1
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Boulton S, Poutou J, Gill R, Alluqmani N, He X, Singaravelu R, Crupi MJ, Petryk J, Austin B, Angka L, Taha Z, Teo I, Singh S, Jamil R, Marius R, Martin N, Jamieson T, Azad T, Diallo JS, Ilkow CS, Bell JC. A T cell-targeted multi-antigen vaccine generates robust cellular and humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 31:101110. [PMID: 37822719 PMCID: PMC10562195 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.101110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent behind the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, has continued to mutate and create new variants with increased resistance against the WHO-approved spike-based vaccines. With a significant portion of the worldwide population still unvaccinated and with waning immunity against newly emerging variants, there is a pressing need to develop novel vaccines that provide broader and longer-lasting protection. To generate broader protective immunity against COVID-19, we developed our second-generation vaccinia virus-based COVID-19 vaccine, TOH-VAC-2, encoded with modified versions of the spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins as well as a unique poly-epitope antigen that contains immunodominant T cell epitopes from seven different SARS-CoV-2 proteins. We show that the poly-epitope antigen restimulates T cells from the PBMCs of individuals formerly infected with SARS-CoV-2. In mice, TOH-VAC-2 vaccination produces high titers of S- and N-specific antibodies and generates robust T cell immunity against S, N, and poly-epitope antigens. The immunity generated from TOH-VAC-2 is also capable of protecting mice from heterologous challenge with recombinant VSV viruses that express the same SARS-CoV-2 antigens. Altogether, these findings demonstrate the effectiveness of our versatile vaccine platform as an alternative or complementary approach to current vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Boulton
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Joanna Poutou
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Rida Gill
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Nouf Alluqmani
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Xiaohong He
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Ragunath Singaravelu
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Mathieu J.F. Crupi
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Julia Petryk
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Bradley Austin
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Leonard Angka
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Zaid Taha
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Iris Teo
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Siddarth Singh
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Rameen Jamil
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Ricardo Marius
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Nikolas Martin
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Taylor Jamieson
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Taha Azad
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Jean-Simon Diallo
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Carolina S. Ilkow
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - John C. Bell
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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2
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Azad T, Rezaei R, Singaravelu R, Pelin A, Boulton S, Petryk J, Onsu KA, Martin NT, Hoskin V, Ghahremani M, Marotel M, Marius R, He X, Crupi MJF, Hoang HD, Nik-Akhtar A, Ahmadi M, Zamani NK, Golshani A, Alain T, Greer P, Ardolino M, Dickinson BC, Tai LH, Ilkow CS, Bell JC. Synthetic virology approaches to improve the safety and efficacy of oncolytic virus therapies. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3035. [PMID: 37236967 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38651-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The large coding potential of vaccinia virus (VV) vectors is a defining feature. However, limited regulatory switches are available to control viral replication as well as timing and dosing of transgene expression in order to facilitate safe and efficacious payload delivery. Herein, we adapt drug-controlled gene switches to enable control of virally encoded transgene expression, including systems controlled by the FDA-approved rapamycin and doxycycline. Using ribosome profiling to characterize viral promoter strength, we rationally design fusions of the operator element of different drug-inducible systems with VV promoters to produce synthetic promoters yielding robust inducible expression with undetectable baseline levels. We also generate chimeric synthetic promoters facilitating additional regulatory layers for VV-encoded synthetic transgene networks. The switches are applied to enable inducible expression of fusogenic proteins, dose-controlled delivery of toxic cytokines, and chemical regulation of VV replication. This toolbox enables the precise modulation of transgene circuitry in VV-vectored oncolytic virus design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Azad
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E 4K8, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Reza Rezaei
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Ragunath Singaravelu
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Adrian Pelin
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, CA 94158, USA
| | - Stephen Boulton
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Julia Petryk
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | | | | | - Victoria Hoskin
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Mina Ghahremani
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Marie Marotel
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Center for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H, Canada
| | - Ricardo Marius
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Xiaohong He
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Mathieu J F Crupi
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Huy-Dung Hoang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Abolfazl Nik-Akhtar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Department of Biology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Mahsa Ahmadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nika Kooshki Zamani
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashkan Golshani
- Department of Biology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Tommy Alain
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Peter Greer
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queens University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Michele Ardolino
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Center for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H, Canada
| | - Bryan C Dickinson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lee-Hwa Tai
- Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
- Department of Immunology & Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Carolina S Ilkow
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - John C Bell
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
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3
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Boulton S, Crupi MJF, Singh S, Carter-Timofte ME, Azad T, Organ BC, He X, Gill R, Neault S, Jamieson T, Dave J, Kurmasheva N, Austin B, Petryk J, Singaravelu R, Huang BZ, Franco N, Babu K, Parks RJ, Ilkow CS, Olagnier D, Bell JC. Inhibition of Exchange Proteins Directly Activated by cAMP (EPAC) as a Strategy for Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Development. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104749. [PMID: 37100284 PMCID: PMC10124099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent SARS-CoV-2 and mpox outbreaks have highlighted the need to expand our arsenal of broad-spectrum antiviral agents for future pandemic preparedness. Host-directed antivirals are an important tool to accomplish this as they typically offer protection against a broader range of viruses than direct-acting antivirals and have a lower susceptibility to viral mutations that cause drug resistance. In this study, we investigate the Exchange Protein Activated by cAMP (EPAC) as a target for broad-spectrum antiviral therapy. We find that the EPAC-selective inhibitor, ESI-09 provides robust protection against a variety of viruses, including SARS-CoV-2 and Vaccinia (VACV) - an orthopoxvirus from the same family as mpox. We show, using a series of immunofluorescence experiments, that ESI-09 remodels the actin cytoskeleton through Rac1/Cdc42 GTPases and the Arp2/3 complex, impairing internalization of viruses that use clathrin-mediated endocytosis (e.g. VSV) or micropinocytosis (e.g. VACV). Additionally, we find that ESI-09 disrupts syncytia formation and inhibits cell-to-cell transmission of viruses such as measles and VACV. When administered to immune-deficient mice in an intranasal challenge model, ESI-09 protects mice from lethal doses of VACV and prevents formation of pox lesions. Altogether, our finding show that EPAC antagonists such as ESI-09 are promising candidates for broad-spectrum antiviral therapy that can aid in the fight against ongoing and future viral outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Boulton
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Mathieu J F Crupi
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Siddharth Singh
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | | | - Taha Azad
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of microbiology and infectious diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Bailey C Organ
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Xiaohong He
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Rida Gill
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Serge Neault
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Taylor Jamieson
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jaahnavi Dave
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Naziia Kurmasheva
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Bradley Austin
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Julia Petryk
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Ragunath Singaravelu
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada; Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0K9
| | - Ben Zhen Huang
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Noah Franco
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Kaaviya Babu
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Robin J Parks
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Carolina S Ilkow
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - David Olagnier
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - John C Bell
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
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4
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Whelan JT, Singaravelu R, Wang F, Pelin A, Tamming LA, Pugliese G, Martin NT, Crupi MJF, Petryk J, Austin B, He X, Marius R, Duong J, Jones C, Fekete EEF, Alluqmani N, Chen A, Boulton S, Huh MS, Tang MY, Taha Z, Scut E, Diallo JS, Azad T, Lichty BD, Ilkow CS, Bell JC. CRISPR-mediated rapid arming of poxvirus vectors enables facile generation of the novel immunotherapeutic STINGPOX. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1050250. [PMID: 36713447 PMCID: PMC9880309 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1050250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Poxvirus vectors represent versatile modalities for engineering novel vaccines and cancer immunotherapies. In addition to their oncolytic capacity and immunogenic influence, they can be readily engineered to express multiple large transgenes. However, the integration of multiple payloads into poxvirus genomes by traditional recombination-based approaches can be highly inefficient, time-consuming and cumbersome. Herein, we describe a simple, cost-effective approach to rapidly generate and purify a poxvirus vector with multiple transgenes. By utilizing a simple, modular CRISPR/Cas9 assisted-recombinant vaccinia virus engineering (CARVE) system, we demonstrate generation of a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing three distinct transgenes at three different loci in less than 1 week. We apply CARVE to rapidly generate a novel immunogenic vaccinia virus vector, which expresses a bacterial diadenylate cyclase. This novel vector, STINGPOX, produces cyclic di-AMP, a STING agonist, which drives IFN signaling critical to the anti-tumor immune response. We demonstrate that STINGPOX can drive IFN signaling in primary human cancer tissue explants. Using an immunocompetent murine colon cancer model, we demonstrate that intratumoral administration of STINGPOX in combination with checkpoint inhibitor, anti-PD1, promotes survival post-tumour challenge. These data demonstrate the utility of CRISPR/Cas9 in the rapid arming of poxvirus vectors with therapeutic payloads to create novel immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack T. Whelan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Centre for Innovation Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ragunath Singaravelu
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Centre for Innovation Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Fuan Wang
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada,MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Adrian Pelin
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Centre for Innovation Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Levi A. Tamming
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Centre for Innovation Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Giuseppe Pugliese
- Centre for Innovation Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nikolas T. Martin
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Centre for Innovation Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mathieu J. F. Crupi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Centre for Innovation Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Julia Petryk
- Centre for Innovation Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Bradley Austin
- Centre for Innovation Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Xiaohong He
- Centre for Innovation Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ricardo Marius
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Centre for Innovation Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jessie Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Centre for Innovation Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Carter Jones
- Centre for Innovation Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Emily E. F. Fekete
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Centre for Innovation Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nouf Alluqmani
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Centre for Innovation Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Chen
- Centre for Innovation Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen Boulton
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Centre for Innovation Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael S. Huh
- Centre for Innovation Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Matt Y. Tang
- Centre for Innovation Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Zaid Taha
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Centre for Innovation Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Elena Scut
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Centre for Innovation Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jean-Simon Diallo
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Centre for Innovation Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Taha Azad
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Centre for Innovation Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Brian D. Lichty
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada,MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: John C. Bell, ; Carolina S. Ilkow, ; Brian D. Lichty,
| | - Carolina S. Ilkow
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Centre for Innovation Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: John C. Bell, ; Carolina S. Ilkow, ; Brian D. Lichty,
| | - John C. Bell
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Centre for Innovation Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: John C. Bell, ; Carolina S. Ilkow, ; Brian D. Lichty,
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5
