151
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Payyavula RS, Navarre DA, Kuhl J, Pantoja A. Developmental effects on phenolic, flavonol, anthocyanin, and carotenoid metabolites and gene expression in potatoes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:7357-7365. [PMID: 23790036 DOI: 10.1021/jf401522k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Potato phytonutrients include phenolic acids, flavonols, anthocyanins, and carotenoids. Developmental effects on phytonutrient concentrations and gene expression were studied in white, yellow, and purple potatoes. Purple potatoes contained the most total phenolics, which decreased during development (from 14 to 10 mg g(-1)), as did the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. The major phenolic, 5-chlorogenic acid (5CGA), decreased during development in all cultivars. Products of later branches of the phenylpropanoid pathway also decreased, including quercetin 3-O rutinoside, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, and petunidin 3-O-(p-coumaroyl)rutinoside-3-glucoside (from 6.4 to 4.0 mg g(-1)). Violaxanthin and lutein were the two most abundant carotenoids and decreased 30-70% in the yellow and white potatoes. Sucrose, which can regulate phenylpropanoid metabolism, decreased with development in all cultivars and was highest in purple potatoes. Total protein decreased by 15-30% in two cultivars. Expression of most phenylpropanoid and carotenoid structural genes decreased during development. Immature potatoes like those used in this study are marketed as "baby potatoes", and the greater amounts of these dietarily desirable compounds may appeal to health-conscious consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja S Payyavula
- Irrigated Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, Washington 99350, United States
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152
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Effects of a high fat meal matrix and protein complexation on the bioaccessibility of blueberry anthocyanins using the TNO gastrointestinal model (TIM-1). Food Chem 2013; 142:349-57. [PMID: 24001852 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The TNO intestinal model (TIM-1) of the human upper gastrointestinal tract was used to compare intestinal absorption/bioaccessibility of blueberry anthocyanins under different digestive conditions. Blueberry polyphenol-rich extract was delivered to TIM-1 in the absence or presence of a high-fat meal. HPLC analysis of seventeen anthocyanins showed that delphinidin-3-glucoside, delphinidin-3-galactoside, delphinidin-3-arabinoside and petunidin-3-arabinoside were twice as bioaccessible in fed state, whilst delphinidin-3-(6″-acetoyl)-glucoside and malvidin-3-arabinoside were twice as bioaccessible under fasted conditions, suggesting lipid-rich matrices selectively effect anthocyanin bioaccessibility. TIM-1 was fed blueberry juice (BBJ) or blueberry polyphenol-enriched defatted soybean flour (BB-DSF) containing equivalent amounts of free or DSF-sorbed anthocyanins, respectively. Anthocyanin bioaccessibility from BB-DSF (36.0±10.4) was numerically, but not significantly, greater than that from BBJ (26.3±10.3). Ileal efflux samples collected after digestion of BB-DSF contained 2.8-fold more anthocyanins than same from BBJ, suggesting that protein-rich DSF protects anthocyanins during transit through upper digestive tract for subsequent colonic delivery/metabolism.
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153
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Hsieh SL, Wu CC, Liu CH, Lian JL. Effects of the water extract of Gynura bicolor (Roxb. & Willd.) DC on physiological and immune responses to Vibrio alginolyticus infection in white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:18-25. [PMID: 23603309 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.03.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Gynura bicolor (Roxb. & Willd.) DC is widely distributed in certain areas of Asia and is very popular in vegetarian cuisine in Taiwan. To investigate the regulatory roles of G. bicolor in various functions in crustaceans, we examined innate non-specific immune responses (including total hemocyte count (THC), phenoloxidase activity (PO), respiratory bursts (RBs), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity), physiological responses (including haemolymph glucose, lactate, and lipids), and gene expressions (including prophenoloxidase (proPO), lipopolysaccharide- and b-1,3-glucan-binding protein (LGBP), and peroxinectin (PE) mRNA transcripts) to the pathogen Vibrio alginolyticus in white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) that were individually injected with the water extract from G. bicolor at 2, 4, and 8 μg g(-1). Results indicated that PO, RBs, SOD activity, proPO, LGBP, and PE mRNA transcripts of shrimps receiving the water extract of G. bicolor at 2, 4, and 8 μg g(-1) significantly increased after challenge with V. alginolyticus for 96 h. However, no significant difference in the THC was seen at any dose. L. vannamei injected with the water extract of G. bicolor at all doses respectively maintained lower glucose, lactate, and lipid levels in response to V. alginolyticus challenge at 12-36, 24-36, and 24-48 h. Survival rates at 24-72 h of L. vannamei that received G. bicolor at any dose was significantly higher than those of shrimp that received saline. It was concluded that the water extract of G. bicolor can maintain physiological homeostasis and enhance immunity against V. alginolyticus infection in L. vannamei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Nanzih District, Kaohsiung City 811, Taiwan.
