151
|
Chang SC, Lin PC, Lin JK, Lin CH, Yang SH, Liang WY, Chen WS, Jiang JK. Mutation Spectra of Common Cancer-Associated Genes in Different Phenotypes of Colorectal Carcinoma Without Distant Metastasis. Ann Surg Oncol 2015; 23:849-55. [PMID: 26471487 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-015-4899-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease caused by genetic and epigenetic alterations. This study aimed to describe the mutation frequency of 12 genes in different CRC phenotypes. METHODS Patients who underwent surgery at the Taipei Veterans General Hospital during 2000-2010 for CRC (n = 1249) were enrolled. The endpoint was overall survival. The prognostic value was determined with the log-rank test and Cox regression analysis. RESULTS We found 1836 mutations of 12 genes in 997 (79.8%) tumors. Mutations were most frequently in KRAS (485, 38.8%), TP53 (373, 29.9%), APC (363, 29.0%), and PIK3CA (179, 14.3%); 137 (11.0%) cancers had high microsatellite instability (MSI). Women had significantly higher high MSI (14.3%) and BRAF mutation (6.3%) frequencies. The abnormal MSI (21.7%) and KRAS (44.6%), BRAF (8.6%), PIK3CA (19.4%), AKT1 (2.2%), and TGF - βR (9.6%) mutation frequencies were significantly higher in proximal colon cancer. The high MSI (35.6%) and BRAF (20.3%), TGF - βR (18.6%), PTEN (5.1%), and AKT1 (3.4%) mutation frequencies were significantly higher in 59 (4.7%) poorly differentiated tumors. The high MSI (21.3%) and KRAS (51.9%), BRAF (8.3%), PIK3CA (25.0%), AKT1 (4.6%), and SMAD4 (8.3%) mutation frequencies were significantly higher in 108 mucinous tumors. TNM stage, lymphovascular invasion, and mucinous histology were significantly associated with patient outcomes in univariate and multivariate analyses. Only NRAS mutation (hazard ratio 1.59, 95% confidence interval 1.06-2.38) affected patient survival. CONCLUSIONS Mutational spectra differ significantly between CRC subtypes, implying diverse carcinogenetic pathways. The NRAS mutation is important, despite its low frequency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ching Chang
- Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Endoscopy Center for Diagnosis and Treatment, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ching Lin
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Yang-Ming Campus, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Kou Lin
- Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsing Lin
- Division of Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Shung-Haur Yang
- Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yi Liang
- Department of Pathology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Shone Chen
- Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Kai Jiang
- Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Riazy M, Kalloger SE, Sheffield BS, Peixoto RD, Li-Chang HH, Scudamore CH, Renouf DJ, Schaeffer DF. Mismatch repair status may predict response to adjuvant chemotherapy in resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Mod Pathol 2015; 28:1383-9. [PMID: 26226846 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2015.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Deficiencies in DNA mismatch repair have been associated with inferior response to 5-FU in colorectal cancer. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is similarly treated with pyrimidine analogs, yet the predictive value of mismatch repair status for response to these agents has not been examined in this malignancy. A tissue microarray with associated clinical outcome, comprising 254 resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients was stained for four mismatch repair proteins (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2). Mismatch repair deficiency and proficiency was determined by the absence or presence of uniform nuclear staining in tumor cells, respectively. Cases identified as mismatch repair deficient on the tissue microarray were confirmed by immunohistochemistry on whole slide sections. Of the 265 cases, 78 (29%) received adjuvant treatment with a pyrimidine analog and 41 (15%) showed a mismatch repair-deficient immunoprofile. Multivariable disease-specific survival in the mismatch repair-proficient cohort demonstrated that adjuvant chemotherapy, regional lymph-node status, gender, and the presence of tumor budding were significant independent prognostic variables (P≤0.04); however, none of the eight clinico-pathologic covariates examined in the mismatch repair-deficient cohort were of independent prognostic significance. Univariable assessment of disease-specific survival revealed an almost identical survival profile for both treated and untreated patients with a mismatch repair-deficient profile, while treatment in the mismatch repair-proficient cohort conferred a greater than 10-month median disease-specific survival advantage over their untreated counterparts (P=0.0018). In this cohort, adjuvant chemotherapy with a pyrimidine analog conferred no survival advantage to mismatch repair-deficient pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients. Mismatch repair immunoprofiling is a feasible predictive marker in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients, and further prospective evaluation of this finding is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maziar Riazy
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steve E Kalloger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Pancreas Centre BC, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brandon S Sheffield
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Renata D Peixoto
- Division of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hector H Li-Chang
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Charles H Scudamore
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Pancreas Centre BC, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Division of General Surgery, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel J Renouf
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Pancreas Centre BC, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Division of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David F Schaeffer
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Pancreas Centre BC, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Wild-type APC predicts poor prognosis in microsatellite-stable proximal colon cancer. Br J Cancer 2015; 113:979-88. [PMID: 26305864 PMCID: PMC4578087 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: APC mutations (APC-mt) occur in ∼70% of colorectal cancers (CRCs), but their relationship to prognosis is unclear. Methods: APC prognostic value was evaluated in 746 stage I–IV CRC patients, stratifying for tumour location and microsatellite instability (MSI). Microarrays were used to identify a gene signature that could classify APC mutation status, and classifier ability to predict prognosis was examined in an independent cohort. Results: Wild-type APC microsatellite stable (APC-wt/MSS) tumours from the proximal colon showed poorer overall and recurrence-free survival (OS, RFS) than APC-mt/MSS proximal, APC-wt/MSS distal and APC-mt/MSS distal tumours (OS HR⩾1.79, P⩽0.015; RFS HR⩾1.88, P⩽0.026). APC was a stronger prognostic indicator than BRAF, KRAS, PIK3CA, TP53, CpG island methylator phenotype or chromosomal instability status (P⩽0.036). Microarray analysis similarly revealed poorer survival in MSS proximal cancers with an APC-wt-like signature (P=0.019). APC status did not affect outcomes in MSI tumours. In a validation on 206 patients with proximal colon cancer, APC-wt-like signature MSS cases showed poorer survival than APC-mt-like signature MSS or MSI cases (OS HR⩾2.50, P⩽0.010; RFS HR⩾2.14, P⩽0.025). Poor prognosis APC-wt/MSS proximal tumours exhibited features of the sessile serrated neoplasia pathway (P⩽0.016). Conclusions: APC-wt status is a marker of poor prognosis in MSS proximal colon cancer.
Collapse
|
154
|
Sehgal M, Gupta R, Moussa A, Singh TR. An Integrative Approach for Mapping Differentially Expressed Genes and Network Components Using Novel Parameters to Elucidate Key Regulatory Genes in Colorectal Cancer. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26222778 PMCID: PMC4519280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
For examining the intricate biological processes concerned with colorectal cancer (CRC), a systems biology approach integrating several biological components and other influencing factors is essential to understand. We performed a comprehensive system level analysis for CRC which assisted in unravelling crucial network components and many regulatory elements through a coordinated view. Using this integrative approach, the perceptive of complexity hidden in a biological phenomenon is extensively simplified. The microarray analyses facilitated differential expression of 631 significant genes employed in the progression of disease and supplied interesting associated up and down regulated genes like jun, fos and mapk1. The transcriptional regulation of these genes was deliberated widely by examining transcription factors such as hnf4, nr2f1, znf219 and dr1 which directly influence the expression. Further, interactions of these genes/proteins were evaluated and crucial network motifs were detected to associate with the pathophysiology of CRC. The available standard statistical parameters such as z-score, p-value and significance profile were explored for the identification of key signatures from CRC pathway whereas a few novel parameters representing over-represented structures were also designed in the study. The applied approach revealed 5 key genes i.e. kras, araf, pik3r5, ralgds and akt3 via our novel designed parameters illustrating high statistical significance. These novel parameters can assist in scrutinizing candidate markers for diseases having known biological pathways. Further, investigating and targeting these proposed genes for experimental validations, instead being spellbound by the complicated pathway will certainly endow valuable insight in a well-timed systematic understanding of CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manika Sehgal
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology (JUIT), Waknaghat, Solan, H.P. 173234, India
| | - Rajinder Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology (JUIT), Waknaghat, Solan, H.P. 173234, India
| | - Ahmed Moussa
- LabTIC Laboratory, ENSA, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tangier, Morocco
| | - Tiratha Raj Singh
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology (JUIT), Waknaghat, Solan, H.P. 173234, India
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
|
156
|
Sinicrope FA, Mahoney MR, Yoon HH, Smyrk TC, Thibodeau SN, Goldberg RM, Nelson GD, Sargent DJ, Alberts SR. Analysis of Molecular Markers by Anatomic Tumor Site in Stage III Colon Carcinomas from Adjuvant Chemotherapy Trial NCCTG N0147 (Alliance). Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:5294-304. [PMID: 26187617 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the frequency and prognostic association of molecular markers by anatomic tumor site in patients with stage III colon carcinomas. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In a randomized trial of adjuvant FOLFOX ± cetuximab, BRAF(V600E) and KRAS (exon 2) mutations and DNA mismatch repair (MMR) proteins were analyzed in tumors (N = 3,018) in relationship to tumor location, including subsite. Cox models were used to assess clinical outcome, including overall survival (OS). RESULTS KRAS codon 12 mutations were most frequent at the splenic flexure and cecum; codon 13 mutations were evenly distributed. BRAF mutation frequency sharply increased from transverse colon to cecum in parallel with deficient (d) MMR. Nonmutated BRAF and KRAS tumors progressively decreased from sigmoid to transverse (all P < 0.0001). Significantly, poorer OS was found for mutant KRAS in distal [HR, 1.98; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.49-2.63; P < 0.0001] versus proximal (1.25; 95% CI, 0.97-1.60; P = 0.079) cancers. BRAF status and outcome were not significantly associated with tumor site. Proximal versus distal dMMR tumors had significantly better outcome. An interaction test was significant for tumor site by KRAS (P(adjusted) = 0.043) and MMR (P(adjusted) = 0.010) for OS. Significant prognostic differences for biomarkers by tumor site were maintained in the FOLFOX arm. Tumor site was independently prognostic with a stepwise improvement from cecum to sigmoid (OS: P(adjusted) = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Mutation in BRAF or KRAS codon 12 was enriched in proximal cancers whereas nonmutated BRAF/KRAS was increased in distal tumors. Significant differences in outcome for KRAS mutations and dMMR were found by tumor site, indicating that their interpretation should occur in the context of tumor location.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Sinicrope
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota. Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota.
