151
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Tung MC, Tsai CSS, Tung JN, Tsao TY, Chen HC, Yeh KT, Liao CF, Jiang MC. Higher prevalence of secretory CSE1L/CAS in sera of patients with metastatic cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:1570-7. [PMID: 19383891 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic markers are highly useful diagnostic and prognostic indicators of cancer metastasis. Herein, we report that secretory CSE1L/CAS, a cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein, is a new marker for metastatic cancer. CAS was colocalized with matrix metalloproteinase-2 in vesicles surrounding the outside of MCF-7 cell membranes, and the COOH-terminal domain of CAS was associated with matrix metalloproteinase-2-containing vesicles. Immunohistochemical staining for CAS was positive in the stroma and gland lumens of human metastatic cancer tissues. CAS was also detected in conditioned medium from B16-F10 melanoma cells and more frequently in the sera of patients with metastatic cancer than in sera from patients with primary cancer. Specifically, the prevalence of serum CAS in serum samples from 146 patients was 58.2% (32 of 55), 32.0% (8 of 25), and 12.1% (8 of 66) for patients with metastatic, invasive, and primary cancers, respectively. Our results suggest that CAS is a secretory protein associated with cancer metastasis, which may have clinical utility in metastatic cancer screening and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Che Tung
- Department of Medical Research, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung County 435, Taiwan
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152
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Ojalvo LS, King W, Cox D, Pollard JW. High-density gene expression analysis of tumor-associated macrophages from mouse mammary tumors. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:1048-64. [PMID: 19218341 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and experimental evidence indicates that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) promote malignant progression. In breast cancer, TAMs enhance tumor angiogenesis, tumor cell invasion, matrix remodeling, and immune suppression against the tumor. In this study, we examined late-stage mammary tumors from a transgenic mouse model of breast cancer. We used flow cytometry under conditions that minimized gene expression changes to isolate a rigorously defined TAM population previously shown to be associated with invasive carcinoma cells. The gene expression signature of this population was compared with a similar population derived from spleens of non-tumor-bearing mice using high-density oligonucleotide arrays. Using stringent selection criteria, transcript abundance of 460 genes was shown to be differentially regulated between the two populations. Bioinformatic analyses of known functions of these genes indicated that formerly ascribed TAM functions, including suppression of immune activation and matrix remodeling, as well as multiple mediators of tumor angiogenesis, were elevated in TAMs. Further bioinformatic analyses confirmed that a pure and valid TAM gene expression signature in mouse tumors could be used to assess expression of TAMs in human breast cancer. The data derived from these more physiologically relevant autochthonous tumors compared with previous studies in tumor xenografts suggest tactics by which TAMs may regulate tumor angiogenesis and thus provide a basis for exploring other transcriptional mediators of TAM trophic functions within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laureen S Ojalvo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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153
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Abstract
Annual screening mammograms have been shown to be cost-effective and are credited for the decline in mortality of breast cancer. New technologies including breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may further improve early breast cancer detection in asymptomatic women. Serum tumor markers such as CA 15-3, carcinoembyonic antigen (CEA), and CA 27-29 are ordered in the clinic mainly for disease surveillance, and not useful for detection of localized cancer. This review will discuss blood-based markers and breast-based markers, such as nipple/ductal fluid, with an emphasis on biomarkers for early detection of breast cancer. In the future, it is likely that a combination approach to simultaneously measure multiple markers would be most successful in detecting early breast cancer. Ideally, such a biomarker panel should be able to detect breast cancer in asymptomatic patients, even in the setting of normal mammogram and physical examination results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Brooks
- Division of Surgical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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154
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Abstract
Our understanding of the events that occur in cancer progression has been enhanced by the use of cell lines in vitro. Changes in gene expression, induction of signalling, and cell motility can all be investigated in this setting. However, other aspects of progression can be revealed only in vivo, especially the interactions of tumour cells with host cells and organ systems. In one such in vivo model, described by McAllister and colleagues, it proved possible to establish a novel function of an already well-characterised protein, osteopontin, adding to its attractiveness as a target in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas I F Johnston
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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155
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George A, Veis A. Phosphorylated proteins and control over apatite nucleation, crystal growth, and inhibition. Chem Rev 2008; 108:4670-93. [PMID: 18831570 PMCID: PMC2748976 DOI: 10.1021/cr0782729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 490] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne George
- Department of Oral Biology, Brodie Tooth Development Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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156
