151
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Zhang RY, Wei D, Liu ZK, Yong YL, Wei W, Zhang ZY, Lv JJ, Zhang Z, Chen ZN, Bian H. Doxycycline Inducible Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Targeting CD147 for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:233. [PMID: 31681766 PMCID: PMC6798074 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy to hematological malignancies has demonstrated tremendous clinical outcomes. However, the therapeutic efficacy of CAR-T cells in solid tumors remains limited due to the scarcity of tumor-specific antigen targets and the poor infiltration of CAR-T cells into tumor tissue. In this study, we developed a novel inducible CAR-T cell system which targets CD147, a tumor-associated antigen for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To minimize potential toxicities of CAR-T cell therapy, the Tet-On 3G system was introduced to induce CD147CAR expression in the right place at the right time. Specifically, Tet-CD147CAR lentiviral vector (LV-Tet-CD147CAR) was constructed, which comprised CD147CAR controlled by the Tet-On system. Tet-CD147CART cells were successfully generated from activated T cells by infection with LV-Tet-CD147CAR. Proliferation, cytotoxicity, and cytokine secretion of Tet-CD147CART cells were significantly increased against CD147-positive cancer cells in the presence of doxycycline (Dox) compared to Tet-CD147CART cells in the absence of Dox and PBMCs. Consistently, in vivo studies indicated that the tumor growth in nude mice was significantly inhibited by (Dox+) Tet-CD147CART cells through multiple intratumoral administration. Taken together, our results indicated that the expression and activity of CD147CAR were controlled by Dox both in vitro and in vivo, which facilitated decreased toxicity and adverse effects to CAR-T cell therapy. Moreover, this study provides viable evidence in support of the potential benefits and translation of this strategy of CAR-T cells targeting CD147 for the treatment of patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Yu Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ding Wei
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ze-Kun Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Le Yong
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhi-Yun Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian-Jun Lv
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhi-Nan Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huijie Bian
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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152
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Abstract
While impressive clinical responses have been observed using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeting CD19+ hematologic malignancies, limited clinical benefit has been observed using CAR T cells for a variety of solid tumors. Results of clinical studies have highlighted several obstacles which CAR T cells face in the context of solid tumors, including insufficient homing to tumor sites, lack of expansion and persistence, encountering a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and heterogeneous antigen expression. In this review, we review clinical outcomes and discuss strategies to improve the antitumor activity of CAR T cells for solid tumors.
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153
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Abstract
The 2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to pioneers in the field of cancer immunotherapy, as the utility of leveraging a patient's coordinated and adaptive immune system to fight the patient's unique tumour has now been validated robustly in the clinic. Still, the proportion of patients who respond to immunotherapy remains modest (~15% objective response rate across indications), as tumours have multiple means of immune evasion. The immune system is spatiotemporally controlled, so therapies that influence the immune system should be spatiotemporally controlled as well, in order to maximize the therapeutic index. Nanoparticles and biomaterials enable one to program the location, pharmacokinetics and co-delivery of immunomodulatory compounds, eliciting responses that cannot be achieved upon administration of such compounds in solution. The convergence of cancer immunotherapy, nanotechnology, bioengineering and drug delivery is opportune, as each of these fields has matured independently to the point that it can now be used to complement the others substantively and rationally, rather than modestly and empirically. As a result, unmet needs increasingly can be addressed with deductive intention. This Review explores how nanotechnology and related approaches are being applied to augmenting both endogenous leukocytes and adoptively transferred ones by informing specificity, influencing localization and improving function.
