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Koike E, Kobayashi T. Chemical and biological oxidative effects of carbon black nanoparticles. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 65:946-51. [PMID: 16765414 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Revised: 03/03/2006] [Accepted: 03/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Several studies show that ultrafine particles have a larger surface area than coarse particles, thus causing a greater inflammatory response. In this study, we investigated chemical and biological oxidative effects of nanoparticles in vitro. Carbon black (CB) nanoparticles with mean aerodynamic diameters of 14, 56, and 95nm were examined. The innate oxidative capacity of the CB nanoparticles was measured by consumption of dithiothreitol (DTT) in cell-free system. The expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in rat alveolar type II epithelial cell line (SV40T2) and alveolar macrophages (AM) exposed to CB nanoparticles was measured by ELISA. DTT consumption of 14nm CB was higher than that of other CB nanoparticles having the same particle weight. However, DTT consumption was directly proportional to the particle surface area. HO-1 protein in SV40T2 cells was significantly increased by the 14nm and 56nm CB, however, 95nm CB did not affect. HO-1 protein in AM was significantly increased by the 14, 56, and 95nm CB. The increase in HO-1 expression was diminished by N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) treatment of each CB nanoparticles before exposure although the difference between the effects of NAC-treated and untreated 14nm CB did not achieve significant. In conclusion, CB nanoparticles have innate oxidative capacity that may be dependent on the surface area. CB nanoparticles can induce oxidative stress in alveolar epithelial cells and AM that is more prominent with smaller particles. The oxidative stress may, at least partially, be mediated by surface function of particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiko Koike
- Particulate Matter (PM2.5) and Diesel Exhaust Particles (DEP) Research Project, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
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152
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de Kok TMCM, Driece HAL, Hogervorst JGF, Briedé JJ. Toxicological assessment of ambient and traffic-related particulate matter: a review of recent studies. Mutat Res 2006; 613:103-22. [PMID: 16949858 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Revised: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Particulate air pollution (PM) is an important environmental health risk factor for many different diseases. This is indicated by numerous epidemiological studies on associations between PM exposure and occurrence of acute respiratory infections, lung cancer and chronic respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. The biological mechanisms behind these associations are not fully understood, but the results of in vitro toxicological research have shown that PM induces several types of adverse cellular effects, including cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, DNA damage and stimulation of proinflammatory cytokine production. Because traffic is an important source of PM emission, it seems obvious that traffic intensity has an important impact on both quantitative and qualitative aspects of ambient PM, including its chemical, physical and toxicological characteristics. In this review, the results are summarized of the most recent studies investigating physical and chemical characteristics of ambient and traffic-related PM in relation to its toxicological activity. This evaluation shows that, in general, the smaller PM size fractions (<PM(10)) have the highest toxicity, contain higher concentrations of extractable organic matter (comprising a wide spectrum of chemical substances), and possess a relatively high radical-generating capacity. Also, associations between chemical characteristics and PM toxicity tend to be stronger for the smaller PM size fractions. Most importantly, traffic intensity does not always explain local differences in PM toxicity, and these differences are not necessarily related to PM mass concentrations. This implies that PM regulatory strategies should take PM-size fractions smaller than PM(10) into account. Therefore, future research should aim at establishing the relationship between toxicity of these smaller fractions in relation to their specific sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo M C M de Kok
- Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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153
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Garçon G, Dagher Z, Zerimech F, Ledoux F, Courcot D, Aboukais A, Puskaric E, Shirali P. Dunkerque City air pollution particulate matter-induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation in human epithelial lung cells (L132) in culture. Toxicol In Vitro 2006; 20:519-28. [PMID: 16298102 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2005.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Revised: 08/29/2005] [Accepted: 09/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to urban airborne particulate matter (PM) has been associated with adverse health effects. In this work, we focused our attention on the capacity of air pollution PM to induce cytotoxic, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses in human epithelial lung cells (L132) in culture. PM were collected in Dunkerque, a French seaside city, and their physical and chemical characteristics were carried out. Their size distribution showed that 92.15% of the PM were equal or smaller than 2.5 and their specific surface area was 1 m2/g. Inorganic (i.e. Fe, Al, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Pb, etc.) and organic (i.e. VOC, PAH, etc.) chemicals were found in PM. Physical and chemical properties of Dunkerque City's PM suggested that much