| | - Michelle R Mahoney
- Alliance Statistics and Data Center, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Harry H Yoon
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Thomas C Smyrk
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Stephen N Thibodeau
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Garth D Nelson
- Alliance Statistics and Data Center, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Daniel J Sargent
- Alliance Statistics and Data Center, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Steven R Alberts
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | |
Collapse
|
157
|
Saidi S, Popov Z, Stavridis S, Panov S. Alterations of microsatellite loci GSN and D18S51 in urinary bladder cancer. Hippokratia 2015; 19:200-204. [PMID: 27418776 PMCID: PMC4938464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of urinary bladder cancer is the most common malignancy in the urinary system. Genetic instability is an essential property of malignant neoplasms and could be evaluated by microsatellite analysis. Alterations in numerous microsatellite loci are already described in urinary bladder TCC. The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of only two microsatellite loci for the detection of bladder TCC, and their correlation with the major clinicopathological parameters. METHODS We analyzed the tissue samples derived from 70 patients with histopathologically confirmed TCC of the urinary bladder, collected by transurethral resection, and samples of normal bladder mucosa derived from 40 patients with nonmalignant diseases. Microsatellite alleles GSN and D18S51 were amplified in paired samples of tissue and leukocyte DNA from each patient, and were analyzed by electrophoresis. RESULTS Microsatellite alterations at either GSN or D18S51locus, or in both, were detected in 46 out of the 70 patients (65.71 %) with TCC, but not in the patients of the control group. We found a significant statistical correlation between the frequencies of patients with microsatellite alterations in the examined loci and all three grades of histopathological T-classification. No significant correlation was found regarding the stages or the occurrence of recidivism, metastasis or cancer-related death within the two-year follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that two selected microsatellite markers could have a potential value in clinical and pathological evaluation of urinary bladder TCC, especially regarding the prediction of tumor differentiation. Additional studies and further validation of the method are needed. Hippokratia 2015; 19 (3): 200-204.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Saidi
- University Clinic of Urology in Skopje, Clinical Center, Skopje, F.Y.R.M
| | - Z Popov
- University Clinic of Urology in Skopje, Clinical Center, Skopje, F.Y.R.M
| | - S Stavridis
- University Clinic of Urology in Skopje, Clinical Center, Skopje, F.Y.R.M
| | - S Panov
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, F.Y.R.M
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Colorectal Cancer Classification and Cell Heterogeneity: A Systems Oncology Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:13610-32. [PMID: 26084042 PMCID: PMC4490512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160613610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a heterogeneous disease that manifests through diverse clinical scenarios. During many years, our knowledge about the variability of colorectal tumors was limited to the histopathological analysis from which generic classifications associated with different clinical expectations are derived. However, currently we are beginning to understand that under the intense pathological and clinical variability of these tumors there underlies strong genetic and biological heterogeneity. Thus, with the increasing available information of inter-tumor and intra-tumor heterogeneity, the classical pathological approach is being displaced in favor of novel molecular classifications. In the present article, we summarize the most relevant proposals of molecular classifications obtained from the analysis of colorectal tumors using powerful high throughput techniques and devices. We also discuss the role that cancer systems biology may play in the integration and interpretation of the high amount of data generated and the challenges to be addressed in the future development of precision oncology. In addition, we review the current state of implementation of these novel tools in the pathological laboratory and in clinical practice.
Collapse
|
159
|
Li W, Zhi W, Zou S, Qiu T, Ling Y, Shan L, Shi S, Ying J. Distinct Clinicopathological Patterns of Mismatch Repair Status in Colorectal Cancer Stratified by KRAS Mutations. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128202. [PMID: 26042813 PMCID: PMC4456280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC), the BRAFV600E mutation is associated with deficient mismatch repair (MMR) status and inversely associated with to KRAS mutations. In contrast to deficient MMR (dMMR) CRC, data on the presence of KRAS oncogenic mutations in proficient MMR (pMMR) CRC and their relationship with tumor progression are scarce. We therefore examined the MMR status in combination with KRAS mutations in 913 Chinese patients and correlated the findings obtained with clinical and pathological features. The MMR status was determined based on detection of MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2 expression. KRAS mutation and dMMR status were detected in 36.9% and 7.5% of cases, respectively. Four subtypes were determined by MMR and KRAS mutation status: KRAS (+)/pMMR (34.0%), KRAS (+)/dMMR (2.9%), KRAS (-)/pMMR (58.5%) and KRAS (-)/dMMR (4.6%). A higher percentage of pMMR tumors with KRAS mutation were most likely to be female (49.0%), proximal located (45.5%), a mucinous histology (38.4%), and to have increased lymph node metastasis (60.3%), compared with pMMR tumors without BRAFV600E and KRAS mutations (36.0%, 29.3%, 29.4% and 50.7%, respectively; all P < 0.01). To the contrary, compared with those with KRAS(-)/dMMR tumors, patients with KRAS(+)/dMMR tumors demonstrated no statistically significant differences in gender, tumor location, pT depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, pTNM stage, and histologic grade. This study revealed that specific epidemiologic and clinicopathologic characteristics are associated with MMR status stratified by KRAS mutation. Knowledge of MMR and KRAS mutation status may enhance molecular pathologic staging of CRC patients and metastatic progression in CRC can be estimated based on the combination of these biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Li
- Department of pathology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxue Zhi
- Department of pathology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangmei Zou
- Department of pathology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Qiu
- Department of pathology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Ling
- Department of pathology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Shan
- Department of pathology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Susheng Shi
- Department of pathology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JY); (SS)
| | - Jianming Ying
- Department of pathology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JY); (SS)
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Roukeyan•Kudalaiti, Yue N, Liang LP, Zhao F. Clinicopathological features and expression of hMLH1 and hMSH2 in Uygur and Han patients with colorectal carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:2382-2388. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i15.2382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To compare the differences in clinicopathological features and expression of hMLH1 and hMSH2 between Uygur and Han patients with colorectal carcinoma.
METHODS: The clinical data for 133 Uygur and 151 Han patients with colorectal carcinoma were analyzed retrospectively. The expression of hMLH1 and hMSH2 proteins was detected in 207 colorectal carcinoma samples, including 98 from Uygur and 109 from Han patients, by immunohistochemical staining.
RESULTS: There were significant differences in onset age, tumor size, pathological differentiation, lymphatic metastasis and tumor stage between the Uygur group and Han group (P < 0.05). In Uygur patients, the loss rate of hMLH1 expression was 9.2% (9/98) in colorectal cancer tissue, and the loss rate of hMSH2 expression was 3.3% (3/98). The loss rate of hMLH1 expression in patients with tumor size > 5 cm was significantly higher than that in patients with tumor size ≤ 5 cm (17.1% vs 3.5%, P < 0.05). The loss rate of hMLH1 expression in patients with lymph node metastasis was 15.1%, significantly higher than that (2.2%) in patients without lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05). The loss rate of hMSH2 in colorectal cancer tissue of Uygur patients (3.1%) was significantly lower than that (10.1%) in Han patients (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: There are differences in clinicopathologic features and expression of hMSH2 between Uygur and Han patients with colorectal carcinoma in Xinjiang.