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154
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Gorchakov AA, Kulemzin SV, Kochneva GV, Taranin AV. Challenges and Prospects of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell Therapy for Metastatic Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol 2019; 77:299-308. [PMID: 31471138 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Progress achieved in the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa) with surgical, radiation, and hormonal therapies has drastically reduced mortality from this disease. Yet, patients with advanced PCa have few, if any, curative options. Recent success in treating patients with hematological malignancies of B-cell origin using T cells engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has inspired multiple groups worldwide to adapt this approach to the problem of late-stage PCa. OBJECTIVE To summarize the available clinical results for CAR T-cell therapy of PCa and discuss future technological advancements in the CAR T-cell field that may help patients with metastatic PCa. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A literature review was conducted of clinical trial data, abstracts presented at recent oncology conferences, as well as reports highlighting critical bottlenecks of CAR T-cell therapy that became apparent from preclinical and clinical studies. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Current understanding of why CAR T-cell therapy may fail, particularly in the context of solid cancers, is as follows. First, a CAR design that provides potent activity and persistence of engineered T cells in the hostile tumor microenvironment is a must. The choice of the targetable epitope(s) is critical to counteract tumor antigen escape. Preclinical and clinical evidence indicates that the efficacy of CAR T-cell therapy can be enhanced significantly in combination with other therapeutic approaches. We propose that several improvements to CAR design and patient conditioning, such as unbiased identification of novel PCa-specific CAR targets, use of next-generation (multispecific, resistant to the tumor microenvironment, and with prolonged persistence) CAR T-cell products, and combination therapies may translate into improved patient outcomes and more durable responses. CONCLUSIONS Although significant preclinical experience of testing CAR T cells in solid cancer models has identified important technological and biological bottlenecks, information from clinical trials, particularly those focusing on the PCa, will be instrumental to the rational design of advanced CAR T therapies that will be both safe and effective in patients with advanced PCa. PATIENT SUMMARY So far, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has not shown significant activity in patients with metastatic prostate cancer (PCa). CAR T-cell products used for such trials represent one of the pioneering efforts to adapt this technology to the problem of metastatic PCa. In retrospect, both CAR design and cell composition appear to have been suboptimal to expect strong patient responses. Given the impressive results of CAR-based approaches observed in preclinical models of solid cancers, emerging CAR T-cell products are expected to be more successful in the clinic. Here, we discuss the challenges that need to be overcome to boost the efficacy of PCa-targeted CAR T-cell therapy and call for dialogue between clinicians and cell biologists to address these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Gorchakov
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Sergey V Kulemzin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Galina V Kochneva
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Aleksandr V Taranin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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155
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Ajina A, Maher J. Synergistic combination of oncolytic virotherapy with CAR T-cell therapy. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 164:217-292. [PMID: 31383406 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For patients with advanced hematological malignancies the therapeutic landscape has been transformed by the emergence of adoptive cell transfer utilizing autologous chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-redirected T-cells. However, solid tumors have proved far more resistant to this approach. Here, we summarize the numerous challenges faced by CAR T-cells designed to target solid tumors, highlighting, in particular, issues related to impaired trafficking, expansion, and persistence. In parallel, we draw attention to exciting developments in the burgeoning field of oncolytic virotherapy and posit strategies for the synergistic combination of oncolytic viruses with CAR T-cells to improve outcomes for patients with advanced solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Ajina
- King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
| | - John Maher
- King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Department of Immunology, Eastbourne Hospital, East Sussex, United Kingdom
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156
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Cai Y, Wang D, Zhou L, Ge X, Guo X, Han J, Yang H. Application of RNAscope technology to studying the infection dynamics of a Chinese porcine epidemic diarrhea virus variant strain BJ2011C in neonatal piglets. Vet Microbiol 2019; 235:220-228. [PMID: 31383305 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The highly virulent porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) variants cause the death of mainly neonatal piglets, but how the viruses spread within the gastro-intestinal tract in a temporal and spatial manner has remained poorly characterized but is critical to understand the viral pathogenesis. In this study, we used the Chinese PEDV epidemic strain BJ2011C as a model organism and took advantage of the newly developed RNAscope in situ hybridization technology to investigate the tempo-spatial infection dynamics in neonatal piglets. We found that the PEDV strain BJ2011C could quickly colonize the small intestine, which occurred in just 6 h post infection, with virus shedding starting at 6 hpi and peaking at 24 hpi. Jejunum was the first target tissue for infection and then ileum, followed by infrequent infection of duodenum. In these tissues, the virus nucleic acids were mainly present in the villous epithelial cells but not in crypt cells. Interestingly, the viral RNAs were not detectable by RNAscope in large intestines although tissue damages could be discerned by H & E staining. Overall, our results provide useful information about spread dynamics and tissue preference of PEDV epidemic strain BJ2011C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqi Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinna Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hanchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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157
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Santos JM, Havunen R, Hemminki A. Modulation of the tumor microenvironment with an oncolytic adenovirus for effective T-cell therapy and checkpoint inhibition. Methods Enzymol 2019; 635:205-230. [PMID: 32122546 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite exciting proof-of-concept data mediated by adoptive T-cell transfer and checkpoint blockade, major challenges imposed by the tumor microenvironment restrict clinical benefits to a minority of patients with advanced or metastatic solid malignancies. While employment of toxic pre- and postconditioning regimens to circumvent the inefficacy of T-cell transfer presents a fundamental problem for heavily pretreated cancer patients, for checkpoint blockade, the main issue relates to low single-agent response rates. To overcome these hurdles, combination therapy with oncolytic adenovirus is becoming an attractive solution given multiple intrinsic modulatory effects on the intratumoral immune compartment, engineering capabilities and safety profile. Here, we provide a short overview on the tumor microenvironmental challenges in solid tumors, and how oncolytic adenoviruses can counteract these barriers. Finally, the immunotherapeutic potential of oncolytic adenoviruses will be discussed in the context of clinical experience with adoptive T-cell therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Manuel Santos
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program and Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Havunen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program and Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program and Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland.