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Yang M, Ma C, Liu S, Sun J, Shao Q, Gao W, Zhang Y, Li Z, Xie Q, Dong Z, Qu X. Hypoxia skews dendritic cells to a T helper type 2-stimulating phenotype and promotes tumour cell migration by dendritic cell-derived osteopontin. Immunology 2008; 128:e237-49. [PMID: 19740309 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well recognized that tissue microenvironments are involved in regulating the development and function of dendritic cells (DC). Oxygen supply, which varies in different tissues, has been accepted as an important microenvironmental factor in regulating the biological functions of several immune cells and as being involved in tumour progression and metastasis. However, little is known about the effect of hypoxia on the biological functions of DC and the effect of these hypoxia-conditioned DC on tumour metastasis. In this study, we analysed the transcriptional profiles of human monocyte-derived immature DC (imDC) and mature DC (mDC) cultured under normoxia and hypoxia by microarray, and found a body of potential targets regulating the functions of DC during hypoxia. In addition, the phagocytic ability of hypoxic imDC markedly decreased compared with that of normoxic imDC. Importantly, hypoxic DC poorly induced the proliferation of allogeneic T cells, but polarized allogeneic CD4(+) naive T cells into a T helper type 2 (Th2) response. Moreover, hypoxic DC secreted large amounts of osteopontin, which were responsible for the enhanced migration of tumour cells. Therefore, our study provides new insights into the biological functions of DC under hypoxic conditions and one of mechanisms underlying tumour immune escape during hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixiang Yang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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157
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Mack PC, Redman MW, Chansky K, Williamson SK, Farneth NC, Lara PN, Franklin WA, Le QT, Crowley JJ, Gandara DR. Lower osteopontin plasma levels are associated with superior outcomes in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients receiving platinum-based chemotherapy: SWOG Study S0003. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:4771-6. [PMID: 18779603 PMCID: PMC2653139 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.17.0662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE S0003 was a phase III trial of carboplatin/paclitaxel with or without the hypoxic cytotoxin tirapazamine in patients with advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We investigated the relationship between clinical outcomes and plasma levels of the hypoxia-associated protein osteopontin (OPN) in patients on this protocol. PATIENTS AND METHODS Baseline plasma was obtained from 172 patients. In 56 patients, sequential plasma was obtained after one or two cycles. Concentrations of OPN, as well as plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Tumor expression of OPN was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 61 matched archival specimens. RESULTS Patients with lower OPN levels (below the median) had a significantly superior overall survival compared with patients with higher levels, regardless of treatment arm (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.60, P = .002). A similar correlation was observed for progression-free survival (HR = 0.69, P = .02). When examined as a continuous variable, OPN maintained its significant association with both progression-free (HR = 1.05, P = .01) and overall survival (HR = 1.09, P < .0001). Patients with lower plasma OPN levels were significantly more likely to have tumor response (P = .03). No differences were observed between treatment arms. Tumor OPN levels did not correlate with patient outcomes or with plasma levels. No associations were observed between patient outcomes and VEGF or PAI-1 levels; however, plasma concentrations of these markers were significantly interrelated (P < .0001) and significantly decreased after treatment (P = .0002 and P = .03, respectively). CONCLUSION Pretreatment plasma levels of OPN are significantly associated with patient response, progression-free survival, and overall survival in chemotherapy-treated patients with advanced NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Mack
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Davis Cancer Center, 4501 X St, Ste 3016, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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158
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Macdermed DM, Weichselbaum RR, Salama JK. A rationale for the targeted treatment of oligometastases with radiotherapy. J Surg Oncol 2008; 98:202-6. [PMID: 18618604 DOI: 10.1002/jso.21102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An oligometastatic state has been proposed wherein patients with metastases limited in number and location may benefit from local therapy directed at all known sites of metastases. We describe here the clinical and biological basis for the oligometastatic state. We present evidence for a potentially curative approach to patients with oligometastases using stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) and we review the literature for SBRT directed at specific metastatic sites in the lungs, liver and multiple organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhara M Macdermed
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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159
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Das P, Ahuja A, Gupta SD. Calcifying telangiectatic cutaneous breast carcinoma metastasis. Int J Surg Pathol 2008; 17:455-6. [PMID: 18499693 DOI: 10.1177/1066896908318580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Das
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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160
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Biochemistry and molecular biology in Portugal: An overview of past and current contributions. IUBMB Life 2008; 60:265-9. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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161
