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Parodi M, Pedrazzi M, Cantoni C, Averna M, Patrone M, Cavaletto M, Spertino S, Pende D, Balsamo M, Pietra G, Sivori S, Carlomagno S, Mingari MC, Moretta L, Sparatore B, Vitale M. Natural Killer (NK)/melanoma cell interaction induces NK-mediated release of chemotactic High Mobility Group Box-1 (HMGB1) capable of amplifying NK cell recruitment. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1052353. [PMID: 26587323 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1052353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we characterize a new mechanism by which Natural Killer (NK) cells may amplify their recruitment to tumors. We show that NK cells, upon interaction with melanoma cells, can release a chemotactic form of High Mobility Group Box-1 (HMGB1) protein capable of attracting additional activated NK cells. We first demonstrate that the engagement of different activating NK cell receptors, including those mainly involved in tumor cell recognition can induce the active release of HMGB1. Then we show that during NK-mediated tumor cell killing two HMGB1 forms are released, each displaying a specific electrophoretic mobility possibly corresponding to a different redox status. By the comparison of normal and perforin-defective NK cells (which are unable to kill target cells) we demonstrate that, in NK/melanoma cell co-cultures, NK cells specifically release an HMGB1 form that acts as chemoattractant, while dying tumor cells passively release a non-chemotactic HMGB1. Finally, we show that Receptor for Advanced Glycation End products is expressed by NK cells and mediates HMGB1-induced NK cell chemotaxis. Proteomic analysis of NK cells exposed to recombinant HMGB1 revealed that this molecule, besides inducing immediate chemotaxis, also promotes changes in the expression of proteins involved in the regulation of the cytoskeletal network. Importantly, these modifications could be associated with an increased motility of NK cells. Thus, our findings allow the definition of a previously unidentified mechanism used by NK cells to amplify their response to tumors, and provide additional clues for the emerging role of HMGB1 in immunomodulation and tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Parodi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES); University of Genova ; Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Pedrazzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES); University of Genova ; Genova, Italy
| | - Claudia Cantoni
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES); University of Genova ; Genova, Italy ; Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR); University of Genova ; Genova, Italy ; Istituto Giannina Gaslini ; Genova, Italy
| | - Monica Averna
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES); University of Genova ; Genova, Italy ; Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR); University of Genova ; Genova, Italy
| | - Mauro Patrone
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation (DiSIT); University of Piemonte Orientale ; Alessandria, Italy
| | - Maria Cavaletto
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation (DiSIT); University of Piemonte Orientale ; Alessandria, Italy
| | - Stefano Spertino
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation (DiSIT); University of Piemonte Orientale ; Alessandria, Italy
| | | | - Mirna Balsamo
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES); University of Genova ; Genova, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pietra
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES); University of Genova ; Genova, Italy ; IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST ; Genova, Italy
| | - Simona Sivori
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES); University of Genova ; Genova, Italy ; Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR); University of Genova ; Genova, Italy
| | - Simona Carlomagno
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES); University of Genova ; Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Mingari
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES); University of Genova ; Genova, Italy ; Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR); University of Genova ; Genova, Italy ; IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST ; Genova, Italy
| | | | - Bianca Sparatore
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES); University of Genova ; Genova, Italy ; Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR); University of Genova ; Genova, Italy
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Abstract
The observation that a subset of cancer patients show evidence for spontaneous CD8+ T cell priming against tumor-associated antigens has generated renewed interest in the innate immune pathways that might serve as a bridge to an adaptive immune response to tumors. Manipulation of this endogenous T cell response with therapeutic intent-for example, using blocking antibodies inhibiting PD-1/PD-L1 (programmed death-1/programmed death ligand 1) interactions-is showing impressive clinical results. As such, understanding the innate immune mechanisms that enable this T cell response has important clinical relevance. Defined innate immune interactions in the cancer context include recognition by innate cell populations (NK cells, NKT cells, and γδ T cells) and also by dendritic cells and macrophages in response to damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Recent evidence has indicated that the major DAMP driving host antitumor immune responses is tumor-derived DNA, sensed by the stimulator of interferon gene (STING) pathway and driving type I IFN production. A deeper knowledge of the clinically relevant innate immune pathways involved in the recognition of tumors is leading toward new therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment.
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153
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Lathrop MJ, Sage EK, Macura SL, Brooks EM, Cruz F, Bonenfant NR, Sokocevic D, MacPherson MB, Beuschel SL, Dunaway CW, Shukla A, Janes SM, Steele C, Mossman BT, Weiss DJ. Antitumor effects of TRAIL-expressing mesenchymal stromal cells in a mouse xenograft model of human mesothelioma. Cancer Gene Ther 2014; 22:44-54. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2014.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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154
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Jouhi L, Renkonen S, Atula T, Mäkitie A, Haglund C, Hagström J. Different Toll-Like Receptor Expression Patterns in Progression toward Cancer. Front Immunol 2014; 5:638. [PMID: 25566251 PMCID: PMC4266018 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Jouhi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Suvi Renkonen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Timo Atula
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Antti Mäkitie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Caj Haglund
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Jaana Hagström
- Department of Pathology and Oral Pathology, Haartman Institute, Institute of Dentistry and HusLab, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
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155
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Amornsupak K, Insawang T, Thuwajit P, O-Charoenrat P, Eccles SA, Thuwajit C. Cancer-associated fibroblasts induce high mobility group box 1 and contribute to resistance to doxorubicin in breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:955. [PMID: 25512109 PMCID: PMC4301465 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer-associated fibroblasts and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein have been suggested to mediate cancer progression and chemotherapy resistance. The role of such fibroblasts in HMGB1 production in breast cancer is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of cancer-associated fibroblasts on HMGB1 expression in breast cancer cells and its role in chemotherapeutic response. Methods Breast cancer-associated fibroblasts (BCFs) and non-tumor-associated fibroblasts (NTFs) were isolated from human breast cancers or adjacent normal tissues and established as primary cultures in vitro. After confirmation of the activated status of these fibroblasts, conditioned-media (CM) were collected and applied to MDA-MB-231 human triple negative breast cancer cells. The levels of intracellular and extracellular HMGB1 were measured by real-time PCR and/or Western blot. The response of BCF-CM-pre-treated cancer cells to doxorubicin (Dox) was compared with those pre-treated with NTF-CM or control cultures. The effect of an HMGB1 neutralizing antibody on Dox resistance induced by extracellular HMGB1 from non-viable Dox-treated cancer cells or recombinant HMGB1 was also investigated. Results Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that BCFs and NTFs were alpha-smooth muscle actin (ASMA) positive and cytokeratin 19 (CK19) negative cells: a phenotype consistent with that of activated fibroblasts. We confirmed that the CM from BCFs (but not NTFs), could significantly induce breast cancer cell migration. Intracellular HMGB1 expression was induced in BCF-CM-treated breast cancer cells and also in Dox-treated cells. Extracellular HMGB1 was strongly expressed in the CM after Dox-induced MDA-MB-231 cell death and was higher in cells pre-treated with BCF-CM than NTF-CM. Pre-treatment of breast cancer cells with BCF-CM induced a degree of resistance to Dox in accordance with the increased level of secreted HMGB1. Recombinant HMGB1 was shown to increase Dox resistance and this was associated with evidence of autophagy. Anti-HMGB1 neutralizing antibody significantly reduced the effect of extracellular HMGB1 released from dying cancer cells or of recombinant HMGB1 on Dox resistance. Conclusions These findings highlight the potential of stromal fibroblasts to contribute to chemoresistance in breast cancer cells in part through fibroblast-induced HMGB1 production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Chanitra Thuwajit
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
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156