Collapse
|
161
|
Microsatellite instability, disease-free survival and role of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (Invited editorial on ‘Predictors of disease-free survival in colorectal cancer with microsatellite instability: An AGEO multicenter study’). Eur J Cancer 2015; 51:922-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
162
|
Bruun J, Kolberg M, Ahlquist TC, Røyrvik EC, Nome T, Leithe E, Lind GE, Merok MA, Rognum TO, Bjørkøy G, Johansen T, Lindblom A, Sun XF, Svindland A, Liestøl K, Nesbakken A, Skotheim RI, Lothe RA. Regulator of Chromosome Condensation 2 Identifies High-Risk Patients within Both Major Phenotypes of Colorectal Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:3759-70. [PMID: 25910952 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Colorectal cancer has high incidence and mortality worldwide. Patients with microsatellite instable (MSI) tumors have significantly better prognosis than patients with microsatellite stable (MSS) tumors. Considerable variation in disease outcome remains a challenge within each subgroup, and our purpose was to identify biomarkers that improve prediction of colorectal cancer prognosis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Mutation analyses of 42 MSI target genes were performed in two independent MSI tumor series (n = 209). Markers that were significantly associated with prognosis in the test series were assessed in the validation series, followed by functional and genetic explorations. The clinical potential was further investigated by immunohistochemistry in a population-based colorectal cancer series (n = 903). RESULTS We identified the cell-cycle gene regulator of chromosome condensation 2 (RCC2) as a cancer biomarker. We found a mutation in the 5' UTR region of RCC2 that in univariate and multivariate analyses was significantly associated with improved outcome in the MSI group. This mutation caused reduction of protein expression in dual luciferase gene reporter assays. siRNA knockdown in MSI colon cancer cells (HCT15) caused reduced cell proliferation, cell-cycle arrest, and increased apoptosis. Massive parallel sequencing revealed few RCC2 mutations in MSS tumors. However, weak RCC2 protein expression was significantly associated with poor prognosis, independent of clinical high-risk parameters, and stratifies clinically important patient subgroups with MSS tumors, including elderly patients (>75 years), stage II patients, and those with rectal cancer. CONCLUSIONS Impaired RCC2 affects functional and clinical endpoints of colorectal cancer. High-risk patients with either MSI or MSS tumors can be identified with cost-effective routine RCC2 assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jarle Bruun
- Department for Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthias Kolberg
- Department for Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Terje C Ahlquist
- Department for Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ellen C Røyrvik
- Department for Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, ORCRB, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Torfinn Nome
- Department for Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Edward Leithe
- Department for Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guro E Lind
- Department for Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne A Merok
- Department for Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Aker Hospital-Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torleiv O Rognum
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway. Division of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Pathology and Clinical Forensic Medicine, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Bjørkøy
- University College of Sør-Trøndelag, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Terje Johansen
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Annika Lindblom
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiao-Feng Sun
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, County Council of Östergötland, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Aud Svindland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway. Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Liestøl
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. Department of Informatics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arild Nesbakken
- K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Aker Hospital-Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Rolf I Skotheim
- Department for Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. Department of Informatics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ragnhild A Lothe
- Department for Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Mei Q, Xue G, Li X, Wu Z, Li X, Yan H, Guo M, Sun S, Han W. Methylation-induced loss of miR-484 in microsatellite-unstable colorectal cancer promotes both viability and IL-8 production via CD137L. J Pathol 2015; 236:165-74. [PMID: 25727216 DOI: 10.1002/path.4525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) exhibiting MSI (microsatellite instability) represents a well-defined subtype characterized by a deficient mismatch repair pathway and typical clinico-pathological features. Our objective was to identify the entire miRNome and its molecular pathological roles in MSI CRCs. We profiled miRNA expression in MSI CRCs and compared it with MSS counterparts. Microarray and qRT-PCR analysis identified eight miRNAs that could distinguish the MSI status of CRCs. MiR-484 was the most significantly decreased miRNA in MSI CRCs, primarily mediated by the CpG island methylator phenotype. MiR-484 functions as a tumour suppressor to inhibit MSI CRC cell viability in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, miR-484 repressed CD137L expression and thereby attenuated IL-8 production by MSI CRC cells. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the roles of dysregulated miRNAs in the distinct phenotypic features of MSI CRCs and indicate an option for early diagnosis and gene therapy for these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Mei
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, PR China.,Department of Medical Genetics, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiang'Yin Road, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Geng Xue
- Department of Medical Genetics, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiang'Yin Road, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaolei Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hongli Yan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiang'Yin Road, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Mingzhou Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shuhan Sun
- Department of Medical Genetics, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiang'Yin Road, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Weidong Han
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common type of cancer in the Western world. The treatment of this disease has evolved greatly, particularly for patients with metastatic disease. The advent of combination chemotherapy plus targeted agents has led to more curative resections and improved survival rates in these patients. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms of tumorigenesis has facilitated tumor characterization, prognosis and patient stratification, bringing us one step closer towards personalized medicine. SUMMARY There are two main pathways of CRC development: (1) chromosomal instability, also known as the classical adenoma-carcinoma sequence, and (2) microsatellite instability, caused by a defective mismatch repair (dMMR) system. Analysis of these pathways has uncovered key prognostic and predictive biomarkers to guide patient selection and treatment strategy. This review summarizes the current treatment regimens and recent advances in the personalized therapy of CRC. KEY MESSAGE Understanding of the mechanisms of CRC pathogenesis has led to new developments in tumor characterization, patient stratification, prognosis and treatment, bringing us closer to personalized therapy. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS In the adjuvant setting, the treatment decision is driven by clinical and histopathological factors. dMMR status is one of the most robust positive prognostic factors in resected colon cancer. More and more guidelines recommend refraining from adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with dMMR. In the metastatic setting, the introduction of effective compounds, including agents that target the epidermal growth factor receptor and vascular endothelial growth factor pathways, has significantly improved survival. The presence of wild-type KRAS and NRAS (all RAS) is a positive predictive factor for epidermal growth factor receptor antibody treatment. Therefore, analysis of all RAS status is recommended for all patients with metastatic disease prior to the initiation of first-line chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jona Leichsenring
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine I, St. Josef-Hospital, University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Adrian Koppelle
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine I, St. Josef-Hospital, University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ank Reinacher-Schick
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine I, St. Josef-Hospital, University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Halwani Y, Kojic LD, Chan SK, Phang TP, Masoudi H, Jones SJM, Nabi IR, Wiseman SM. Prognostic significance of autocrine motility factor receptor expression by colorectal cancer and lymph node metastases. Am J Surg 2015; 209:884-9; discussion 889. [PMID: 25852009 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autocrine motility factor receptor (AMFR) has been linked to metastasis and tumorigenicity. The aim of this study was to evaluate expression and prognostic significance of AMFR in colorectal carcinoma. METHODS AMFR expression was evaluated in 127 colon cancer specimens, 131 rectal cancer specimens, and 47 colonic and 25 rectal corresponding lymph node metastases. Clinicopathological correlates of prognostic significance were established by univariate and multivariate analysis. Spearman's correlation determined the association of expression between cancers and their metastases. RESULTS AMFR was over-expressed by 22% of colon cancers and 18% of rectal cancers. AMFR over-expression correlated significantly with improved disease-free survival (DFS) (P < .05) in colon cancer and decreased DFS in corresponding nodal metastases. In rectal cancer, AMFR over-expression significantly correlated with decreased overall survival, DFS, and disease-specific survival (P < .001, P = .031, P = .005, respectively) and decreased overall survival in corresponding metastases. CONCLUSION AMFR may serve as a molecular prognosticator for colon cancer and rectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Halwani
- Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Liliana D Kojic
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Simon K Chan
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Terry P Phang
- Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hamid Masoudi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steven J M Jones
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ivan R Nabi
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sam M Wiseman
- Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Abstract