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Bellahcène A, Castronovo V, Ogbureke KUE, Fisher LW, Fedarko NS. Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs): multifunctional proteins in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2008; 8:212-26. [PMID: 18292776 PMCID: PMC2484121 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Numerous components and pathways are involved in the complex interplay between cancer cells and their environment. The family of glycophosphoproteins comprising osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, dentin matrix protein 1, dentin sialophosphoprotein and matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein - small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs) - are emerging as important players in many stages of cancer progression. From their detection in various human cancers to the demonstration of their key functional roles during malignant transformation, invasion and metastasis, the SIBLINGs are proteins with potential as diagnostic and prognostic tools, as well as new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akeila Bellahcène
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, University of Liege, Tour de Pathologie, -1, Bât. B23, Sart Tilman via 4000 Liège, Belgium
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162
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Chen ST, Pan TL, Juan HF, Chen TY, Lin YS, Huang CM. Breast tumor microenvironment: proteomics highlights the treatments targeting secretome. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:1379-87. [PMID: 18290608 DOI: 10.1021/pr700745n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor secreted substances (secretome), including extracellular matrix (ECM) components, act as mediators of tumor-host communication in the breast tumor microenvironment. Proteomic analysis has emphasized the value of the secretome as a source of prospective markers and drug targets for the treatment of breast cancers. Utilizing bioinformatics, our recent studies revealed global changes in protein expression after the activation of ECM-mediated signaling in breast cancer cells. A newly designed technique integrating a capillary ultrafiltration (CUF) probe with mass spectrometry was demonstrated to dynamically sample and identify in vivo and pure secretome from the tumor microenvironment. Such in vivo profiling of breast cancer secretomes may facilitate the development of novel drugs specifically targeting secretome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui-Tein Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and the Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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163
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Whiteaker JR, Zhang H, Zhao L, Wang P, Kelly-Spratt KS, Ivey RG, Piening BD, Feng LC, Kasarda E, Gurley KE, Eng JK, Chodosh LA, Kemp CJ, McIntosh MW, Paulovich AG. Integrated pipeline for mass spectrometry-based discovery and confirmation of biomarkers demonstrated in a mouse model of breast cancer. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:3962-75. [PMID: 17711321 DOI: 10.1021/pr070202v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite their potential to impact diagnosis and treatment of cancer, few protein biomarkers are in clinical use. Biomarker discovery is plagued with difficulties ranging from technological (inability to globally interrogate proteomes) to biological (genetic and environmental differences among patients and their tumors). We urgently need paradigms for biomarker discovery. To minimize biological variation and facilitate testing of proteomic approaches, we employed a mouse model of breast cancer. Specifically, we performed LC-MS/MS of tumor and normal mammary tissue from a conditional HER2/Neu-driven mouse model of breast cancer, identifying 6758 peptides representing >700 proteins. We developed a novel statistical approach (SASPECT) for prioritizing proteins differentially represented in LC-MS/MS datasets and identified proteins over- or under-represented in tumors. Using a combination of antibody-based approaches and multiple reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry (MRM-MS), we confirmed the overproduction of multiple proteins at the tissue level, identified fibulin-2 as a plasma biomarker, and extensively characterized osteopontin as a plasma biomarker capable of early disease detection in the mouse. Our results show that a staged pipeline employing shotgun-based comparative proteomics for biomarker discovery and multiple reaction monitoring for confirmation of biomarker candidates is capable of finding novel tissue and plasma biomarkers in a mouse model of breast cancer. Furthermore, the approach can be extended to find biomarkers relevant to human disease.
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164
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Zweitzig DR, Smirnov DA, Connelly MC, Terstappen LWMM, O'Hara SM, Moran E. Physiological stress induces the metastasis marker AGR2 in breast cancer cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 306:255-60. [PMID: 17694278 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-007-9562-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As an approach to understanding the factors that activate expression of tumor progression genes, the role of physiological stress in the activation of a panel of tumor cell markers was investigated. These studies identify the developmental gene product, anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) as a cancer cell marker specifically up-regulated in response to depletion of serum and oxygen. AGR2 has been identified as a tumor marker in primary and secondary cancer lesions, and as a marker for detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Elevated levels of AGR2 are known to increase the metastatic potential of cancer cells, but conditions leading to increased expression of AGR2 are not well understood. The present results identify novel physiological parameters likely to contribute to AGR2 induction in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Zweitzig
- Temple University School of Medicine, Fels Institute for Cancer Research, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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