of falls (N = 45). Compared to controls, intervention participants experienced statistically significant improvements in BBS and gait speed. Mean performance on distracted gait speed also improved more for intervention participants compared to controls. CONCLUSION Findings from this pilot randomized trial demonstrate the feasibility of a community-based cognitive training intervention. They provide initial evidence that cognitive training may be an efficacious approach toward improving balance and gait in older adults known to have a history of falls.
Collapse
|
161
|
Christofoletti G, Felippe LA, Müller PDT, Beinotti F, Borges G. Cognitive processes affect the gait of subjects with Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease in dual tasks. JORNAL BRASILEIRO DE PSIQUIATRIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/0047-2085000000071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the relation between gait parameters and cognitive impairments in subjects with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) during the performance of dual tasks. Methods This was a cross-sectional study involving 126 subjects divided into three groups: Parkinson group (n = 43), Alzheimer group (n = 38), and control group (n = 45). The subjects were evaluated using the Timed Up and Go test administered with motor and cognitive distracters. Gait analyses consisted of cadence and speed measurements, with cognitive functions being assessed by the Brief Cognitive Screening Battery and the Clock Drawing Test. Statistical procedures included mixed-design analyses of variance to observe the gait patterns between groups and tasks and the linear regression model to investigate the influence of cognitive functions in this process. A 5% significant level was adopted. Results Regarding the subjects’ speed, the data show a significant difference between group vs task interaction (p = 0.009), with worse performance of subjects with PD in motor dual task and of subjects with AD in cognitive dual task. With respect to cadence, no statistical differences was seen between group vs task interaction (p = 0.105), showing low interference of the clinical conditions on such parameter. The linear regression model showed that up to 45.79%, of the variance in gait can be explained by the interference of cognitive processes. Conclusion Dual task activities affect gait pattern in subjects with PD and AD. Differences between groups reflect peculiarities of each disease and show a direct interference of cognitive processes on complex tasks.
Collapse
|
162
|
The aging brain shows less flexible reallocation of cognitive resources during dual-task walking: A mobile brain/body imaging (MoBI) study. Neuroimage 2015; 117:230-42. [PMID: 25988225 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with reduced abilities to selectively allocate attention across multiple domains. This may be particularly problematic during everyday multitasking situations when cognitively demanding tasks are performed while walking. Due to previous limitations in neuroimaging technology, much remains unknown about the cortical mechanisms underlying resource allocation during locomotion. Here, we utilized an EEG-based mobile brain/body imaging (MoBI) technique that integrates high-density event-related potential (ERP) recordings with simultaneously acquired foot-force sensor data to monitor gait patterns and brain activity concurrently. To assess effects of motor load on cognition we evaluated young (N=17; mean age=27.2) and older adults (N=16; mean age=63.9) and compared behavioral and ERP measures associated with performing a Go/No-Go response inhibition task as participants sat stationary or walked on a treadmill. Stride time and variability were also measured during task performance and compared to stride parameters obtained without task performance, thereby assessing effects of cognitive load on gait. Results showed that older, but not young adults' accuracy dropped significantly when performing the inhibitory task while walking. Young adults revealed ERP modulations at relatively early (N2 amplitude reduction) and later (earlier P3 latency) stages within the processing stream as motor load increased while walking. In contrast, older adults' ERP modulations were limited to later processing stages (increased P3 amplitude) of the inhibitory network. The relative delay and attenuation of ERP modulations accompanied by behavioral costs in older participants might indicate an age-associated loss in flexible resource allocation across multiple tasks. Better understanding of the neural underpinnings of these age-related changes may lead to improved strategies to reduce fall risk and enhance mobility in aging.
Collapse
|
163
|
Smith-Ray RL, Hughes SL, Prohaska TR, Little DM, Jurivich DA, Hedeker D. Impact of Cognitive Training on Balance and Gait in Older Adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2015; 70:357-66. [PMID: 24192586 PMCID: PMC4542642 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbt097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cognitive processing plays an important role in balance and gait and is a contributing factor to falls in older adults. This relationship may be explained by the fact that higher order cognitive functions such as executive functions are called upon while walking. The purpose of this study was to examine whether a cognitive training intervention leads to significant improvements on measures of balance and gait. METHOD This randomized trial tested whether cognitive training over 10 weeks improves balance and gait in older adults. Participants were randomly assigned to a computer-based cognitive training intervention or measurement-only control. Outcomes included Timed Up and Go (TUG), gait speed, and gait speed with a cognitive distraction. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance models with change scores. RESULTS Participants' (N = 51) average age was 82.7 for those randomized to intervention and 81.1 for those randomized to control. After 10 weeks, intervention group participants performed significantly better than controls on the TUG. When the cohort was limited to those categorized as slow walkers (baseline 10-m walk ≥ 9 s), intervention participants performed significantly better than controls on TUG and distracted walking. DISCUSSION Cognitive training slows degradation of balance and improves gait while distracted, rendering it a promising approach to falls prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renae L Smith-Ray
- Center for Research on Health and Aging, Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago.