Lynch syndrome, which is now recognized as the most common hereditary colorectal cancer condition, is characterized by the predisposition to a spectrum of cancers, primarily colorectal cancer and endometrial cancer. We chronicle over a century of discoveries that revolutionized the diagnosis and clinical management of Lynch syndrome, beginning in 1895 with Warthin's observations of familial cancer clusters, through the clinical era led by Lynch and the genetic era heralded by the discovery of causative mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes, to ongoing challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry T Lynch
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA
| | - Carrie L Snyder
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA
| | - Trudy G Shaw
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA
| | - Christopher D Heinen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3101, USA
| | - Megan P Hitchins
- Department of Medicine (Oncology), Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Grant Building S169, 1291 Welch Road, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Campanella NC, Penna V, Ribeiro G, Abrah�o-Machado LF, Scapulatempo-Neto C, Reis RM. Absence of Microsatellite Instability In Soft Tissue Sarcomas. Pathobiology 2015; 82:36-42. [DOI: 10.1159/000369906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
168
|
Akkad J, Bochum S, Martens UM. Personalized treatment for colorectal cancer: novel developments and putative therapeutic strategies. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2015; 400:129-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00423-015-1276-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
169
|
Cheah PL, Looi LM, Teoh KH, Rahman NA, Wong LX, Tan SY. Colorectal carcinoma in Malaysians: DNA mismatch repair pattern in a multiethnic population. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:3287-91. [PMID: 24815484 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.7.3287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interesting preponderance of Chinese with colorectal carcinoma (CRC) amongst the three major ethnic groups in Malaysia prompted a study to determine DNA mismatch repair (MMR) status in our CRC and attempt correlation with patient age, gender and ethnicity as well as location, grade, histological type and stage of tumour. Histologically re-confirmed CRC, diagnosed between 1st January 2005 and 31st December 2007 at the Department of Pathology, University of Malaya Medical Centre, were immunohistochemically stained with monoclonal antibodies to MMR proteins, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2 on the Ventana Benchmark XT autostainer. Of the 142 CRC cases entered into the study, there were 82 males and 60 females (M:F=1.4:1). Ethnically, 81 (57.0%) were Chinese, 32 (22.5%) Malays and 29 (20.4%) Indians. The patient ages ranged between 15-87 years (mean=62.4 years) with 21 cases <50-years and 121 ≥50-years of age. 14 (9.9%) CRC showed deficient MMR (dMMR). Concurrent loss of MLH1 and PMS2 occurred in 10, MSH2 and MSH6 in 2 with isolated loss of MSH6 in 1 and PMS2 in 1. dMMR was noted less frequently amongst the Chinese (6.2%) in comparison with their combined Malay and Indian counterparts (14.8%), and was associated with right sided and poorly differentiated tumours (p<0.05). 3 of the 5 (60.0%) dMMR CRC cases amongst the Chinese and 1 of 9 cases (11.1%) amongst the combined Malay and Indian group were <50-years of age. No significant association of dMMR was noted with patient age and gender, tumour stage or mucinous type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phaik-Leng Cheah
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia E-mail :
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
170
|
Sinicrope FA, Shi Q, Smyrk TC, Thibodeau SN, Dienstmann R, Guinney J, Bot BM, Tejpar S, Delorenzi M, Goldberg RM, Mahoney M, Sargent DJ, Alberts SR. Molecular markers identify subtypes of stage III colon cancer associated with patient outcomes. Gastroenterology 2015; 148:88-99. [PMID: 25305506 PMCID: PMC4274188 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Categorization of colon cancers into distinct subtypes using a combination of pathway-based biomarkers could provide insight into stage-independent variability in outcomes. METHODS We used a polymerase chain reaction-based assay to detect mutations in BRAF (V600E) and in KRAS in 2720 stage III cancer samples, collected prospectively from patients participating in an adjuvant chemotherapy trial (NCCTG N0147). Tumors deficient or proficient in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) were identified based on detection of MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6 proteins and methylation of the MLH1 promoter. Findings were validated using tumor samples from a separate set of patients with stage III cancer (n = 783). Association with 5-year disease-free survival was evaluated using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS Tumors were categorized into 5 subtypes based on MMR status and detection of BRAF or KRAS mutations which were mutually exclusive. Three subtypes were MMR proficient: those with mutations in BRAF (6.9% of samples), mutations in KRAS (35%), or tumors lacking either BRAF or KRAS mutations (49%). Two subtypes were MMR deficient: the sporadic type (6.8%) with BRAF mutation and/or or hypermethylation of MLH1 and the familial type (2.6%), which lacked BRAF(V600E) or hypermethylation of MLH1. A higher percentage of MMR-proficient tumors with BRAF(V600E) were proximal (76%), high-grade (44%), N2 stage (59%), and detected in women (59%), compared with MMR-proficient tumors without BRAF(V600E) or KRAS mutations (33%, 19%, 41%, and 42%, respectively; all P < .0001). A significantly lower proportion of patients with MMR-proficient tumors with mutant BRAF (hazard ratio = 1.43; 95% confidence interval: 1.11-1.85; Padjusted = .0065) or mutant KRAS (hazard ratio = 1.48; 95% confidence interval: 1.27-1.74; Padjusted < .0001) survived disease-free for 5 years compared with patients whose MMR-proficient tumors lacked mutations in either gene. Disease-free survival rates of patients with MMR-deficient sporadic or familial subtypes was similar to those of patients with MMR-proficient tumors without BRAF or KRAS mutations. The observed differences in survival rates of patients with different tumor subtypes were validated in an independent cohort. CONCLUSIONS We identified subtypes of stage III colon cancer, based on detection of mutations in BRAF (V600E) or KRAS, and MMR status that show differences in clinical and pathologic features and disease-free survival. Patients with MMR-proficient tumors and BRAF or KRAS mutations had statistically shorter survival times than patients whose tumors lacked these mutations. The tumor subtype found in nearly half of the study cohort (MMR-proficient without BRAF(V600E) or KRAS mutations) had similar outcomes to those of patients with MMR-deficient cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank A. Sinicrope
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Qian Shi
- Alliance Statistics and Data Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Thomas C. Smyrk
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | | | | | - Sabine Tejpar
- Molecular Digestive Oncology, KU Leuven, The Netherlands
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Richard M. Goldberg
- Division of Medical Oncology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
171
|
Lynch syndrome screening should be considered for all patients with newly diagnosed endometrial cancer. Am J Surg Pathol 2014; 38:1501-9. [PMID: 25229768 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lynch syndrome (LS) is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder caused by germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. Mutation carriers are at substantially increased risk of developing cancers of the colorectum and endometrium, among others. Given recent recommendations for universal, cost-effective screening of all patients with newly diagnosed colorectal cancer using MMR protein immunohistochemistry, we evaluated MMR protein expression in a series of endometrial cancers in the general population. A total of 605 consecutive cases of primary endometrial cancer at a single institution (1997 to 2013) were evaluated regardless of age, family history, or histologic features. Evaluation methods consisted of immunohistochemistry for the MMR proteins MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2, followed by DNA methylation analysis for cases with MLH1/PMS2 deficiency. Germline mutation testing was performed on a subset of cases. Forty MMR-deficient, nonmethylated endometrial cancers were identified: 3 MLH1/PMS2 and 37 MSH6/MSH2 protein deficiencies. Only 25% occurred in women below 50 years of age (range, 39 to 88 y), 1 of which was in a risk-reducing hysterectomy specimen. Only 15% of patients had a prior history of carcinoma, including only 2 patients with prior colorectal carcinoma. Most (80%) of the endometrial cancers were purely endometrioid; there were 2 mixed endometrioid/mucinous, 1 mucinous, 1 serous, 2 clear cell, and 2 carcinosarcoma cases. When grading was applicable, 40% of the endometrial malignancies were FIGO grade 1, 34% grade 2, and 26% grade 3. Thirteen percent arose in the lower uterine segment, and 23% had tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Of the tumors with known germline testing, 41% with a LS-associated germline mutation were not associated with any of the traditional indicators that have been recommended for LS screening (ie, age 50 y or younger, personal/family cancer pedigree that meets Bethesda guideline criteria, presence of MMR-associated tumor morphology, or location in the lower uterine segment). These data suggest that a significant number of LS-associated endometrial carcinomas are missed using clinical, histologic, and locational screening parameters and provide support for universal screening of all newly diagnosed endometrial cancers.
Collapse
|
172
|
Vaniawala S, Acharya A, Parekh H, Bapat A, Mukhopadhyaya PN. Pattern of Variation in the Mono- and Dinucleotide Repeat Microsatellites Associated with Lynch Syndrome in an Indian Population. Oncol Res Treat 2014; 37:720-4. [DOI: 10.1159/000369261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
173
|
Spiliopoulou P, Arkenau HT. Rationally designed treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: current drug development strategies. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:10288-95. [PMID: 25132745 PMCID: PMC4130836 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i30.10288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic landscape of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) has changed substantially with the emergence of new molecularly targeted agents (MTA) used as single agents or alongside standard chemotherapy. The use of these MTAs extended the overall survival of patients with mCRC to a level that current chemotherapeutics alone could not achieve. In addition, improvement in surgical techniques and ablation modalities offer cure to a limited subset of patients with mCRC and MTAs have been found to have a significant role here too, as they aid resectability. However, for the majority of patients, mCRC remains an invariably incurable disease necessitating continued courses of combined treatment modalities. During the course of these treatments, either cytotoxic or biological, cancer cells maintain their ability to acquire mitogenic mutations which render them resistant to treatment. Key challenges remain to identify appropriate subsets of patients who will most likely benefit from these new MTAs and effectively select these based on validated biomarkers. Moreover, better knowledge of the biology of colorectal cancer and the mechanisms via which it bypasses blockade of known signalling pathways will help us design better and more rational sequencing of these treatments, so that we can maximise the survivorship of mCRC patients. This review outlines treatment strategies for known molecular alterations with new MTAs and highlights some promising strategies.