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Kang R, Chen R, Zhang Q, Hou W, Wu S, Cao L, Huang J, Yu Y, Fan XG, Yan Z, Sun X, Wang H, Wang Q, Tsung A, Billiar TR, Zeh HJ, Lotze MT, Tang D. HMGB1 in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2014; 40:1-116. [PMID: 25010388 PMCID: PMC4254084 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 693] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Complex genetic and physiological variations as well as environmental factors that drive emergence of chromosomal instability, development of unscheduled cell death, skewed differentiation, and altered metabolism are central to the pathogenesis of human diseases and disorders. Understanding the molecular bases for these processes is important for the development of new diagnostic biomarkers, and for identifying new therapeutic targets. In 1973, a group of non-histone nuclear proteins with high electrophoretic mobility was discovered and termed high-mobility group (HMG) proteins. The HMG proteins include three superfamilies termed HMGB, HMGN, and HMGA. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), the most abundant and well-studied HMG protein, senses and coordinates the cellular stress response and plays a critical role not only inside of the cell as a DNA chaperone, chromosome guardian, autophagy sustainer, and protector from apoptotic cell death, but also outside the cell as the prototypic damage associated molecular pattern molecule (DAMP). This DAMP, in conjunction with other factors, thus has cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor activity, orchestrating the inflammatory and immune response. All of these characteristics make HMGB1 a critical molecular target in multiple human diseases including infectious diseases, ischemia, immune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer. Indeed, a number of emergent strategies have been used to inhibit HMGB1 expression, release, and activity in vitro and in vivo. These include antibodies, peptide inhibitors, RNAi, anti-coagulants, endogenous hormones, various chemical compounds, HMGB1-receptor and signaling pathway inhibition, artificial DNAs, physical strategies including vagus nerve stimulation and other surgical approaches. Future work further investigating the details of HMGB1 localization, structure, post-translational modification, and identification of additional partners will undoubtedly uncover additional secrets regarding HMGB1's multiple functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
| | - Ruochan Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Qiuhong Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Wen Hou
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Sha Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Lizhi Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xue-Gong Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zhengwen Yan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA; Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Xiaofang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Experimental Department of Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510510, China
| | - Haichao Wang
- Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Qingde Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Allan Tsung
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Herbert J Zeh
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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157
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Wang XJ, Zhou SL, Fu XD, Zhang YY, Liang B, Shou JX, Wang JY, Ma J. Clinical and prognostic significance of high-mobility group box-1 in human gliomas. Exp Ther Med 2014; 9:513-518. [PMID: 25574225 PMCID: PMC4280992 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore the expression and the clinical and prognostic significance of high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) in human gliomas. The expression of HMGB1 in 15 samples of normal brain tissue and 65 samples of different-grade glioma tissue was assayed using immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. The associations between the differences in expression and pathology grades were analyzed statistically. Uni- and multivariate analyses were performed to investigate the prognostic value of HMGB1 expression and its expression levels. The positive rates of HMGB1 expression in normal brain and glioma tissue were 20.0% (3/15) and 76.9% (50/65), respectively. The expression of HMGB1 in glioma tissue was higher than that in normal tissue (P<0.05). The positive rates of HMGB1 expression in low-grade gliomas (LGGs, grades I and II) and high-grade gliomas (HGGs, grades III and IV) were 63.0% (17/27) and 86.8% (33/38), respectively, and the positive rates in HGG were higher than those in LGG (P=0.024). Western blot analysis showed that HMGB1 was also expressed in normal brain tissue. The expression levels in HGG were significantly higher than those in LGG (P<0.001). HMGB1-positive patients had significantly shorter overall survival times compared with HMGB1-negative patients (P=0.026). Increasing levels of HMGB1 expression significantly correlated with reduced survival times when all patients with glioma were considered (P=0.045). In conclusion, HMGB1 positivity and protein expression levels are of significant clinical and prognostic value in human gliomas. Detecting HMGB1 in human gliomas may be useful for assessing the degree of malignancy, and HMGB1 would appear to be a promising target in the clinical management of patients with glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Long Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Dong Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Bo Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Xin Shou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Ye Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Jian Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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158
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Gaudino G, Yang H, Carbone M. HGF/Met Signaling Is a Key Player in Malignant Mesothelioma Carcinogenesis. Biomedicines 2014; 2:327-344. [PMID: 28548074 PMCID: PMC5344271 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines2040327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a highly aggressive cancer related to asbestos or erionite exposure and resistant to current therapies. Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) and its tyrosine kinase receptor Met regulate cell growth, survival, motility/migration, and invasion. HGF and Met are expressed in MM cells, suggesting that the HGF/Met signaling plays a role in development and progression of this tumor, by autocrine and/or paracrine mechanisms. Upregulation and ligand-independent activation of Met, which is under suppressive control of miR-34 family members, correlate with enhanced invasion, migration and metastatic potential in several cancers, including MM. Moreover, Simian Virus 40 (SV40) Tag expression also induces a HGF autocrine circuit in an Rb-dependent manner in human mesothelial cells (HM) and possibly other cell types, enhancing cell adhesion, invasion and angiogenesis. The resulting activation of Met causes HM transformation and cell cycle progression, and contributes to virus particle assembling and infection of adjacent cells. The constitutive activation of Met, frequently occurring in MM, has been successfully targeted in preclinical models of MM. In conclusion, Met expression, activation state, subcellular localization and also HGF co-receptors expression, such as CD44, have clinical relevance for novel targeted therapies in a cancer for which no effective treatment is currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Gaudino
- University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
| | - Haining Yang
- University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
| | - Michele Carbone
- University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
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159
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Zhang L, Han J, Wu H, Liang X, Zhang J, Li J, Xie L, Xie Y, Sheng X, Yu J. The association of HMGB1 expression with clinicopathological significance and prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis and literature review. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110626. [PMID: 25356587 PMCID: PMC4214718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer, and it is the second most common cancer-related mortality globally. The prognostic value of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) remains controversial. The purpose of this study is to conduct a meta-analysis and literature review to evaluate the association of HMGB1 expression with the prognosis of patients with HCC. Methods A detailed literature search was made in Medline, Google Scholar and others for related research publications. The data were extracted and assessed by two reviewers independently. Analysis of pooled data were performed, Hazard Ratio (HR) and mean difference with corresponding confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated and summarized respectively. Results 10 relevant articles were included for this meta-analysis study. HMGB1 mRNA levels in HCC were significantly higher than those in normal (p<0.00001) and para-tumor tissues (p = 0.002) respectively. The protein levels of HMGB1 in HCC were significantly higher than those in para-tumor tissues (p = 0.005). Two studies reported the serum HMGB1 levels in patients with HCC of TNM stages, and indicating significantly different between stage I and II, stage II and III, as well as stage III and IV (two studies showed p<0.01 and p<0.001 respectively). The overall survival (OS) was significantly shorter in HCC patients with high HMGB1 expression compared those with low HMGB1 expression and the pooled HR was 1.31 with 95% CI 1.20–1.44, Z = 5.82, p<0.0001. Two additional studies showed that there were higher serum HMGB1 levels in patients with chronic hepatitis than those in healthy people (p<0.05). Conclusions The results of this meta-analysis suggest that HMGB1 mRNA and protein tissue levels in the patients with HCC are significantly higher than those in para-tumor and normal liver tissues respectively. Tissue HMGB1 overexpression is a potential biomarker for HCC diagnosis, and it is significantly associated with the prognosis of patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, School of Medicine and life Science, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jianjun Han