of the collected PM derived from wind-borne dust from the industrial complex and the heavy motor vehicle traffic. Their cytotoxicity, as evaluated by survival rate determination, lactate dehydrogenase activity, and mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity showed concentration and time-dependent effects in L132 cells (LC10 = 18.84 microg PM/ml; LC50 = 75.36 microg PM/ml). Moreover, in PM-exposed L132 cells, there were concentration- and time-dependent changes in lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase activity, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine formation, and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, on the one hand, and in tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion, inducible nitric oxide synthase activity, and nitric oxide release, on the other hand. Taken together, these findings suggested that oxidative stress and inflammatory responses proceeded cytotoxicity in PM-exposed L132 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Garçon
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Toxicologie Industrielle et Environnementale, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel de Dunkerque 2, 189A, Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France
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154
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Churg A, Xie C, Wang X, Vincent R, Wang RD. Air pollution particles activate NF-kappaB on contact with airway epithelial cell surfaces. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 208:37-45. [PMID: 16164960 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2005.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2004] [Revised: 01/24/2005] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution particles (PM) are known to elicit an acute inflammatory response in vivo that is mediated in part through PM-induced activation of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway. Many of the details of this process and particularly where in the cell it occurs are unclear. To determine whether contact of PM particles with an epithelial cell surface activates NF-kappaB, rat tracheal explants were exposed to Ottawa Urban Air Particles or iron-loaded fine TiO2, a model PM particle, for up to 2 h. During this period, there was no evidence of particle entry into the tracheal epithelial cells by light or electron microscopy, but both types of particle activated NF-kappaB as assayed by gel shifts. NF-kappaB activation could be inhibited by the active oxygen species scavenger, tetramethylthiourea; the redox-inactive metal chelator, deferoxamine; the Src inhibitor, PP2; and the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor inhibitor AG1478. An iron-containing citrate extract of both dusts also produced NF-kappaB activation. Both dusts and a citrate extract caused phosphorylation of the EGF receptor on tyrosine 845, an indicator of Src activity. We conclude that iron-containing PM particles can activate NF-kappaB via a pathway involving Src and the EGF receptor. This process does not require entry of particles into the airway epithelial cells but is dependent on the presence of iron and generation of active oxygen species by the dusts. These findings imply that even brief contact of PM with a pulmonary epithelial cell surface may produce deleterious effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Churg
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 2B5.
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155
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Shi T, Duffin R, Borm PJA, Li H, Weishaupt C, Schins RPF. Hydroxyl-radical-dependent DNA damage by ambient particulate matter from contrasting sampling locations. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2006; 101:18-24. [PMID: 16298360 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2005] [Revised: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/28/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) has been reported to be associated with increased respiratory, cardiovascular, and malignant lung disease. Previously we have shown that PM can induce oxidative DNA damage in A549 human lung epithelial cells. The aims of the present study were to investigate the variability of the DNA-damaging properties of PM sampled at different locations and times and to relate the observed effects to the hydroxyl-radical (OH)-generating activities of these samples. Weekly samples of coarse (10-2.5 microm) and fine (<2.5 microm) PM from four sites (Nordrheim Westfalen, Germany) were analyzed for hydrogen-peroxide-dependent OH formation using electron paramagnetic resonance and formation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in calf thymus DNA using an immuno-dot-blot assay. DNA strand breakage by fine PM in A549 human lung epithelial cells was quantified using the alkaline comet assay. Both PM size distribution fractions elicited OH generation and 8-OHdG formations in calf thymus DNA. Significantly higher OH generation was observed for PM sampled at urban/industrial locations and for coarse PM. Samples of fine PM also caused DNA strand breakage in A549 cells and this damage could be prevented using the hydroxyl-radical scavengers 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide and dimethyl sulfoxide. The observed DNA strand breakage appeared to correlate with the hydroxyl-radical-generating capacities of the PM samples but with different profiles for rural versus urban/industrial samples. In conclusion, when considered at equal mass, OH formation of PM shows considerable variability with regard to the sampling location and time and is correlated with its ability to cause DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingming Shi
- Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung an der Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf gGmbH, auf'm Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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156