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158
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Mardiana S, Lai J, House IG, Beavis PA, Darcy PK. Switching on the green light for chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. Clin Transl Immunology 2019; 8:e1046. [PMID: 31073403 PMCID: PMC6500780 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cellular therapy involving genetic modification of T cells with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) transgene offers a promising strategy to broaden the efficacy of this approach for the effective treatment of cancer. Although remarkable antitumor responses have been observed following CAR T‐cell therapy in a subset of B‐cell malignancies, this has yet to be extended in the context of solid cancers. A number of promising strategies involving reprogramming the tumor microenvironment, increasing the specificity and safety of gene‐modified T cells and harnessing the endogenous immune response have been tested in preclinical models that may have a significant impact in patients with solid cancers. This review will discuss these exciting new developments and the challenges that must be overcome to deliver a more sustained and potent therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherly Mardiana
- Cancer Immunology Program Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Junyun Lai
- Cancer Immunology Program Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Imran Geoffrey House
- Cancer Immunology Program Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Paul Andrew Beavis
- Cancer Immunology Program Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Phillip Kevin Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Program Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia.,Department of Pathology University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia.,Department of Immunology Monash University Clayton VIC Australia
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159
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Abstract
Genetically engineered T cells are powerful new medicines, offering hope for curative responses in patients with cancer. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells were recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and are poised to enter the practice of medicine for leukemia and lymphoma, demonstrating that engineered immune cells can serve as a powerful new class of cancer therapeutics. The emergence of synthetic biology approaches for cellular engineering provides a broadly expanded set of tools for programming immune cells for enhanced function. Advances in T cell engineering, genetic editing, the selection of optimal lymphocytes, and cell manufacturing have the potential to broaden T cell-based therapies and foster new applications beyond oncology, in infectious diseases, organ transplantation, and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Guedan
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
| | - Marco Ruella
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Parker Institute for Cellular Immunotherapy at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Carl H June
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Parker Institute for Cellular Immunotherapy at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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160
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Crupi MJF, Bell JC, Singaravelu R. Concise Review: Targeting Cancer Stem Cells and Their Supporting Niche Using Oncolytic Viruses. Stem Cells 2019; 37:716-723. [PMID: 30875126 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have the capacity to self-renew and differentiate to give rise to heterogenous cancer cell lineages in solid tumors. These CSC populations are associated with metastasis, tumor relapse, and resistance to conventional anticancer therapies. Here, we focus on the use of oncolytic viruses (OVs) to target CSCs as well as the OV-driven interferon production in the tumor microenvironment (TME) that can repress CSC properties. We explore the ability of OVs to deliver combinations of immune-modulating therapeutic transgenes, such as immune checkpoint inhibitor antibodies. In particular, we highlight the advantages of virally encoded bi-specific T cell engagers (BiTEs) to not only target cell-surface markers on CSCs, but also tumor-associated antigens on contributing components of the surrounding TME and other cancer cells. We also highlight the crucial role of combination anticancer treatments, evidenced by synergy of OV-delivered BiTEs and chimeric-antigen receptor T cell therapy. Stem Cells 2019;37:716-723.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu J F Crupi
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - John C Bell
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ragunath Singaravelu
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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161
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Cervera-Carrascon V, Havunen R, Hemminki A. Oncolytic adenoviruses: a game changer approach in the battle between cancer and the immune system. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:443-455. [PMID: 30905206 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1595582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oncolytic adenoviruses are among the most studied oncolytic viruses because of their tumor selectivity, safety, and transgene-delivery capability. With a growing number of different immunotherapies against cancer, the extraordinary immunogenicity of the adenovirus has emerged as a differentiating strength. Enabling T-cell related therapies with oncolytic adenoviruses appears a promising approach due to its inherent ability to elicit responses from the adaptive immune compartment. AREAS COVERED These viruses have successfully enhanced both adoptive T-cell therapies and immune-checkpoint therapies. Oncolytic viruses induce several effects at the tumor and on the systemic level that help to circumvent current limitations of T-cells and related therapies, such as T-cell trafficking, tumor immune suppressivity and antigen spreading EXPERT OPINION Taking into account the multitude of possibilities of treating cancer with immunotherapies, learning to optimize the combinations and administration strategies of these drugs, could lead to durable responses in patients with currently incurable cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Cervera-Carrascon