- Department of Cancer Interventional Radiology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Huiyong Wu
- Department of Cancer Interventional Radiology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Liang
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jianxin Zhang
- Department of Cancer Interventional Radiology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Cancer Interventional Radiology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Li Xie
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yinfa Xie
- Department of Cancer Interventional Radiology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xiugui Sheng
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (XS); (JY)
| | - Jinming Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (XS); (JY)
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Thompson JK, Westbom CM, Shukla A. Malignant mesothelioma: development to therapy. J Cell Biochem 2014; 115:1-7. [PMID: 23959774 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is an aggressive cancer of the mesothelium caused by asbestos. Asbestos use has been reduced but not completely stopped. In addition, natural or man-made disasters will continue to dislodge asbestos from old buildings into the atmosphere and as long as respirable asbestos is available, MM will continue to be a threat. Due to the long latency period of MM development, it would still take decades to eradicate this disease if asbestos was completely removed from our lives today. Therefore, there is a need for researchers and clinicians to work together to understand this deadly disease and find a solution for early diagnosis and treatment. This article focuses on developmental mechanisms as well as current therapies available for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce K Thompson
- Pathology Department, University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
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161
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Shi W, Su L, Li Q, Sun L, Lv J, Li J, Cheng B. Suppression of toll-like receptor 2 expression inhibits the bioactivity of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:9627-37. [PMID: 24964964 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2268-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 signaling is regarded as one of the mechanisms of chronic inflammation, but it can also mediate tumor cell immune escape and tumor progression. However, the role of TLR2 in the progression of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. The objective of the study was to examine the effect of TLR2 on the bioactivity of HCC cell lines, HepG2 and BEL-7402, and the relationship between high mobility group box1 (HMGB1) and TLR2. The expression of TLR2 and nuclear factor-kappaB/P65 (NF-κB/P65) in HepG2 and BEL-7402 was assayed by Western blot. Cells were transfected with specific small interfering RNAs of TLR2 (TLR2-siRNAs), then TLR2-siRNA-transfected cells were treated with recombinant HMGB1 (rHMGB1). Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry. Results showed that TLR2 was expressed in HepG2 and BEL-7402 cells. The ability of proliferation, invasion, and migration in siRNA group was lower than that in blank group, and the apoptosis ratio was higher than that in blank group, respectively. NF-κB/P65 expression was declined in contrast with blank group. Downregulation of TLR2 by siRNA resulted in a significant inhibition of proliferation, invasion, migration, and NF-κB/P65 expression, and elevated apoptotic ratio. Conversely, rHMGB1 promoted proliferation, invasion, and migration, induced NF-κB/P65 expression, and inhibited cells apoptosis. Furthermore, downregulation of TLR2 weakened the role of rHMGB1. This study suggests TLR2 and HMGB1 are important targets for therapeutic intervention of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenna Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, School of Medicine, Shandong University, 107#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China,
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162
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Qi F, Okimoto G, Jube S, Napolitano A, Pass HI, Laczko R, Demay RM, Khan G, Tiirikainen M, Rinaudo C, Croce A, Yang H, Gaudino G, Carbone M. Continuous exposure to chrysotile asbestos can cause transformation of human mesothelial cells via HMGB1 and TNF-α signaling. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 183:1654-66. [PMID: 24160326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma is strongly associated with asbestos exposure. Among asbestos fibers, crocidolite is considered the most and chrysotile the least oncogenic. Chrysotile accounts for more than 90% of the asbestos used worldwide, but its capacity to induce malignant mesothelioma is still debated. We found that chrysotile and crocidolite exposures have similar effects on human mesothelial cells. Morphological and molecular alterations suggestive of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, such as E-cadherin down-regulation and β-catenin phosphorylation followed by nuclear translocation, were induced by both chrysotile and crocidolite. Gene expression profiling revealed high-mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) as a key regulator of the transcriptional alterations induced by both types of asbestos. Crocidolite and chrysotile induced differential expression of 438 out of 28,869 genes interrogated by oligonucleotide microarrays. Out of these 438 genes, 57 were associated with inflammatory and immune response and cancer, and 14 were HMGB1 targeted genes. Crocidolite-induced gene alterations were sustained, whereas chrysotile-induced gene alterations returned to background levels within 5 weeks. Similarly, HMGB1 release in vivo progressively increased for 10 or more weeks after crocidolite exposure, but returned to background levels within 8 weeks after chrysotile exposure. Continuous administration of chrysotile was required for sustained high serum levels of HMGB1. These data support the hypothesis that differences in biopersistence influence the biological activities of these two asbestos fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Qi
- University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, Hawaii; Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, Hawaii
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Xu X, Zhu H, Wang T, Sun Y, Ni P, Liu Y, Tian S, Amoah Barnie P, Shen H, Xu W, Xu H, Su Z. Exogenous High-Mobility Group Box 1 Inhibits Apoptosis and Promotes the Proliferation of Lewis Cells via RAGE/TLR4-Dependent Signal Pathways. Scand J Immunol 2014; 79:386-94. [PMID: 24673192 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- X. Xu
- The Central Laboratory; The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
- Department of Immunology & Laboratory Immunology; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
| | - H. Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
| | - T. Wang
- The Central Laboratory; The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
- Department of Immunology & Laboratory Immunology; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
| | - Y. Sun
- The Central Laboratory; The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
- Department of Immunology & Laboratory Immunology; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
| | - P. Ni
- The Central Laboratory; The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
- Department of Immunology & Laboratory Immunology; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
| | - Y. Liu
- The Central Laboratory; The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
| | - S. Tian
- The Central Laboratory; The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
- Department of Immunology & Laboratory Immunology; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
| | - P. Amoah Barnie
- The Central Laboratory; The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
- Department of Immunology & Laboratory Immunology; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
| | - H. Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
| | - W. Xu
- The Central Laboratory; The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
| | - H. Xu
- The Central Laboratory; The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
- Department of Immunology & Laboratory Immunology; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
| | - Z. Su
- The Central Laboratory; The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
- Department of Immunology & Laboratory Immunology; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
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164
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miR-22 inhibits osteosarcoma cell proliferation and migration by targeting HMGB1 and inhibiting HMGB1-mediated autophagy. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:7025-34. [PMID: 24752578 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1965-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquisition of drug-resistant phenotypes is often associated with chemotherapy in osteosarcoma. Studies show that high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) plays an important role in facilitating autophagy and promotes drug resistance in osteosarcoma cells. In this study, we determined the targeting role of miR-22 to HMGB1 and the regulation of miR-22 on the HMGB1-mediated cell autophagy and on the cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of osteosarcoma cells. Results demonstrated that miR-22 well paired with the 3'-UTR of HMGB1 downregulated the HMGB1 expression and blocked the HMGB1-mediated autophagy during chemotherapy in osteosarcoma cells in vitro. Further study showed that the blockage of autophagy by miR-22 inhibited the osteosarcoma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. In summary, this study implied the negative regulation of miR-22 on the HMGB1-mediated autophagy in osteosarcoma cells.