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Künzli N, Mudway IS, Götschi T, Shi T, Kelly FJ, Cook S, Burney P, Forsberg B, Gauderman JW, Hazenkamp ME, Heinrich J, Jarvis D, Norbäck D, Payo-Losa F, Poli A, Sunyer J, Borm PJA. Comparison of oxidative properties, light absorbance, total and elemental mass concentration of ambient PM2.5 collected at 20 European sites. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2006; 114:684-90. [PMID: 16675421 PMCID: PMC1459920 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been proposed that the redox activity of particles may represent a major determinant of their toxicity. We measured the in vitro ability of ambient fine particles [particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters<or=2.5 microm (PM2.5)] to form hydroxyl radicals (.OH) in an oxidant environment, as well as to deplete physiologic antioxidants (ascorbic acid, glutathione) in the naturally reducing environment of the respiratory tract lining fluid (RTLF). The objective was to examine how these toxicologically relevant measures were related to other PM characteristics, such as total and elemental mass concentration and light absorbance. DESIGN Gravimetric PM2.5 samples (n=716) collected over 1 year from 20 centers participating in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey were available. Light absorbance of these filters was measured with reflectometry. PM suspensions were recovered from filters by vortexing and sonication before dilution to a standard concentration. The oxidative activity of these particle suspensions was then assessed by measuring their ability to generate .OH in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, using electron spin resonance and 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide as spin trap, or by establishing their capacity to deplete antioxidants from a synthetic model of the RTLF. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION PM oxidative activity varied significantly among European sampling sites. Correlations between oxidative activity and all other characteristics of PM were low, both within centers (temporal correlation) and across communities (annual mean). Thus, no single surrogate measure of PM redox activity could be identified. Because these novel measures are suggested to reflect crucial biologic mechanisms of PM, their use may be pertinent in epidemiologic studies. Therefore, it is important to define the appropriate methods to determine oxidative activity of PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino Künzli
- Working Group Air Pollution, European Community Respiratory Health Survey, London, United Kingdom.
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157
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Nurkiewicz TR, Porter DW, Barger M, Millecchia L, Rao KMK, Marvar PJ, Hubbs AF, Castranova V, Boegehold MA. Systemic microvascular dysfunction and inflammation after pulmonary particulate matter exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2006; 114:412-9. [PMID: 16507465 PMCID: PMC1392236 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The epidemiologic association between pulmonary exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) and cardiovascular dysfunction is well known, but the systemic mechanisms that drive this effect remain unclear. We have previously shown that acute pulmonary exposure to PM impairs or abolishes endothelium-dependent arteriolar dilation in the rat spinotrapezius muscle. The purpose of this study was to further characterize the effect of pulmonary PM exposure on systemic microvascular function and to identify local inflammatory events that may contribute to these effects. Rats were intratracheally instilled with residual oil fly ash (ROFA) or titanium dioxide at 0.1 or 0.25 mg/rat 24 hr before measurement of pulmonary and systemic microvascular responses. In vivo microscopy of the spinotrapezius muscle was used to study systemic arteriolar responses to intraluminal infusion of the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 or iontophoretic abluminal application of the adrenergic agonist phenylephrine (PHE). Leukocyte rolling and adhesion were quantified in venules paired with the studied arterioles. Histologic techniques were used to assess pulmonary inflammation, characterize the adherence of leukocytes to systemic venules, verify the presence of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the systemic microvascular wall, and quantify systemic microvascular oxidative stress. In the lungs of rats exposed to ROFA or TiO2, changes in some bronchoalveolar lavage markers of inflammation were noted, but an indication of cellular damage was not found. In rats exposed to 0.1 mg ROFA, focal alveolitis was evident, particularly at sites of particle deposition. Exposure to either ROFA or TiO2 caused a dose-dependent impairment of endothelium-dependent arteriolar dilation. However, exposure to these particles did not affect microvascular constriction in response to PHE. ROFA and TiO2 exposure significantly increased leukocyte rolling and adhesion in paired venules, and these cells were positively identified as polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs). In ROFA- and TiO2-exposed rats, MPO was found in PMNLs adhering to the systemic microvascular wall. Evidence suggests that some of this MPO had been deposited in the microvascular wall. There was also evidence for oxidative stress in the microvascular wall. These results indicate that after PM exposure, the impairment of endothelium-dependent dilation in the systemic microcirculation coincides with PMNL adhesion, MPO deposition, and local oxidative stress. Collectively, these microvascular observations are consistent with events that contribute to the disruption of the control of peripheral resistance and/or cardiac dysfunction associated with PM exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Nurkiewicz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-9229, USA.