- a Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.,b TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Riikka Havunen
- a Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.,b TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- a Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.,b TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd , Helsinki , Finland.,c Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center , Helsinki University , Helsinki , Finland
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162
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Dyer A, Baugh R, Chia SL, Frost S, Iris, Jacobus EJ, Khalique H, Pokrovska TD, Scott EM, Taverner WK, Seymour LW, Lei J. Turning cold tumours hot: oncolytic virotherapy gets up close and personal with other therapeutics at the 11th Oncolytic Virus Conference. Cancer Gene Ther 2019; 26:59-73. [PMID: 30177818 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-018-0042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The 11th International Oncolytic Virus Conference (IOVC) was held from April 9-12, 2018 in Oxford, UK. This is part of the high-profile academic-led series of meetings that was started back in 2002 by Steve Russell and John Bell, with most of the previous meetings being held in North America (often in Banff). The conference brought together many of the major players in oncolytic virotherapy from all over the world, addressing all stages of research and development-from aspects of basic science and cellular immunology all the way through to early- and late-phase clinical trials. The meeting welcomed 352 delegates from 24 countries. The top seven delegate countries, namely, the UK, US, Canada, The Netherlands, Germany, Japan and South Korea, contributed 291 delegates while smaller numbers coming from Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, China, Finland, France, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Latvia, Malaysia, Poland, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. Academics comprised about half of the attendees, industry 30% and students 20%. The next IOVC is scheduled to be held on Vancouver Island in autumn 2019. Here we share brief summaries of the oral presentations from invited speakers and proffered papers in the different subtopics presented at IOVC 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Dyer
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Richard Baugh
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Suet Lin Chia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sally Frost
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Iris
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Egon J Jacobus
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Hena Khalique
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Tzveta D Pokrovska
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Eleanor M Scott
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - William K Taverner
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Len W Seymour
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Janet Lei
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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163
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Farran B, Pavitra E, Kasa P, Peela S, Rama Raju GS, Nagaraju GP. Folate-targeted immunotherapies: Passive and active strategies for cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 45:45-52. [PMID: 30770191 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The glycoprotein FRα is a membrane-attached transport protein that is shielded from the immune system in healthy cells. However, it is upregulated in various malignancies, involved in cancer development and is also immunogenic. Furthermore, FRα is a tumor-associated antigen endowed with unique properties, thus rendering it a suitable target for immunotherapeutic development in cancer. Various anti- FRα immunotherapeutic strategies are thus currently being developed and clinically assessed for the treatment of various solid tumors. These approaches include passive anti-FRα immunotherapies, such as monoclonal antibodies, or active immunotherapies, such as CART, folate haptens and vaccines. In this review, we will explore the advances in the field of FRα-based immune therapies and discuss both their successes and shortcomings in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batoul Farran
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Eluri Pavitra
- Department of Biological Engineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Prameswari Kasa
- Dr. LV Prasad Diagnostics and Research Laboratory, Khairtabad, Hyderabad, 500004, India
| | - Sujatha Peela
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh, 532410, India
| | - Ganji Seeta Rama Raju
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Ganji Purnachandra Nagaraju
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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164