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154
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Wang Z, Meng D, Wang A, Li T, Jiang S, Cong P, Li T. The methylation of the PcMYB10 promoter is associated with green-skinned sport in Max Red Bartlett pear. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:885-96. [PMID: 23629835 PMCID: PMC3668077 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.214700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Varieties of the European pear (Pyrus communis) can produce trees with both red- and green-skinned fruits, such as the Max Red Bartlett (MRB) variety, although little is known about the mechanism behind this differential pigmentation. In this study, we investigated the pigmentation of MRB and its green-skinned sport (MRB-G). The results suggest that a reduction in anthocyanin concentration causes the MRB-G sport. Transcript levels of PcUFGT (for UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase), the key structural gene in anthocyanin biosynthesis, paralleled the change of anthocyanin concentration in both MRB and MRB-G fruit. We cloned the PcMYB10 gene, a transcription factor associated with the promoter of PcUFGT. An investigation of the 2-kb region upstream of the ATG translation start site of PcMYB10 showed the regions -604 to -911 bp and -1,218 to -1,649 bp to be highly methylated. A comparison of the PcMYB10 promoter methylation level between the MRB and MRB-G forms indicated a correlation between hypermethylation and the green-skin phenotype. An Agrobacterium tumefaciens infiltration assay was conducted on young MRB fruits by using a plasmid constructed to silence endogenous PcMYB10 via DNA methylation. The infiltrated fruits showed blocked anthocyanin biosynthesis, higher methylation of the PcMYB10 promoter, and lower expression of PcMYB10 and PcUFGT. We suggest that the methylation level of PcMYB10 is associated with the formation of the green-skinned sport in the MRB pear. The potential mechanism behind the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Wang
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Bio-tech, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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155
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Wang Z, Meng D, Wang A, Li T, Jiang S, Cong P, Li T. The methylation of the PcMYB10 promoter is associated with green-skinned sport in Max Red Bartlett pear. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013. [PMID: 23629835 DOI: 10.2307/41943270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Varieties of the European pear (Pyrus communis) can produce trees with both red- and green-skinned fruits, such as the Max Red Bartlett (MRB) variety, although little is known about the mechanism behind this differential pigmentation. In this study, we investigated the pigmentation of MRB and its green-skinned sport (MRB-G). The results suggest that a reduction in anthocyanin concentration causes the MRB-G sport. Transcript levels of PcUFGT (for UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase), the key structural gene in anthocyanin biosynthesis, paralleled the change of anthocyanin concentration in both MRB and MRB-G fruit. We cloned the PcMYB10 gene, a transcription factor associated with the promoter of PcUFGT. An investigation of the 2-kb region upstream of the ATG translation start site of PcMYB10 showed the regions -604 to -911 bp and -1,218 to -1,649 bp to be highly methylated. A comparison of the PcMYB10 promoter methylation level between the MRB and MRB-G forms indicated a correlation between hypermethylation and the green-skin phenotype. An Agrobacterium tumefaciens infiltration assay was conducted on young MRB fruits by using a plasmid constructed to silence endogenous PcMYB10 via DNA methylation. The infiltrated fruits showed blocked anthocyanin biosynthesis, higher methylation of the PcMYB10 promoter, and lower expression of PcMYB10 and PcUFGT. We suggest that the methylation level of PcMYB10 is associated with the formation of the green-skinned sport in the MRB pear. The potential mechanism behind the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Wang
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Bio-tech, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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156
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Wang Z, Meng D, Wang A, Li T, Jiang S, Cong P, Li T. The methylation of the PcMYB10 promoter is associated with green-skinned sport in Max Red Bartlett pear. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:885-896. [PMID: 23629835 DOI: 10.2307/41943270s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Varieties of the European pear (Pyrus communis) can produce trees with both red- and green-skinned fruits, such as the Max Red Bartlett (MRB) variety, although little is known about the mechanism behind this differential pigmentation. In this study, we investigated the pigmentation of MRB and its green-skinned sport (MRB-G). The results suggest that a reduction in anthocyanin concentration causes the MRB-G sport. Transcript levels of PcUFGT (for UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase), the key structural gene in anthocyanin biosynthesis, paralleled the change of anthocyanin concentration in both MRB and MRB-G fruit. We cloned the PcMYB10 gene, a transcription factor associated with the promoter of PcUFGT. An investigation of the 2-kb region upstream of the ATG translation start site of PcMYB10 showed the regions -604 to -911 bp and -1,218 to -1,649 bp to be highly methylated. A comparison of the PcMYB10 promoter methylation level between the MRB and MRB-G forms indicated a correlation between hypermethylation and the green-skin phenotype. An Agrobacterium tumefaciens infiltration assay was conducted on young MRB fruits by using a plasmid constructed to silence endogenous PcMYB10 via DNA methylation. The infiltrated fruits showed blocked anthocyanin biosynthesis, higher methylation of the PcMYB10 promoter, and lower expression of PcMYB10 and PcUFGT. We suggest that the methylation level of PcMYB10 is associated with the formation of the green-skinned sport in the MRB pear. The potential mechanism behind the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Wang
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Bio-tech, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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157
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Sasaki K, Han J, Shimozono H, Villareal MO, Isoda H. Caffeoylquinic acid-rich purple sweet potato extract, with or without anthocyanin, imparts neuroprotection and contributes to the improvement of spatial learning and memory of SAMP8 mouse. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:5037-5045. [PMID: 23647122 DOI: 10.1021/jf3041484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The effects of caffeoylquinic acid (CQA)-rich purple sweet potato (PSP) extract, with (PSPEa) or without (PSPEb) anthocyanin, on the improvement of spatial learning and memory of senescence-accelerated prone mouse strain (SAMP) 8 was determined. SAMP8 was treated with 20 mg/kg/day of PSPEa or PSPEb for 30 days. The effect on spatial learning and memory and the molecular mechanism of this effect were determined in vivo (SAMP8) and in vitro (SH-SY5Y cells). PSPEa or PSPEb reduced the escape latency time of SAMP8 by 17.0 ± 8.0 and 14.2 ± 5.8 s (P < 0.01), respectively. PSPEa administration induced an overexpression of antioxidant-, energy metabolism-, and neuronal plasticity-related proteins in the brain of SAMP8. Additionally, PSPEa and PSPEb increased the cell viability by 141.6 and 133% as compared to Aβ1-42-treated cells. These findings suggest that PSP rich in CQA derivatives with or without anthocyanidine had a neuroprotective effect on mouse brain and can improve the spatial learning and memory of SAMP8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Sasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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158