| | - Susan L Hughes
- Center for Research on Health and Aging, Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago. Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Thomas R Prohaska
- College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Deborah M Little
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Waco
| | - Donald A Jurivich
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago and
| | - Donald Hedeker
- Center for Research on Health and Aging, Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago. Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Kao PC, Higginson CI, Seymour K, Kamerdze M, Higginson JS. Walking stability during cell phone use in healthy adults. Gait Posture 2015; 41:947-53. [PMID: 25890490 PMCID: PMC4414910 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.03.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The number of falls and/or accidental injuries associated with cellular phone use during walking is growing rapidly. Understanding the effects of concurrent cell phone use on human gait may help develop safety guidelines for pedestrians. It was shown previously that older adults had more pronounced dual-task interferences than younger adults when concurrent cognitive task required visual information processing. Thus, cell phone use might have greater impact on walking stability in older than in younger adults. This study examined gait stability and variability during a cell phone dialing task (phone) and two classic cognitive tasks, the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) and Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT). Nine older and seven younger healthy adults walked on a treadmill at four different conditions: walking only, PASAT, phone, and SDMT. We computed short-term local divergence exponent (LDE) of the trunk motion (local stability), dynamic margins of stability (MOS), step spatiotemporal measures, and kinematic variability. Older and younger adults had similar values of short-term LDE during all conditions, indicating that local stability was not affected by the dual-task. Compared to walking only, older and younger adults walked with significantly greater average mediolateral MOS during phone and SDMT conditions but significantly less ankle angle variability during all dual-tasks and less knee angle variability during PASAT. The current findings demonstrate that healthy adults may try to control foot placement and joint kinematics during cell phone use or another cognitive task with a visual component to ensure sufficient dynamic margins of stability and maintain local stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chun Kao
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | | | - Kelly Seymour
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Morgan Kamerdze
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA
| | - Jill S. Higginson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Walshe EA, Patterson MR, Commins S, Roche RAP. Dual-task and electrophysiological markers of executive cognitive processing in older adult gait and fall-risk. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:200. [PMID: 25941481 PMCID: PMC4400911 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of cognition is becoming increasingly central to our understanding of the complexity of walking gait. In particular, higher-level executive functions are suggested to play a key role in gait and fall-risk, but the specific underlying neurocognitive processes remain unclear. Here, we report two experiments which investigated the cognitive and neural processes underlying older adult gait and falls. Experiment 1 employed a dual-task (DT) paradigm in young and older adults, to assess the relative effects of higher-level executive function tasks (n-Back, Serial Subtraction and visuo-spatial Clock task) in comparison to non-executive distracter tasks (motor response task and alphabet recitation) on gait. All DTs elicited changes in gait for both young and older adults, relative to baseline walking. Significantly greater DT costs were observed for the executive tasks in the older adult group. Experiment 2 compared normal walking gait, seated cognitive performances and concurrent event-related brain potentials (ERPs) in healthy young and older adults, to older adult fallers. No significant differences in cognitive performances were found between fallers and non-fallers. However, an initial late-positivity, considered a potential early P3a, was evident on the Stroop task for older non-fallers, which was notably absent in older fallers. We argue that executive control functions play a prominent role in walking and gait, but the use of neurocognitive processes as a predictor of fall-risk needs further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Walshe
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Matthew R Patterson
- Insight Center for Data Analytics, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Seán Commins
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Richard A P Roche
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Schott N. [Trail walking test for assessment of motor cognitive interference in older adults. Development and evaluation of the psychometric properties of the procedure]. Z Gerontol Geriatr 2015; 48:722-33. [PMID: 25801510 DOI: 10.1007/s00391-015-0866-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activities of daily living (ADL), such as walking, often involve the added complexity of walking while doing other activities (i.e. dual task walking). A complex walking task may require a greater motor and mental capacity, resulting in decrements in gait performance not seen for simple walking tasks. AIM The purpose of this study was to determine if the trail walking test (TWT), the mobile adaptation of the trail making test (TMT), could be a reliable and valid early detection tool to discriminate between non-fallers and fallers. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study examined dual task costs of a cognitive and a sensorimotor task (walking) in 94 older adults aged 50-81 years (average age M = 67.4 years, SD ± 7.34). Based on the idea of the paper and pencil TMT, participants walked along a fixed pathway (TWT-1), stepped on targets with increasing sequential numbers (i.e. 1, 2, 3, TWT-2), and increasing sequential numbers and letters (i.e. 1, A, 2, B, 3, C, TWT-3). The dual task costs were calculated for each task. Additionally, the following tests were conducted: TMT, block tapping test (BTT), timed up and go (TUG) test, 30s chair rising test, 10 m walking time test with and without head turns, German physical activity questionnaire (German PAQ-50 +) and the activities-specific balance confidence (ABC-D) scale. RESULTS The TWT performance times as well as errors increased with increasing age. Reliability coefficients were high (interclass correlation ICC > 0.90). Correlations between the different TWT conditions and potential falls-related predictors were moderate to high (r = -0.430 to 0.699). Of the participants 34 % reported falling in the past year. The stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that the dual task costs for the numbers and letters (odds ratio OR 1.162, 95 % confidence interval CI 1.058-1.277, p = 0.002), the ABC-D (OR 0.767, 95 % CI 0.651-0.904, p = 0.002) and exercise (OR 1.027, 95 % CI 1.008-1.046, p = 0.006) were significantly related to falls and 91.6 % of cases were correctly classified. CONCLUSION The results indicate that high-level cognitive processes interfere with automatic processes such as walking. The TWT which converts a relevant fall risk-associated standard neuropsychological test (TMT) with increasing cognitive load into a mobility task, was shown to be a feasible, reliable and valid tool for older adults to discriminate between non-fallers and fallers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Schott
- Institut für Sport und Bewegungswissenschaft, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 28, 70569, Stuttgart, Deutschland.