Collapse
|
174
|
Yang W, Wang X, Li X, Wang M, Chen X, Wu X, Wang Y, Fan Y, Jin H. The specific methylation characteristics of cancer related genes in Chinese colorectal cancer patients. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:8267-79. [PMID: 24852431 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation at CpG islands has been implicated as a critical player in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, its biological role and clinical significance in carcinogenesis have not been clearly clarified in Chinese CRC patients. In order to examine the methylation status of cancer-related genes in CRC progression, 184 tumor tissues were collected from Chinese patients diagnosed with CRC during 2008-2011. Promoter methylation was assessed by combined bisulphite-restriction analysis, methylation-specific PCR, and bisulphite sequencing PCR . The relationship between the gene promoter methylation status and clinicopathological factors/CRC mortality was examined by using the chi-square test/Cox-proportional hazards models. Promoter hypermethylation of MLH1, p16, SFRP2, PHD3, KLOTHO, and IGFBP7 was observed in 1.6, 10.9, 97.3, 44.0, 59.8, and 88.6 % of CRC samples, respectively. KLOTHO promoter methylation reduced with age (P = 0.018) whereas p16 promoter methylation increased with age (P = 0.044) and was more frequent among males (P = 0.017). Tumor tissues (73.9 %) had concurrent methylation of two or more genes, with the most frequent combination as KLOTHO and IGFBP7 (53.8 %). Concurrent methylation of KLOTHO and IGFBP7 occurred more frequently among patients less than 70 years old (P = 0.035) and those with poor differentiation (P = 0.024). CRC-specific mortality was not associated with promoter methylation and clinicopathological features except for age (P = 0.038; risk ratio (RR), 1.96; 95 % confidence interval (CI), 1.04-3.70) and TNM stage (P = 0.034; RR, 3.47; 95 % CI, 1.10-10.92). Methylation frequencies of MLH1, p16, PHD3, KLOTHO, and IGFBP7 in CRC tissues were significantly higher than that in the paired normal tissues, while promoter hypermethylation of SFRP2 was widespread in normal tissues. In conclusion, we suggest that methylation of some genes (MLH1, PHD3, KLOTHO, p16, and IGFBP7) is important in CRC progression whereas SFRP2 methylation is unlikely to contribute to CRC development in Chinese patients. Besides, by identifying the characteristics of concordant methylation, we confirm the multifactorial nature of tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- WenJie Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
175
|
Molecular patterns in deficient mismatch repair colorectal tumours: results from a French prospective multicentric biological and genetic study. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:2728-37. [PMID: 24800948 PMCID: PMC4037827 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To test the prognostic value of tumour protein and genetic markers in colorectal cancer (CRC) and examine whether deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) tumours had a distinct profile relative to proficient mismatch repair (pMMR) tumours. Methods: This prospective multicentric study involved 251 stage I–III CRC patients. Analysed biomarkers were EGFR (binding assay), VEGFA, thymidylate synthase (TS), thymidine phosphorylase (TP) and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) expressions, MMR status, mutations of KRAS (codons 12–13), BRAF (V600E), PIK3CA (exons 9 and 20), APC (exon 15) and P53 (exons 4–9), CpG island methylation phenotype status, ploidy, S-phase, LOH. Results: The only significant predictor of relapse-free survival (RFS) was tumour staging. Analyses restricted to stage III showed a trend towards a shorter RFS in KRAS-mutated (P=0.005), BRAF wt (P=0.009) and pMMR tumours (P=0.036). Deficient mismatch repair tumours significantly demonstrated higher TS (median 3.1 vs 1.4) and TP (median 5.8 vs 3.5) expression relative to pMMR (P<0.001) and show higher DPD expression (median 14.9 vs 7.9, P=0.027) and EGFR content (median 69 vs 38, P=0.037) relative to pMMR. Conclusions: Present data suggesting that both TS and DPD are overexpressed in dMMR tumours as compared with pMMR tumours provide a strong rationale that may explain the resistance of dMMR tumours to 5FU-based therapy.
Collapse
|
176
|
Johnston PG. Identification of clinically relevant molecular subtypes in colorectal cancer: the dawning of a new era. Oncologist 2014; 19:568-73. [PMID: 24718513 PMCID: PMC4012975 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2014-038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a number of protein and genomic-based biomarkers have begun to refine the prognostic information available for colorectal cancer (CRC) and predict defined patient groups that are likely to benefit from systemic treatment or targeted therapies. Of these, KRAS represents the first biomarker integrated into clinical practice for CRC. Microarray-based gene expression profiling has been used to identify prognostic signatures and, to a lesser extent, predictive signatures in CRC. Despite these advances, a number of major challenges remain. This article, which is based on a lecture delivered as part of the 2013 Bob Pinedo Cancer Care Prize, reviews the impact of molecular biomarkers on the management of CRC, emphasizing changes that have occurred in recent years, and focuses on potential mechanisms of patient stratification and opportunities for novel therapeutic development based on enhanced biological understanding of colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Johnston
- Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
Prevalence and implications of elevated microsatellite alterations at selected tetranucleotides in cancer. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:823-7. [PMID: 24691426 PMCID: PMC4150258 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated microsatellite alterations at selected tetranucleotides (EMAST), a variation of microsatellite instability (MSI), has been reported in a variety of malignancies (e.g., neoplasias of the lung, head and neck, colorectal region, skin, urinary tract and reproductive organs). EMAST is more prominent at organ sites with potential external exposure to carcinogens (e.g., head, neck, lung, urinary bladder and colon), although the specific molecular mechanisms leading to EMAST remain elusive. Because it is often associated with advanced stages of malignancy, EMAST may be a consequence of rapid cell proliferation and increased mutagenesis. Moreover, defects in DNA mismatch repair enzyme complexes, TP53 mutation status and peritumoural inflammation involving T cells have been described in EMAST tumours. At various tumour sites, EMAST and high-frequency MSI share no clinicopathological features or molecular mechanisms, suggesting their existence as separate entities. Thus EMAST should be explored, because its presence in human cells may reflect both increased risk and the potential for early detection. In particular, the potential use of EMAST in prognosis and prediction may yield novel types of therapeutic intervention, particularly those involving the immune system. This review will summarise the current information concerning EMAST in cancer to highlight the knowledge gaps that require further research.
Collapse
|
178
|
Sanz-García E, Elez E, Macarulla T, Dienstmann R, Salazar R, Tabernero J. Prognosis and Therapeutic Implications for Emerging Colorectal Cancer Subtypes. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-013-0205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
179
|
Das R, Bhattacharya K, Sarkar S, Samanta SK, Pal BC, Mandal C. Mahanine synergistically enhances cytotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil through ROS-mediated activation of PTEN and p53/p73 in colon carcinoma. Apoptosis 2014; 19:149-64. [PMID: 24052409 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0907-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) alone or in combination with other drugs is the main basis of chemotherapeutic treatment in colorectal cancer although patients with microsatellite instability generally show resistance to 5-FU treatment. The present investigation is focussed on the mechanistic insight of a pure herbal carbazole alkaloid, mahanine, as a single or in combination with 5-FU in colon cancer. We demonstrated that mahanine-induced apoptosis involved reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated nuclear accumulation of PTEN and its interaction with p53/p73. Mahanine and 5-FU in combination exerted synergistic inhibitory effect on cell viability. This combination also enhanced ROS production, increased tumour suppressor proteins and suppressed chemo-migration. Taken together, our results revealed that mahanine can be a potential chemotherapeutic agent with efficacy to reduce the concentration of toxic 5-FU in colon cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjita Das
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
180
|
Grande R, Corsi D, Mancini R, Gemma D, Ciancola F, Sperduti I, Rossi L, Fabbri A, Diodoro MG, Ruggeri E, Zampa G, Bianchetti S, Gamucci T. Evaluation of relapse-free survival in T3N0 colon cancer: the role of chemotherapy, a multicentric retrospective analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80188. [PMID: 24339871 PMCID: PMC3855068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) in Stage II Colon Cancer (CC) is still under debate. Choice should be based on patients and disease characteristics. According to guidelines AC should be considered in high-risk T3N0 patients. No data are available for better option in low-risk patients. The aim of the study is to retrospectively evaluate relapse-free survival (RFS) and disease-free survival (DFS) according to treatment received in T3N0 CC. Methods RFS and DFS are evaluated with Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard model was developed using stepwise regression, enter limit and remove limit were p = 0.10 and p = 0.15, respectively. Results 834 patients with T3N0 CC were recruited. Median age was 69 (29–93), M/F 463/371, 335 low-risk patients (40.2%), 387 high-risk (46.4%), 112 unknown (13.4%); 127 (15.2%) patients showed symptoms at diagnosis. Median sampled lymph nodes were 15 (1–76); 353 (42.3%) patients were treated with AC. Median follow up was 5 years (range 3–24). The 5-years RFS was 78.4% and the 5-years DFS was 76.7%. At multivariate analysis symptoms, lymph nodes, and adjuvant chemotherapy were prognostic factors for RFS. AC is prognostic factor for all endpoints. In low-risk group 5-years RFS was 87.3% in treated patients and 74.7% in non-treated patients (p 0.03); in high-risk group was respectively 82.7% and 71.4% (p 0.005). Conclusions Data confirmed the role of known prognostic factors and suggest the relevance of adjuvant chemotherapy also in low-risk stage II T3N0 CC patients. However, the highest risk in low-risk subgroup should be identified to be submitted to AC.