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165
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Srinivasan M, Banerjee S, Palmer A, Zheng G, Chen A, Bosland MC, Kajdacsy-Balla A, Kalyanasundaram R, Munirathinam G. HMGB1 in hormone-related cancer: a potential therapeutic target. Discov Oncol 2014; 5:127-39. [PMID: 24718937 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-014-0175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a dynamic nuclear protein participating in transcription, chromatin remodelling, and DNA recombination and repair processes. Accumulating evidence indicates that its function now extends beyond the nucleus, notably its extracellular role in inflammation. HMGB1 is implicated as a late mediator of sepsis and is also believed to promote atherosclerosis and other inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Interestingly, deregulation of HMGB1 is shown to be associated with the hallmarks of cancer development. Moreover, several clinical studies have shown that HMGB1 is a promising biomarker for a variety of cancer types. In this review, we provide novel insights into the role and mechanisms of HMGB1, in particular, to hormone-related cancers and its potential to serve as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuwanti Srinivasan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, 1601 Parkview Ave, Rockford, IL, 61107, USA
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166
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Opitz I, Bueno R, Lim E, Pass H, Pastorino U, Boeri M, Rocco G. Biomolecular and clinical practice in malignant pleural mesothelioma and lung cancer: what thoracic surgeons should know. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2014; 46:602-6. [PMID: 24623168 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezu048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, molecular-profile-directed therapy is a guiding principle of modern thoracic oncology. The knowledge of new biomolecular technology applied to the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of lung cancer and mesothelioma should be part of the 21st century thoracic surgeons' professional competence. The European Society of Thoracic Surgeons (ESTS) Biology Club aims at providing a comprehensive insight into the basic biology of the diseases we are treating. During the 2013 ESTS Annual Meeting, different experts of the field presented the current knowledge about diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in malignant pleural mesothelioma including new perspectives as well as the role and potential application of microRNA and genomic sequencing for lung cancer, which are summarized in the present article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Opitz
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Bueno
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric Lim
- Imperial College and the Academic Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Harvey Pass
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ugo Pastorino
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia Boeri
- Tumor Genomics Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaetano Rocco
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, Instituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione "G. Pascale", IRCCS, Naples, Italy
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167
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Castellani P, Balza E, Rubartelli A. Inflammation, DAMPs, tumor development, and progression: a vicious circle orchestrated by redox signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1086-97. [PMID: 23373831 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Increasing evidence indicates that cancer development and progression are promoted by the joint action of redox distress and inflammation, supporting the potential impact of therapies aimed at restoring the redox homeostasis and fighting inflammation. RECENT ADVANCES Most of the literature of the last 40 years converges to the view that continuous oxidative stress and chronic inflammation sustain each other, leads to transformation of a normal cell to a neoplastic cell, and promotes tumor progression. Some recent findings, however, support an alternative model whereby the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an attempt to defend more than a pathogenetic factor in cancer. Rather, tumor development and progression may be promoted by an excess of antioxidants, induced in both transformed cells and recruited inflammatory cells as an adaptive response to ROS. CRITICAL ISSUES Although the link among redox stress, chronic inflammation, and cancer is widely recognized, the underlying mechanisms are far to be understood. The redox unbalance of the microenvironment is likely to modulate the bioactivity of damage-associated molecular pattern molecules such as HMGB1, which are released by stressed tissues and play pleiotropic functions on tumor and inflammatory cells, but how this occur, and the relevant consequences, are still unclear. FUTURE DIRECTIONS In vivo measurement of cell redox status is an important challenge for future investigations. The improvement of the methodologies for ROS and antioxidant detection will allow a better understanding of the redox-related events in the tumor microenvironment with tremendous application potential in the development of rational combination therapies for cancer treatment.
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168
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169
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The role of key genes and pathways involved in the tumorigenesis of Malignant Mesothelioma. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1845:232-47. [PMID: 24491449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Malignant Mesothelioma (MM) is a very aggressive cancer with low survival rates and often diagnosed at an advanced stage. Several players have been implicated in the development of this cancer, such as asbestos, erionite and the simian virus 40 (SV40). Here, we have reviewed the involvement of erionite, SV40, as well as, the role of several genes (p16(INK4a), p14(ARF), NF2, LATS2, SAV, CTNNB1 and among others), the pathways (RAS, PI3K, Wnt, BCL and Hippo), and their respective roles in the development of MM.
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170
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Extracellular HMGB1 promotes differentiation of nurse-like cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2014; 123:1709-19. [PMID: 24464016 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-10-529610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a disease of an accumulation of mature B cells that are highly dependent on the microenvironment for maintenance and expansion. However, little is known regarding the mechanisms whereby CLL cells create their favorable microenvironment for survival. High-mobility group protein B-1 (HMGB1) is a highly conserved nuclear protein that can be actively secreted by innate immune cells and passively released by injured or dying cells. We found significantly increased HMGB1 levels in the plasma of CLL patients compared with healthy controls, and HMGB1 concentration is associated with absolute lymphocyte count. We therefore sought to determine potential roles of HMGB1 in modulating the CLL microenvironment. CLL cells passively released HMGB1, and the timing and concentrations of HMGB1 in the medium were associated with differentiation of nurse-like cells (NLCs). Higher CD68 expression in CLL lymph nodes, one of the markers for NLCs, was associated with shorter overall survival of CLL patients. HMGB1-mediated NLC differentiation involved internalization of both receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9). Differentiation of NLCs can be prevented by blocking the HMGB1-RAGE-TLR9 pathway. In conclusion, this study demonstrates for the first time that CLL cells might modulate their microenvironment by releasing HMGB1.