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Kumar S, Gautam S, Sharma A. Identification of antimutagenic properties of anthocyanins and other polyphenols from rose (Rosa centifolia) petals and tea. J Food Sci 2013; 78:H948-54. [PMID: 23627876 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Petals from different rose (Rosa centifolia) cultivars ("passion," "pink noblesse," and "sphinx") were assessed for antimutagenicity using Escherichia coli RNA polymerase B (rpoB)-based Rif (S) →Rif (R) (rifampicin sensitive to resistant) forward mutation assay against ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-induced mutagenesis. The aqueous extracts of rose petals from different cultivars exhibited a wide variation in their antimutagenicity. Among these, cv. "passion" was found to display maximum antimutagenicity. Upon further fractionation, the anthocyanin extract of cv. "passion" displayed significantly higher antimutagenicity than its phenolic extract. During thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis, the anthocyanin extract got resolved into 3 spots: yellow (Rf : 0.14), blue (Rf : 0.30), and pink (Rf : 0.49). Among these spots, the blue one displayed significantly higher antimutagenicity than the other 2. Upon high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, this blue spot further got resolved into 2 peaks (Rt : 2.7 and 3.8 min). The 2nd peak (Rt : 3.8 min) displaying high antimutagenicity was identified by ESI-IT-MS/MS analysis as peonidin 3-glucoside, whereas less antimutagenic peak 1 (Rt : 2.7) was identified as cyanidin 3, 5-diglucoside. The other TLC bands were also characterized by ESI-IT-MS/MS analysis. The least antimutagenic pink band (Rf : 0.49) was identified as malvidin 3-acetylglucoside-4-vinylcatechol, whereas non-antimutagenic yellow band (Rf : 0.14) was identified as luteolinidin anthocyanin derivative. Interestingly, the anthocyanin extracted from rose tea of cv. "passion" exhibited a similar antimutagenicity as that of the raw rose petal indicating the thermal stability of the contributing bioactive(s). The findings thus indicated the health protective property of differently colored rose cultivars and the nature of their active bioingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar
- Food Technology Div.,Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085, India
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159
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Sun-Waterhouse D, Edmonds L, Wadhwa S, Wibisono R. Producing ice cream using a substantial amount of juice from kiwifruit with green, gold or red flesh. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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160
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Platycodi Radix attenuates dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver fibrosis in rats by inducing Nrf2-mediated antioxidant enzymes. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 56:231-9. [PMID: 23485615 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-fibrotic effects of the aqueous extract of the Platycodi Radix root (Changkil: CK) on dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced liver fibrosis in rats. DMN treatment for 4 weeks led to marked liver fibrosis as assessed by serum biochemistry, histopathological examination, and hepatic lipid peroxidation and collagen content. CK significantly inhibited DMN-induced increases in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, fibrosis score, and hepatic malondialdehyde and collagen content. CK also inhibited DMN-induced reductions in rat body and liver weights. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot analyses revealed that CK inhibited DMN-induced increases in matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA, and collagen type I and α-smooth muscle actin protein. DMN-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation was reduced by CK treatment. Furthermore, CK induced activation of nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant enzymes such as γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in HepG2 cells. These results demonstrated that CK attenuates DMN-induced liver fibrosis through the activation of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant enzymes.
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161
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Biosynthesis of highly enriched 13C-lycopene for human metabolic studies using repeated batch tomato cell culturing with 13C-glucose. Food Chem 2013; 139:631-9. [PMID: 23561155 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
While putative disease-preventing lycopene metabolites are found in both tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) products and in their consumers, mammalian lycopene metabolism is poorly understood. Advances in tomato cell culturing techniques offer an economical tool for generation of highly-enriched (13)C-lycopene for human bioavailability and metabolism studies. To enhance the (13)C-enrichment and yields of labelled lycopene from the hp-1 tomato cell line, cultures were first grown in (13)C-glucose media for three serial batches and produced increasing proportions of uniformly labelled lycopene (14.3±1.2%, 39.6±0.5%, and 48.9±1.5%) with consistent yields (from 5.8 to 9 mg/L). An optimised 9-day-long (13)C-loading and 18-day-long labelling strategy developed based on glucose utilisation and lycopene yields, yielded (13)C-lycopene with 93% (13)C isotopic purity, and 55% of isotopomers were uniformly labelled. Furthermore, an optimised acetone and hexane extraction led to a fourfold increase in lycopene recovery from cultures compared to a standard extraction.
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162
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Tereshchenko O, Arbuzova V, Khlestkina E. Allelic state of the genes conferring purple pigmentation in different wheat organs predetermines transcriptional activity of the anthocyanin biosynthesis structural genes. J Cereal Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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163
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Lawless LJ, Nayga RM, Akaichi F, Meullenet JF, Threlfall RT, Howard LR. Willingness-to-Pay for a Nutraceutical-Rich Juice Blend. J SENS STUD 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia J.R. Lawless
- Department of Food Science; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR
- Sensory Spectrum, Inc.; New Providence NJ
| | - Rodolfo M. Nayga
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR
| | - Faical Akaichi
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR
| | | | - Renee T. Threlfall
- Institute of Food Science and Technology; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR
| | - Luke R. Howard
- Department of Food Science; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR
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164
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Navas MJ, Jiménez-Moreno AM, Bueno JM, Sáez-Plaza P, Asuero AG. Analysis and Antioxidant Capacity of Anthocyanin Pigments. Part III: An Introduction to Sample Preparation and Extraction. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2012.680341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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165
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Radovanovic B, Radovanovic A, Tomic V. Relations Between the Phenolic Composition and Free Radical Scavenging, and Antibacterial Activities of Red Wines from Different Cultivars ofVitis viniferaL. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2010.494923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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166
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Coccia A, Carraturo A, Mosca L, Masci A, Bellini A, Campagnaro M, Lendaro E. Effects of methanolic extract of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) on microbial growth. Int J Food Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2012.03012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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167
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Wang S, Marcone M, Barbut S, Lim LT. The Impact of Anthocyanin-Rich Red Raspberry Extract (ARRE) on the Properties of Edible Soy Protein Isolate (SPI) Films. J Food Sci 2012; 77:C497-505. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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168