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Subklewe M, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, Humpe A. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells: A Race to Revolutionize Cancer Therapy. Transfus Med Hemother 2019; 46:15-24. [PMID: 31244578 DOI: 10.1159/000496870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For years, cancer treatment was dominated by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and stem cell transplantation. New insights into genetic characteristics of leukemic cells have initiated the development of the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. This type of adoptive cell immunotherapy has been a breakthrough in the treatment of aggressive B-cell lymphoma and B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In August 2018, the European Commission has approved the first CAR T-cell products - tisagenlecleucel (Kymriah®, Novartis) and axicabtagene ciloleucel (Yescarta®, Gilead) - for hematological neoplasms in Europe. As CAR T cells are a living drug, its benefits can last for many years. The administration of CAR T cells is a complex and costly endeavor involving cell manufacture, shipping of apheresis products, and management of novel and severe adverse reactions. The most common toxicities observed after CAR T-cell therapy are cytokine release syndrome and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome. Current research focuses on improved safety and efficacy in hematological malignancies as well as the translation of CAR T-cell therapy to solid tumors. This review covers the development and current status of CAR T-cell therapy in a clinical setting with focus on challenges and future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Subklewe
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Translational Cancer Immunology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael von Bergwelt-Baildon
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Humpe
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cellular Therapy and Hemostasiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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165
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Optimization of Early Steps in Oncolytic Adenovirus ONCOS-401 Production in T-175 and HYPERFlasks. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030621. [PMID: 30709038 PMCID: PMC6387112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses can trigger lysis of tumor cells, induce an antitumor immune response, bypass classical chemotherapeutic resistance strategies of tumors, and provide opportunities for combination strategies. A major challenge is the development of scalable production methods for viral seed stocks and sufficient quantities of clinical grade viruses. Because of promising clinical signals in a compassionate use program (Advanced Therapy Access Program) which supported further development, we chose the oncolytic adenovirus ONCOS-401 as a testbed for a new approach to scale up. We found that the best viral production conditions in both T-175 flasks and HYPERFlasks included A549 cells grown to 220,000 cells/cm² (80% confluency), with ONCOS-401 infection at 30 multiplicity of infection (MOI), and an incubation period of 66 h. The Lysis A harvesting method with benzonase provided the highest viral yield from both T-175 and HYPERFlasks (10,887 ± 100 and 14,559 ± 802 infectious viral particles/cell, respectively). T-175 flasks and HYPERFlasks produced up to 2.1 × 10⁸ ± 0.2 and 1.75 × 10⁸ ± 0.08 infectious particles of ONCOS-401 per cm² of surface area, respectively. Our findings suggest a suitable stepwise process that can be applied to optimizing the initial production of other oncolytic viruses.
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166
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de Sostoa J, Fajardo CA, Moreno R, Ramos MD, Farrera-Sal M, Alemany R. Targeting the tumor stroma with an oncolytic adenovirus secreting a fibroblast activation protein-targeted bispecific T-cell engager. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:19. [PMID: 30683154 PMCID: PMC6347837 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0505-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oncolytic virus (OV)-based therapies have an emerging role in the treatment of solid tumors, involving both direct cell lysis and immunogenic cell death. Nonetheless, tumor-associated stroma limits the efficacy of oncolytic viruses by forming a barrier that blocks efficient viral penetration and spread. The stroma also plays a critical role in progression, immunosuppression and invasiveness of cancer. Fibroblast activation protein-α (FAP) is highly overexpressed in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), the main cellular component of tumor stroma, and in this study we assessed whether arming oncolytic adenovirus (OAd) with a FAP-targeting Bispecific T-cell Engager (FBiTE) could retarget infiltrated lymphocytes towards CAFs, enhancing viral spread and T cell-mediated cytotoxicity against the tumor stroma to improve therapeutic activity. METHODS The bispecific T-cell Engager against FAP was constructed using an anti-human CD3 single-chain variable fragment (scFv) linked to an anti-murine and human FAP scFv. This FBiTE was inserted in the oncolytic adenovirus ICOVIR15K under the control of the major late promoter, generating the ICO15K-FBiTE. ICO15K-FBiTE replication and potency were assessed in HT1080 and A549 tumor cell lines. The expression of the FBiTE and the activation and proliferation of T cells that induced along with the T cell-mediated cytotoxicity of CAFs were evaluated by flow cytometry in vitro. In vivo, T-cell biodistribution and antitumor efficacy studies were conducted in NOD/scid/IL2rg-/- (NSG) mice. RESULTS FBiTE expression did not decrease the infectivity and replication potency of the armed virus. FBiTE-mediated binding of CD3+ effector T cells and FAP+ target cells led to T-cell activation, proliferation, and cytotoxicity of FAP-positive cells in vitro. In vivo, FBiTE expression increased intratumoral accumulation of T cells and decreased the level of FAP, a marker of CAFs, in tumors. The antitumor activity of the FBiTE-armed adenovirus was superior to the parental virus. CONCLUSIONS Combination of viral oncolysis of cancer cells and FBiTE-mediated cytotoxicity of FAP-expressing CAFs might be an effective strategy to overcome a key limitation of oncolytic virotherapy, encouraging its further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana de Sostoa
- ProCure Program, IDIBELL-Institut Català d'Oncologia, l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, El Prat de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Carlos Alberto Fajardo
- ProCure Program, IDIBELL-Institut Català d'Oncologia, l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, El Prat de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Rafael Moreno