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171
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Palombo F, Focaccetti C, Barnaba V. Therapeutic implications of immunogenic cell death in human cancer. Front Immunol 2014; 4:503. [PMID: 24432020 PMCID: PMC3880935 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are central to the adoptive immune response, and their function is regulated by diverse signals in a context-specific manner. Different DCs have been described in physiologic conditions, inflammation, and cancer, prompting a series of questions on how adoptive immune responses, or tolerance, develop against tumors. Increasing evidence suggests that tumor treatments induce a dramatic change on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and, in particular, on some DC subtypes. In this review, we summarize the latest evidence on the role of DCs in cancer and preliminary evidence on chemotherapy-associated antigens identified in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Palombo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma , Rome , Italy
| | - Chiara Focaccetti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma , Rome , Italy
| | - Vincenzo Barnaba
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma , Rome , Italy ; Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , Rome , Italy
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172
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Garg AD, Martin S, Golab J, Agostinis P. Danger signalling during cancer cell death: origins, plasticity and regulation. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:26-38. [PMID: 23686135 PMCID: PMC3858605 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating data indicates that following anti-cancer treatments, cancer cell death can be perceived as immunogenic or tolerogenic by the immune system. The former is made possible due to the ability of certain anti-cancer modalities to induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) that is associated with the emission of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which assist in unlocking a sequence of events leading to the development of anti-tumour immunity. In response to ICD inducers, activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been identified to be indispensable to confer the immunogenic character of cancer cell death, due to its ability to coordinate the danger signalling pathways responsible for the trafficking of vital DAMPs and subsequent anti-cancer immune responses. However, in recent times, certain processes apart from ER stress have emerged (e.g., autophagy and possibly viral response-like signature), which have the ability to influence danger signalling. In this review, we discuss the molecular nature, emerging plasticity in the danger signalling mechanisms and immunological impact of known DAMPs in the context of immunogenic cancer cell death. We also discuss key effector mechanisms modulating the interface between dying cancer cells and the immune cells, which we believe are crucial for the therapeutic relevance of ICD in the context of human cancers, and also discuss the influence of experimental conditions and animal models on these.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Garg
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Martin
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Golab
- Department of Immunology, Centre of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department 3, Warsaw, Poland
| | - P Agostinis
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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173
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Bianchi
- San Raffaele University and Research Institute, Milano, Italy
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174
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TLR4 is essential for dendritic cell activation and anti-tumor T-cell response enhancement by DAMPs released from chemically stressed cancer cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2013; 11:150-9. [PMID: 24362470 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2013.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of immunotherapy and chemotherapy is regarded as a promising approach for the treatment of certain types of cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms need to be fully investigated to guide the design of more efficient protocols for cancer chemoimmunotherapy. It is well known that danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) can activate immune cells, including dendritic cells (DCs), via Toll-like receptors (TLRs); however, the role of DAMPs released from chemical drug-treated tumor cells in the activation of the immune response needs to be further elucidated. Here, we found that colorectal cancer (CRC) cells treated with oxaliplatin (OXA) and/or 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) released high levels of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). After OXA/5-Fu therapy, the sera of CRC patients also exhibited increased levels of HMGB1 and HSP70, both of which are well-known DAMPs. The supernatants of dying CRC cells treated with OXA/5-Fu promoted mouse and human DC maturation, with upregulation of HLA-DR, CD80 and CD86 expression and enhancement of IL-1β, TNF-α, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, RANTES and IP-10 production. Vaccines composed of DCs pulsed with the supernatants of chemically stressed CRC cells induced a more significant IFN-γ-producing Th1 response both in vitro and in vivo. However, the supernatants of chemically stressed CRC cells failed to induce phenotypic maturation and cytokine production in TLR4-deficient DCs, indicating an essential role of TLR4 in DAMP-induced DC maturation and activation. Furthermore, pulsing with the supernatants of chemically stressed CRC cells did not efficiently induce an IFN-γ-producing Th1 response in TLR4-deficient DCs. Collectively, these results demonstrate that DAMPs released from chemically stressed cancer cells can activate DCs via TLR4 and enhance the induction of an anti-tumor T-cell immune response, delineating a clinically relevant immuno-adjuvant pathway triggered by DAMPs.
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175
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Marcucci F, Bellone M, Caserta CA, Corti A. Pushing tumor cells towards a malignant phenotype: stimuli from the microenvironment, intercellular communications and alternative roads. Int J Cancer 2013; 135:1265-76. [PMID: 24174383 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment produces different types of stimuli capable of endowing tumor cells with an aggressive behavior that is characterized by increased motility, invasiveness and propensity to metastasize, gain of a tumor-initiating phenotype, and drug resistance. The following classes of stimuli have been reported to promote such a malignant phenotype: (i) solid- or fluid-induced stress; (ii) altered composition of the extracellular matrix; (iii) hypoxia and low pH; (iv) innate and adaptive immune responses; (v) antitumor drugs. The simultaneous presence of more than one of these stimuli, as likely occurs in vivo, may lead to synergistic interactions in the induction of malignant traits. In many cases, the gain of a malignant phenotype is not the result of a direct effect of the stimuli on tumor cells but, rather, a stimulus-promoted cross-talk between tumor cells and other cell types within the tumor microenvironment. This cross-talk is mainly mediated by two classes of molecules: paracrine factors and adhesion receptors. Stimuli that promote a malignant phenotype can promote additional outcomes in tumor cells, including autophagy and cell death. We summarize here the available evidence about the variables that induce tumor cells to take one or the other of these roads in response to the same stimuli. At the end of this review, we address some unanswered questions in this domain and indicate future directions of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Marcucci
- Centro Nazionale di Epidemiologia Sorveglianza e Promozione della Salute (CNESPS), Istituto Superiore di Sanita' (ISS), Roma, Italy; Hepatology Association of Calabria (ACE), Reggio Calabria, Italy
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176
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The interplay between pathogen-associated and danger-associated molecular patterns: an inflammatory code in cancer? Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 91:601-10. [PMID: 24100386 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of a close link between inflammation and cancer, and at the core of inflammation there are both pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger (or damage)-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Microorganisms harbor molecules structurally conserved within groups called PAMPs that are recognized by specific receptors present on immune cells, such as monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs); these are the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Activation through different PRRs leads to production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. A robust immune response also requires the presence of endogenous molecules that pose 'danger' to self-tissues and are produced by damaged or stressed cells; these are the DAMPs, which act also as inducers of inflammation. PAMPs and DAMPs are each recognized by a limited set of receptors that in number probably do not exceed 100. PAMPs and DAMPs interact with each other, and a single PRR can bind to a PAMP as well as a DAMP. Within this framework, we propose that PAMPs and DAMPs act in synchrony, modifying the activation threshold of one another. Thus, the range of PAMP-DAMP partnerships defines the course of inflammation, in a predictable manner, in an 'inflammatory code'. The definition of relevant PAMP-DAMP complexes is important for the understanding of inflammatory disorders in general, and of cancer in particular. Here, we review relevant findings that support the notion of a PAMP-DAMP-based inflammatory code, with emphasis on cancer immunology and immunotherapy.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (DMPM) is an aggressive malignant tumor of mesothelial origin that shows a limited response to cytoreductive surgery along with intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Therefore, early diagnosis of DMPM is very important. Some researchers have previously reported that high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) was correlated with pulmonary fibrosis. DMPM involves the malignant transformation of mesothelial cells, which originate from mesenchymal cells, similar to lung fibroblasts. Here, we investigated serum levels of HMGB1 in patients with MPM and compared them with those of a population that had been exposed to asbestos without developing MPM. STUDY The serum concentrations of HMGB1 were measured in 13 DMPM patients and 45 individuals with benign asbestos-related diseases. RESULT We demonstrated that the patients with DMPM had significantly higher serum levels of HMGB1 compared with the population who had been exposed to asbestos but did not develop DMPM. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that serum HMGB1 concentration is a useful serum marker for DMPM.