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Taha Z, Arulanandam R, Maznyi G, Godbout E, Carter-Timofte ME, Kurmasheva N, Reinert LS, Chen A, Crupi MJ, Boulton S, Laroche G, Phan A, Rezaei R, Alluqmani N, Jirovec A, Acal A, Brown EE, Singaravelu R, Petryk J, Idorn M, Potts KG, Todesco H, John C, Mahoney DJ, Ilkow CS, Giguère P, Alain T, Côté M, Paludan SR, Olagnier D, Bell JC, Azad T, Diallo JS. Identification of FDA-approved bifonazole as a SARS-CoV-2 blocking agent following a bioreporter drug screen. Mol Ther 2022; 30:2998-3016. [PMID: 35526097 PMCID: PMC9075979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We established a split nanoluciferase complementation assay to rapidly screen for inhibitors that interfere with binding of the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike glycoprotein with its target receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). After a screen of 1,200 US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved compounds, we identified bifonazole, an imidazole-based antifungal agent, as a competitive inhibitor of RBD-ACE2 binding. Mechanistically, bifonazole binds ACE2 around residue K353, which prevents association with the RBD, affecting entry and replication of spike-pseudotyped viruses as well as native SARS-CoV-2 and its variants of concern (VOCs). Intranasal administration of bifonazole reduces lethality in K18-hACE2 mice challenged with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-spike by 40%, with a similar benefit after live SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Our screen identified an antiviral agent that is effective against SARS-CoV-2 and VOCs such as Omicron that employ the same receptor to infect cells and therefore has high potential to be repurposed to control, treat, or prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid Taha
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Rozanne Arulanandam
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Glib Maznyi
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Elena Godbout
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | | | - Naziia Kurmasheva
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Line S. Reinert
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Andrew Chen
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Mathieu J.F. Crupi
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Stephen Boulton
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Geneviève Laroche
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Alexandra Phan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Reza Rezaei
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Nouf Alluqmani
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Anna Jirovec
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Alexandra Acal
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Emily E.F. Brown
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Ragunath Singaravelu
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Julia Petryk
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Manja Idorn
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kyle G. Potts
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Hayley Todesco
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Cini John
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Douglas J. Mahoney
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Carolina S. Ilkow
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Patrick Giguère
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Tommy Alain
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada,Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Marceline Côté
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Søren R. Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - David Olagnier
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - John C. Bell
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Taha Azad
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Jean-Simon Diallo
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
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6
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Boulton S, Poutou J, Martin NT, Azad T, Singaravelu R, Crupi MJF, Jamieson T, He X, Marius R, Petryk J, Tanese de Souza C, Austin B, Taha Z, Whelan J, Khan ST, Pelin A, Rezaei R, Surendran A, Tucker S, Fekete EEF, Dave J, Diallo JS, Auer R, Angel JB, Cameron DW, Cailhier JF, Lapointe R, Potts K, Mahoney DJ, Bell JC, Ilkow CS. Single-dose replicating poxvirus vector-based RBD vaccine drives robust humoral and T cell immune response against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mol Ther 2022; 30:1885-1896. [PMID: 34687845 PMCID: PMC8527104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic requires the continued development of safe, long-lasting, and efficacious vaccines for preventive responses to major outbreaks around the world, and especially in isolated and developing countries. To combat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), we characterize a temperature-stable vaccine candidate (TOH-Vac1) that uses a replication-competent, attenuated vaccinia virus as a vector to express a membrane-tethered spike receptor binding domain (RBD) antigen. We evaluate the effects of dose escalation and administration routes on vaccine safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity in animal models. Our vaccine induces high levels of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies and favorable T cell responses, while maintaining an optimal safety profile in mice and cynomolgus macaques. We demonstrate robust immune responses and protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 variants after only a single dose. Together, these findings support further development of our novel and versatile vaccine platform as an alternative or complementary approach to current vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Boulton
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Joanna Poutou
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Nikolas T Martin
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Taha Azad
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Ragunath Singaravelu
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Mathieu J F Crupi
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Taylor Jamieson
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Xiaohong He
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Ricardo Marius
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Julia Petryk
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Christiano Tanese de Souza
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Bradley Austin
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Zaid Taha
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jack Whelan
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Sarwat T Khan
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Adrian Pelin
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Reza Rezaei
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Abera Surendran
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Sarah Tucker
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Emily E F Fekete
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jaahnavi Dave
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jean-Simon Diallo
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Rebecca Auer
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Angel
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - D William Cameron
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa at The Ottawa Hospital/ Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | | | - Réjean Lapointe
- Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Kyle Potts
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 6A8, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2T 1N4, Canada
| | - Douglas J Mahoney
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 6A8, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2T 1N4, Canada
| | - John C Bell
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Carolina S Ilkow
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
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7
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Wedge ME, Jennings VA, Crupi MJF, Poutou J, Jamieson T, Pelin A, Pugliese G, de Souza CT, Petryk J, Laight BJ, Boileau M, Taha Z, Alluqmani N, McKay HE, Pikor L, Khan ST, Azad T, Rezaei R, Austin B, He X, Mansfield D, Rose E, Brown EEF, Crawford N, Alkayyal A, Surendran A, Singaravelu R, Roy DG, Migneco G, McSweeney B, Cottee ML, Jacobus EJ, Keller BA, Yamaguchi TN, Boutros PC, Geoffrion M, Rayner KJ, Chatterjee A, Auer RC, Diallo JS, Gibbings D, tenOever BR, Melcher A, Bell JC, Ilkow CS. Virally programmed extracellular vesicles sensitize cancer cells to oncolytic virus and small molecule therapy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1898. [PMID: 35393414 PMCID: PMC8990073 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29526-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in cancer therapeutics clearly demonstrate the need for innovative multiplex therapies that attack the tumour on multiple fronts. Oncolytic or “cancer-killing” viruses (OVs) represent up-and-coming multi-mechanistic immunotherapeutic drugs for the treatment of cancer. In this study, we perform an in-vitro screen based on virus-encoded artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs) and find that a unique amiRNA, herein termed amiR-4, confers a replicative advantage to the VSVΔ51 OV platform. Target validation of amiR-4 reveals ARID1A, a protein involved in chromatin remodelling, as an important player in resistance to OV replication. Virus-directed targeting of ARID1A coupled with small-molecule inhibition of the methyltransferase EZH2 leads to the synthetic lethal killing of both infected and uninfected tumour cells. The bystander killing of uninfected cells is mediated by intercellular transfer of extracellular vesicles carrying amiR-4 cargo. Altogether, our findings establish that OVs can serve as replicating vehicles for amiRNA therapeutics with the potential for combination with small molecule and immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. RNA-based viruses can be engineered to express artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs). Here, the authors identify a candidate amiRNA that confers a replicative advantage to oncolytic viruses, enhancing their anticancer potency, and show that intercellular transfer of extracellular vesicles carrying the amiRNA promotes bystander killing of uninfected cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Eve Wedge
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victoria A Jennings
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.,Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Mathieu J F Crupi
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joanna Poutou
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Taylor Jamieson
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrian Pelin
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giuseppe Pugliese
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Julia Petryk
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian J Laight
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meaghan Boileau
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zaid Taha
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nouf Alluqmani
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hayley E McKay
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Larissa Pikor
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarwat Tahsin Khan
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Taha Azad
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Reza Rezaei
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bradley Austin
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaohong He
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Elaine Rose
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily E F Brown
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natalie Crawford
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Almohanad Alkayyal
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abera Surendran
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ragunath Singaravelu
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dominic G Roy
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gemma Migneco
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Benjamin McSweeney
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mary Lynn Cottee
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Egon J Jacobus
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Brian A Keller
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Takafumi N Yamaguchi
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul C Boutros
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Urology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Institute for Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Katey J Rayner
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Avijit Chatterjee
- The Ottawa Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rebecca C Auer
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-Simon Diallo
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Derrick Gibbings
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin R tenOever
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - John C Bell
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carolina S Ilkow
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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8
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Carter-Timofte ME, Arulanandam R, Kurmasheva N, Fu K, Laroche G, Taha Z, van der Horst D, Cassin L, van der Sluis RM, Palermo E, Di Carlo D, Jacobs D, Maznyi G, Azad T, Singaravelu R, Ren F, Hansen AL, Idorn M, Holm CK, Jakobsen MR, van Grevenynghe J, Hiscott J, Paludan SR, Bell JC, Seguin J, Sabourin LA, Côté M, Diallo JS, Alain T, Olagnier D. Antiviral Potential of the Antimicrobial Drug Atovaquone against SARS-CoV-2 and Emerging Variants of Concern. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:3034-3051. [PMID: 34658235 PMCID: PMC8547501 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial medication malarone (atovaquone/proguanil) is used as a fixed-dose combination for treating children and adults with uncomplicated malaria or as chemoprophylaxis for preventing malaria in travelers. It is an inexpensive, efficacious, and safe drug frequently prescribed around the world. Following anecdotal evidence from 17 patients in the provinces of Quebec and Ontario, Canada, suggesting that malarone/atovaquone may present some benefits in protecting against COVID-19, we sought to examine its antiviral potential in limiting the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in cellular models of infection. In VeroE6 expressing human TMPRSS2 and human lung Calu-3 epithelial cells, we show that the active compound atovaquone at micromolar concentrations potently inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 and other variants of concern including the alpha, beta, and delta variants. Importantly, atovaquone retained its full antiviral activity in a primary human airway epithelium cell culture model. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that the atovaquone antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 is partially dependent on the expression of TMPRSS2 and that the drug can disrupt the interaction of the spike protein with the viral receptor, ACE2. Additionally, spike-mediated membrane fusion was also reduced in the presence of atovaquone. In the United States, two clinical trials of atovaquone administered alone or in combination with azithromycin were initiated in 2020. While we await the results of these trials, our findings in cellular infection models demonstrate that atovaquone is a potent antiviral FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 and other variants of concern in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rozanne Arulanandam
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research,
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6,
Canada
| | - Naziia Kurmasheva
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus
University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Kathy Fu
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and
Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1,
Canada
- Center for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation,
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1,
Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems
Biology, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Geneviève Laroche
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and
Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1,
Canada
- Center for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation,
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1,
Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems
Biology, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Zaid Taha
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research,
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6,
Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and
Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1,
Canada
| | | | - Lena Cassin
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus
University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Renée M. van der Sluis
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus
University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus
University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Enrico Palermo
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti
Foundation, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome 00161,
Italy
| | - Daniele Di Carlo
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti
Foundation, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome 00161,
Italy
| | - David Jacobs
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and
Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1,
Canada
- Center for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation,
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1,
Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems
Biology, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Glib Maznyi
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research,
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6,
Canada
| | - Taha Azad