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Sun Y, Li H, Huang JR. Arabidopsis TT19 functions as a carrier to transport anthocyanin from the cytosol to tonoplasts. MOLECULAR PLANT 2012; 5:387-400. [PMID: 22201047 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssr110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are synthesized in the cytosolic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) but dominantly accumulate in the vacuole. Little is known about how anthocyanins are transported from the ER to the vacuole. Here, we provide evidence supporting that Transparent Testa 19 (TT19), a glutathione S-transferase (GST), functions as a carrier to transport cyanidin and/or anthocyanins to the tonoplast. We identified a novel tt19 mutant (tt19-7), which barely accumulates anthocyanins but produces a 36% higher level of flavonol than the wild-type (WT), from ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenized seeds. Expressing TT19-fused green fluorescence protein (GFP) in tt19-7 rescues the mutant phenotype in defective anthocyanin biosynthesis, indicating that TT19-GFP is functional. We further showed that TT19-GFP is localized not only in the cytoplasm and nuclei, but also on the tonoplast. The membrane localization of TT19-GFP was further ascertained by immunoblot analysis. In vitro assay showed that the purified recombinant TT19 increases water solubility of cyanidin (Cya) and cyanidin-3-O-glycoside (C3G). Compared with C3G, Cya can dramatically quench the intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence of TT19 to much lower levels, indicating a higher affinity of TT19 to Cya than to C3G. Isothermal titration calorimetry analysis also confirmed physical interaction between TT19 and C3G. Taken together, our data reveal molecular mechanism underlying TT19-mediated anthocyanin transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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169
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Flores G, Dastmalchi K, Paulino S, Whalen K, Dabo AJ, Reynertson KA, Foronjy RF, D'Armiento JM, Kennelly EJ. Anthocyanins from Eugenia brasiliensis edible fruits as potential therapeutics for COPD treatment. Food Chem 2012; 134:1256-62. [PMID: 25005941 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nine anthocyanins (1-9) from the edible fruits of Eugenia brasiliensis were identified by HPLC-PDA and LC-MS, and seven of these are described for the first time in this Brazilian fruit. Two of the major anthocyanins, delphinidin (8) and cyanidin (9), were studied for their inhibitory activity against chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) production before and after cigarette smoke extract (CSE) treatment of cells. In non-treated cells the amount of IL-8 was unchanged following treatment with cyanidin and delphinidin in concentrations 0.1-10 μM. Both delphinidin (8) and cyanidin (9) decreased the production of IL-8 in treated cells, at 1 and 10 μM, respectively. Delphinidin (8) demonstrated IL-8 inhibition in the CSE treated cells in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Flores
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY 10468, United States; Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Keyvan Dastmalchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY 10468, United States
| | - Sturlainny Paulino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY 10468, United States
| | - Kathleen Whalen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY 10468, United States; Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 W 168th Street, P&S 9-449, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Abdoulaye J Dabo
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 W 168th Street, P&S 9-449, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Kurt A Reynertson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY 10468, United States
| | - Robert F Foronjy
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 W 168th Street, P&S 9-449, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Jeanine M D'Armiento
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 W 168th Street, P&S 9-449, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Edward J Kennelly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY 10468, United States
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Kanwal S, Nishat S, Khan MI. Docking of human rhodopsin mutant (Gly90→Asp) with beta-arrestin and cyanidin 3-rutinoside to cure night blindness. Bioinformation 2012; 8:128-33. [PMID: 22368384 PMCID: PMC3283884 DOI: 10.6026/97320630008128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Rhodopsin is a visual pigment present in rod cells of retina. It belongs to GPCR family and involves photoisomerization of 11-cis-retinal to all-trans-retinal isomers, conformational changes in rhodopsin and signal transduction cascade to generate a nerve impulse. This signaling pathway has been targeted to eliminate the effect of a mutation (Gly90→Asp) responsible for abnormal activation of G-protein without retinal conformations in the absence of light leading to congenital night blindness. A theoretical model of rhodopsin with induced mutation has been deliberated in order to find potential ligands which can offset this mutational effect. The binding interactions between the target mutated rhodopsin model and potential ligands have been predicted with the help of molecular docking. The results indicated strong functional benefits of ligands as an inhibitor and an agonist for mutated rhodopsin model. Therefore, we propose a new visual cascade model which can initiate the normal signaling of rhodopsin mutant with the help of proposed ligands and can provide a hope for vision in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shagufta Kanwal
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, International Islamic University, Women Campus, Sector H-10, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sumaira Nishat
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, International Islamic University, Women Campus, Sector H-10, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan Khan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, International Islamic University, Women Campus, Sector H-10, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Hwang YP, Choi JH, Han EH, Kim HG, Wee JH, Jung KO, Jung KH, Kwon KI, Jeong TC, Chung YC, Jeong HG. Purple sweet potato anthocyanins attenuate hepatic lipid accumulation through activating adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase in human HepG2 cells and obese mice. Nutr Res 2011; 31:896-906. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2011.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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173
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174
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Computational identification of Chinese cabbage anthocyaninspecific genes. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-011-5212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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175
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Hwang YP, Choi JH, Choi JM, Chung YC, Jeong HG. Protective mechanisms of anthocyanins from purple sweet potato against tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced hepatotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:2081-9. [PMID: 21640154 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanins have been shown to exert anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory effects and anti-carcinogenic activity. In the present work, we investigated the protective effects of anthocyanin fraction (AF) from purple sweet potato on tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced hepatotoxicity in HepG2 cell line and in rat liver. The result showed that the oral pretreatment of AF before t-BHP treatment significantly lowered the serum levels of the hepatic enzyme markers (ALT and AST) and reduced oxidative stress of the liver by evaluation of malondialdehyde and glutathione. Histopathological evaluation of the livers also revealed that AF reduced the incidence of liver lesions. The in vitro result showed that AF significantly reduced t-BHP-induced oxidative injury, as determined by cell cytotoxicity, intracellular glutathione content, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and caspases activation. Also, AF up-regulated antioxidant enzymes including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H:quinone reductase, and glutathione S-transferase. Moreover, AF induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation and Akt and ERK1/2 activation, pathways that are involved in inducing Nrf2 nuclear translocation. Taken together, these results suggest that the protective effects of AF against t-BHP-induced hepatotoxicity may, at least in part, be due to its ability to scavenge ROS and to regulate the antioxidant enzyme HO-1 via the Akt and ERK1/2/Nrf2 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Pil Hwang