Collapse
|
181
|
Campanella NC, Berardinelli GN, Scapulatempo-Neto C, Viana D, Palmero EI, Pereira R, Reis RM. Optimization of a pentaplex panel for MSI analysis without control DNA in a Brazilian population: correlation with ancestry markers. Eur J Hum Genet 2013; 22:875-80. [PMID: 24193342 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) testing has been advocated for all newly diagnosed colorectal cancer patients. One of the most common tests is composed by a pentaplex panel of mononucleotides markers (NR-27, NR-21, NR-24, BAT-25, and BAT-26), which allows the analysis of MSI in tumors without the need of reference DNA. For that, it is fundamental to establish a quasi-monomorphic variation range (QMVR) for each marker. Herein, we aimed to establish the QMVR in a Brazilian healthy population, to evaluate the feasibility of MSI determination of tumors, without the matching normal DNA. Furthermore, we intend to assess their ancestry using specific ancestry-informative markers (AIMs) and correlate with QMVR. The QMVR was assessed in 214 individuals, through a pentaplex PCR followed by fragment analysis. The ancestry analysis was done by 46 AIMs in a single multiplex PCR followed by capillary electrophoresis. Following QMVR establishment, we observed 23 individuals with alleles outside the QMVR. Importantly, none of them exhibited more than one marker outside the range. Therefore, individuals with instability at ≥2 markers would be accurately classified as MSI. The European ancestry proportion was the most frequent (67.5%), followed by the African (19.6%). The comparison of the individuals with alleles within (n=191) and outside (n=23) the QMVR showed statistical difference in the proportions of European and African alleles, confirming the higher polymorphic nature of African ancestry. In conclusion, the present study reports an accurate methodology to assess MSI status without matched-normal DNA and independently of the ethnicity, even in the highly admixed population of Brazil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Danilo Viana
- Oncogenetic Department, Barretos Cancer Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edenir I Palmero
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Pereira
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui M Reis
- 1] Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil [2] Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of Minho, and ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Ikehata M, Ogawa M, Yamada Y, Tanaka S, Ueda K, Iwakawa S. Different effects of epigenetic modifiers on the cytotoxicity induced by 5-fluorouracil, irinotecan or oxaliplatin in colon cancer cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2013; 37:67-73. [PMID: 24172061 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b13-00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of epigenetic modifiers such as DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors on the cytotoxicity induced by 3 anticancer drugs (5-fluorouracil (5-FU), irinotecan (CPT-11) or its active form SN38, and oxaliplatin (L-OHP)) in human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Cytotoxicity in 4 CRC cell lines (HT29, SW480, SW48 and HCT116) was examined by colorimetric assay after drug treatment for 72 h. The effects of drug combinations were analyzed by an isobologram method. SW480 cells showed the lowest sensitivity to cytotoxicity induced by the anticancer drugs among the 4 CRC cell lines. In SW480 cells, DNMT inhibitors, such as decitabine (DAC), azacytidine and zebularine (Zeb), showed synergic effects on the cytotoxicity induced by anticancer drugs except for SN-38 plus Zeb, while HDAC inhibitors, trichostatin A, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid and valproic acid, showed antagonistic effects. DAC showed the most potent synergic effects among the epigenetic modifiers studied. Thus, we examined whether the synergic effect of DAC is observed in other different CRC cell lines, HT29, SW48 and HCT116 cells. In all 4 CRC cell lines, the cytotoxicity of L-OHP was enhanced in a synergic manner by co-treatment with DAC. However, synergic effects of DAC with 5-FU or CPT-11 (SN-38) were not observed in 4 CRC cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mika Ikehata
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
183
|
Chen CW, Zhu Z, Dong J. Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:2963-2968. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i28.2963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), also known as Lynch syndrome, is a class of autosomal dominant genetic disease. Main clinical characteristics of HNPCC include early onset age, more common in the right colon, and concomitant with simultaneous or metachronous extracolonic cancers, including endometrial cancer, stomach cancer, and ovarian cancer. However, the prognosis of HNPCC is better than sporadic colorectal cancer. Screening and intervention for HNPCC among high-risk pedigree population can effectively reduce the cancer incidence and mortality. In this article we will review the pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis, screening, prevention and treatment of HNPCC.
Collapse
|
184
|
Sirintrapun SJ, Ward M, Woo J, Cimic A. High-stage urachal adenocarcinoma can be associated with microsatellite instability and KRAS mutations. Hum Pathol 2013; 45:327-30. [PMID: 24355196 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Urachal adenocarcinoma (UAC) is a rare tumor of the urinary bladder, which can show intestinal, mucinous, and signet ring cell histology. The morphology is similar to that of colorectal adenocarcinoma (CAC). Microsatellite instability (MSI), KRAS, and BRAF have been more extensively studied in CAC. What is not known is whether UAC in its morphologic similarity to CAC could show immunohistochemical features of MSI along with KRAS- and BRAF-activating mutations. A retrospective review of institutional archives for UAC cases found 7 cases, all of which were high stage. Most (6/7) of our UAC cases showed evidence of MSI or mutations of KRAS. No cases showed a BRAF mutation at codon 600. Of the cases that demonstrated MSI, 1 showed mutS homolog 2 and mutS homolog 6 loss, and 2 showed PMS2 (postmeiotic segregation increased 2) loss. Of the remaining 4 cases, 3 showed KRAS mutations at codon 12. Our UAC series showed mutual exclusivity of MSI and KRAS mutations. Furthermore, our UAC cases with KRAS mutations showed markedly better overall survival (mean, 101.7 versus 6.5 months; P = .035). Thus, our study justifies ancillary testing for MSI and KRAS in UAC, particularly when there is high-stage and mucinous histology, but a larger multi-institutional accruement of UAC cases is necessary to further validate our novel findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Joseph Sirintrapun
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157.
| | - Martha Ward
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Jennifer Woo
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Adela Cimic
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
Wong SH, Sung JJY, Chan FKL, To KF, Ng SSM, Wang XJ, Yu J, Wu WKK. Genome-wide association and sequencing studies on colorectal cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2013; 23:502-11. [PMID: 24096009 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Understanding its genetic mechanisms is key to improving risk prediction, prognostication and treatment. Results from genome-wide association studies have engendered a growing list of colorectal cancer susceptibility genes whereas the application of genome-wide mutational analysis has enabled the depiction of mutational landscape of colorectal cancer at high resolution. The development of novel technologies, such as metagenomic and single-cell sequencing, is expected to have positive impact on future genetic studies. However, challenges remain to address the changing epidemiology of colorectal cancer, issues on genetic testing, and clinical utilization of genomic data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunny H Wong
- Institute of Digestive Disease and State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics and LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
186
|
Stefansson OA, Esteller M. Epigenetic Modifications in Breast Cancer and Their Role in Personalized Medicine. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:1052-1063. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
187
|
Roepman P, Schlicker A, Tabernero J, Majewski I, Tian S, Moreno V, Snel MH, Chresta CM, Rosenberg R, Nitsche U, Macarulla T, Capella G, Salazar R, Orphanides G, Wessels LFA, Bernards R, Simon IM. Colorectal cancer intrinsic subtypes predict chemotherapy benefit, deficient mismatch repair and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:552-62. [PMID: 23852808 PMCID: PMC4234005 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In most colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, outcome cannot be predicted because tumors with similar clinicopathological features can have differences in disease progression and treatment response. Therefore, a better understanding of the CRC biology is required to identify those patients who will benefit from chemotherapy and to find a more tailored therapy plan for other patients. Based on unsupervised classification of whole genome data from 188 stages I–IV CRC patients, a molecular classification was developed that consist of at least three major intrinsic subtypes (A-, B- and C-type). The subtypes were validated in 543 stages II and III patients and were associated with prognosis and benefit from chemotherapy. The heterogeneity of the intrinsic subtypes is largely based on three biological hallmarks of the tumor: epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, deficiency in mismatch repair genes that result in high mutation frequency associated with microsatellite instability and cellular proliferation. A-type tumors, observed in 22% of the patients, have the best prognosis, have frequent BRAF mutations and a deficient DNA mismatch repair system. C-type patients (16%) have the worst outcome, a mesenchymal gene expression phenotype and show no benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy treatment. Both A-type and B-type tumors have a more proliferative and epithelial phenotype and B-types benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. B-type tumors (62%) show a low overall mutation frequency consistent with the absence of DNA mismatch repair deficiency. Classification based on molecular subtypes made it possible to expand and improve CRC classification beyond standard molecular and immunohistochemical assessment and might help in the future to guide treatment in CRC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Roepman
- Department of Research and Development, Agendia NV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
188
|