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research,
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6,
Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and
Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1,
Canada
| | - Ragunath Singaravelu
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research,
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6,
Canada
| | - Fanghui Ren
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus
University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | | | - Manja Idorn
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus
University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Christian K. Holm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus
University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | | | - Julien van Grevenynghe
- Institut National de la Recherche
Scientifique (INRS)-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie,
Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - John Hiscott
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti
Foundation, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome 00161,
Italy
| | - Søren R. Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus
University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - John C. Bell
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research,
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6,
Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and
Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1,
Canada
| | - Jean Seguin
- CCFP, Dipl. Sport Med., CareMedics
McArthur, 311 McArthur Avenue suite 103, Ottawa, Ontario K1L 8M3,
Canada
| | - Luc A. Sabourin
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research,
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6,
Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine,
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5,
Canada
| | - Marceline Côté
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and
Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1,
Canada
- Center for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation,
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1,
Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems
Biology, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Jean-Simon Diallo
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research,
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6,
Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and
Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1,
Canada
| | - Tommy Alain
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and
Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1,
Canada
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern
Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1,
Canada
| | - David Olagnier
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus
University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
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9
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Rezaei R, Surendran A, Singaravelu R, Jamieson TR, Taklifi P, Poutou J, Azad T, Ilkow CS. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Receptor-Binding Domain Antibody using a HiBiT-Based Bioreporter. J Vis Exp 2021. [PMID: 34459810 DOI: 10.3791/62488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the need for better serological detection methods to determine the epidemiologic impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The increasing number of SARS-CoV-2 infections raises the need for better antibody detection assays. Current antibody detection methods compromise sensitivity for speed or are sensitive but time-consuming. A large proportion of SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies target the receptor-binding domain (RBD), one of the primary immunogenic compartments of SARS-CoV-2. We have recently designed and developed a highly sensitive, bioluminescent-tagged RBD (NanoLuc HiBiT-RBD) to detect SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The following text describes the procedure to produce the HiBiT-RBD complex and a fast assay to evaluate the presence of RBD-targeting antibodies using this tool. Due to the durability of the HiBiT-RBD protein product over a wide range of temperatures and the shorter experimental procedure that can be completed within 1 h, the protocol can be considered as a more efficient alternative to detect SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in patient serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rezaei
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa
| | - Abera Surendran
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa
| | - Ragunath Singaravelu
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa
| | - Taylor R Jamieson
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa
| | | | - Joanna Poutou
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa
| | - Taha Azad
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa
| | - Carolina S Ilkow
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa;
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10
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Azad T, Singaravelu R, Taha Z, Jamieson TR, Boulton S, Crupi MJF, Martin NT, Fekete EEF, Poutou J, Ghahremani M, Pelin A, Nouri K, Rezaei R, Marshall CB, Enomoto M, Arulanandam R, Alluqmani N, Samson R, Gingras AC, Cameron DW, Greer PA, Ilkow CS, Diallo JS, Bell JC. Nanoluciferase complementation-based bioreporter reveals the importance of N-linked glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 S for viral entry. Mol Ther 2021; 29:1984-2000. [PMID: 33578036 PMCID: PMC7872859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the immediate need for the development of antiviral therapeutics targeting different stages of the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle. We developed a bioluminescence-based bioreporter to interrogate the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 viral spike (S) protein and its host entry receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The bioreporter assay is based on a nanoluciferase complementation reporter, composed of two subunits, large BiT and small BiT, fused to the S receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain, respectively. Using this bioreporter, we uncovered critical host and viral determinants of the interaction, including a role for glycosylation of asparagine residues within the RBD in mediating successful viral entry. We also demonstrate the importance of N-linked glycosylation to the RBD's antigenicity and immunogenicity. Our study demonstrates the versatility of our bioreporter in mapping key residues mediating viral entry as well as screening inhibitors of the ACE2-RBD interaction. Our findings point toward targeting RBD glycosylation for therapeutic and vaccine strategies against SARS-CoV-2.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/chemistry
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/genetics
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Asparagine/chemistry
- Asparagine/metabolism
- Binding Sites
- Biological Assay
- COVID-19/diagnosis
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/virology
- Genes, Reporter
- Glycosylation/drug effects
- HEK293 Cells
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/drug effects
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics
- Humans
- Lectins/pharmacology
- Luciferases/genetics
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Luminescent Measurements
- Protein Binding
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Receptors, Virus/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Virus/chemistry
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
- SARS-CoV-2/growth & development
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/antagonists & inhibitors
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Virus Internalization/drug effects
- COVID-19 Drug Treatment
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Azad
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Ragunath Singaravelu
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Zaid Taha
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Taylor R Jamieson
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Stephen Boulton
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Mathieu J F Crupi
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Nikolas T Martin
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Emily E F Fekete
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Joanna Poutou
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Mina Ghahremani
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Adrian Pelin
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Kazem Nouri
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Reza Rezaei
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | | | - Masahiro Enomoto
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Rozanne Arulanandam
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Nouf Alluqmani
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Reuben Samson
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - D William Cameron
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Peter A Greer
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queens University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Carolina S Ilkow
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jean-Simon Diallo
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - John C Bell
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
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11
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Azad T, Singaravelu R, Fekete EE, Taha Z, Rezaei R, Arulanandam R, Boulton S, Diallo JS, Ilkow CS, Bell JC. SARS-CoV-2 S1 NanoBiT: A nanoluciferase complementation-based biosensor to rapidly probe SARS-CoV-2 receptor recognition. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 180:113122. [PMID: 33706157 PMCID: PMC7921772 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, there is an imminent need for rapid diagnostic tools and effective antivirals targeting SARS-CoV-2. We have developed a novel bioluminescence-based biosensor to probe a key host-virus interaction during viral entry: the binding of SARS-CoV-2 viral spike (S) protein to its receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Derived from Nanoluciferase binary technology (NanoBiT), the biosensor is composed of Nanoluciferase split into two complementary subunits, Large BiT and Small BiT, fused to the Spike S1 domain of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 ectodomain, respectively. The ACE2-S1 interaction results in reassembly of functional Nanoluciferase, which catalyzes a bioluminescent reaction that can be assayed in a highly sensitive and specific manner. We demonstrate the biosensor's large dynamic range, enhanced thermostability and pH tolerance. In addition, we show the biosensor's versatility towards the high-throughput screening of drugs which disrupt the ACE2-S1 interaction, as well as its ability to act as a surrogate virus neutralization assay. Results obtained with our biosensor correlate well with those obtained with a Spike-pseudotyped lentivirus assay. This rapid in vitro tool does not require infectious virus and should enable the timely development of antiviral modalities targeting SARS-CoV-2 entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Azad
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Ragunath Singaravelu
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Emily E.F. Fekete
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Zaid Taha
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Reza Rezaei
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | | | - Stephen Boulton
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jean-Simon Diallo
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Carolina S. Ilkow
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - John C. Bell
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada,Corresponding author. Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
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12
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Azad T, Rezaei R, Singaravelu R, Jamieson TR, Crupi MJF, Surendran A, Poutou J, Taklifi P, Cowan J, Cameron DW, Ilkow CS. A High-Throughput NanoBiT-Based Serological Assay Detects SARS-CoV-2 Seroconversion. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:nano11030807. [PMID: 33809836 PMCID: PMC8004173 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput detection strategies for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in patients recovering from COVID-19, or in vaccinated individuals, are urgently required during this ongoing pandemic. Serological assays are the most widely used method to measure antibody responses in patients. However, most of the current methods lack the speed, stability, sensitivity, and specificity to be selected as a test for worldwide serosurveys. Here, we demonstrate a novel NanoBiT-based serological assay for fast and sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific antibodies in sera of COVID-19 patients. This assay can be done in high-throughput manner at 384 samples per hour and only requires a minimum of 5 μL of serum or 10 ng of antibody. The stability of our NanoBiT reporter in various temperatures (4–42 °C) and pH (4–12) settings suggests the assay will be able to withstand imperfect shipping and handling conditions for worldwide seroepidemiologic surveillance in the post-vaccination period of the pandemic. Our newly developed rapid assay is highly accessible and may facilitate a more cost-effective solution for seroconversion screening as vaccination efforts progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Azad
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.R.); (R.S.); (T.R.J.); (M.J.F.C.); (A.S.); (J.P.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Reza Rezaei
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.R.); (R.S.); (T.R.J.); (M.J.F.C.); (A.S.); (J.P.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Ragunath Singaravelu
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.R.); (R.S.); (T.R.J.); (M.J.F.C.); (A.S.); (J.P.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Taylor R. Jamieson
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.R.); (R.S.); (T.R.J.); (M.J.F.C.); (A.S.); (J.P.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Mathieu J. F. Crupi
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.R.); (R.S.); (T.R.J.); (M.J.F.C.); (A.S.); (J.P.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Abera Surendran
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.R.); (R.S.); (T.R.J.); (M.J.F.C.); (A.S.); (J.P.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Joanna Poutou
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.R.); (R.S.); (T.R.J.); (M.J.F.C.); (A.S.); (J.P.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Parisa Taklifi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417614411, Iran;
| | - Juthaporn Cowan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Ottawa at The Ottawa Hospital/Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (J.C.); (D.W.C.)
| | - Donald William Cameron
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Ottawa at The Ottawa Hospital/Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (J.C.); (D.W.C.)
| | - Carolina S. Ilkow
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.R.); (R.S.); (T.R.J.); (M.J.F.C.); (A.S.); (J.P.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-613-737-8899 (ext. 75208)
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13
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Filip R, Desrochers GF, Lefebvre DM, Reed A, Singaravelu R, Cravatt BF, Pezacki JP. Profiling of MicroRNA Targets Using Activity-Based Protein Profiling: Linking Enzyme Activity to MicroRNA-185 Function. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:202-212.e6. [PMID: 33450181 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) act as cellular signal transducers through repression of protein translation. Elucidating targets using bioinformatics and traditional quantitation methods is often insufficient to uncover global miRNA function. Herein, alteration of protein function caused by miRNA-185 (miR-185), an immunometabolic miRNA, was determined using activity-based protein profiling, transcriptomics, and lipidomics. Fluorophosphonate-based activity-based protein profiling of miR-185-induced changes to human liver cells revealed that exclusively metabolic serine hydrolase enzymes were regulated in activity, some with roles in lipid and endocannabinoid metabolism. Lipidomic analysis linked enzymatic changes to levels of cellular lipid species, such as components of very-low-density lipoprotein particles. Additionally, inhibition of one miR-185 target, monoglyceride lipase, led to decreased hepatitis C virus levels in an infectious model. Overall, the approaches used here were able to identify key functional changes in serine hydrolases caused by miR-185 that are targetable pharmacologically, such that a small molecule inhibitor can recapitulate the miRNA phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Filip
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Geneviève F Desrochers
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - David M Lefebvre
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Alex Reed
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ragunath Singaravelu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John Paul Pezacki
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada.