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Donath L, Roth R, Lichtenstein E, Elliot C, Zahner L, Faude O. Jeopardizing Christmas: Why spoiled kids and a tight schedule could make Santa Claus fall? Gait Posture 2015; 41:745-9. [PMID: 25766044 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Santa Claus' spatio-temporal gait characteristics, ground reaction forces during treadmill walking as well as postural sway during loaded, unloaded and cognitive interference tasks were examined in order to estimate his fall risk. Seventeen healthy males, disguised as researchers and students (age: 30±10 years; height: 179±6 years; weight: 76±7kg; BMI: 24±2kg/m(2); physical activity: 12±4h/week) and who still believe in Santa Claus randomly underwent balance and gait analyses with and without cognitive interference. The conditions were to be dressed as "Santa Claus" (wearing costume consisting of a beard, cap, robe, heavy sack with a load of 20kg) or dressed in "normal clothing" (no costume). Spatiotemporal gait parameters (walking velocity, gait variability and stride time, length and width), ground reaction forces (GRF) (left- and right-sided heel strike and push off) and postural sway (30s tandem stance on a force plate) were measured. "Santa-effects" (0.001<p<0.05; 0.21<ηp(2)<0.72) and "Dual-task effects" (0.001<p<0.003; 0.46<ηp(2)<0.86) were found for postural sway (increased sway), GRF (decreased forces for dual tasking, increased forces for the Santa condition) and the majority of spatio-temporal gait parameters. Significant "Santa"×"Dual-Task" interaction effects were not observed (0.001<p<0.05; 0.21<ηp(2)<0.72). Relevant leg effects of GRF during walking were not found. Santa Claus faces a tremendously increased risk of falling when carrying his Christmas sack with 20kg of presents. Cognitive loads also impair his neuromuscular performance. It is recommended that Santa trains his strength and balance before Christmas and also to avoid filling his sack with more than 20kg of presents. Also, cognitive training may help to improve his dual task performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Donath
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - R Roth
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - E Lichtenstein
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - C Elliot
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - L Zahner
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - O Faude
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Beurskens R, Muehlbauer T, Granacher U. Association of dual-task walking performance and leg muscle quality in healthy children. BMC Pediatr 2015; 15:2. [PMID: 25652949 PMCID: PMC4325950 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-015-0317-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous literature mainly introduced cognitive functions to explain performance decrements in dual-task walking, i.e., changes in dual-task locomotion are attributed to limited cognitive information processing capacities. In this study, we enlarge existing literature and investigate whether leg muscular capacity plays an additional role in children's dual-task walking performance. METHODS To this end, we had prepubescent children (mean age: 8.7 ± 0.5 years, age range: 7-9 years) walk in single task (ST) and while concurrently conducting an arithmetic subtraction task (DT). Additionally, leg lean tissue mass was assessed. RESULTS Findings show that both, boys and girls, significantly decrease their gait velocity (f = 0.73), stride length (f = 0.62) and cadence (f = 0.68) and increase the variability thereof (f = 0.20-0.63) during DT compared to ST. Furthermore, stepwise regressions indicate that leg lean tissue mass is closely associated with step time and the variability thereof during DT (R(2) = 0.44, p = 0.009). These associations between gait measures and leg lean tissue mass could not be observed for ST (R(2) = 0.17, p = 0.19). CONCLUSION We were able to show a potential link between leg muscular capacities and DT walking performance in children. We interpret these findings as evidence that higher leg muscle mass in children may mitigate the impact of a cognitive interference task on DT walking performance by inducing enhanced gait stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Beurskens
- Department of Health and Sports Sciences, Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Bldg. 12, D-14469, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Thomas Muehlbauer
- Department of Health and Sports Sciences, Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Bldg. 12, D-14469, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Health and Sports Sciences, Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Bldg. 12, D-14469, Potsdam, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Pereira HM, Spears VC, Schlinder-Delap B, Yoon T, Nielson KA, Hunter SK. Age and sex differences in steadiness of elbow flexor muscles with imposed cognitive demand. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:1367-79. [PMID: 25633070 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3113-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE These studies determined (1) age- and sex-related differences in steadiness of isometric contractions when high cognitive demand was imposed across a range of forces with the elbow flexor muscles (study 1) and; (2) sex differences in steadiness among older adults when low cognitive demand was imposed (study 2). METHODS 36 young adults (18-25 years; 18 women) and 30 older adults (60-82 years; 17 women) performed isometric contractions at 5, 30 and 40 % of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). Study 1 involved a high-cognitive demand session (serial subtractions by 13 during the contraction) and a control session (no mental math). Study 2 (older adults only) involved a low-cognitive demand session (subtracting by 1s). RESULTS Older individuals exhibited greater increases in force fluctuations (coefficient of variation of force, CV) with high cognitive demand than young adults, with the largest age difference at 5 % MVC (P = 0.01). Older adults had greater agonist EMG activity with high-cognitive demand and women had greater coactivation than men (P < 0.05). In study 2, CV of force increased with low cognitive demand for the older women but not for the older men (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION Older adults had reduced steadiness and increased muscle activation when high cognitive demand was imposed while low cognitive demand induced increased force fluctuations in older women but not older men. These findings have implications for daily and work-related tasks that involve cognitive demand performed simultaneously during submaximal isometric contractions in an aging workforce.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo M Pereira
- Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
170
|
Ansai JH, Aurichio TR, Rebelatto JR. Relationship between balance and dual task walking in the very elderly. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 16:89-94. [PMID: 25597594 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Hotta Ansai
- Postgraduate Program in Physiotherapy; National Health Council; Federal University of São Carlos; São Carlos Brazil
| | - Thais Rabiatti Aurichio
- Postgraduate Program in Physiotherapy; National Health Council; Federal University of São Carlos; São Carlos Brazil
| | - José Rubens Rebelatto
- Postgraduate Program in Physiotherapy; National Health Council; Federal University of São Carlos; São Carlos Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Wong TWL, Abernethy B, Masters RSW. Enhancement of the Chinese Movement Specific Reinvestment Scale in Older Adults. GEROPSYCH-THE JOURNAL OF GERONTOPSYCHOLOGY AND GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1024/1662-9647/a000130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. The Chinese version of the Movement Specific Reinvestment Scale (MSRS-C) was discovered to have good discriminative power between older fallers from nonfallers, and it shows potential as a novel fall prediction tool by assessing conscious motor processing propensity of the older adults. This qualitative study (focus group) investigated potential weaknesses during the application of the MSRS-C in community-dwelling older adults. The results confirmed two major potential weaknesses of the MSRS-C: older adults may respond differently when asked to complete the MSRS-C in the context of movements related or unrelated to balance or locomotion; older adults may be better able to differentiate a 4-point Likert response format than the original 6-point format MSRS-C. Further study was developed to examine the identified potential weaknesses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruce Abernethy
- Institute of Human Performance, The University of Hong Kong
- Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rich S. W. Masters
- Institute of Human Performance, The University of Hong Kong
- Te Oranga School of Human Development and Movement, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Yuan J, Blumen HM, Verghese J, Holtzer R. Functional connectivity associated with gait velocity during walking and walking-while-talking in aging: a resting-state fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 36:1484-93. [PMID: 25504964 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Gait decline is common among older adults and is a risk factor for adverse outcomes. Poor gait performance in dual-task conditions, such as walking while performing a secondary cognitive interference task, is associated with increased risk of frailty, disability, and death. Yet, the functional neural substrates that support locomotion are not well established. We examined the functional connectivity associated with gait velocity in single- (normal pace walking) and dual-task (walking while talking) conditions using resting-state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). We acquired 6 minutes of resting-state fMRI data in 30 cognitively healthy older adults. Independent components analyses were performed to separate resting-state fMRI data into group-level statistically independent spatial components that correlated with gait velocity in single- and dual-task conditions. Gait velocity in both task conditions was associated with similar functional connectivity in sensorimotor, visual, vestibular, and left fronto-parietal cortical areas. Compared to gait velocity in the single-task condition, the networks associated with gait velocity in the dual-task condition were associated with greater functional connectivity in supplementary motor and prefrontal regions. Our findings show that there are partially overlapping functional networks associated with single- and dual-task walking conditions. These initial findings encourage the future use of resting-state fMRI as tool in developing a comprehensive understanding of age-related mobility impairments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Yuan
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
173
|
Schaefer S. The ecological approach to cognitive-motor dual-tasking: findings on the effects of expertise and age. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1167. [PMID: 25352820 PMCID: PMC4196472 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying assumption of studies on cognitive-motor dual-tasking is that resources are limited, and when they have to be shared between a cognitive and a motor task, performances will suffer. Resource competition should therefore be particularly pronounced in children, older adults, or people who are just acquiring a new motor skill. The current review summarizes expertise and age comparative studies that have combined a cognitive and a motor task. Expertise studies have often assessed sports performances (e.g., golf putting, soccer dribbling, rugby drills) and have shown that experts are more successful than novices to keep up their performances in dual-task situations. The review also presents age-comparative studies that have used walking (on narrow tracks or on a treadmill) as the motor task. Older adults often show higher costs than young adults, and they tend to prioritize the motor domain. These findings are discussed in relation to the ecological approach to dual-task research originally introduced by Li et al. (2005). The approach proposes to study ecologically valid dual-task situations, and always to investigate dual-task costs for both domains (cognitive and motor performance) in order to assess potential tradeoffs. In addition, task difficulties should be individually adjusted, and differential-emphasis instructions should be included in the study design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schaefer