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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176
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Tlili I, Hdider C, Lenucci MS, Riadh I, Jebari H, Dalessandro G. Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities of different watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Mansfeld) cultivars as affected by fruit sampling area. J Food Compost Anal 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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177
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Santos J, La VD, Bergeron C, Grenier D. Inhibition of host- and bacteria-derived proteinases by natural anthocyanins. J Periodontal Res 2011; 46:550-7. [PMID: 21517858 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Host- and bacteria-derived proteinases are considered to play critical roles in periodontitis progression. This study investigated the ability of a blackcurrant extract and its major anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside and delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside) to inhibit the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), neutrophil elastase and periodontopathogen (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola) proteinases. MATERIAL AND METHODS Enzyme inhibition was detected using fluorometric and colorimetric assays after incubating blackcurrant extract and its major anthocyanins (at concentrations of 6.25, 12.5, 25 and 50 μg/mL) with MMPs, elastase or bacterial proteinases, along with their specific substrates. Substrate degradation was recorded every hour for up to 4 h. RESULTS The blackcurrant extract (50 μg/mL) inhibited all proteinases tested. MMP-1 and MMP-9 were significantly inhibited by pure anthocyanins at concentrations ranging from 6.25 to 50 μg/mL. Elastase activity was inhibited by cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside in the range of 6.25-50 μg/mL and by delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside at 50 μg/mL. P. gingivalis, T. forsythia and T. denticola proteinases were also significantly inhibited by pure anthocyanins. In all cases, enzyme inhibition was time-dependent. CONCLUSION Our study showed that a blackcurrant extract and its major anthocyanins were able to inhibit the activity of host- and bacteria-derived proteinases. This suggests that such natural compounds may represent promising agents for use in adjunctive treatments for periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Santos
- Groupe de Recherche en Ecologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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Wu LH, Xu ZL, Dong D, He SA, Yu H. Protective Effect of Anthocyanins Extract from Blueberry on TNBS-Induced IBD Model of Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:525462. [PMID: 21785630 PMCID: PMC3135784 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neq040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to evaluate the protective effect of anthocyanins extract of blueberry on trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) model of mice. The study employed female C57BL/6 mice (n = 50), and colitis was induced by intracolonic injection of 0.5 mg of TNBS dissolved in 50% ethanol-phosphate buffered solution. The mice were divided into five groups (n = 10): vehicle, TNBS control and anthocyanins groups that received different doses of anthocyanins extract (10, 20 and 40 mg kg(-1)) daily for 6 days. Both increase in body weight and diarrhea symptoms were monitored each day. After 6 days, the animals were killed, and the following parameters were assessed: colon length, morphological score, histological score and biochemical assay (NO, myeloperoxidase (MPO), interleukin (IL)-12, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ). The results showed that the anthocyanins extract of blueberry rendered strong protection against TNBS-induced colonic damage at a dosage of 40 mg kg(-1). When compared with the control, anthocyanins extract significantly prevented loss of body weight and ameliorated the scores of diarrhea, morphology and histology. Treatment with anthocyanins extract restored IL-10 excretion, as well as caused reduction in the levels of NO, MPO, IL-12, TNF-α and IFN-γ. Our research revealed the protective effect of anthocyanins extract from blueberry on TNBS-induced experimental colitis in mice, as well as examined whether high levels of dietary blueberries would lower the risk or have protective effects on human IBD, which may require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hua Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Shimizu Y, Maeda K, Kato M, Shimomura K. Co-expression of GbMYB1 and GbMYC1 induces anthocyanin accumulation in roots of cultured Gynura bicolor DC. plantlet on methyl jasmonate treatment. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2011; 49:159-67. [PMID: 21123079 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Gynura bicolor DC. is a traditional vegetable in Japan. G. bicolor grown in the field has adaxial sides of leaves that are green and abaxial sides that are reddish purple. It has been reported that the responsible reddish purple pigments are anthocyanins, which are acylated and highly stable. We have reported that cultured G. bicolor plantlets treated with methyl jasmonate (MJ) exhibited anthocyanin accumulation in roots, and this was affected by light irradiation. In the present study, to clarify this accumulation induced by MJ treatment, we isolated anthocyanin biosynthesis and regulatory genes from G. bicolor. Expression analysis revealed up-regulated expression of flavonoid biosynthesis genes, GbCHS, GbCHI, GbDFR and GbANS. Furthermore, it was shown that isolated regulatory genes, GbMYB1 and GbMYC1, were also up-regulated by MJ treatment. In addition, it was shown that co-expression of GbMYB1 and GbMYC1 could activate GbDFR and GbANS gene promoters in transient assays with tobacco protoplasts. These results strongly indicate that GbMYB1 and GbMYC1 coordinately regulate flavonoid biosynthetic genes induced by MJ treatment, and thereby cause anthocyanin accumulation in roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shimizu
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan; San-Ei Gen F.F.I., Inc., 1-1-11 Sanwa-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-8588, Japan
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Azevedo J, Teixeira N, Oliveira J, de Freitas V, Mateus N. Effect of sugar acylation on the antioxidant properties of Vitis vinifera red grape malvidin-3-glucoside. Int J Food Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2010.02497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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182
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Serra AT, Matias AA, Almeida AP, Bronze M, Alves PM, de Sousa HC, Duarte CM. Processing cherries (Prunus avium) using supercritical fluid technology. Part 2. Evaluation of SCF extracts as promising natural chemotherapeutical agents. J Supercrit Fluids 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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183
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Choi JH, Hwang YP, Park BH, Choi CY, Chung YC, Jeong HG. Anthocyanins isolated from the purple-fleshed sweet potato attenuate the proliferation of hepatic stellate cells by blocking the PDGF receptor. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 31:212-219. [PMID: 21787688 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