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14
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Azad T, Singaravelu R, Crupi MJ, Jamieson T, Dave J, Brown EE, Rezaei R, Taha Z, Boulton S, Martin NT, Surendran A, Poutou J, Ghahremani M, Nouri K, Whelan JT, Duong J, Tucker S, Diallo JS, Bell JC, Ilkow CS. Implications for SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Design: Fusion of Spike Glycoprotein Transmembrane Domain to Receptor-Binding Domain Induces Trimerization. Membranes (Basel) 2020; 10:membranes10090215. [PMID: 32872641 PMCID: PMC7557813 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10090215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic presents an urgent need for an effective vaccine. Molecular characterization of SARS-CoV-2 is critical to the development of effective vaccine and therapeutic strategies. In the present study, we show that the fusion of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain to its transmembrane domain is sufficient to mediate trimerization. Our findings may have implications for vaccine development and therapeutic drug design strategies targeting spike trimerization. As global efforts for developing SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are rapidly underway, we believe this observation is an important consideration for identifying crucial epitopes of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Azad
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Ragunath Singaravelu
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Mathieu J.F. Crupi
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Taylor Jamieson
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jaahnavi Dave
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Emily E.F. Brown
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Reza Rezaei
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Zaid Taha
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Stephen Boulton
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Nikolas T. Martin
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Abera Surendran
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Joanna Poutou
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Mina Ghahremani
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
| | - Kazem Nouri
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada;
| | - Jack T. Whelan
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jessie Duong
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Sarah Tucker
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jean-Simon Diallo
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - John C. Bell
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Carolina S. Ilkow
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-613-737-8899 (ext. 75208)
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15
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Azad T, Rezaei R, Surendran A, Singaravelu R, Boulton S, Dave J, Bell JC, Ilkow CS. Hippo Signaling Pathway as a Central Mediator of Receptors Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) in Tumorigenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082042. [PMID: 32722184 PMCID: PMC7463967 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway plays a critical role in tissue and organ growth under normal physiological conditions, and its dysregulation in malignant growth has made it an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in the fight against cancer. To date, its complex signaling mechanisms have made it difficult to identify strong therapeutic candidates. Hippo signaling is largely carried out by two main activated signaling pathways involving receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)—the RTK/RAS/PI3K and the RTK-RAS-MAPK pathways. However, several RTKs have also been shown to regulate this pathway to engage downstream Hippo effectors and ultimately influence cell proliferation. In this text, we attempt to review the diverse RTK signaling pathways that influence Hippo signaling in the context of oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Azad
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.R.); (A.S.); (R.S.); (S.B.); (J.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Reza Rezaei
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.R.); (A.S.); (R.S.); (S.B.); (J.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Abera Surendran
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.R.); (A.S.); (R.S.); (S.B.); (J.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Ragunath Singaravelu
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.R.); (A.S.); (R.S.); (S.B.); (J.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Stephen Boulton
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.R.); (A.S.); (R.S.); (S.B.); (J.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jaahnavi Dave
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.R.); (A.S.); (R.S.); (S.B.); (J.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - John C. Bell
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.R.); (A.S.); (R.S.); (S.B.); (J.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Carolina S. Ilkow
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.R.); (A.S.); (R.S.); (S.B.); (J.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-613-737-8899 (ext. 75208)
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16
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Pelin A, Boulton S, Tamming LA, Bell JC, Singaravelu R. Engineering vaccinia virus as an immunotherapeutic battleship to overcome tumor heterogeneity. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:1083-1097. [PMID: 32297534 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1757066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunotherapy is a rapidly evolving area of cancer therapeutics aimed at driving a systemic immune response to fight cancer. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are at the cutting-edge of innovation in the immunotherapy field. Successful OV platforms must be effective in reshaping the tumor microenvironment and controlling tumor burden, but also be highly specific to avoid off-target side effects. Large DNA viruses, like vaccinia virus (VACV), have a large coding capacity, enabling the encoding of multiple immunostimulatory transgenes to reshape the tumor immune microenvironment. VACV-based OVs have shown promising results in both pre-clinical and clinical studies, including safe and efficient intravenous delivery to metastatic tumors. AREA COVERED This review summarizes attenuation strategies to generate a recombinant VACV with optimal tumor selectivity and immunogenicity. In addition, we discuss immunomodulatory transgenes that have been introduced into VACV and summarize their effectiveness in controlling tumor burden. EXPERT OPINION VACV encodes several immunomodulatory genes which aid the virus in overcoming innate and adaptive immune responses. Strategic deletion of these virulence factors will enable an optimal balance between viral persistence and immunogenicity, robust tumor-specific expression of payloads and promotion of a systemic anti-cancer immune response. Rational selection of therapeutic transgenes will maximize the efficacy of OVs and their synergy in combinatorial immunotherapy schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Pelin
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen Boulton
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Levi A Tamming
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - John C Bell
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ragunath Singaravelu
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Pelin A, Huh M, Tang M, LeBouef F, Keller B, Duong J, Knowles K, Petryk J, Jennings V, Melcher A, Singaravelu R, Crupi M, Pikor L, Breitbach C, Bernstein S, Burgess M, Bell JC. Abstract PR19: Utilizing novel oncolytic vaccinia virus for selective expression of immunotherapeutic payloads in metastatic tumors. Cancer Immunol Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6074.tumimm18-pr19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The treatment paradigm for patients with metastatic cancer has evolved rapidly with the approval of agents targeting CTLA-4 and the PD-1/L1 immune checkpoint axis. Despite the profound impact these agents have had, they are minimally effective in the majority of cancer patients. Rational combinations of complementary immune-modulating agents have thus far not led to clear patient benefit, and newer technologies that are better able to safely combine multiple modes of action could well prove to be vital. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have the capacity to be the ideal therapeutic partner for immune checkpoint therapeutics in several ways. First, on their own OVs can “heat up” immunologically “cold” tumors by initiating a proinflammatory infection within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Second, some OVs can be engineered to strategically express one or more immune-modulating molecules. Finally, certain OVs have the capacity to be delivered systemically and thus enhance immune cell recruitment and activation in all metastatic sites. We have selected a novel vaccinia virus as our therapeutic OV platform and are using it to engineer multi-mechanistic cancer therapeutics. Previously it has been demonstrated that oncolytic vaccinia viruses can be delivered systemically and spread within metastatic lesions. These clinical candidates, however, contain multiple potent immune-suppressive genes. Furthermore, in clinical studies some of these therapeutics exhibited off-tumor infections (e.g., pox lesions), which may ultimately limit their ability to be used to deliver potent immune modulators. We used a combination of functional genomics and bio-selection strategies to generate a novel oncolytic vaccinia backbone (termed SKV) containing a large genome deletion that exhibited augmented oncolytic activity and improved tumor selectivity. Our new best-in-class vaccinia robustly stimulates anti-immune responses, rapidly spreads within and between tumors, and has a substantially improved preclinical safety profile when compared to other vaccinia clinical candidates. As predicted, SKV synergizes well with immune checkpoint inhibitor antibodies and potently activates human immune cells. Due to the exquisite tumor selectivity of SKV, we have been able to engineer and express three potent immune modulators that are safest and most effective when expressed within the TME: anti-CTLA4 antibody, membrane tethered IL-12, and the antigen-presenting cell-activating ligand FLT-3L. Tumor-selective transgene expression has been demonstrated in murine tumor models in which therapeutic payload concentrations (e.g., >1 ug/ml IL-12) were achieved within the TME without any detectable transgene product in the systemic circulation (serum). Expression of the therapeutic payloads increased survival versus the SKV backbone control in an immunocompetent, syngeneic tumor model. Ongoing toxicity and efficacy studies are being carried out prior to clinical evaluation of the novel virus construct.
This abstract is also being presented as Poster A02.