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178
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Inoue H, Tani K. Multimodal immunogenic cancer cell death as a consequence of anticancer cytotoxic treatments. Cell Death Differ 2013; 21:39-49. [PMID: 23832118 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic cell death generally characterized by a morphologically homogenous entity has been considered to be essentially non-immunogenic. However, apoptotic cancer cell death, also known as type 1 programmed cell death (PCD), was recently found to be immunogenic after treatment with several chemotherapeutic agents and oncolytic viruses through the emission of various danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Extensive studies have revealed that two different types of immunogenic cell death (ICD) inducers, recently classified by their distinct actions in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, can reinitiate immune responses suppressed by the tumor microenvironment. Indeed, recent clinical studies have shown that several immunotherapeutic modalities including therapeutic cancer vaccines and oncolytic viruses, but not conventional chemotherapies, culminate in beneficial outcomes, probably because of their different mechanisms of ICD induction. Furthermore, interests in PCD of cancer cells have shifted from its classical form to novel forms involving autophagic cell death (ACD), programmed necrotic cell death (necroptosis), and pyroptosis, some of which entail immunogenicity after anticancer treatments. In this review, we provide a brief outline of the well-characterized DAMPs such as calreticulin (CRT) exposure, high-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release, which are induced by the morphologically distinct types of cell death. In the latter part, our review focuses on how emerging oncolytic viruses induce different forms of cell death and the combinations of oncolytic virotherapies with further immunomodulation by cyclophosphamide and other immunotherapeutic modalities foster dendritic cell (DC)-mediated induction of antitumor immunity. Accordingly, it is increasingly important to fully understand how and which ICD inducers cause multimodal ICD, which should aid the design of reasonably multifaceted anticancer modalities to maximize ICD-triggered antitumor immunity and eliminate residual or metastasized tumors while sparing autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Inoue
- 1] Division of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan [2] Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan [3] Department of Advanced Molecular and Cell Therapy, Kyushu University Hospital,Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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179
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Defective immunogenic cell death of HMGB1-deficient tumors: compensatory therapy with TLR4 agonists. Cell Death Differ 2013; 21:69-78. [PMID: 23811849 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death induced by anticancer chemotherapy is characterized by a series of molecular hallmarks that include the exodus of high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) from dying cells. HMGB1 is a nuclear nonhistone chromatin-binding protein. It is secreted at the late stages of cellular demise and engages Toll-like receptor4 (TLR4) on dendritic cells (DCs) to accelerate the processing of phagocytic cargo in the DC and to facilitate antigen presentation by DC to T cells. The absence of HMGB1 expression by dying tumor cells exposed to anthracyclines or oxaliplatin compromises DC-dependent T-cell priming by tumor-associated antigens. Here, we show that transplantable tumors exhibiting weak expression of nuclear HMGB1 respond to chemotherapy more effectively if the treatment is combined with the local or systemic administration of a highly purified and physiochemically defined and standardized lipopolysaccharide solution, which acts as a high-potency and exclusive TLR4 agonist, called Dendrophilin (DEN). The synergistic antitumor effects mediated by the combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy relied upon the presence of the MyD88 (myeloid differentiation primary response gene) adapter of TLR4 (but not that of the TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β adapter), in line with the well-characterized action of DEN on the MyD88 signaling pathway. DEN and anthracyclines synergized to induce intratumoral accumulation of interferon-γ-producing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes. Moreover, DEN could restore the immunogenicity of dying tumor cells from which HMGB1 had been depleted by RNA interference. These findings underscore the potential clinical utility of combination regimens involving immunogenic chemotherapy and certain TLR4 agonists in advanced HMGB1-deficient cancers.
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180
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Weng H, Deng Y, Xie Y, Liu H, Gong F. Expression and significance of HMGB1, TLR4 and NF-κB p65 in human epidermal tumors. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:311. [PMID: 23803172 PMCID: PMC3697986 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High mobility group protein box 1 (HMGB1) is a DNA binding protein located in nucleus. It is released into extracellular fluid where it acts as a novel proinflammatory cytokine which interacts with Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) to activate nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). This sequence of events is involved in tumor growth and progression. However, the effects of HMGB1, TLR4 and NF-κB on epidermal tumors remain unclear. Methods Human epidermal tumor specimens were obtained from 96 patients. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect expression of HMGB1, TLR4 and NF-κB p65 in human epidermal tumor and normal skin specimens. Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression of NF-κB p65 in epithelial cell nuclei in human epidermal tumor and normal tissues. Results Immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis indicated a progressive but statistically significant increase in p65 expression in epithelial nuclei in benign seborrheic keratosis (SK), precancerous lesions (PCL), low malignancy basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and high malignancy squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (P <0.01). The level of extracellular HMGB1 in SK was significantly higher than in normal skin (NS) (P <0.01), and was higher than in SCC but without statistical significance. The level of TLR4 on epithelial membranes of SCC cells was significantly higher than in SK, PCL, BCC and NS (P <0.01). There was a significant positive correlation between p65 expression in the epithelial nuclei and TLR4 expression on the epithelial cell membranes (r = 0.3212, P <0.01). Conclusions These findings indicate that inflammation is intensified in parallel with increasing malignancy. They also indicate that the TLR4 signaling pathway, rather than HMGB1, may be the principal mediator of inflammation in high-grade malignant epidermal tumors. Combined detection of p65 in the epithelial nuclei and TLR4 on the epithelial membranes may assist the accurate diagnosis of malignant epidermal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Weng
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, China
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181
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The multifunctional alarmin HMGB1 with roles in the pathophysiology of sepsis and cancer. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 91:443-50. [PMID: 23797067 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although originally described as a highly conserved nuclear protein involved in DNA replication, transcription and repair, high-mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) has emerged as a key mediator in the regulation of immune responses to infection and sterile injury by exhibiting all the properties of a prototypic 'alarmin'. These include rapid passive release in response to pathogenic infection and/or traumatic injury, active secretion providing for chemotactic and cytokine-like function and an ability to resolve inflammation, including tissue repair and remodelling. In this review, we will give an overview of the post-translational modifications necessary for such diversity in biological activity, concentrating particularly on how differences in oxidation of highly conserved redox-sensitive cysteine residues can potentiate inflammatory responses and dictate cellular fate. We will also review the most recent literature on HMGB1 and its involvement in the pathophysiology of sepsis and cancer, as well as cancer therapy-induced mucositis.