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Babu RJ, Leat SJ, Irving EL. Effect of age and pop out distracter on attended field of view. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2014; 7:229-237. [PMID: 25323645 PMCID: PMC4213820 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the functional field of view (FFOV) of younger and older individuals using the attended field of view (AFOV), a method which allows for eye and head movement. The impact of a pop out distracter and a dual task on the FFOV measure was also investigated. METHODS Nine young adult (25±6 years) and 9 older participants (72±4 years) took part in the experiment. The AFOV test involved the binocular detection and localization of a white target (Landolt-C) in a field of 24 white rings (distracters). The further AFOV tests were modified to include the presence of a pop out distracter, a dual task condition, and a combination of the two. RESULTS Older observers had lower viewing efficiency (log [1/presentation time]) in all conditions (pooled mean across conditions: older: 0.05±0.02; younger: 0.48±0.04) than the younger group. The addition of dual or a pop out distracter did not affect the older group (mean difference ∼104±150ms and ∼124±122ms respectively) but the additional pop out distracter reduced the efficiency of the younger group for targets near fixation (mean difference ∼68±35ms). CONCLUSION Better viewing efficiency was observed in younger individuals compared to older individuals. Difficulty in disregarding irrelevant stimuli and thereby resorting to inefficient search strategy is proposed as the reason for the differences. The finding that both older and younger individuals are not affected significantly by the presence of the irrelevant pop out distracter has implications in situations such as driving or hazard avoidance. In such scenarios, search performance is likely not impaired beyond what is found with distracters (visual clutter) in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raiju J Babu
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Canada.
| | - Susan J Leat
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
175
|
Abbruzzese LD, Rao AK, Bellows R, Figueroa K, Levy J, Lim E, Puccio L. Effects of manual task complexity on gait parameters in school-aged children and adults. Gait Posture 2014; 40:658-63. [PMID: 25168911 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the dual-task interference effects of complexity (simple vs. complex), type of task (carrying a pitcher vs. tray), and age (young adults vs. 7-10 year old children) on temporal-spatial and variability measures of gait. All participants first walked on the GAITRite walkway without any concurrent task, followed by four dual-task gait conditions. The group of children had a more variable step length and step time than adults across all walking conditions. They also slowed down, took fewer, smaller steps and spent more time in double limb support than adults in the complex dual task conditions. Gait in healthy young adults and school aged children was relatively unaffected by concurrent performance of simple versions of the manual tasks. Our overall analysis suggests that dual-task gait in school aged children is still developing and has not yet reached adult capacity. This study also highlights the critical role of task demand and complexity in dual-task interference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurel D Abbruzzese
- Program in Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA.
| | - Ashwini K Rao
- Program in Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA; G.H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | - Esther Lim
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Lauren Puccio
- St. Mary's Hospital for Children, Bayside, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
Gschwind YJ, Eichberg S, Marston HR, Ejupi A, Rosario HD, Kroll M, Drobics M, Annegarn J, Wieching R, Lord SR, Aal K, Delbaere K. ICT-based system to predict and prevent falls (iStoppFalls): study protocol for an international multicenter randomized controlled trial. BMC Geriatr 2014; 14:91. [PMID: 25141850 PMCID: PMC4145835 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2318-14-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Falls are very common, especially in adults aged 65 years and older. Within the current international European Commission’s Seventh Framework Program (FP7) project ‘iStoppFalls’ an Information and Communication Technology (ICT) based system has been developed to regularly assess a person’s risk of falling in their own home and to deliver an individual and tailored home-based exercise and education program for fall prevention. The primary aims of iStoppFalls are to assess the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention program, and its effectiveness to improve balance, muscle strength and quality of life in older people. Methods/Design This international, multicenter study is designed as a single-blinded, two-group randomized controlled trial. A total of 160 community-dwelling older people aged 65 years and older will be recruited in Germany (n = 60), Spain (n = 40), and Australia (n = 60) between November 2013 and May 2014. Participants in the intervention group will conduct a 16-week exercise program using the iStoppFalls system through their television set at home. Participants are encouraged to exercise for a total duration of 180 minutes per week. The training program consists of a variety of balance and strength exercises in the form of video games using exergame technology. Educational material about a healthy lifestyle will be provided to each participant. Final reassessments will be conducted after 16 weeks. The assessments include physical and cognitive tests as well as questionnaires assessing health, fear of falling, quality of life and psychosocial determinants. Falls will be followed up for six months by monthly falls calendars. Discussion We hypothesize that the regular use of this newly developed ICT-based system for fall prevention at home is feasible for older people. By using the iStoppFalls sensor-based exercise program, older people are expected to improve in balance and strength outcomes. In addition, the exercise training may have a positive impact on quality of life by reducing the risk of falls. Taken together with expected cognitive improvements, the individual approach of the iStoppFalls program may provide an effective model for fall prevention in older people who prefer to exercise at home. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry Trial ID:
ACTRN12614000096651. International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number:
ISRCTN15932647.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kim Delbaere
- Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Barker Street, Randwick, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
Intra-limb coordination while walking is affected by cognitive load and walking speed. J Biomech 2014; 47:2300-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
178
|
Beurskens R, Helmich I, Rein R, Bock O. Age-related changes in prefrontal activity during walking in dual-task situations: A fNIRS study. Int J Psychophysiol 2014; 92:122-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
179
|