- ProCure Program, IDIBELL-Institut Català d'Oncologia, l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, El Prat de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Maria D Ramos
- ProCure Program, IDIBELL-Institut Català d'Oncologia, l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, El Prat de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Martí Farrera-Sal
- ProCure Program, IDIBELL-Institut Català d'Oncologia, l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, El Prat de Llobregat, Spain.,VCN Biosciences S.L., Grifols Corporate Offices, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Ramon Alemany
- ProCure Program, IDIBELL-Institut Català d'Oncologia, l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, El Prat de Llobregat, Spain.
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167
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Lynes J, Sanchez V, Dominah G, Nwankwo A, Nduom E. Current Options and Future Directions in Immune Therapy for Glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2018; 8:578. [PMID: 30568917 PMCID: PMC6290347 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is in need of innovative treatment approaches. Immune therapy for cancer refers to the use of the body's immune system to target malignant cells in the body. Such immune therapeutics have recently been very successful in treating a diverse group of cancerous lesions. As a result, many new immune therapies have gained Food and Drug Administration approval for the treatment of cancer, and there has been an explosion in the study of immune therapeutics for cancer treatment over the past few years. However, the immune suppression of glioblastoma and the unique immune microenvironment of the brain make immune therapeutics more challenging to apply to the brain than to other systemic cancers. Here, we discuss the existing barriers to successful immune therapy for glioblastoma and the ongoing development of immune therapeutics. We will discuss the discovery and classification of immune suppressive factors in the glioblastoma microenvironment; the development of vaccine-based therapies; the use of convection-enhanced delivery to introduce tumoricidal viruses into the tumor microenvironment, leading to secondary immune responses; the emerging use of adoptive cell therapy in the treatment of glioblastoma; and future frontiers, such as the use of cerebral microdialysis for immune monitoring and the use of sequencing to develop patient-specific therapeutics. Armed with a better understanding of the challenges inherent in immune therapy for glioblastoma, we may soon see more successes in immune-based clinical trials for this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Lynes
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, United States.,MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Victoria Sanchez
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gifty Dominah
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Anthony Nwankwo
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Edjah Nduom
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, United States
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168
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Long KB, Young RM, Boesteanu AC, Davis MM, Melenhorst JJ, Lacey SF, DeGaramo DA, Levine BL, Fraietta JA. CAR T Cell Therapy of Non-hematopoietic Malignancies: Detours on the Road to Clinical Success. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2740. [PMID: 30559740 PMCID: PMC6287001 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells represent a breakthrough in personalized medicine. In this strategy, a patient's own T lymphocytes are genetically reprogrammed to encode a synthetic receptor that binds a tumor antigen, allowing T cells to recognize and kill antigen-expressing cancer cells. As a result of complete and durable responses in individuals who are refractory to standard of care therapy, CAR T cells directed against the CD19 protein have been granted United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval as a therapy for treatment of pediatric and young adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia and diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Human trials of CAR T cells targeting CD19 or B cell maturation antigen in multiple myeloma have also reported early successes. However, a clear and consistently reproducible demonstration of the clinical efficacy of CAR T cells in the setting of solid tumors has not been reported to date. Here, we review the history and status of CAR T cell therapy for solid tumors, potential T cell-intrinsic determinants of response and resistance as well as extrinsic obstacles to the success of this approach for much more prevalent non-hematopoietic malignancies. In addition, we summarize recent strategies and innovations that aim to augment the potency of CAR T cells in the face of multiple immunosuppressive barriers operative within the solid tumor microenvironment. Advances in the field of CAR T cell biology over the coming years in the areas of safety, reliability and efficacy against non-hematopoietic cancers will ultimately determine how transformative adoptive T cell therapy will be in the broader battle against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen B Long
- Department of Biology, Mansfield University, Mansfield, PA, United States
| | - Regina M Young
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alina C Boesteanu
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Megan M Davis
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - J Joseph Melenhorst
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Simon F Lacey
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - David A DeGaramo
- Department of Biology, Mansfield University, Mansfield, PA, United States
| | - Bruce L Levine
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Joseph A Fraietta
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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169