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182
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Kono K, Mimura K, Kiessling R. Immunogenic tumor cell death induced by chemoradiotherapy: molecular mechanisms and a clinical translation. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e688. [PMID: 23788045 PMCID: PMC3702303 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemoradiotherapy can induce immunogenic cell death, triggering danger signals such as high-mobility group box 1 protein, and resulting in T-cell immunity. This concept can potentially be harnessed for clinical therapy to enhance tumor-specific immunity. There is however limited information to translate this theory directly in a clinical setting. In this review, we will discuss and summarize molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying immunogenic tumor cell death induced by chemoradiotherapy, with emphasis on a clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kono
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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183
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Abstract
Forty years ago, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) was discovered in calf thymus and named according to its electrophoretic mobility in polyacrylamide gels. Now, we know that HMGB1 performs dual functions. Inside the cell, HMGB1 is a highly conserved chromosomal protein acting as a DNA chaperone. Outside of the cell, HMGB1 is a prototypical damage-associated molecular pattern, acting with cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. During tumor development and in cancer therapy, HMGB1 has been reported to play paradoxical roles in promoting both cell survival and death by regulating multiple signaling pathways, including inflammation, immunity, genome stability, proliferation, metastasis, metabolism, apoptosis, and autophagy. Here, we review the current knowledge of both HMGB1's oncogenic and tumor-suppressive roles and the potential strategies that target HMGB1 for the prevention and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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184
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HMGB1: A Promising Therapeutic Target for Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer 2013; 2013:157103. [PMID: 23766911 PMCID: PMC3666291 DOI: 10.1155/2013/157103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) was originally discovered as a chromatin-binding protein several decades ago. It is now increasingly evident that HMGB1 plays a major role in several disease conditions such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, arthritis, sepsis, and cancer. It is intriguing how deregulation of HMGB1 can result in a myriad of disease conditions. Interestingly, HMGB1 is involved in cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis during cancer progression. Furthermore, HMGB1 has been demonstrated to exert intracellular and extracellular functions, activating key oncogenic signaling pathways. This paper focuses on the role of HMGB1 in prostate cancer development and highlights the potential of HMGB1 to serve as a key target for prostate cancer treatment.
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185
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Li G, Liang X, Lotze MT. HMGB1: The Central Cytokine for All Lymphoid Cells. Front Immunol 2013; 4:68. [PMID: 23519706 PMCID: PMC3602962 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a leaderless cytokine, like the IL-1 and FGF family members, that has primary roles within the nucleus and the cytosol. Within the nucleus, it serves as another guardian of the genome, protecting it from oxidant injury and promoting access to transcriptional complexes such as nuclear hormone/nuclear hormone receptors and p53/p73 complexes. Within the cytosol it promotes autophagy and recruitment of the myddosome to Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 vesicular compartments. Outside of the cell, it can either bind to specific receptors itself, or with high affinity to DNA, nucleosomes, IL-1β, lipopolysaccharide, and lipoteichoic acid to mediate responses in specific physiological or pathological conditions. Currently identified receptors include TLR2, TLR4, the receptor for advanced glycation end products, CD24-Siglec G/10, chemokine CXC receptor 4, and TIM-3. In terms of its effects or functions within lymphoid cells, HMGB1 is principally secreted from mature dendritic cells (DCs) to promote T-cell and B-cell reactivity and expansion and from activated natural killer cells to promote DC maturation during the afferent immune response. Some studies suggest that its primary role in the setting of chronic inflammation is to promote immunosuppression. As such, HMGB1 is a central cytokine for all lymphoid cells playing a role complementary to its better studied role in myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqiao Li
- The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Liang
- The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael T. Lotze
- The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
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186
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Abstract
BAP1 is a deubiquitylase that is found associated with multiprotein complexes that regulate key cellular pathways, including the cell cycle, cellular differentiation, cell death, gluconeogenesis and the DNA damage response (DDR). Recent findings indicate that germline BAP1 mutations cause a novel cancer syndrome that is characterized, at least in the affected families that have been studied so far, by the onset at an early age of benign melanocytic skin tumours with mutated BAP1, and later in life by a high incidence of mesothelioma, uveal melanoma, cutaneous melanoma and possibly additional cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Carbone
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, BSB200, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA.
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187
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Guo ZS, Liu Z, Bartlett DL, Tang D, Lotze MT. Life after death: targeting high mobility group box 1 in emergent cancer therapies. Am J Cancer Res 2013; 3:1-20. [PMID: 23359863 PMCID: PMC3555201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), an evolutionarily highly conserved and abundant nuclear protein also has roles within the cytoplasm and as an extracellular damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule. Extracellular HMGB1 is the prototypic endogenous 'danger signal' that triggers inflammation and immunity. Recent findings suggest that posttranslational modifications dictate the cellular localization and secretion of HMGB1. HMGB1 is actively secreted from immune cells and stressed cancer cells, or passively released from necrotic cells. During cancer development or administration of therapeutic agents including chemotherapy, radiation, epigenetic drugs, oncolytic viruses, or immunotherapy, the released HMGB1 may either promote or limit cancer growth, depending on the state of progression and vascularization of the tumor. Extracellular HMGB1 enhances autophagy and promotes persistence of surviving cancer cells following initial activation. When oxidized, it chronically suppresses the immune system to promote cancer growth and progression, thereby enhancing resistance to cancer therapeutics. In its reduced form, it can facilitate and elicit innate and adaptive anti-tumor immunity, recruiting and activating immune cells, in conjunction with cytotoxic agents, particularly in early transplantable tumor models. We hypothesize that HMGB1 also functions as an epigenetic modifier, mainly through regulation of NF-kB-dependent signaling pathways, to modulate the behavior of surviving cancer cells as well as the immune cells found within the tumor microenvironment. This has significant implications for developing novel cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Sheng Guo
- The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Departments of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Zuqiang Liu
- The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Departments of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - David L Bartlett
- The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Departments of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Departments of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael T Lotze
- The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Departments of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Departments of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Departments of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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188
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Qi L, Wang L, Huang J, Jiang M, Diao H, Zhou H, Li X, Jiang Z. Activated amelogenin Y-linked (AMELY) regulation and angiogenesis in human hepatocellular carcinoma by biocomputation. Oncol Lett 2013; 5:1075-1079. [PMID: 23426651 PMCID: PMC3576279 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a comparison of the biological processes and gene ontology (GO) in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with high expression (fold change ≥2) of amelogenin Y-linked (AMELY)-activated upstream regulation networks with non-tumor hepatitis/cirrhotic tissues (HBV or HCV infection) with low expression of activated networks was performed. The principle biological processes involved in non-tumor hepatitis/cirrhotic tissues include positive regulation of mismatch repair, regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoters, negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion, protein ubiquitinatin and protein catabolism. The main biological processes involved in the development of HCC include positive regulation of calcium ion transport into the cytosol, cell proliferation, DNA replication, fibroblast proliferation, immune response, microtubule polymerization and protein secretion. Specific transcription from RNA polymerase II promoters, regulation of angiogenesis, cell growth, protein metabolism, Wnt receptor signaling pathways, negative regulation of endothelial cell differentiation, microtubule depolymerization, peptidase activity and progression through the cell cycle are also involved. Positive regulation of transcription is involved in both processes. An activated AMELY-coupled upstream positive regulation of immune response-mediated protein secretion to Wnt signaling and calcium into cytosol-induced regulation of cell growth and angiogenesis in HCC is proposed. The AMELY upstream regulation molecular network model was constructed with BUB1B, CST6, ESM1, HOXA5, LEF1, MAPT, MYBL2, NOTCH3, PLA2G1B, PROK1, ROBO1, SCML2 and UBE2C in HCC from a Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset by gene regulation network inference methods and our programming methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianxiu Qi