Pothier K, Benguigui N, Kulpa R, Chavoix C. Multiple Object Tracking While Walking: Similarities and Differences Between Young, Young-Old, and Old-Old Adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2014; 70:840-9. [PMID: 24859224 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbu047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Walking while simultaneously engaged in another activity becomes more difficult as one grows older. Here, we address the issue of changes in dual-task behavior at different stages of life, particularly in the latter stages. METHODS We developed a dual task that combined walking along an 8-m walkway with a multiple object tracking (MOT) task of increasing difficulty. This secondary cognitive task imitates visuospatial daily activities and provides reliable quantitative measurements. Our dual-task paradigm was tested on 27 young adults (23.85 ± 2.09 years old) and two groups of older adults (18 young-old and 18 old-old adults, aged 63.89 ± 3.32 and 80.83 ± 3.84 years, respectively). RESULTS Significant decrease in tracking performance with increasing complexity of the MOT task was found in all three groups. An age-related decrease in MOT and gait performance was also found. However, young-old adults performed as well as young adults under low attentional load conditions (in the MOT task and simple walking), whereas their performance was as impaired as those of old-old adults under high attentional load conditions (in the MOT task and walking under dual-task condition). DISCUSSION These different profiles between the two groups of older participants could be explained in terms of compensation strategies and risk of falling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristell Pothier
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, U1075 COMETE, Caen, France. Normandie University, School of Medicine, Caen, France. University of Caen Basse-Normandie, COMETE Laboratory (Mobilités: Orientation, Attention et Chronobiologie), Caen, France. Department of Rheumatology, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) de Caen, France.
| | - Nicolas Benguigui
- Normandie University, School of Medicine, Caen, France. University of Caen Basse-Normandie, CESAMS (EA 4260, Centre d'étude sport et actions motrices), Caen, France
| | - Richard Kulpa
- M2S Laboratory Mouvement, Sport, Santé, Rennes 2 University, France
| | - Chantal Chavoix
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, U1075 COMETE, Caen, France. Normandie University, School of Medicine, Caen, France. University of Caen Basse-Normandie, COMETE Laboratory (Mobilités: Orientation, Attention et Chronobiologie), Caen, France
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Shull PB, Jirattigalachote W, Hunt MA, Cutkosky MR, Delp SL. Quantified self and human movement: a review on the clinical impact of wearable sensing and feedback for gait analysis and intervention. Gait Posture 2014; 40:11-9. [PMID: 24768525 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.03.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation of miniaturized electronics has fueled a shift toward wearable sensors and feedback devices for the mass population. Quantified self and other similar movements involving wearable systems have gained recent interest. However, it is unclear what the clinical impact of these enabling technologies is on human gait. The purpose of this review is to assess clinical applications of wearable sensing and feedback for human gait and to identify areas of future research. Four electronic databases were searched to find articles employing wearable sensing or feedback for movements of the foot, ankle, shank, thigh, hip, pelvis, and trunk during gait. We retrieved 76 articles that met the inclusion criteria and identified four common clinical applications: (1) identifying movement disorders, (2) assessing surgical outcomes, (3) improving walking stability, and (4) reducing joint loading. Characteristics of knee and trunk motion were the most frequent gait parameters for both wearable sensing and wearable feedback. Most articles performed testing on healthy subjects, and the most prevalent patient populations were osteoarthritis, vestibular loss, Parkinson's disease, and post-stroke hemiplegia. The most widely used wearable sensors were inertial measurement units (accelerometer and gyroscope packaged together) and goniometers. Haptic (touch) and auditory were the most common feedback sensations. This review highlights the current state of the literature and demonstrates substantial potential clinical benefits of wearable sensing and feedback. Future research should focus on wearable sensing and feedback in patient populations, in natural human environments outside the laboratory such as at home or work, and on continuous, long-term monitoring and intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pete B Shull
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | | | - Michael A Hunt
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mark R Cutkosky
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Scott L Delp
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
Agmon M, Belza B, Nguyen HQ, Logsdon RG, Kelly VE. A systematic review of interventions conducted in clinical or community settings to improve dual-task postural control in older adults. Clin Interv Aging 2014; 9:477-92. [PMID: 24741296 PMCID: PMC3970921 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s54978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Injury due to falls is a major problem among older adults. Decrements in dual-task postural control performance (simultaneously performing two tasks, at least one of which requires postural control) have been associated with an increased risk of falling. Evidence-based interventions that can be used in clinical or community settings to improve dual-task postural control may help to reduce this risk. Purpose The aims of this systematic review are: 1) to identify clinical or community-based interventions that improved dual-task postural control among older adults; and 2) to identify the key elements of those interventions. Data sources Studies were obtained from a search conducted through October 2013 of the following electronic databases: PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. Study selection Randomized and nonrandomized controlled studies examining the effects of interventions aimed at improving dual-task postural control among community-dwelling older adults were selected. Data extraction All studies were evaluated based on methodological quality. Intervention characteristics including study purpose, study design, and sample size were identified, and effects of dual-task interventions on various postural control and cognitive outcomes were noted. Data synthesis Twenty-two studies fulfilled the selection criteria and were summarized in this review to identify characteristics of successful interventions. Limitations The ability to synthesize data was limited by the heterogeneity in participant characteristics, study designs, and outcome measures. Conclusion Dual-task postural control can be modified by specific training. There was little evidence that single-task training transferred to dual-task postural control performance. Further investigation of dual-task training using standardized outcome measurements is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maayan Agmon