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Adoptive cellular therapies: the current landscape. Virchows Arch 2018; 474:449-461. [PMID: 30470934 PMCID: PMC6447513 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-018-2484-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For many cancer types, the immune system plays an essential role in their development and growth. Based on these rather novel insights, immunotherapeutic strategies have been developed. In the past decade, immune checkpoint blockade has demonstrated a major breakthrough in cancer treatment and has currently been approved for the treatment of multiple tumor types. Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) or gene-modified T cells expressing novel T cell receptors (TCR) or chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) is another strategy to modify the immune system to recognize tumor cells and thus carry out an anti-tumor effector function. These treatments have shown promising results in various tumor types, and multiple clinical trials are being conducted worldwide to further optimize this treatment modality. Most successful results were obtained in hematological malignancies with the use of CD19-directed CAR T cell therapy and already led to the commercial approval by the FDA. This review provides an overview of the developments in ACT, the associated toxicity, and the future potential of ACT in cancer treatment.
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170
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Choi BD, Maus MV, June CH, Sampson JH. Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma: Adoptive T-cell Strategies. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:2042-2048. [PMID: 30446589 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a devastating disease with an extremely poor prognosis. Immunotherapy via adoptive cell transfer (ACT), especially with T cells engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CAR), represents a particularly promising approach. Despite the recent success of CAR T cells for blood cancers, the question remains whether this powerful anticancer therapy will ultimately work for brain tumors, and whether the primary immunologic challenges in this disease, which include antigenic heterogeneity, immune suppression, and T-cell exhaustion, can be adequately addressed. Here, we contextualize these concepts by reviewing recent developments in ACT for GBM, with a special focus on pioneering clinical trials of CAR T-cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D Choi
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marcela V Maus
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carl H June
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John H Sampson
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University Medical Center and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. .,Departments of Neurosurgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Engineering, Duke University Medical Center and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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171
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Evans DJ, Wasinger AM, Brey RN, Dunleavey JM, St Croix B, Bann JG. Seneca Valley Virus Exploits TEM8, a Collagen Receptor Implicated in Tumor Growth. Front Oncol 2018; 8:506. [PMID: 30460197 PMCID: PMC6232524 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies reveal that Seneca Valley Virus (SVV) exploits tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8) for cellular entry, the same surface receptor pirated by bacterial-derived anthrax toxin. This observation is particularly significant as SVV is a known oncolytic virus which selectively infects and kills tumor cells, particularly those of neuroendocrine origin. TEM8 is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is preferentially upregulated in some tumor cell and tumor-associated stromal cell populations. Both TEM8 and SVV have been evaluated for targeting of tumors of multiple origins, but the connection between the two was previously unknown. Here, we review currently understood interactions between TEM8 and SVV, anthrax protective antigen (PA), and collagen VI, a native binding partner of TEM8, with an emphasis on potential therapeutic directions moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, United States
| | - Alexa M Wasinger
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, United States
| | | | - James M Dunleavey
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Brad St Croix
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, United States
| | - James G Bann
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, United States
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172
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Watanabe K, Kuramitsu S, Posey AD, June CH. Expanding the Therapeutic Window for CAR T Cell Therapy in Solid Tumors: The Knowns and Unknowns of CAR T Cell Biology. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2486. [PMID: 30416506 PMCID: PMC6212550 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A major obstacle for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy in solid tumors is the lack of truly tumor-specific target antigens, which translates to the targeting of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) overexpressed on tumors but shared with normal organs, raising safety concerns. In addition, expression of TAAs in solid tumors is particularly heterogeneous. In this regard, it is critical to deeply understand the sensitivity of CAR T cells, especially against low-density targets and the possible therapeutic window of antigen density targeted by CAR T cells. In this review, we discuss the recent findings of mechanisms of antigen recognition through CAR, including immunological synapse formation, and the impact of target antigen density for induction of distinct T cell functions. We also discuss rational strategies to adjust and expand the therapeutic window for effective and safe targeting of solid tumors by CAR T cell platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Watanabe
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shunichiro Kuramitsu