Citation Format: Adrian Pelin, Mike Huh, Matt Tang, Fabrice LeBouef, Brian Keller, Jessie Duong, Katherine Knowles, Julia Petryk, Vicki Jennings, Alan Melcher, Ragunath Singaravelu, Mathieu Crupi, Larissa Pikor, Caroline Breitbach, Steven Bernstein, Michael Burgess, John C. Bell. Utilizing novel oncolytic vaccinia virus for selective expression of immunotherapeutic payloads in metastatic tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2018 Nov 27-30; Miami Beach, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2020;8(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PR19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Pelin
- 1Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada,
| | - Mike Huh
- 1Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada,
| | - Matt Tang
- 1Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada,
| | | | - Brian Keller
- 1Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada,
| | - Jessie Duong
- 1Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada,
| | | | - Julia Petryk
- 1Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada,
| | | | | | | | - Mathieu Crupi
- 1Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada,
| | - Larissa Pikor
- 1Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada,
| | | | | | | | - John C. Bell
- 1Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada,
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18
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Singaravelu R, Ahmed N, Quan C, Srinivasan P, Ablenas CJ, Roy DG, Pezacki JP. A conserved miRNA-183 cluster regulates the innate antiviral response. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:19785-19794. [PMID: 31694919 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon immune recognition of viruses, the mammalian innate immune response activates a complex signal transduction network to combat infection. This activation requires phosphorylation of key transcription factors regulating IFN production and signaling, including IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and STAT1. The mechanisms regulating these STAT1 and IRF3 phosphorylation events remain unclear. Here, using human and mouse cell lines along with gene microarrays, quantitative RT-PCR, viral infection and plaque assays, and reporter gene assays, we demonstrate that a microRNA cluster conserved among bilaterian animals, encoding miR-96, miR-182, and miR-183, regulates IFN signaling. In particular, we observed that the miR-183 cluster promotes IFN production and signaling, mediated by enhancing IRF3 and STAT1 phosphorylation. We also found that the miR-183 cluster activates the IFN pathway and inhibits vesicular stomatitis virus infection by directly targeting several negative regulators of IRF3 and STAT1 activities, including protein phosphatase 2A (PPP2CA) and tripartite motif-containing 27 (TRIM27). Overall, our work reveals an important role of the evolutionarily conserved miR-183 cluster in the regulation of mammalian innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragunath Singaravelu
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Nadine Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Curtis Quan
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Prashanth Srinivasan
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Christopher J Ablenas
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Dominic G Roy
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - John Paul Pezacki
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada .,Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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19
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Pelin A, Foloppe J, Petryk J, Singaravelu R, Hussein M, Gossart F, Jennings VA, Stubbert LJ, Foster M, Storbeck C, Postigo A, Scut E, Laight B, Way M, Erbs P, Le Boeuf F, Bell JC. Deletion of Apoptosis Inhibitor F1L in Vaccinia Virus Increases Safety and Oncolysis for Cancer Therapy. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2019; 14:246-252. [PMID: 31428674 PMCID: PMC6695278 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) possesses a great safety record as a smallpox vaccine and has been intensively used as an oncolytic virus against various types of cancer over the past decade. Different strategies were developed to make VACV safe and selective to cancer cells. Leading clinical candidates, such as Pexa-Vec, are attenuated through deletion of the viral thymidine kinase (TK) gene, which limits virus growth to replicate in cancer tissue. However, tumors are not the only tissues whose metabolic activity can overcome the lack of viral TK. In this study, we sought to further increase the tumor-specific replication and oncolytic potential of Copenhagen strain VACV ΔTK. We show that deletion of the anti-apoptosis viral gene F1L not only increases the safety of the Copenhagen ΔTK virus but also improves its oncolytic activity in an aggressive glioblastoma model. The additional loss of F1L does not affect VACV replication capacity, yet its ability to induce cancer cell death is significantly increased. Our results also indicate that cell death induced by the Copenhagen ΔTK/F1L mutant releases more immunogenic signals, as indicated by increased levels of IL-1β production. A cytotoxicity screen in an NCI-60 panel shows that the ΔTK/F1L virus induces faster tumor cell death in different cancer types. Most importantly, we show that, compared to the TK-deleted virus, the ΔTK/F1L virus is attenuated in human normal cells and causes fewer pox lesions in murine models. Collectively, our findings describe a new oncolytic vaccinia deletion strain that improves safety and increases tumor cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Pelin
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Johann Foloppe
- Transgene S.A., 400 Boulevard Gonthier d'Andernach, 67405 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Julia Petryk
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Ragunath Singaravelu
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Marian Hussein
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Florian Gossart
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Victoria A Jennings
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Lawton J Stubbert
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Madison Foster
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Christopher Storbeck
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Antonio Postigo
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT London, England, UK
| | - Elena Scut
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Brian Laight
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Michael Way
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT London, England, UK
| | - Philippe Erbs
- Transgene S.A., 400 Boulevard Gonthier d'Andernach, 67405 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Fabrice Le Boeuf
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - John C Bell
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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20
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Crupi MJF, Bell JC, Singaravelu R. Concise Review: Targeting Cancer Stem Cells and Their Supporting Niche Using Oncolytic Viruses. Stem Cells 2019; 37:716-723. [PMID: 30875126 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have the capacity to self-renew and differentiate to give rise to heterogenous cancer cell lineages in solid tumors. These CSC populations are associated with metastasis, tumor relapse, and resistance to conventional anticancer therapies. Here, we focus on the use of oncolytic viruses (OVs) to target CSCs as well as the OV-driven interferon production in the tumor microenvironment (TME) that can repress CSC properties. We explore the ability of OVs to deliver combinations of immune-modulating therapeutic transgenes, such as immune checkpoint inhibitor antibodies. In particular, we highlight the advantages of virally encoded bi-specific T cell engagers (BiTEs) to not only target cell-surface markers on CSCs, but also tumor-associated antigens on contributing components of the surrounding TME and other cancer cells. We also highlight the crucial role of combination anticancer treatments, evidenced by synergy of OV-delivered BiTEs and chimeric-antigen receptor T cell therapy. Stem Cells 2019;37:716-723.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu J F Crupi
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - John C Bell
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ragunath Singaravelu
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Shaw TA, Singaravelu R, Powdrill MH, Nhan J, Ahmed N, Özcelik D, Pezacki JP. MicroRNA-124 Regulates Fatty Acid and Triglyceride Homeostasis. iScience 2018; 10:149-157. [PMID: 30528902 PMCID: PMC6282456 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are part of a complex regulatory network that modulates cellular lipid metabolism. Here, we identify miR-124 as a regulator of triglyceride (TG) metabolism. This study advances our knowledge of the role of miR-124 in human hepatoma cells. Transcriptional profiling of Huh7.5 cells overexpressing miR-124 reveals enrichment for host factors involved in fatty acid oxidation among repressed miRNA targets. In addition, miR-124 down-regulates arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) and adipose triglyceride lipase, lipases proposed to mediate breakdown of hepatic TG stores for lipoprotein assembly and mitochondrial β-oxidation. Consistent with the inhibition of TG and fatty acid catabolism, miR-124 expression promotes cellular TG accumulation. Interestingly, miR-124 inhibits the production of hepatitis C virus, a virus that hijacks lipid pathways during its life cycle. Antiviral activity of miR-124 is consistent with repression of AADAC, a pro-viral host factor. Overall, our data highlight miR-124 as a novel regulator of TG metabolism in human hepatoma cells. miR-124 regulates triglyceride and fatty acid metabolism miR-124 represses genes associated with fatty acid and triglyceride breakdown miR-124 promotes triglyceride accumulation in hepatoma cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A Shaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ragunath Singaravelu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Megan H Powdrill
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jordan Nhan
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Nadine Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Dennis Özcelik
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - John Paul Pezacki
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
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Singaravelu R, Quan C, Powdrill MH, Shaw TA, Srinivasan P, Lyn RK, Alonzi RC, Jones DM, Filip R, Russell RS, Pezacki JP. MicroRNA-7 mediates cross-talk between metabolic signaling pathways in the liver. Sci Rep 2018; 8:361. [PMID: 29321595 PMCID: PMC5762714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18529-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators of cellular metabolism. To characterise miRNAs crucial to the maintenance of hepatic lipid homeostasis, we examined the overlap between the miRNA signature associated with inhibition of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) signaling, a pathway regulating fatty acid metabolism, and the miRNA profile associated with 25-hydroxycholesterol treatment, an oxysterol regulator of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) and liver X receptor (LXR) signaling. Using this strategy, we identified microRNA-7 (miR-7) as a PPAR-α regulated miRNA, which activates SREBP signaling and promotes hepatocellular lipid accumulation. This is mediated, in part, by suppression of the negative regulator of SREBP signaling: ERLIN2. miR-7 also regulates genes associated with PPAR signaling and sterol metabolism, including liver X receptor β (LXR-β), a transcriptional regulator of sterol synthesis, efflux, and excretion. Collectively, our findings highlight miR-7 as a novel mediator of cross-talk between PPAR, SREBP, and LXR signaling pathways in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragunath Singaravelu
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Curtis Quan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Megan H Powdrill
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Tyler A Shaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Prashanth Srinivasan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Rodney K Lyn
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Rhea C Alonzi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Daniel M Jones
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Roxana Filip
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Rodney S Russell
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - John P Pezacki
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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23
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Ouimet M, Ediriweera H, Afonso MS, Ramkhelawon B, Singaravelu R, Liao X, Bandler RC, Rahman K, Fisher EA, Rayner KJ, Pezacki JP, Tabas I, Moore KJ. microRNA-33 Regulates Macrophage Autophagy in Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:1058-1067. [PMID: 28428217 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Defective autophagy in macrophages leads to pathological processes that contribute to atherosclerosis, including impaired cholesterol metabolism and defective efferocytosis. Autophagy promotes the degradation of cytoplasmic components in lysosomes and plays a key role in the catabolism of stored lipids to maintain cellular homeostasis. microRNA-33 (miR-33) is a post-transcriptional regulator of genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis, yet the complete mechanisms by which miR-33 controls lipid metabolism are unknown. We investigated whether miR-33 targeting of autophagy contributes to its regulation of cholesterol homeostasis and atherogenesis. APPROACH AND RESULTS Using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy, we show that miR-33 drives lipid droplet accumulation in macrophages, suggesting decreased lipolysis. Inhibition of neutral and lysosomal hydrolysis pathways revealed that miR-33 reduced cholesterol mobilization by a lysosomal-dependent mechanism, implicating repression of autophagy. Indeed, we show that miR-33 targets key autophagy regulators and effectors in macrophages to reduce lipid droplet catabolism, an essential process to generate free cholesterol for efflux. Notably, miR-33 regulation of autophagy lies upstream of its known effects on ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter A1)-dependent cholesterol efflux, as miR-33 inhibitors fail to increase efflux upon genetic or chemical inhibition of autophagy. Furthermore, we find that miR-33 inhibits apoptotic cell clearance via an autophagy-dependent mechanism. Macrophages treated with anti-miR-33 show increased efferocytosis, lysosomal biogenesis, and degradation of apoptotic material. Finally, we show that treating atherosclerotic Ldlr-/- mice with anti-miR-33 restores defective autophagy in macrophage foam cells and plaques and promotes apoptotic cell clearance to reduce plaque necrosis. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data provide insight into the mechanisms by which miR-33 regulates cellular cholesterol homeostasis and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Ouimet
- From the Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M.O., H.E., M.S.A., R.C.B., K.R., E.A.F., K.J.M.) and Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (B.R.), New York University Medical Center; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Canada (R.S., K.J.R., J.P.P.); National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario (R.S., J.P.P.); Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York (X.L., I.T.); and University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (K.J.R.)
| | - Hasini Ediriweera
- From the Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M.O., H.E., M.S.A., R.C.B., K.R., E.A.F., K.J.M.) and Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (B.R.), New York University Medical Center; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Canada (R.S., K.J.R., J.P.P.); National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario (R.S., J.P.P.); Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York (X.L., I.T.); and University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (K.J.R.)