- The Cheryl Spencer Department of Nursing, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Studies, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Basia Belza
- School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Huong Q Nguyen
- School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA ; Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente, CA, USA
| | | | - Valerie E Kelly
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Marcar VL, Bridenbaugh SA, Kool J, Niedermann K, Kressig RW. A simple procedure to synchronize concurrent measurements of gait and brain electrical activity and preliminary results from a pilot measurement involving motor-cognitive dual-tasking in healthy older and young volunteers. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 228:46-9. [PMID: 24662065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to record brain activity under normal walking conditions is the key to studying supraspinal influence on spinal gait control. NEW METHOD We developed a procedure of synchronizing an electronic walkway (GAITRite, CIR Systems Inc.) with a multi-channel, wireless EEG-system (BrainAmp, Brainproducts). To assess the practicability of our procedure we performed a proof of concept measurement involving concurrently recording gait pattern and brain electrical activity in two elderly and two young participants. This measurement enabled us to assess the synchronization of the two data sets under realistic conditions. RESULTS Only carrying a filled water glass reduced gait regularity in the elderly. In the young gait regularity was constant across all tasks. This concurs with previous findings reporting a task specific influence on gait. Carrying a full water glass also led to an increase in the power of the EEG gamma-band oscillations in frontal cortex of the elderly, but led to a decrease in the young participants. Carrying a full glass increased activity in frontal cortex of the elderly but decreased it in the young participants. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS At present, concurrent recording of gait pattern and electrical brain activity requires participants to walk on a treadmill. Our procedure enables these measurements to be made under natural walking conditions. This allows measurements of brain activity during walking in special needs groups such as children, the elderly or the infirm under near natural conditions. CONCLUSIONS Our procedure for synchronizing EEG and gait proved simple, reliable and generated data of high-quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentine L Marcar
- Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Department of Health Professions, Institute of Physiotherapy, Technikumstrasse 71, CH-8401 Winterthur, Switzerland.
| | - Stephanie A Bridenbaugh
- University Basel and Felix Platter-Hospital, University Center for Medicine of Aging Basel, Basel Mobility Center, Schanzenstrasse 55, PO Box, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; University Basel and Felix Platter-Hospital, University Center for Medicine of Aging Basel, Burgfelderstrasse 101, PO Box, CH-4012 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan Kool
- Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Department of Health Professions, Institute of Physiotherapy, Technikumstrasse 71, CH-8401 Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Karin Niedermann
- Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Department of Health Professions, Institute of Physiotherapy, Technikumstrasse 71, CH-8401 Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Reto W Kressig
- University Basel and Felix Platter-Hospital, University Center for Medicine of Aging Basel, Basel Mobility Center, Schanzenstrasse 55, PO Box, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; University Basel and Felix Platter-Hospital, University Center for Medicine of Aging Basel, Burgfelderstrasse 101, PO Box, CH-4012 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
Blumen HM, Holtzer R, Brown LL, Gazes Y, Verghese J. Behavioral and neural correlates of imagined walking and walking-while-talking in the elderly. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35:4090-104. [PMID: 24522972 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognition is important for locomotion and gait decline increases the risk for morbidity, mortality, cognitive decline, and dementia. Yet, the neural correlates of gait are not well established, because most neuroimaging methods cannot image the brain during locomotion. Imagined gait protocols overcome this limitation. This study examined the behavioral and neural correlates of a new imagined gait protocol that involved imagined walking (iW), imagined talking (iT), and imagined walking-while-talking (iWWT). In Experiment 1, 82 cognitively-healthy older adults (M=80.45) walked (W), iW, walked while talking (WWT) and iWWT. Real and imagined walking task times were strongly correlated, particularly real and imagined dual-task times (WWT and iWWT). In Experiment 2, 33 cognitively-healthy older adults (M=73.03) iW, iT, and iWWT during functional magnetic resonance imaging. A multivariate Ordinal Trend (OrT) Covariance analysis identified a pattern of brain regions that: (1) varied as a function of imagery task difficulty (iW, iT and iWWT), (2) involved cerebellar, precuneus, supplementary motor and other prefrontal regions, and (3) were associated with kinesthetic imagery ratings and behavioral performance during actual WWT. This is the first study to compare the behavioral and neural correlates of imagined gait in single and dual-task situations, an issue that is particularly relevant to elderly populations. These initial findings encourage further research and development of this imagined gait protocol as a tool for improving gait and cognition among the elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena M Blumen
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
184
|