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158
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Abstract
Exposure to ambient air particulate matter (PM) is associated with pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The mechanisms of PM-induced health effects are believed to involve inflammation and oxidative stress. The oxidative stress mediated by PM may arise from direct generation of reactive oxygen species from the surface of particles, soluble compounds such as transition metals or organic compounds, altered function of mitochondria or NADPH-oxidase, and activation of inflammatory cells capable of generating ROS and reactive nitrogen species. Resulting oxidative DNA damage may be implicated in cancer risk and may serve as marker for oxidative stress relevant for other ailments caused by particulate air pollution. There is overwhelming evidence from animal experimental models, cell culture experiments, and cell free systems that exposure to diesel exhaust and diesel exhaust particles causes oxidative DNA damage. Similarly, various preparations of ambient air PM induce oxidative DNA damage in in vitro systems, whereas in vivo studies are scarce. Studies with various model/surrogate particle preparations, such as carbon black, suggest that the surface area is the most important determinant of effect for ultrafine particles (diameter less than 100 nm), whereas chemical composition may be more important for larger particles. The knowledge concerning mechanisms of action of PM has prompted the use of markers of oxidative stress and DNA damage for human biomonitoring in relation to ambient air. By means of personal monitoring and biomarkers a few studies have attempted to characterize individual exposure, explore mechanisms and identify significant sources to size fractions of ambient air PM with respect to relevant biological effects. In these studies guanine oxidation in DNA has been correlated with exposure to PM(2.5) and ultrafine particles outdoor and indoor. Oxidative stress-induced DNA damage appears to an important mechanism of action of urban particulate air pollution. Related biomarkers and personal monitoring may be useful tools for risk characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Risom
- Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
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159
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Ishii H, Hayashi S, Hogg JC, Fujii T, Goto Y, Sakamoto N, Mukae H, Vincent R, van Eeden SF. Alveolar macrophage-epithelial cell interaction following exposure to atmospheric particles induces the release of mediators involved in monocyte mobilization and recruitment. Respir Res 2005; 6:87. [PMID: 16053532 PMCID: PMC1199624 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-6-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2005] [Accepted: 08/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies from our laboratory have shown that human alveolar macrophages (AM) and bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) exposed to ambient particles (PM10) in vitro increase their production of inflammatory mediators and that supernatants from PM10-exposed cells shorten the transit time of monocytes through the bone marrow and promote their release into the circulation. Methods The present study concerns co-culture of AM and HBEC exposed to PM10 (EHC-93) and the production of mediators involved in monocyte kinetics measured at both the mRNA and protein levels. The experiments were also designed to determine the role of the adhesive interaction between these cells via the intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 in the production of these mediators. Results AM/HBEC co-cultures exposed to 100 μg/ml of PM10 for 2 or 24 h increased their levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), M-CSF, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, interleukin (IL)-6 and ICAM-1 mRNA, compared to exposed AM or HBEC mono-cultures, or control non-exposed co-cultures. The levels of GM-CSF, M-CSF, MIP-1β and IL-6 increased in co-cultured supernatants collected after 24 h exposure compared to control cells (p < 0.05). There was synergy between AM and HBEC in the production of GM-CSF, MIP-1β and IL-6. But neither pretreatment of HBEC with blocking antibodies against ICAM-1 nor cross-linking of ICAM-1 on HBEC blocked the PM10-induced increase in co-culture mRNA expression. Conclusion We conclude that an ICAM-1 independent interaction between AM and HBEC, lung cells that process inhaled particles, increases the production and release of mediators that enhance bone marrow turnover of monocytes and their recruitment into tissues. We speculate that this interaction amplifies PM10-induced lung inflammation and contributes to both the pulmonary and systemic morbidity associated with exposure to air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ishii
- James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Second Department of Internal medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shizu Hayashi
- James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - James C Hogg
- James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Takeshi Fujii
- Second Department of Internal medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yukinobu Goto