During the process of liver fibrosis, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play a critical role in the increased formation and reduced degradation of extracellular matrix in the liver. We investigated the anti-proliferative effects of an anthocyanin fraction (AF), isolated from the purple-fleshed sweet potato, on platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-dependent signaling pathways in HSC-T6 cells. HSC proliferation plays a pivotal role in liver fibrogenesis. The AF suppressed HSC activation, including PDGF-induced proliferation and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression. Additionally, AF inhibited PDGF-BB-induced Akt and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. AF inhibited the phosphorylation level of PDGF receptor-β (PDGFR-β) following PDGF-BB stimulation, providing a mechanism for the inhibition of AF-mediated kinase. These results suggest that AF suppresses HSC proliferation by blocking PDGFR-β signaling, inhibiting Akt and ERK1/2 activation and α-SMA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Choi
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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184
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Serra AT, Seabra IJ, Braga ME, Bronze M, de Sousa HC, Duarte CM. Processing cherries (Prunus avium) using supercritical fluid technology. Part 1: Recovery of extract fractions rich in bioactive compounds. J Supercrit Fluids 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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185
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Hwang YP, Choi JH, Yun HJ, Han EH, Kim HG, Kim JY, Park BH, Khanal T, Choi JM, Chung YC, Jeong HG. Anthocyanins from purple sweet potato attenuate dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver injury in rats by inducing Nrf2-mediated antioxidant enzymes and reducing COX-2 and iNOS expression. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 49:93-9. [PMID: 20934476 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanins of the purple sweet potato exhibit antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities via a multitude of biochemical mechanisms. However, the signaling pathways involved in the actions of anthocyanin-induced antioxidant enzymes against chronic liver injury are not fully understood. We examined whether an anthocyanin fraction (AF) from purple sweet potato may prevent dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced liver injury by inducing antioxidants via nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathways and by reducing inflammation. Treatment with AF attenuated the DMN-induced increased serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities. It also prevented the formation of hepatic malondialdehyde and the depletion of glutathione and maintained normal glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity in the livers of DMN-intoxicated rats. Furthermore, AF increased the expression of Nrf2, NADPH:quinine oxidoreductase-1, heme oxygenase-1, and GSTα, which were reduced by DMN, and decreased the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase. An increase in the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) was observed in the DMN-induced liver injury group, but AF inhibited this translocation. Taken together, these results demonstrate that AF increases the expression of antioxidant enzymes and Nrf2 and at the same time decreases the expression of inflammatory mediators in DMN-induced liver injury. These data imply that AF induces antioxidant defense via the Nrf2 pathway and reduces inflammation via NF-κB inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Pil Hwang
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Choi JH, Hwang YP, Choi CY, Chung YC, Jeong HG. Anti-fibrotic effects of the anthocyanins isolated from the purple-fleshed sweet potato on hepatic fibrosis induced by dimethylnitrosamine administration in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:3137-43. [PMID: 20728498 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In current study, we investigated the protective effects of the anthocyanin fraction (AF) obtained from the purple-fleshed sweet potato on hepatic fibrosis induced by dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) administration in rats. Treatment with DMN for 4 weeks produced marked liver fibrosis as assessed by increased serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activity and hepatic collagen content. These increases were inhibited by treatment with AF prior to the administration of DMN. In addition, AF inhibited DMN-induced reductions in rat body and liver weights in a dose-dependent manner. Histopathological evaluation of the rat livers revealed that AF reduced the incidence of hepatic fibrosis lesions and inhibited DMN-induced increases in α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen type I and III expression levels. AF also decreased DMN-induced expression levels platelet-derived growth factor receptors-beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-beta. This study demonstrates that AF administration can effectively improve liver fibrosis caused by DMN, and may be used as a therapeutic option and preventive measure against hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Choi
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Gung-dong, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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187
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Hussein E, Taj-Eldeen A, Al-Zubairi A, Elhakimi A, Al-Dubaie A. Phytochemical Screening, Total Phenolics and Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Callus from Brassica nigra L. Hypocotyl Explants. INT J PHARMACOL 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2010.464.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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188
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Radovanović B, Radovanović A. Free radical scavenging activity and anthocyanin profile of Cabernet Sauvignon wines from the Balkan region. Molecules 2010; 15:4213-26. [PMID: 20657436 PMCID: PMC6264454 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15064213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study is focused on anthocyanin derivatives characterizing the antioxidant activity of Cabernet Sauvignon wines produced from different vineyard regions in the Balkans. These bioactive compounds were quantified with a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-diode array detection (DAD) method. The antiradical activity was estimated by the ability of the wine to scavenge the stable 2,2`-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH•). The results show that the total anthocyanin content varied from 205.88 to 1940.28 mg/L, depending on agroclimatic factors and the enological practices of the corresponding vineyard region. The most prominent antocyanin in all investigated Cabernet Sauvignon wines was malvidin-3-O-monoglucoside, which accounted for 50.57% of total content, followed by its acetyl derivatives, 15.45%, and p-coumaryl derivatives 5.66%. The relationship between the anthocyanin derivatives and free radical scavenging activity is discussed. A high correlation between total anthocyanin content and DPPH· scavenging ability of tested wines was confirmed (r2 = 0.9619). The significant correlations were obtained between antiradical activity and the sum of 3-monoglucoside (r2 = 0.95594), the sum of 3-acetyl-3-glucoside (r2 = 0.9728) and the sum of p-coumaryl-3-glucoside (r2 = 0.8873) of wine samples. It can be concluded that, the anthocyanin composition can be used as biochemical marker for the authenticity of red grape cultivar and their corresponding single-cultivar wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaga Radovanović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, P.O.Box 224, 18000 Niš, Serbia
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +381 18 53015; Fax: +381 18 533014