| | - Milessa Silva Afonso
- From the Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M.O., H.E., M.S.A., R.C.B., K.R., E.A.F., K.J.M.) and Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (B.R.), New York University Medical Center; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Canada (R.S., K.J.R., J.P.P.); National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario (R.S., J.P.P.); Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York (X.L., I.T.); and University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (K.J.R.)
| | - Bhama Ramkhelawon
- From the Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M.O., H.E., M.S.A., R.C.B., K.R., E.A.F., K.J.M.) and Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (B.R.), New York University Medical Center; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Canada (R.S., K.J.R., J.P.P.); National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario (R.S., J.P.P.); Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York (X.L., I.T.); and University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (K.J.R.)
| | - Ragunath Singaravelu
- From the Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M.O., H.E., M.S.A., R.C.B., K.R., E.A.F., K.J.M.) and Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (B.R.), New York University Medical Center; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Canada (R.S., K.J.R., J.P.P.); National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario (R.S., J.P.P.); Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York (X.L., I.T.); and University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (K.J.R.)
| | - Xianghai Liao
- From the Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M.O., H.E., M.S.A., R.C.B., K.R., E.A.F., K.J.M.) and Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (B.R.), New York University Medical Center; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Canada (R.S., K.J.R., J.P.P.); National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario (R.S., J.P.P.); Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York (X.L., I.T.); and University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (K.J.R.)
| | - Rachel C Bandler
- From the Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M.O., H.E., M.S.A., R.C.B., K.R., E.A.F., K.J.M.) and Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (B.R.), New York University Medical Center; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Canada (R.S., K.J.R., J.P.P.); National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario (R.S., J.P.P.); Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York (X.L., I.T.); and University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (K.J.R.)
| | - Karishma Rahman
- From the Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M.O., H.E., M.S.A., R.C.B., K.R., E.A.F., K.J.M.) and Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (B.R.), New York University Medical Center; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Canada (R.S., K.J.R., J.P.P.); National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario (R.S., J.P.P.); Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York (X.L., I.T.); and University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (K.J.R.)
| | - Edward A Fisher
- From the Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M.O., H.E., M.S.A., R.C.B., K.R., E.A.F., K.J.M.) and Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (B.R.), New York University Medical Center; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Canada (R.S., K.J.R., J.P.P.); National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario (R.S., J.P.P.); Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York (X.L., I.T.); and University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (K.J.R.)
| | - Katey J Rayner
- From the Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M.O., H.E., M.S.A., R.C.B., K.R., E.A.F., K.J.M.) and Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (B.R.), New York University Medical Center; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Canada (R.S., K.J.R., J.P.P.); National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario (R.S., J.P.P.); Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York (X.L., I.T.); and University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (K.J.R.)
| | - John P Pezacki
- From the Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M.O., H.E., M.S.A., R.C.B., K.R., E.A.F., K.J.M.) and Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (B.R.), New York University Medical Center; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Canada (R.S., K.J.R., J.P.P.); National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario (R.S., J.P.P.); Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York (X.L., I.T.); and University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (K.J.R.)
| | - Ira Tabas
- From the Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M.O., H.E., M.S.A., R.C.B., K.R., E.A.F., K.J.M.) and Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (B.R.), New York University Medical Center; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Canada (R.S., K.J.R., J.P.P.); National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario (R.S., J.P.P.); Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York (X.L., I.T.); and University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (K.J.R.)
| | - Kathryn J Moore
- From the Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M.O., H.E., M.S.A., R.C.B., K.R., E.A.F., K.J.M.) and Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (B.R.), New York University Medical Center; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Canada (R.S., K.J.R., J.P.P.); National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario (R.S., J.P.P.); Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York (X.L., I.T.); and University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (K.J.R.).
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Lafreniere MA, Powdrill MH, Singaravelu R, Pezacki JP. 6-Hydroxydopamine Inhibits the Hepatitis C Virus through Alkylation of Host and Viral Proteins and the Induction of Oxidative Stress. ACS Infect Dis 2016; 2:863-871. [PMID: 27682680 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Many viruses, including the hepatitis C virus (HCV), are dependent on the host RNA silencing pathway for replication. In this study, we screened small molecule probes, previously reported to disrupt loading of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), including 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), suramin (SUR), and aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA), to examine their effects on viral replication. We found that 6-OHDA inhibited HCV replication; however, 6-OHDA was a less potent inhibitor of RISC than either SUR or ATA. By generating a novel chemical probe (6-OHDA-yne), we determined that 6-OHDA covalently modifies host and virus proteins. Moreover, 6-OHDA was shown to be an alkylating agent that is capable of generating adducts with a number of enzymes involved in the oxidative stress response. Furthermore, modification of viral enzymes with 6-OHDA and 6-OHDA-yne was found to inhibit their enzymatic activity. Our findings suggest that 6-OHDA is a probe for oxidative stress as well as protein alkylation, and these properties together contribute to the antiviral effects of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Lafreniere
- Department of Chemistry
and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie
Private, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Megan H. Powdrill
- Department of Chemistry
and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie
Private, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Ragunath Singaravelu
- Department
of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - John Paul Pezacki
- Department of Chemistry
and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie
Private, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
- Department
of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5
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25
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Powdrill MH, Desrochers GF, Singaravelu R, Pezacki JP. The role of microRNAs in metabolic interactions between viruses and their hosts. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 19:71-6. [PMID: 27475325 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Productive viral infection requires changes to the cellular metabolic landscape in order to obtain the building blocks and create the microenvironments necessary for the viral life cycle. In mammals, these alterations of metabolic pathways have been shown to be mediated in part by host and virus-encoded microRNAs. To counteract virally-induced changes in the cellular metabolic profile, the interferon-regulated antiviral response restricts viral access to key metabolites by altering cellular metabolism, mediated through induction of specific microRNAs regulating key lipid biosynthetic processes. In this review, we examine recent studies demonstrating the important role of microRNAs in the regulation of metabolic flux during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan H Powdrill
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Geneviève F Desrochers
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Ragunath Singaravelu
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5.
| | - John Paul Pezacki
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5.
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26
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Singaravelu R, O'Hara S, Jones DM, Chen R, Taylor NG, Srinivasan P, Quan C, Roy DG, Steenbergen RH, Kumar A, Lyn RK, Özcelik D, Rouleau Y, Nguyen MA, Rayner KJ, Hobman TC, Tyrrell DL, Russell RS, Pezacki JP. MicroRNAs regulate the immunometabolic response to viral infection in the liver. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 11:988-93. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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27
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Singaravelu R, Srinivasan P, Pezacki JP. Armand-Frappier Outstanding Student Award--The emerging role of 25-hydroxycholesterol in innate immunity. Can J Microbiol 2015; 61:521-30. [PMID: 26182401 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic interplay between hosts and viruses plays a crucial role in determining the outcome of viral infection. Viruses reorchestrate the host's primary metabolic gene networks, including genes associated with mevalonate and isoprenoid synthesis, to acquire the necessary energy and structural components for their viral life cycles. Recent work has demonstrated that the interferon-mediated antiviral response suppresses the sterol pathway through production of a signalling molecule, 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC). This oxysterol has been shown to exert multiple effects, both through incorporation into host cellular membranes as well as through transcriptional control. Herein, we summarize our current understanding of the multifunctional roles of 25HC in the mammalian innate antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragunath Singaravelu
- a Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.,b Life Sciences Division, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Prashanth Srinivasan
- a Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.,b Life Sciences Division, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - John Paul Pezacki
- a Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.,b Life Sciences Division, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.,c Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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28
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Karunakaran D, Thrush AB, Nguyen MA, Richards L, Geoffrion M, Singaravelu R, Ramphos E, Shangari P, Ouimet M, Pezacki JP, Moore KJ, Perisic L, Maegdefessel L, Hedin U, Harper ME, Rayner KJ. Macrophage Mitochondrial Energy Status Regulates Cholesterol Efflux and Is Enhanced by Anti-miR33 in Atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2015; 117:266-78. [PMID: 26002865 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.305624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Therapeutically targeting macrophage reverse cholesterol transport is a promising approach to treat atherosclerosis. Macrophage energy metabolism can significantly influence macrophage phenotype, but how this is controlled in foam cells is not known. Bioinformatic pathway analysis predicts that miR-33 represses a cluster of genes controlling cellular energy metabolism that may be important in macrophage cholesterol efflux. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that cellular energy status can influence cholesterol efflux from macrophages, and that miR-33 reduces cholesterol efflux via repression of mitochondrial energy metabolism pathways. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we demonstrated that macrophage cholesterol efflux is regulated by mitochondrial ATP production, and that miR-33 controls a network of genes that synchronize mitochondrial function. Inhibition of mitochondrial ATP synthase markedly reduces macrophage cholesterol efflux capacity, and anti-miR33 required fully functional mitochondria to enhance ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux. Specifically, anti-miR33 derepressed the novel target genes PGC-1α, PDK4, and SLC25A25 and boosted mitochondrial respiration and production of ATP. Treatment of atherosclerotic Apoe(-/-) mice with anti-miR33 oligonucleotides reduced aortic sinus lesion area compared with controls, despite no changes in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or other circulating lipids. Expression of miR-33a/b was markedly increased in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques compared with normal arteries, and there was a concomitant decrease in mitochondrial regulatory genes PGC-1α, SLC25A25, NRF1, and TFAM, suggesting these genes are associated with advanced atherosclerosis in humans. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that anti-miR33 therapy derepresses genes that enhance mitochondrial respiration and ATP production, which in conjunction with increased ABCA1 expression, works to promote macrophage cholesterol efflux and reduce atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denuja Karunakaran