- Biomedical Center, School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876
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189
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RAGE in tissue homeostasis, repair and regeneration. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:101-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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190
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Venereau E, Schiraldi M, Uguccioni M, Bianchi ME. HMGB1 and leukocyte migration during trauma and sterile inflammation. Mol Immunol 2012. [PMID: 23207101 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
HMGB1 is a nuclear protein that is released or secreted following trauma or severe cellular stress. Extracellular HMGB1 triggers inflammation and recruits leukocytes to the site of tissue damage. We review recent evidence that the ability of HMGB1 to recruit leukocytes may be entirely due to the formation of a heterocomplex with the homeostatic chemokine CXCL12. The HMGB1-CXCL12 heterocomplex acts on the CXCR4 receptor more potently than CXCL12 alone. Notably, only one of the redox forms of HMGB1, the one where all cysteines are reduced (all-thiol), can bind CXCL12. Both HMGB1 containing a disulfide bond between C23 and C45, which induces chemokine and cytokine release by activating TLR4, and HMGB1 terminally oxidized to contain a cysteine sulfonate are inactive in recruiting leukocytes. Thus, the chemoattractant and cytokine-inducing activities of HMGB1 are separable, and we propose that they appear sequentially during the development of inflammation and its resolution. The HMGB1-CXCL12 heterocomplex constitutes a specific target that may hold promise for the treatment of several pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Venereau
- San Raffaele University and Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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191
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Krysko DV, Garg AD, Kaczmarek A, Krysko O, Agostinis P, Vandenabeele P. Immunogenic cell death and DAMPs in cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2012; 12:860-75. [PMID: 23151605 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1916] [Impact Index Per Article: 159.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although it was thought that apoptotic cells, when rapidly phagocytosed, underwent a silent death that did not trigger an immune response, in recent years a new concept of immunogenic cell death (ICD) has emerged. The immunogenic characteristics of ICD are mainly mediated by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which include surface-exposed calreticulin (CRT), secreted ATP and released high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1). Most DAMPs can be recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). In this Review, we discuss the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in regulating the immunogenicity of dying cancer cells and the effect of therapy-resistant cancer microevolution on ICD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri V Krysko
- Molecular Signalling and Cell Death Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, VIB-Ghent University Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium. Dmitri.Krysko@dmbr. ugent.be
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192
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Mao XJ, Wang GF, Chen ZJ, Wang LN, Zhang JB, Wang HL. Expression of HMGB1 and its Clinical Significance in T-cell Lymphoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:5569-71. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.11.5569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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193
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Yanai H, Ban T, Taniguchi T. High-mobility group box family of proteins: ligand and sensor for innate immunity. Trends Immunol 2012; 33:633-40. [PMID: 23116548 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent discoveries in signal-transducing innate receptors have illustrated the close link between innate and adaptive immunity. These advances revisit a fundamental issue of immunology, the recognition of self and non-self molecules by the immune system. Indeed, mounting evidence has been provided that the sensing of self-derived molecules by the immune system is important for health and disease. The high-mobility group box (HMGB) proteins, particularly HMGB1, are self-derived immune activators that have multiple functions in the regulation of immunity and inflammation. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the function of HMGB proteins, as a ligand that can evoke inflammatory responses, and as a sensor for nucleic-acid-mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Yanai
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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194
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Rivera Z, Ferrone S, Wang X, Jube S, Yang H, Pass HI, Kanodia S, Gaudino G, Carbone M. CSPG4 as a target of antibody-based immunotherapy for malignant mesothelioma. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:5352-63. [PMID: 22893632 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is an aggressive cancer, resistant to current therapies. Membrane chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), which has been successfully targeted in melanoma and breast cancer, was found highly expressed in MM, but not in normal mesothelium. Therefore, we explored CSPG4 as a suitable target for monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based immunotherapy for MM. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We assayed adhesion, motility, invasiveness, wound-healing, apoptosis, and anchorage-independent growth of MM cells on cell cultures. CSPG4 expression and signaling was studied by immunoblotting. The growth of MM severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice xenografts induced by PPM-Mill cells, engineered to express the luciferase reporter gene, was monitored by imaging, upon treatment with CSPG4 mAb TP41.2. Animal toxicity and survival were assayed in both tumor inhibition and therapeutic experiments. RESULTS CSPG4 was expressed on 6 out of 8 MM cell lines and in 25 out of 41 MM biopsies, with minimal expression in surrounding healthy cells. MM cell adhesion was mediated by CSPG4-dependent engagement of ECM. Cell adhesion was inhibited by mAb TP41.2 resulting in decreased phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and AKT, reduced expression of cyclin D1 and apoptosis. Moreover, mAb TP41.2 significantly reduced MM cell motility, migration, and invasiveness, and inhibited MM growth in soft agar. In vivo, treatment with mAb TP41.2 prevented or inhibited the growth of MM xenografts in SCID mice, with a significant increase in animal survival. CONCLUSION These results establish the safety of CSPG4 mAb-based immunotherapy and suggest that CSPG4 mAb-based immunotherapy may represent a novel approach for the treatment of MM.
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195
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Venereau E, Casalgrandi M, Schiraldi M, Antoine DJ, Cattaneo A, De Marchis F, Liu J, Antonelli A, Preti A, Raeli L, Shams SS, Yang H, Varani L, Andersson U, Tracey KJ, Bachi A, Uguccioni M, Bianchi ME. Mutually exclusive redox forms of HMGB1 promote cell recruitment or proinflammatory cytokine release. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:1519-28. [PMID: 22869893 PMCID: PMC3428943 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20120189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 624] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
HMGB1 orchestrates leukocyte recruitment and their induction to secrete inflammatory cytokines by switching between mutually exclusive redox states. Tissue damage causes inflammation, by recruiting leukocytes and activating them to release proinflammatory mediators. We show that high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) orchestrates both processes by switching among mutually exclusive redox states. Reduced cysteines make HMGB1 a chemoattractant, whereas a disulfide bond makes it a proinflammatory cytokine and further cysteine oxidation to sulfonates by reactive oxygen species abrogates both activities. We show that leukocyte recruitment and activation can be separated. A nonoxidizable HMGB1 mutant in which serines replace all cysteines (3S-HMGB1) does not promote cytokine production, but is more effective than wild-type HMGB1 in recruiting leukocytes in vivo. BoxA, a HMGB1 inhibitor, interferes with leukocyte recruitment but not with activation. We detected the different redox forms of HMGB1 ex vivo within injured muscle. HMGB1 is completely reduced at first and disulfide-bonded later. Thus, HMGB1 orchestrates both key events in sterile inflammation, leukocyte recruitment and their induction to secrete inflammatory cytokines, by adopting mutually exclusive redox states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Venereau
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
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