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Avery D Posey
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Carl H June
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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173
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Guedan S, Alemany R. CAR-T Cells and Oncolytic Viruses: Joining Forces to Overcome the Solid Tumor Challenge. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2460. [PMID: 30405639 PMCID: PMC6207052 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells has resulted in unprecedented rates of long-lasting complete responses in patients with leukemia and lymphoma. However, despite the impressive results in patients with hematologic malignancies, CAR-T cells have showed limited effect against solid cancers. New approaches will need to simultaneously overcome the multiple challenges that CAR-T cells encounter in solid tumors, including the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and heterogeneity of antigen expression. Oncolytic viruses are lytic and immunogenic anti-cancer agents with the potential to synergize with CAR-T cells for the treatment of solid tumors. In addition, viruses can be further modified to deliver therapeutic transgenes selectively to the tumor microenvironment, which could enhance the effector functions of tumor-specific T cells. This review summarizes the major limitations of CAR-T cells in solid tumors and discusses the potential role for oncolytic viruses as partners for CAR-T cells in the fight against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Guedan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Alemany
- ProCure Program, IDIBELL-Institut Catala d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
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174
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Rosewell Shaw A, Suzuki M. Oncolytic Viruses Partner With T-Cell Therapy for Solid Tumor Treatment. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2103. [PMID: 30298067 PMCID: PMC6160535 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive T-cell immunotherapies, including chimeric antigen receptor-modified T-cells (CAR-T cells), have revolutionized cancer treatment, especially for hematologic malignancies. Clinical success of CAR-T cell monotherapy in solid tumors however, has been only modest. Oncolytic viruses provide direct cancer cell lysis, stimulate systemic immune responses, and have the capacity to provide therapeutic transgenes. Oncolytic virotherapy has shown great promise in many preclinical solid tumor models and the first oncolytic virus has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of advanced melanoma. As monotherapies for solid tumors, oncolytic virotherapy provides only moderate anti-tumor effects. However, due to their complementary modes of action, oncolytic virus and T-cell therapies can be combined to overcome the inherent limitations of each agent. This review focuses on the aspects of oncolytic viruses that enable them to synergize with adoptive T-cell immunotherapies to enhance anti-tumor effects for solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Rosewell Shaw
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Baylor College of Medicine, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Masataka Suzuki
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Baylor College of Medicine, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
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175
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Pol JG, Lévesque S, Workenhe ST, Gujar S, Le Boeuf F, Clements DR, Fahrner JE, Fend L, Bell JC, Mossman KL, Fucikova J, Spisek R, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch: Oncolytic viro-immunotherapy of hematologic and solid tumors. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1503032. [PMID: 30524901 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1503032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses selectively target and kill cancer cells in an immunogenic fashion, thus supporting the establishment of therapeutically relevant tumor-specific immune responses. In 2015, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the oncolytic herpes simplex virus T-VEC for use in advanced melanoma patients. Since then, a plethora of trials has been initiated to assess the safety and efficacy of multiple oncolytic viruses in patients affected with various malignancies. Here, we summarize recent preclinical and clinical progress in the field of oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Pol
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,INSERM, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Lévesque
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,INSERM, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Samuel T Workenhe
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Shashi Gujar
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, NS, Canada.,Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, NS, Canada.,Centre for Innovative and Collaborative Health Sciences Research, Quality and System Performance, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Fabrice Le Boeuf
- Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Derek R Clements
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jean-Eudes Fahrner
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,INSERM, Villejuif, France.,Transgene S.A., Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | | | - John C Bell
- Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Karen L Mossman
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio a.c., Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio a.c., Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,INSERM, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,INSERM, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Slaney CY, Wang P, Darcy PK, Kershaw MH. CARs versus BiTEs: A Comparison between T Cell–Redirection Strategies for Cancer Treatment. Cancer Discov 2018; 8:924-934. [DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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