- From the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (D.K., M.-A.N., L.R., M.G., E.R., P.S., K.J.R.); Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (A.B.T., M.-A.N., R.S., J.P.P., M.-E.H., K.J.R.); National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.S., J.P.P.); Marc and Ruti Bell Program for Vascular Biology and Disease, The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine (M.O., K.J.M.); and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (L.P., U.H.) and Department of Medicine (L.M.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Brianne Thrush
- From the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (D.K., M.-A.N., L.R., M.G., E.R., P.S., K.J.R.); Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (A.B.T., M.-A.N., R.S., J.P.P., M.-E.H., K.J.R.); National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.S., J.P.P.); Marc and Ruti Bell Program for Vascular Biology and Disease, The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine (M.O., K.J.M.); and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (L.P., U.H.) and Department of Medicine (L.M.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - My-Anh Nguyen
- From the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (D.K., M.-A.N., L.R., M.G., E.R., P.S., K.J.R.); Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (A.B.T., M.-A.N., R.S., J.P.P., M.-E.H., K.J.R.); National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.S., J.P.P.); Marc and Ruti Bell Program for Vascular Biology and Disease, The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine (M.O., K.J.M.); and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (L.P., U.H.) and Department of Medicine (L.M.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Richards
- From the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (D.K., M.-A.N., L.R., M.G., E.R., P.S., K.J.R.); Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (A.B.T., M.-A.N., R.S., J.P.P., M.-E.H., K.J.R.); National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.S., J.P.P.); Marc and Ruti Bell Program for Vascular Biology and Disease, The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine (M.O., K.J.M.); and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (L.P., U.H.) and Department of Medicine (L.M.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michele Geoffrion
- From the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (D.K., M.-A.N., L.R., M.G., E.R., P.S., K.J.R.); Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (A.B.T., M.-A.N., R.S., J.P.P., M.-E.H., K.J.R.); National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.S., J.P.P.); Marc and Ruti Bell Program for Vascular Biology and Disease, The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine (M.O., K.J.M.); and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (L.P., U.H.) and Department of Medicine (L.M.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ragunath Singaravelu
- From the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (D.K., M.-A.N., L.R., M.G., E.R., P.S., K.J.R.); Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (A.B.T., M.-A.N., R.S., J.P.P., M.-E.H., K.J.R.); National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.S., J.P.P.); Marc and Ruti Bell Program for Vascular Biology and Disease, The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine (M.O., K.J.M.); and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (L.P., U.H.) and Department of Medicine (L.M.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eleni Ramphos
- From the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (D.K., M.-A.N., L.R., M.G., E.R., P.S., K.J.R.); Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (A.B.T., M.-A.N., R.S., J.P.P., M.-E.H., K.J.R.); National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.S., J.P.P.); Marc and Ruti Bell Program for Vascular Biology and Disease, The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine (M.O., K.J.M.); and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (L.P., U.H.) and Department of Medicine (L.M.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Prakriti Shangari
- From the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (D.K., M.-A.N., L.R., M.G., E.R., P.S., K.J.R.); Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (A.B.T., M.-A.N., R.S., J.P.P., M.-E.H., K.J.R.); National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.S., J.P.P.); Marc and Ruti Bell Program for Vascular Biology and Disease, The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine (M.O., K.J.M.); and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (L.P., U.H.) and Department of Medicine (L.M.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mireille Ouimet
- From the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (D.K., M.-A.N., L.R., M.G., E.R., P.S., K.J.R.); Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (A.B.T., M.-A.N., R.S., J.P.P., M.-E.H., K.J.R.); National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.S., J.P.P.); Marc and Ruti Bell Program for Vascular Biology and Disease, The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine (M.O., K.J.M.); and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (L.P., U.H.) and Department of Medicine (L.M.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John P Pezacki
- From the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (D.K., M.-A.N., L.R., M.G., E.R., P.S., K.J.R.); Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (A.B.T., M.-A.N., R.S., J.P.P., M.-E.H., K.J.R.); National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.S., J.P.P.); Marc and Ruti Bell Program for Vascular Biology and Disease, The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine (M.O., K.J.M.); and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (L.P., U.H.) and Department of Medicine (L.M.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kathryn J Moore
- From the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (D.K., M.-A.N., L.R., M.G., E.R., P.S., K.J.R.); Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (A.B.T., M.-A.N., R.S., J.P.P., M.-E.H., K.J.R.); National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.S., J.P.P.); Marc and Ruti Bell Program for Vascular Biology and Disease, The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine (M.O., K.J.M.); and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (L.P., U.H.) and Department of Medicine (L.M.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ljubica Perisic
- From the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (D.K., M.-A.N., L.R., M.G., E.R., P.S., K.J.R.); Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (A.B.T., M.-A.N., R.S., J.P.P., M.-E.H., K.J.R.); National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.S., J.P.P.); Marc and Ruti Bell Program for Vascular Biology and Disease, The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine (M.O., K.J.M.); and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (L.P., U.H.) and Department of Medicine (L.M.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Maegdefessel
- From the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (D.K., M.-A.N., L.R., M.G., E.R., P.S., K.J.R.); Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (A.B.T., M.-A.N., R.S., J.P.P., M.-E.H., K.J.R.); National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.S., J.P.P.); Marc and Ruti Bell Program for Vascular Biology and Disease, The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine (M.O., K.J.M.); and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (L.P., U.H.) and Department of Medicine (L.M.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hedin
- From the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (D.K., M.-A.N., L.R., M.G., E.R., P.S., K.J.R.); Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (A.B.T., M.-A.N., R.S., J.P.P., M.-E.H., K.J.R.); National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.S., J.P.P.); Marc and Ruti Bell Program for Vascular Biology and Disease, The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine (M.O., K.J.M.); and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (L.P., U.H.) and Department of Medicine (L.M.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mary-Ellen Harper
- From the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (D.K., M.-A.N., L.R., M.G., E.R., P.S., K.J.R.); Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (A.B.T., M.-A.N., R.S., J.P.P., M.-E.H., K.J.R.); National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.S., J.P.P.); Marc and Ruti Bell Program for Vascular Biology and Disease, The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine (M.O., K.J.M.); and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (L.P., U.H.) and Department of Medicine (L.M.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katey J Rayner
- From the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (D.K., M.-A.N., L.R., M.G., E.R., P.S., K.J.R.); Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (A.B.T., M.-A.N., R.S., J.P.P., M.-E.H., K.J.R.); National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.S., J.P.P.); Marc and Ruti Bell Program for Vascular Biology and Disease, The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine (M.O., K.J.M.); and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (L.P., U.H.) and Department of Medicine (L.M.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Singaravelu R, Desrochers GF, Srinivasan P, O’Hara S, Lyn RK, Müller R, Jones DM, Russell RS, Pezacki JP. Soraphen A: A Probe for Investigating the Role of de Novo Lipogenesis during Viral Infection. ACS Infect Dis 2015; 1:130-4. [PMID: 27622463 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.5b00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Many viruses including the hepatitis C virus (HCV) induce changes to the infected host cell metabolism that include the up-regulation of lipogenesis to create a favorable environment for the virus to propagate. The enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) polymerizes to form a supramolecular complex that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of de novo lipogenesis. The small molecule natural product Soraphen A (SorA) acts as a nanomolar inhibitor of acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity through disruption of the formation of long highly active ACC polymers from less active ACC dimers. We have shown that SorA inhibits HCV replication in HCV cell culture models expressing subgenomic and full-length replicons (IC50 = 5 nM) as well as a cell culture adapted virus. Using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy, we have shown that SorA lowers the total cellular lipid volume in hepatoma cells, consistent with a reduction in de novo lipogenesis. Furthermore, SorA treatment was found to depolymerize the ACC complexes into less active dimers. Taken together, our results suggest that SorA treatment reverses HCV-induced lipid accumulation and demonstrate that SorA is a valuable probe to study the roles of ACC polymerization and enzymatic activity in viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragunath Singaravelu
- Life
Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Geneviève F. Desrochers
- Life
Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Prashanth Srinivasan
- Life
Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Shifawn O’Hara
- Life
Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Rodney K. Lyn
- Life
Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Rolf Müller
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, P.O. Box 151150, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Daniel M. Jones
- Immunology
and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada A1B 3V6
| | - Rodney S. Russell
- Immunology
and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada A1B 3V6
| | - John Paul Pezacki
- Life
Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
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Singaravelu R, Delcorde J, Lyn RK, Steenbergen RH, Jones DM, Tyrrell DL, Russell RS, Pezacki JP. Investigating the antiviral role of cell death-inducing DFF45-like effector B in HCV replication. FEBS J 2014; 281:3751-65. [PMID: 24980280 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell-death-inducing DFF45-like effector B (CIDEB) is an apoptotic host factor, which was recently found to also regulate hepatic lipid homeostasis. Herein we delineate the relevance of these dual roles of CIDEB in apoptosis and lipid metabolism in the context of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. We demonstrate that HCV upregulates CIDEB expression in human serum differentiated hepatoma cells. CIDEB overexpression inhibits HCV replication in HCV replicon expressing Huh7.5 cells, while small interfering RNA knockdown of CIDEB expression in human serum differentiated hepatoma cells promotes HCV replication and secretion of viral proteins. Furthermore, we characterize a CIDEB mutant, KRRA, which is deficient in lipid droplet clustering and fusion and demonstrate that CIDEB-mediated inhibition of HCV is independent of the protein's lipid droplet fusogenic role. Our results suggest that higher levels of CIDEB expression, which favour an apoptotic role for the host factor, inhibit HCV. Collectively, our data demonstrate that CIDEB can act as an anti-HCV host factor and contribute to altered triglyceride homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragunath Singaravelu
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Singaravelu R, Chen R, Lyn RK, Jones DM, O'Hara S, Rouleau Y, Cheng J, Srinivasan P, Nasheri N, Russell RS, Tyrrell DL, Pezacki JP. Hepatitis C virus induced up-regulation of microRNA-27: a novel mechanism for hepatic steatosis. Hepatology 2014; 59:98-108. [PMID: 23897856 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs that posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression. Their aberrant expression is commonly linked with diseased states, including hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Herein, we demonstrate that HCV replication induces the expression of miR-27 in cell culture and in vivo HCV infectious models. Overexpression of the HCV proteins core and NS4B independently activates miR-27 expression. Furthermore, we establish that miR-27 overexpression in hepatocytes results in larger and more abundant lipid droplets, as observed by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. This hepatic lipid droplet accumulation coincides with miR-27b's repression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α and angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3), known regulators of triglyceride homeostasis. We further demonstrate that treatment with a PPAR-α agonist, bezafibrate, is able to reverse the miR-27b-induced lipid accumulation in Huh7 cells. This miR-27b-mediated repression of PPAR-α signaling represents a novel mechanism of HCV-induced hepatic steatosis. This link was further demonstrated in vivo through the correlation between miR-27b expression levels and hepatic lipid accumulation in HCV-infected SCID-beige/Alb-uPa mice. CONCLUSION Collectively, our results highlight HCV's up-regulation of miR-27 expression as a novel mechanism contributing to the development of hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragunath Singaravelu