Rochester L, Galna B, Lord S, Burn D. The nature of dual-task interference during gait in incident Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2014; 265:83-94. [PMID: 24508154 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Dual-task interference during gait is a common phenomenon in older adults and people with Parkinson's disease (PD). Dual-task performance is driven by cognitive processes involving executive function, attention and working memory which underpin resource capacity and allocation. The underlying processes that contribute to dual-task interference are poorly understood, and confounded by methodological differences. The aim of this study was to explore the nature of dual-task interference in PD with respect to age-matched controls. We examined 121 people with early PD and 189 controls and controlled for baseline task demand on both tasks allowing between-group differences to be attributed to dual-task interference rather than differences in baseline performance. We also compared a wide range of gait characteristics to evaluate the pattern of interference. Participants walked for two minutes at a preferred pace under single- and dual-task (test of working memory capacity-digit span recall) conditions. In a subgroup task demand was increased (digit span+1) (n=55 control, n=44 PD) to assess the influence of resource capacity. Finally the association between dual-task interference with motor and cognitive characteristics was examined to evaluate resource capacity and allocation. PD and controls responded similarly to the dual-task for all gait characteristics except for step width and step width variability and this was the same when task demand increased (dual+1). Control participants took wider steps (p=0.006) and step width variability increased significantly for controls (p=0.001) but not PD. Interference was specific to the gait characteristic rather than a global pattern of impairment. Digit span error rates were not significantly different between groups during dual-task performance. There were no significant correlations with dual-task interference and global cognition, motor deficit, and executive function for either group. Effects of dual-tasks on gait performance are twofold and specific to the gait characteristic. They reflect an age-related reduction in gait performance (especially forward progression) in PD and controls possibly due to reduced resource capacity; and secondly, show postural stability during walking in early PD is disproportionately affected highlighting a PD-specific dual-task co-ordination deficit. Further work is required to identify the cognitive, executive and motor correlates of dual-task interference from which inferences about underlying cognitive processes can be made. These findings inform an understanding of dual-task impairment in early PD and suggest that management should target postural control under dual-task conditions from the early stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Rochester
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, United Kingdom.
| | - B Galna
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, United Kingdom
| | - S Lord
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, United Kingdom
| | - D Burn
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
Beurskens R, Bock O. Does the walking task matter? Influence of different walking conditions on dual-task performances in young and older persons. Hum Mov Sci 2013; 32:1456-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
186
|
Macrae P, Humbert I. Exploiting Experience-Dependent Plasticity in Dysphagia Rehabilitation: Current Evidence and Future Directions. CURRENT PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40141-013-0025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
187
|
Changing the way we work: elevating energy expenditure with workstation alternatives. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 38:755-65. [PMID: 24285335 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence supports the feasibility of raising daily energy expenditure (EE) by replacing office work-related sedentary behavior with low-intensity non-exercise physical activity (PA) via workstation alternatives to the traditional office chair and desktop computer-based combinations. The purpose of this review article is to introduce a simple taxonomy to facilitate classification and study of workstation alternatives, catalog the diversity of research undertaken to date related to energy balance, and present and summarize the gaps and opportunities for a research agenda for workstation alternatives moving forward. A PubMed search elicited 57 English language articles published since 2000; additional articles were identified by reviewing reference sections and contacting authors. Selection criteria ultimately focused on use of workstation alternatives during simulated or real work tasks. The EE of sitting on a stability ball or using sit-stand/standing desks is comparable to the traditional seated condition (≅1.2 kcal min(-1)). The treadmill and pedal desks (active workstation alternatives) offer the greatest promise in terms of EE (≅2-4 kcal min(-1)). Sitting on a stability ball or using sit-stand/standing desks does not impair task performance relative to the traditional seated condition. Some evidence of typing impairment is inconsistently reported with active workstation alternatives; the finer motor skills required for mouse-related tasks may be more affected. Little is known about learning or adaptation with practice. Users are generally accepting of workstation alternatives; however, there is evidence of less than optimal use. Active workstations (that is, treadmill desks and pedal desks) in particular represent a potential strategy for mitigating the diminished EE inherent to contemporary office-based workplaces, but only if they are scalable. The science supporting active workstations is young and heterogeneous; however, this means that there are many knowledge gaps and opportunities for research, including those focused on implementation issues related to optimizing both employers' and workers' uptake.
Collapse
|
188
|
Fraser S, Bherer L. Age-related decline in divided-attention: from theoretical lab research to practical real-life situations. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2013; 4:623-640. [PMID: 26304268 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this advanced review is to provide readers with an up-to-date synopsis of age-related changes in divided-attention abilities. An interdisciplinary approach is taken, supplying readers with evidence from very structured laboratory studies and findings from more ecological research studies that target real-life divided-attention situations (i.e., walking and talking). The review goes beyond the reported age-related declines in divided-attention abilities and offers the reader an overview of current cognitive (dual-task) training findings which suggest that these declines can be diminished with training. The contents of this review and the future directions proposed demonstrate that divided-attention research and its recent application to aging and mobility has become a major and fast growing scientific field of investigation. WIREs Cogn Sci 2013, 4:623-640. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1252 CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Fraser
- Centre de recherche Institut Universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Louis Bherer
- Centre de recherche Institut Universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,PERFORM Centre and Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|