Kamat N, Khidhir MA, Alashari MM, Rannug U. Microsatellite instability and loss of heterozygosity detected in middle-aged patients with sporadic colon cancer: A retrospective study. Oncol Lett 2013; 6:1413-1420. [PMID: 24179534 PMCID: PMC3813818 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a mutator phenotype that results from a defective mismatch repair (MMR) pathway. The present study examined the incidence of MSI and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) according to five markers from the panel of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in 38 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients from the United Arab Emirates (UAE). MSI and LOH were analyzed using fragment analyses in a multiplex PCR setting on a capillary array electrophoresis platform. The expression of the MMR proteins, hMLH1 and hMSH2, was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. The cohort consisted of 17 females (44.7%) and 21 males (55.3%) with mean ages of 59.9 and 63.3 years, respectively. The overall MSI incidence was 31.3% (95% CI, 16.1–50.0), and included three patients with high MSI (MSI-H; 9.4%; 95% CI, 2.0–25.0) and seven patients with low MSI (MSI-L; 21.9%; 95% CI, 10.7–39). LOH was detected in three patients, while the remaining 25 patients (65.8%) showed no instability and were therefore classified as microsatellite stable (MSS). MSI was detected in the following screened markers: Bat25 in seven patients, Bat26 in three patients, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC; D5S346) in five patients, AFM093xh3 (D2S123) in two patients and Mfd15 (D17S250) in three patients. Of the five MSI-positive patients, four (80%) were evidently younger, aged 38, 48, 49 and 59 years, respectively. The MSI-H incidence (9.4%) was lower compared with that of other ethnic groups. In terms of the MMR proteins, hMLH1 expression was deficient in seven patients, of whom three were MSI-H patients, and hMSH2 was deficient in three patients. Fisher’s exact test showed significant associations between hMLH1 and MSI when classified as MSS, MSI-L or MSI-H (P=0.0003). No such association was observed with abnormal MMR protein expression, age, cancer stage or gender.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Kamat
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute (MBW), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
189
|
Berg M, Guriby M, Nordgård O, Nedrebø BS, Ahlquist TC, Smaaland R, Oltedal S, Søreide JA, Kørner H, Lothe RA, Søreide K. Influence of microsatellite instability and KRAS and BRAF mutations on lymph node harvest in stage I-III colon cancers. Mol Med 2013; 19:286-93. [PMID: 23979710 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2013.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph node (LN) harvest is influenced by several factors, including tumor genetics. Microsatellite instability (MSI) is associated with improved node harvest, but the association to other genetic factors is largely unknown. Research methods included a prospective series of stage I-III colon cancer patients undergoing ex vivo sentinel-node sampling. The presence of MSI, KRAS mutations in codons 12 and 13, and BRAF V600E mutations was analyzed. Uni- and multivariate regression models for node sampling were adjusted for clinical, pathological and molecular features. Of 204 patients, 67% had an adequate harvest (≥ 12 nodes). Adequate harvest was highest in patients whose tumors exhibited MSI (79%; odds ratio [OR] 2.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-4.9; P = 0.007) or were located in the proximal colon (73%; 2.8, 1.5-5.3; P = 0.002). In multiple linear regression, MSI was a significant predictor of the total LN count (P = 0.02). Total node count was highest for cancers with MSI and no KRAS/BRAF mutations. The independent association between MSI and a high LN count persisted for stage I and II cancers (P = 0.04). Tumor location in the proximal colon was the only significant predictor of an adequate LN harvest (adjusted OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.2-4.9; P = 0.01). An increase in the total number of nodes harvested was not associated with an increase in nodal metastasis. In conclusion, number of nodes harvested is highest for cancers of the proximal colon and with MSI. The nodal harvest associated with MSI is influenced by BRAF and KRAS genotypes, even for cancers of proximal location. Mechanisms behind the molecular diversity and node yield should be further explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Berg
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Marianne Guriby
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oddmund Nordgård
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Bjørn S Nedrebø
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Terje C Ahlquist
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rune Smaaland
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Satu Oltedal
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Jon Arne Søreide
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hartwig Kørner
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ragnhild A Lothe
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Søreide
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
190
|
Moorcraft SY, Smyth EC, Cunningham D. The role of personalized medicine in metastatic colorectal cancer: an evolving landscape. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2013; 6:381-95. [PMID: 24003339 PMCID: PMC3756633 DOI: 10.1177/1756283x13491797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer have led to an improvement in survival from 12 months with fluorouracil monotherapy to approximately 2 years. This is partly as a result of the addition of irinotecan and oxaliplatin, but is also due to the use of monoclonal antibodies against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and antiangiogenic drugs such as bevacizumab. However, there are significant molecular differences between tumours which can affect both prognosis and response to treatment. Personalized medicine aims to tailor treatment according to the characteristics of the individual patient and is now a clinical reality as testing for KRAS mutations to guide treatment with the anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies cetuximab and panitumumab is now part of routine clinical practice. However, not all patients who are KRAS wild type respond to anti-EGFR therapy and a validated biomarker for antiangiogenic therapy is still lacking. Therefore, other biomarkers are needed to assist with predicting response to both existing drugs as well as to drugs currently under investigation. This review summarizes the molecular biology of colorectal cancer, focusing on the genetic features that are currently most clinically relevant. Current and emerging biomarkers are reviewed along with their roles in selecting patients for targeted treatment with currently licensed therapies and drugs being evaluated in clinical trials. The value of predictive biomarkers of chemosensitivity and potential future treatment strategies are also discussed.
Collapse
|
191
|
Colussi D, Brandi G, Bazzoli F, Ricciardiello L. Molecular pathways involved in colorectal cancer: implications for disease behavior and prevention. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:16365-85. [PMID: 23965959 PMCID: PMC3759916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140816365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Research conducted during the past 30 years has increased our understanding of the mechanisms involved in colorectal cancer initiation and development. The findings have demonstrated the existence of at least three pathways: chromosomal instability, microsatellite instability and CpG island methylator phenotype. Importantly, new studies have shown that inflammation and microRNAs contribute to colorectal carcinogenesis. Recent data have demonstrated that several genetic and epigenetic changes are important in determining patient prognosis and survival. Furthermore, some of these mechanisms are related to patients’ response to drugs, such as aspirin, which could be used for both chemoprevention and treatment in specific settings. Thus, in the near future, we could be able to predict disease behavior based on molecular markers found on tumors, and direct the best treatment options for patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dora Colussi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, Pad 5, Bologna 40138, Italy; E-Mails: (D.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Giovanni Brandi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, Pad 5, Bologna 40138, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Franco Bazzoli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, Pad 5, Bologna 40138, Italy; E-Mails: (D.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Luigi Ricciardiello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, Pad 5, Bologna 40138, Italy; E-Mails: (D.C.); (F.B.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-51-6363-381; Fax: +39-51-343-926
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Miesfeldt S, Lamb A, Duarte C. Management of genetic syndromes predisposing to gynecologic cancers. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2013; 14:34-50. [PMID: 23315239 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-012-0215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Women with personal and family histories consistent with gynecologic cancer-associated hereditary cancer susceptibility disorders should be referred for genetic risk assessment and counseling. Genetic counseling facilitates informed medical decision making regarding genetic testing, screening, and treatment, including chemoprevention and risk-reducing surgery. Because of limitations of ovarian cancer screening, hereditary breast and ovarian cancer-affected women are offered risk-reducing bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) between ages 35 and 40 years, or when childbearing is complete. Women with documented Lynch syndrome, associated with mutations in mismatch repair genes, should be screened at a young age and provided prevention options, including consideration of risk-reducing total abdominal hysterectomy and BSO, as well as intensive gastrointestinal screening. Clinicians caring for high-risk women must consider the potential adverse ethical, legal, and social issues associated with hereditary cancer risk assessment and testing. Additionally, at-risk family members should be alerted to their cancer risks, as well as the availability of risk assessment, counseling, and treatment services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Miesfeldt
- Cancer Risk and Prevention Program, Maine Medical Center Cancer Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
193
|
Budinska E, Popovici V, Tejpar S, D'Ario G, Lapique N, Sikora KO, Di Narzo AF, Yan P, Hodgson JG, Weinrich S, Bosman F, Roth A, Delorenzi M. Gene expression patterns unveil a new level of molecular heterogeneity in colorectal cancer. J Pathol 2013; 231:63-76. [PMID: 23836465 PMCID: PMC3840702 DOI: 10.1002/path.4212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The recognition that colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease in terms of clinical behaviour and response to therapy translates into an urgent need for robust molecular disease subclassifiers that can explain this heterogeneity beyond current parameters (MSI, KRAS, BRAF). Attempts to fill this gap are emerging. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TGCA) reported two main CRC groups, based on the incidence and spectrum of mutated genes, and another paper reported an EMT expression signature defined subgroup. We performed a prior free analysis of CRC heterogeneity on 1113 CRC gene expression profiles and confronted our findings to established molecular determinants and clinical, histopathological and survival data. Unsupervised clustering based on gene modules allowed us to distinguish at least five different gene expression CRC subtypes, which we call surface crypt-like, lower crypt-like, CIMP-H-like, mesenchymal and mixed. A gene set enrichment analysis combined with literature search of gene module members identified distinct biological motifs in different subtypes. The subtypes, which were not derived based on outcome, nonetheless showed differences in prognosis. Known gene copy number variations and mutations in key cancer-associated genes differed between subtypes, but the subtypes provided molecular information beyond that contained in these variables. Morphological features significantly differed between subtypes. The objective existence of the subtypes and their clinical and molecular characteristics were validated in an independent set of 720 CRC expression profiles. Our subtypes provide a novel perspective on the heterogeneity of CRC. The proposed subtypes should be further explored retrospectively on existing clinical trial datasets and, when sufficiently robust, be prospectively assessed for clinical relevance in terms of prognosis and treatment response predictive capacity. Original microarray data were uploaded to the ArrayExpress database (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/arrayexpress/) under Accession Nos E-MTAB-990 and E-MTAB-1026.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Budinska