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Mazumder N, Lyn RK, Singaravelu R, Ridsdale A, Moffatt DJ, Hu CW, Tsai HR, McLauchlan J, Stolow A, Kao FJ, Pezacki JP. Fluorescence lifetime imaging of alterations to cellular metabolism by domain 2 of the hepatitis C virus core protein. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66738. [PMID: 23826122 PMCID: PMC3691201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-opts hepatic lipid pathways to facilitate its pathogenesis. The virus alters cellular lipid biosynthesis and trafficking, and causes an accumulation of lipid droplets (LDs) that gives rise to hepatic steatosis. Little is known about how these changes are controlled at the molecular level, and how they are related to the underlying metabolic states of the infected cell. The HCV core protein has previously been shown to independently induce alterations in hepatic lipid homeostasis. Herein, we demonstrate, using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy, that expression of domain 2 of the HCV core protein (D2) fused to GFP is sufficient to induce an accumulation of larger lipid droplets (LDs) in the perinuclear region. Additionally, we performed fluorescence lifetime imaging of endogenous reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides [NAD(P)H], a key coenzyme in cellular metabolic processes, to monitor changes in the cofactor’s abundance and conformational state in D2-GFP transfected cells. When expressed in Huh-7 human hepatoma cells, we observed that the D2-GFP induced accumulation of LDs correlated with an increase in total NAD(P)H fluorescence and an increase in the ratio of free to bound NAD(P)H. This is consistent with an approximate 10 fold increase in cellular NAD(P)H levels. Furthermore, the lifetimes of bound and free NAD(P)H were both significantly reduced – indicating viral protein-induced alterations in the cofactors’ binding and microenvironment. Interestingly, the D2-expressing cells showed a more diffuse localization of NAD(P)H fluorescence signal, consistent with an accumulation of the co-factor outside the mitochondria. These observations suggest that HCV causes a shift of metabolic control away from the use of the coenzyme in mitochondrial electron transport and towards glycolysis, lipid biosynthesis, and building of new biomass. Overall, our findings demonstrate that HCV induced alterations in hepatic metabolism is tightly linked to alterations in NAD(P)H functional states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal Mazumder
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rodney K. Lyn
- National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ragunath Singaravelu
- National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Ridsdale
- National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Chih-Wei Hu
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ruei Tsai
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - John McLauchlan
- Medical Research Council - University of Glasgow Center for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Albert Stolow
- National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physics, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fu-Jen Kao
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (JPP); (FK)
| | - John Paul Pezacki
- National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (JPP); (FK)
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Singaravelu R, Nasheri N, Sherratt A, Pezacki JP. Systems biology methods help develop a better understanding of hepatitis C virus-induced liver injury. Hepatology 2012; 56:1-4. [PMID: 22430896 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Cheng J, Danielson DC, Nasheri N, Singaravelu R, Pezacki JP. Enhanced specificity of the viral suppressor of RNA silencing protein p19 toward sequestering of human microRNA-122. Biochemistry 2011; 50:7745-55. [PMID: 21819044 DOI: 10.1021/bi2008273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tombusviruses express a 19 kDa protein (p19) that, as a dimeric protein, suppresses the RNAs silencing pathway during infection by binding short-interfering RNA (siRNA) and preventing their association with the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The p19 protein can bind to both endogenous and synthetic siRNAs with a high degree of size selectivity but with little sequence dependence. It also binds to other endogenous small RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs) but with lower affinity than to canonical siRNAs. It has become apparent, however, that miRNAs play a large role in gene regulation; their influence extends to expression and processing that affects virtually all eukaryotic processes. In order to develop new tools to study endogenous small RNAs, proteins that suppress specific miRNAs are required. Herein we describe mutational analysis of the p19 binding surface with the aim of creating p19 mutants with increased affinity for miR-122. By site-directed mutagenesis of a single residue, we describe p19 mutants with a nearly 50-fold increased affinity for miR-122 without altering the affinity for siRNA. Upon further mutational analysis of this site, we postulate that the higher affinity relies on hydrogen-bonding interactions but can be sterically hindered by residues with bulky side chains. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of a mutant p19, p19-T111S, at sequestering miR-122 in human hepatoma cell lines, as compared to wild-type p19. Overall, our results suggest that p19 can be engineered to enhance its affinity toward specific small RNA molecules, particularly noncanonical miRNAs that are distinguishable based on locations of base-pair mismatches. The p19-T111S mutant also represents a new tool for the study of the function of miR-122 in post-transcriptional silencing in the human liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Cheng
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada K1A 0R6
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35
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Nasheri N, Cheng J, Singaravelu R, Wu P, McDermott MT, Pezacki JP. An enzyme-linked assay for the rapid quantification of microRNAs based on the viral suppressor of RNA silencing protein p19. Anal Biochem 2011; 412:165-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Pezacki JP, Blake JA, Danielson DC, Kennedy DC, Lyn RK, Singaravelu R. Chemical contrast for imaging living systems: molecular vibrations drive CARS microscopy. Nat Chem Biol 2011; 7:137-45. [PMID: 21321552 PMCID: PMC7098185 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The nonlinear variant of Raman spectroscopy, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy, combines powerful Raman signal enhancement with several other advantages such as label-free detection and has been used to image various cellular processes including host-pathogen interactions and lipid metabolism.![]() Cellular biomolecules contain unique molecular vibrations that can be visualized by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy without the need for labels. Here we review the application of CARS microscopy for label-free imaging of cells and tissues using the natural vibrational contrast that arises from biomolecules like lipids as well as for imaging of exogenously added probes or drugs. High-resolution CARS microscopy combined with multimodal imaging has allowed for dynamic monitoring of cellular processes such as lipid metabolism and storage, the movement of organelles, adipogenesis and host-pathogen interactions and can also be used to track molecules within cells and tissues. The CARS imaging modality provides a unique tool for biological chemists to elucidate the state of a cellular environment without perturbing it and to perceive the functional effects of added molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Paul Pezacki
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
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Nasheri N, Singaravelu R, Goodmurphy M, Lyn RK, Pezacki JP. Competing roles of microRNA-122 recognition elements in hepatitis C virus RNA. Virology 2010; 410:336-44. [PMID: 21185047 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA-122 positively modulates hepatitis C virus (HCV) through direct interactions with viral RNA. Three microRNA-122 recognition elements (MREs) have been previously identified: two in the 5'UTR and one in the 3'UTR. Herein, we report the relative affinity of microRNA-122 to these sites using viral RNA-coated magnetic beads, with mutagenesis and probes to disrupt interactions of microRNA-122 at specific sites. We demonstrate cooperativity in binding between the closely spaced MREs within the 5'UTR in vitro. We also identified a well conserved fourth site in the coding region and showed that it is the highest affinity MRE site. Site-directed mutagenesis of the MREs in HCV subgenomic replicons expressed in Huh-7.5 cells demonstrated competing roles of the stimulatory MREs in the 5'UTR with the inhibitory role of an MRE in the open reading frame (ORF). These data have important implications in elucidating the mechanism of interaction between microRNA-122 and HCV RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Nasheri
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Canada K1A 0R6
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Pezacki JP, Singaravelu R, Lyn RK. Host-virus interactions during hepatitis C virus infection: a complex and dynamic molecular biosystem. Mol Biosyst 2010; 6:1131-42. [PMID: 20549003 DOI: 10.1039/b924668c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a global health issue with no vaccine available and limited clinical treatment options. Like other obligate parasites, HCV requires host cellular components of an infected individual to propagate. These host-virus interactions during HCV infection are complex and dynamic and involve the hijacking of host cell environments, enzymes and pathways. Understanding this unique molecular biosystem has the potential to yield new and exciting strategies for therapeutic intervention. Advances in genomics and proteomics have opened up new possibilities for the rapid measurement of global changes at the transcriptional and translational levels during infection. However, these techniques only yield snapshots of host-virus interactions during HCV infection. Other new methods that involve the imaging of biomolecular interactions during HCV infection are required to identify key interactions that may be transient and dynamic. Herein we highlight systems biology based strategies that have helped to identify key host-virus interactions during HCV replication and infection. Novel biophysical tools are also highlighted for identification and visualization of activities and interactions between HCV and its host hepatocyte. As some of these methods mature, we expect them to pave the way forward for further exploration of this complex biosystem and elucidation of mechanisms for HCV pathogenesis and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Paul Pezacki
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Dr., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Singaravelu R, Blais DR, McKay CS, Pezacki JP. Activity-based protein profiling of the hepatitis C virus replication in Huh-7 hepatoma cells using a non-directed active site probe. Proteome Sci 2010; 8:5. [PMID: 20181094 PMCID: PMC2832231 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-8-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) poses a growing threat to global health as it often leads to serious liver diseases and is one of the primary causes for liver transplantation. Currently, no vaccines are available to prevent HCV infection and clinical treatments have limited success. Since HCV has a small proteome, it relies on many host cell proteins to complete its life cycle. In this study, we used a non-directed phenyl sulfonate ester probe (PS4 identical with) to selectively target a broad range of enzyme families that show differential activity during HCV replication in Huh-7 cells. RESULTS The PS4 identical with probe successfully targeted 19 active proteins in nine distinct protein families, some that were predominantly labeled in situ compared to the in vitro labeled cell homogenate. Nine proteins revealed altered activity levels during HCV replication. Some candidates identified, such as heat shock 70 kDa protein 8 (or HSP70 cognate), have been shown to influence viral release and abundance of cellular lipid droplets. Other differentially active PS4 identical with targets, such as electron transfer flavoprotein alpha, protein disulfide isomerase A5, and nuclear distribution gene C homolog, constitute novel proteins that potentially mediate HCV propagation. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate the practicality and versatility of non-directed activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) to complement directed methods and accelerate the discovery of altered protein activities associated with pathological states such as HCV replication. Collectively, these results highlight the ability of in situ ABPP approaches to facilitate the identification of enzymes that are either predominantly or exclusively labeled in living cells. Several of these differentially active enzymes represent possible HCV-host interactions that could be targeted for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragunath Singaravelu
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - David R Blais
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Craig S McKay
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - John Paul Pezacki
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
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