- James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Noriho Sakamoto
- James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Hiroshi Mukae
- Second Department of Internal medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Renaud Vincent
- Environmental Health Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephan F van Eeden
- James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
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160
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Meiring JJ, Borm PJA, Bagate K, Semmler M, Seitz J, Takenaka S, Kreyling WG. The influence of hydrogen peroxide and histamine on lung permeability and translocation of iridium nanoparticles in the isolated perfused rat lung. Part Fibre Toxicol 2005; 2:3. [PMID: 15982423 PMCID: PMC1180470 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2004] [Accepted: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Translocation of ultrafine particles (UFP) into the blood that returns from the lungs to the heart has been forwarded as a mechanism for particle-induced cardiovascular effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of the endothelial barrier in the translocation of inhaled UFP from the lung into circulation. Methods The isolated perfused rat lung (IPRL) was used under negative pressure ventilation, and radioactive iridium particles (18 nm, CMD, 192Ir-UFP) were inhaled during 60 minutes to achieve a lung burden of 100 – 200 μg. Particle inhalation was done under following treatments: i) control perfusion, ii) histamine (1 μM in perfusate, iii) luminal histamine instillation (1 mM), and iv) luminal instillation of H2O2. Particle translocation to the perfusate was assessed by the radioactivity of 192Ir isotope. Lung permeability by the use of Tc99m-labeled diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA). In addition to light microscopic morphological evaluation of fixed lungs, alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in perfusate were measured to assess epithelial and endothelial integrity. Results Particle distribution in the lung was homogenous and similar to in vivo conditions. No translocation of Ir particles at negative pressure inhalation was detected in control IPL, but lungs pretreated with histamine (1 μM) in the perfusate or with luminal H2O2 (0.5 mM) showed small amounts of radioactivity (2–3 % dose) in the single pass perfusate starting at 60 min of perfusion. Although the kinetics of particle translocation were different from permeability for 99mTc-DTPA, the pretreatments (H2O2, vascular histamine) caused similar changes in the translocation of particles and soluble mediator. Increased translocation through epithelium and endothelium with a lag time of one hour occurred in the absence of epithelial and endothelial damage. Conclusion Permeability of the lung barrier to UFP or nanoparticles is controlled both at the epithelial and endothelial level. Conditions that affect this barrier function such as inflammation may affect translocation of NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Meiring
- Particle Research Core, Institute für Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF) an der Heinrich-Heine Universität gGmbH, Auf'm Hennekamp 50 D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Paul JA Borm
- Particle Research Core, Institute für Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF) an der Heinrich-Heine Universität gGmbH, Auf'm Hennekamp 50 D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Centre of Expertise in Life Sciences (CEL), Zuyd University, PO Box 550, 6400 AN HEERLEN, The Netherlands
| | - Karim Bagate
- Particle Research Core, Institute für Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF) an der Heinrich-Heine Universität gGmbH, Auf'm Hennekamp 50 D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Manuela Semmler
- GSF Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Institute for Inhalation Biology & Focus Network Aerosols and Health, D-85746 Neuherberg / München, Germany
| | - Jürgen Seitz
- GSF Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Institute for Inhalation Biology & Focus Network Aerosols and Health, D-85746 Neuherberg / München, Germany
| | - Shinji Takenaka
- GSF Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Institute for Inhalation Biology & Focus Network Aerosols and Health, D-85746 Neuherberg / München, Germany
| | - Wolfgang G Kreyling
- GSF Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Institute for Inhalation Biology & Focus Network Aerosols and Health, D-85746 Neuherberg / München, Germany
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161
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Nemery B, Yew WW, Albert R, Brun-Buisson C, Macnee W, Martinez FJ, Angus DC, Abraham E. Tuberculosis, Nontuberculous Lung Infection, Pleural Disorders, Pulmonary Function, Respiratory Muscles, Occupational Lung Disease, Pulmonary Infections, and Social Issues inAJRCCMin 2004. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171:554-62. [PMID: 15753485 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.2412009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Nemery
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East 9th Avenue, Box C272, Room 5503, Denver, CO 80262-0001, USA
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