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
194
|
Lu Y, Soong TD, Elemento O. A novel approach for characterizing microsatellite instability in cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63056. [PMID: 23671654 PMCID: PMC3646030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) is characterized by the expansion or contraction of DNA repeat tracts as a consequence of DNA mismatch repair deficiency (MMRD). Accurate detection of MSI in cancer cells is important since MSI is associated with several cancer subtypes and can help inform therapeutic decisions. Although experimental assays have been developed to detect MSI, they typically depend on a small number of known microsatellite loci or mismatch repair genes and have limited reliability. Here, we report a novel genome-wide approach for MSI detection based on the global detection of insertions and deletions (indels) in microsatellites found in expressed genes. Our large-scale analyses of 20 cancer cell lines and 123 normal individuals revealed striking indel features associated with MSI: there is a significant increase of short microsatellite deletions in MSI samples compared to microsatellite stable (MSS) ones, suggesting a mechanistic bias of repair efficiency between insertions and deletions in normal human cells. By incorporating this observation into our MSI scoring metric, we show that our approach can correctly distinguish between MSI and MSS cancer cell lines. Moreover, when we applied this approach to primal tumor samples, our metric is also well consistent with diagnosed MSI status. Thus, our study offers new insight into DNA mismatch repair system, and also provides a novel MSI diagnosis method for clinical oncology with better reliability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Lu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - T. David Soong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Institute of Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Institute of Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
Piazzi G, Selgrad M, Garcia M, Ceccarelli C, Fini L, Bianchi P, Laghi L, D'Angelo L, Paterini P, Malfertheiner P, Chieco P, Boland CR, Bazzoli F, Ricciardiello L. Van-Gogh-like 2 antagonises the canonical WNT pathway and is methylated in colorectal cancers. Br J Cancer 2013; 108:1750-6. [PMID: 23579212 PMCID: PMC3668461 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Aberrant activation of the canonical WNT signaling is a feature of colorectal cancer (CRC). Van-Gogh-like 2 (VANGL2) belongs to the non-canonical WNT pathway whose activation inhibits canonical WNT signaling. In this study, we investigated the role of VANGL2 and its epigenetic regulation in CRC. Methods: Van-Gogh-like 2 expression and promoter methylation after 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-aza) treatment were evaluated in CRC cells. DNA samples from 418 sporadic CRCs were tested for VANGL2 promoter methylation and microsatellite instability (MSI). Proliferation, colony formation and activation of the WNT pathway were tested in cells after VANGL2 overexpression. Results: Van-Gogh-like 2 mRNA was significantly higher in 5-aza-treated RKO, LOVO and SW48, whereas no differences were found in SW480. Van-Gogh-like 2 was fully methylated in RKO, SW48, HCT116, DLD1 and Caco2; partially methylated in LOVO, LS174T and SW837; and unmethylated in SW480, SW620 and HT29. Higher expression of VANGL2 mRNA was found in the unmethylated cell lines. In CRC specimens (8.93% MSI), methylated VANGL2 was associated with MSI, higher grade, proximal colon location and BRAF mutation. Van-Gogh-like 2 overexpression in SW480 significantly decreased proliferation, colony formation and β-catenin levels. Conclusion: Van-Gogh-like 2 is frequently methylated in MSI-CRCs with BRAF mutation and may act as a tumour suppressor gene, counteracting WNT/β-catenin signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Piazzi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, 3500 Gaston Avenue, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
196
|
Detection of a long non-coding RNA (CCAT1) in living cells and human adenocarcinoma of colon tissues using FIT-PNA molecular beacons. Cancer Lett 2013; 352:90-6. [PMID: 23416875 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although the function and mechanism of action of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) is still not completely known, studies have shown their potential role in the control of gene expression and regulation, in cellular proliferation and invasiveness at the transcriptional level via multiple mechanisms. Recently, colon cancer associated transcript 1 (CCAT1) lncRNA was found to be expressed in colorectal cancer (CRC) tumors but not in normal tissue. This study aimed to study the ability of a CCAT1-specific peptide nucleic acid (PNA) based molecular beacons (TO-PNA-MB) to serve as a diagnostic probe for in vitro, ex vivo, and in situ (human colon biopsies) detection of CRC. The data showed enhanced fluorescence upon in vitro hybridization to RNA extracted from CCAT1 expressing cells (HT-29, SW-480) compared to control cells (SK-Mel-2). Uptake of TO-PNA-MBs into cells was achieved by covalently attaching cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) to the TO-PNA-MB probes. In situ hybridization of selected TO-PNA-MB in human CRC specimens was shown to detect CCAT1 expression in all (4/4) subjects with pre-cancerous adenomas, and in all (8/8) patients with invasive adenocarcinoma (penetrating the bowel wall) tumors. The results showed that CCAT1 TO-PNA-MB is a powerful diagnostic tool for the specific identification of CRC, suggesting that with the aid of an appropriate pharmaceutical vehicle, real time in vivo imaging is feasible. TO-PNA-MB may enable identifying occult metastatic disease during surgery, or differentiating in real time in vivo imaging, between benign and malignant lesions.
Collapse
|
197
|
Molecular Parameters for Prognostic and Predictive Assessment in Colorectal Cancer. Updates Surg 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-88-470-2670-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
198
|
Lack of Bax expression is associated with irinotecan-based treatment activity in advanced colorectal cancer patients. Clin Transl Oncol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-012-0971-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
199
|
Tennstedt P, Fresow R, Simon R, Marx A, Terracciano L, Petersen C, Sauter G, Dikomey E, Borgmann K. RAD51 overexpression is a negative prognostic marker for colorectal adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:2118-26. [PMID: 23065657 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RAD51 is the central protein in the homologous recombination pathway and is therefore of great relevance in terms of both therapy resistance as well as genomic stability. By using a tissue microarray analysis of 1,213 biopsies taken from colorectal adenocarcinomas (CRCs), we investigated whether RAD51 expression can be used as a prognostic marker as well as potential associations between this and the expression of other proteins known to be related to CRC. Strong RAD51 expression was observed in 1% of CRC, moderate in 11%, weak in 34% and no expression in 44%. No correlation was found between RAD51 expression and clinicopathological parameters. RAD51 expression correlated significantly (p = 0.001) with overall survival, with a median survival of 11 months for patients with strong, 46 with moderate, 76 with weak and 68 with negative expression. Multivariate analyses revealed that in addition to tumor stage (p < 0.0001) and nodal status (p < 0.0001), RAD51 expression is also an independent prognostic parameter (p = 0.011). Strong RAD51 expression was found to be associated with the loss of the two DNA mismatch repair proteins MSH (p = 0.0003), MLH (p = 0.002) and β-catenin (p = 0.012) as well as with elevated p21 (p = 0.003) and EGFR expression (p = 0.0001). However, a correlation with overall survival could only be found for EGFR expression (p = 0.008), although no added benefit in risk stratification could be determined when evaluated together with RAD51. Overexpression of RAD51 is a predictor of poor outcome in CRC. This finding indicated the promise of future studies using RAD51 as a prognostic marker and therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Tennstedt
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
200
|
Novetsky AP, Zighelboim I, Thompson DM, Powell MA, Mutch DG, Goodfellow PJ. Frequent mutations in the RPL22 gene and its clinical and functional implications. Gynecol Oncol 2012; 128:470-4. [PMID: 23127973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency and spectrum of mutations in RPL22 a gene identified by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) as mutated in endometrioid endometrial cancer, and determine the relationship between RPL22 defects and clinicopathologic features. METHODS Direct sequencing of the entire coding region of the RPL22 cDNA and exons 2/4 was performed in tumors with/without microsatellite instability (MSI). RPL22 expression was assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy in the KLE, RL952 and AN3CA cell lines, wildtype, heterozygous and homozygous mutants, respectively. Relationships between RPL22 mutation and clinicopathological features were assessed using Chi-squared analysis and Student's t test. Progression-free survival (PFS) was calculated from the date of diagnosis to the date of recurrence. RESULTS A single nucleotide deletion in an A8 coding repeat was identified in exon 2 of the RPL22 gene in 116/226 (52%) of MSI-high tumors. No mutations were identified in MSI-stable tumors. Only 2% of the tumors expressed a homozygous A deletion. RPL22 mutation was not associated with stage, grade, race and lymphovascular space invasion. Women whose tumors harbored RPL22 mutations were significantly older (67 vs. 63years, p=0.005). There was no difference in PFS between patients with the wildtype and mutant genotypes. CONCLUSIONS RPL22 is frequently mutated in MSI-high endometrioid endometrial cancers. The A8 mutation identified was not reported in the whole exome sequences analyzed by the TCGA. The demonstration of frequent mutation in RPL22 may point to a limitation of the exome capture and next generation sequencing analysis methods for some mononucleotide string mutations. Functional assessment of the RPL22 knockdown may be warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiva P Novetsky
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine and Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|