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Wang YJ, Zheng YL, Lu J, Chen GQ, Wang XH, Feng J, Ruan J, Sun X, Li CX, Sun QJ. Purple sweet potato color suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced acute inflammatory response in mouse brain. Neurochem Int 2009; 56:424-30. [PMID: 19941923 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The neuroprotective effects of purple sweet potato color (PSPC), which is natural anthocyanin food colors, have been investigated in mice treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In behavioral tests, oral administration of PSPC could significantly reverse the impairment of motor and exploration behavior induced by LPS in the open field tasks, and also improve learning and memory ability in step-through tests. Western blot analysis indicated that PSPC significantly suppressed LPS-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthases (iNOS) expression in mouse brain. PSPC also markedly decreased the overproduction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in LPS-stimulated mouse brain. Mechanistically, PSPC strongly inhibited LPS-induced phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) expression and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation. Taken together, these data suggest that PSPC may be useful for mitigating inflammatory brain diseases by the inhibition of proinflammatory molecule production, at least in part, through blocking ERK, JNK and NF-kappaB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Xuzhou Normal University, No 101 Shanghai Road, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu Province, PR China
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190
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Evaluation of the genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects after acute and subacute treatments with açai pulp (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) on mice using the erythrocytes micronucleus test and the comet assay. Mutat Res 2009; 695:22-8. [PMID: 19892033 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Açai, the fruit of a palm native to the Amazonian basin, is widely distributed in northern South America, where it has considerable economic importance. Whereas individual polyphenolics compounds in açai have been extensively evaluated, studies of the intact fruit and its biological properties are lacking. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to investigate the in vivo genotoxicity of açai and its possible antigenotoxicity on doxorubicin (DXR)-induced DNA damage. The açai pulp doses selected were 3.33, 10.0 and 16.67g/kg b.w. administered by gavage alone or prior to DXR (16mg/kg b.w.) administered by intraperitoneal injection. Swiss albino mice were distributed in eight groups for acute treatment with açai pulp (24h) and eight groups for subacute treatment (daily for 14 consecutive days) before euthanasia. The negative control groups were treated in a similar way. The results of chemical analysis suggested the presence of carotenoids, anthocyanins, phenolic, and flavonoids in açai pulp. The endpoints analyzed were micronucleus induction in bone marrow and peripheral blood cells polychromatic erythrocytes, and DNA damage in peripheral blood, liver and kidney cells assessed using the alkaline (pH >13) comet assay. There were no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) between the negative control and the groups treated with the three doses of açai pulp alone in all endpoints analyzed, demonstrating the absence of genotoxic effects. The protective effects of açai pulp were observed in both acute and subacute treatments, when administered prior to DXR. In general, subacute treatment provided greater efficiency in protecting against DXR-induced DNA damage in liver and kidney cells. These protective effects can be explained as the result of the phytochemicals present in açai pulp. These results will be applied to the developmental of food with functional characteristics, as well as to explore the characteristics of açai as a health promoter.
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191
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Yuan Y, Chiu LW, Li L. Transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in red cabbage. PLANTA 2009; 230:1141-53. [PMID: 19756724 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-1013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The color of red cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) is due to anthocyanin accumulation. To investigate the regulatory control of anthocyanin production in red cabbage, the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic and regulatory genes from eight commercial cultivars was examined. While the four green varieties had negligible amount of anthocyanins under normal growth condition, the four red cultivars contained up to 1.60 mg g(-1) fresh weight. HPLC analysis of the four red cultivars revealed that they produced similar composition of various forms of cyanidin glucosides but at different concentrations. Molecular analysis indicated that all the red cabbage shared common mechanism of regulatory control for anthocyanin biosynthesis. Except CHI which showed similar expression levels between green and red cultivars, the other structural genes, CHS, F3H, F3'H, DFR, LDOX, and GST, were constitutively up-regulated during all stages of vegetative growth in red varieties. The expression of these structural genes was also dramatically increased in green and red cabbage under nutrient stresses. The increased expression of the structural genes coincided with a coordinated increase in transcript levels of a bHLH gene, BoTT8, and a MYB transcription factor, BoMYB2. These results indicate that activation of these two regulatory factors by unknown mechanisms constitutively up-regulates nearly the entire pathway genes for the onset of anthocyanin biosynthesis in red cabbage. Moreover, the amount of total anthocyanins in red cabbage was found to be positively correlated with total antioxidant power, implicating the potential health benefit of red cabbage to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxi Yuan
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Simões C, Brasil Bizarri CH, da Silva Cordeiro L, Carvalho de Castro T, Machado Coutada LC, Ribeiro da Silva AJ, Albarello N, Mansur E. Anthocyanin production in callus cultures of Cleome rosea: modulation by culture conditions and characterization of pigments by means of HPLC-DAD/ESIMS. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2009; 47:895-903. [PMID: 19589687 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Leaf and stem explants of Cleome rosea formed calluses when cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (PIC). The highest biomass accumulation was obtained in the callus cultures initiated from stem explants on medium supplemented with 0.90 microM 2,4-D. Reddish-pink regions were observed on callus surface after 6-7 months in culture and these pigments were identified as anthocyanins. Anthocyanins production was enhanced by reducing temperature and increasing light irradiation. Pigmented calluses transferred to MS1/2 with a 1:4 ratio NH(4)(+)/NO(3)(-), 70 g L(-1) sucrose and supplementation with 0.90 microM 2,4-D maintained a high biomass accumulation and showed an increase of 150% on anthocyanin production as compared with the initial culture conditions. Qualitative analysis of calluses was performed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detector and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD/ESIMS). Eleven anthocyanins were characterized and the majority of them were identified as acylated cyanidins, although two peonidins were also detected. The major peak was composed by two anthocyanins, whose proposed identity were cyanidin 3-(p-coumaroyl) diglucoside-5-glucoside and cyanidin 3-(feruloyl) diglucoside-5-glucoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Simões
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524 - PHLC, sala 509, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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194
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Goupy P, Bautista-Ortin AB, Fulcrand H, Dangles O. Antioxidant activity of wine pigments derived from anthocyanins: hydrogen transfer reactions to the dpph radical and inhibition of the heme-induced peroxidation of linoleic acid. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:5762-5770. [PMID: 19566083 DOI: 10.1021/jf900841b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of red wine can provide substantial concentrations of antioxidant polyphenols, in particular grape anthocyanins (e.g., malvidin-3-O-beta-d-glucoside (1)) and specific red wine pigments formed by reaction between anthocyanins and other wine components such as catechin (3), ethanol, and hydroxycinnamic acids. In this work, the antioxidant properties of red wine pigments (RWPs) are evaluated by the DPPH assay and by inhibition of the heme-induced peroxidation of linoleic acid in acidic conditions (a model of antioxidant action in the gastric compartment). RWPs having a 1 and 3 moieties linked via a CH(3)-CH bridge appear more potent than the pigment with a direct 1-3 linkage. Pyranoanthocyanins derived from 1 reduce more DPPH radicals than 1 irrespective of the substitution of their additional aromatic ring. Pyranoanthocyanins are also efficient inhibitors of the heme-induced lipid peroxidation, although the highly hydrophilic pigment derived from pyruvic acid appears less active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Goupy
- UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, INRA, Site Agroparc, Domaine St-Paul, F-84914 Avignon, France
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195
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Gonzali S, Mazzucato A, Perata P. Purple as a tomato: towards high anthocyanin tomatoes. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2009; 14:237-41. [PMID: 19359211 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are naturally occurring pigments ubiquitously present in plants and, as such, part of the human diet. Owing to their biological activity, anthocyanins have beneficial health effects but, unfortunately, are not present in some important crop plants, such as tomatoes. Recently, a 'purple' tomato, highly enriched with anthocyanins, was produced by the ectopic expression of two selected transcription factors from the ornamental flower snapdragon. In addition to being enriched with anthocyanin, these fruits also prolonged the life of cancer-susceptible mice, suggesting that they have additional health-promoting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gonzali
- Plant Lab, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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196
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Kim SH, Joo MH, Yoo SH. Structural Identification and Antioxidant Properties of Major Anthocyanin Extracted from Omija (Schizandra chinensis) Fruit. J Food Sci 2009; 74:C134-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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197
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Yanamala N, Tirupula KC, Balem F, Klein-Seetharaman J. pH-dependent Interaction of Rhodopsin with Cyanidin-3-glucoside. 1. Structural Aspects. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:454-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00517.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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198
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Tirupula KC, Balem F, Yanamala N, Klein-Seetharaman J. pH-dependent Interaction of Rhodopsin with Cyanidin-3-glucoside. 2. Functional Aspects. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:463-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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199
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Maruyama C, Araki R, Kawamura M, Kondo N, Kigawa M, Kawai Y, Takanami Y, Miyashita K, Shimomitsu T. Azuki bean juice lowers serum triglyceride concentrations in healthy young women. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2008; 43:19-25. [PMID: 18648655 PMCID: PMC2459248 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.2008039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of azuki bean juice supplementation, prescribed according to a Kanpo medicine regimen, on serum lipid concentrations were studied. Healthy young Japanese women were recruited and were randomly assigned to one of the three groups using a parallel-group design. Control (n = 10), azuki (n = 11) and Concentrated azuki (CA) (n = 12) juice groups consumed 150 g daily of the isocaloric assigned juice for one menstrual cycle with their usual diet. Triglyceride concentrations were decreased in the azuki juice group (p<0.05) and tended to be decreased in the CA juice group (p = 0.055). Triglyceride concentrations in the azuki and CA juice groups decreased by 0.170 mmol/liter (15.4%) and 0.159 mmol/liter (17.9%), respectively (p<0.05). The azuki and CA juice used in this study inhibited pancreatic lipase activity 29.2% and 56.9%, respectively, in vitro. Lipid peroxide changes, based on ANCOVA with the initial level and alpha-tocopherol changes as covariates, did not differ among the three groups. Serum low density lipoprotein-cholesterol and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL) cholesterol concentrations did not change. Thus, azuki bean juice intake, as a traditional Kampo prescription, might be beneficial for preventing hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chizuko Maruyama
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women’s University, 2-8-1, Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan
| | - Risa Araki
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women’s University, 2-8-1, Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan
| | - Mito Kawamura
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women’s University, 2-8-1, Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan
| | - Naoko Kondo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women’s University, 2-8-1, Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan
| | - Mieko Kigawa
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women’s University, 2-8-1, Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan
| | - Yukari Kawai
- Sport Medical Research Center, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Koichi Miyashita
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teruichi Shimomitsu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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200
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Wu DM, Lu J, Zheng YL, Zhou Z, Shan Q, Ma DF. Purple sweet potato color repairs d-galactose-induced spatial learning and memory impairment by regulating the expression of synaptic proteins. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2008; 90:19-27. [PMID: 18316211 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Revised: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purple sweet potato color (PSPC), a class of naturally occurring anthocyanins used to color food (E163), has been reported to possess a variety of biological activities, including anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammatory. The effect of PSPC on the spatial learning and memory of mice treated with d-galactose (d-gal) was evaluated by the Morris water maze; d-gal-treated mice had decreased performance compared with mice in the vehicle and PSPC groups, while the PSPC+d-gal group showed significantly shortened escape latency to platform, increased swimming speed, more target quadrant search time and more platform crossings as compared with the d-gal group. Brain functions, such as memory formation and recovery of function after injury, depend on proper regulation of the expression levels of the pre- and post-synaptic proteins. We investigated the expression of four pre-synaptic proteins (growth-associated protein-43, synapsin-I, synaptophysin, and synaptotagmin) and two post-synaptic proteins (post-synaptic density protein-95 and Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II) in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, respectively, in response to different treatments. Western blotting analysis showed that there were significant decreases in the expression of these representative synaptic proteins in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of d-gal-treated mice. Interestingly, these decreased expression levels of synaptic proteins could be reversed by PSPC. The levels of expression of these representative synaptic proteins in mice treated with PSPC alone were not significantly different from those in untreated mice. The results of this study suggested that memory impairment and synaptic protein loss in d-gal-treated mice may be improved by treatment with PSPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-mei Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Xuzhou Normal University, No. 101 Shanghai Road, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu Province, PR China
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