151
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Cichocki F, Sitnicka E, Bryceson YT. NK cell development and function – Plasticity and redundancy unleashed. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:114-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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152
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Luebben SW, Kawabata T, Johnson CS, O'Sullivan MG, Shima N. A concomitant loss of dormant origins and FANCC exacerbates genome instability by impairing DNA replication fork progression. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:5605-15. [PMID: 24589582 PMCID: PMC4027174 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that dormant DNA replication origins play an important role in the recovery of stalled forks. However, their functional interactions with other fork recovery mechanisms have not been tested. We previously reported intrinsic activation of the Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway in a tumor-prone mouse model (Mcm4chaos3) with a 60% loss of dormant origins. To understand this further, we introduced a null allele of Fancc (Fancc−), encoding a member of the FA core complex, into the Mcm4chaos3 background. Primary embryonic fibroblasts double homozygous for Mcm4chaos3 and Fancc− (Mcm4chaos3/chaos3;Fancc−/−) showed significantly increased levels of markers of stalled/collapsed forks compared to either single homozygote. Interestingly, a loss of dormant origins also increased the number of sites in which replication was delayed until prophase, regardless of FA pathway activation. These replication defects coincided with substantially elevated levels of genome instability in Mcm4chaos3/chaos3;Fancc−/− cells, resulting in a high rate of perinatal lethality of Mcm4chaos3/chaos3;Fancc−/− mice and the accelerated tumorigenesis of surviving mice. Together, these findings uncover a specialized role of dormant origins in replication completion while also identifying important functional overlaps between dormant origins and the FA pathway in maintaining fork progression, genome stability, normal development and tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer W Luebben
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology and Genetics Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawabata
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Charles S Johnson
- Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - M Gerard O'Sullivan
- Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Naoko Shima
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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153
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Cellular immune controls over Epstein-Barr virus infection: new lessons from the clinic and the laboratory. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:159-69. [PMID: 24589417 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a human herpesvirus with potent B cell growth transforming ability, induces multiple cellular immune responses in the infected host. How these host responses work together to prevent virus pathogenicity, and how immune imbalance predisposes to disease, remain poorly understood. Here, we describe three ongoing lines of enquiry that are shedding new light on these issues. These focus on: (i) patients with infectious mononucleosis or its fatal equivalent, X-linked lymphoproliferative disease; (ii) EBV infection in a range of new, genetically defined, primary immune deficiency states; and (iii) experimental infection in two complementary animal models, the rhesus macaque and the human haemopoietic stem cell reconstituted mouse.
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154
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Samuels ME, Hasselmann C, Deal CL, Deladoey J, Vliet GV. Whole-exome sequencing: opportunities in pediatric endocrinology. Per Med 2014; 11:63-78. [PMID: 29751389 DOI: 10.2217/pme.13.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric endocrinology services see a wide variety of patients with diverse clinical symptoms, including disorders of growth, metabolism, bone and sexual development. Molecular diagnosis plays an important role in this branch of medicine. Traditional PCR-based Sanger sequencing is a mainstay format for molecular testing in pediatric cases despite its relatively high cost, but the large number of gene defects associated with the various endocrine disorders renders gene-by-gene testing increasingly unattractive. Using new high-throughput sequencing technologies, whole genomes, whole exomes or candidate-gene panels (targeted gene sequencing) can now be cost-effectively sequenced for endocrine patients. Based on our own recent experiences with exome sequencing in a research context, we describe the general clinical ascertainment of relevant pediatric endocrine patients, compare different formats for next-generation sequencing and provide examples. Our view is that protocols involving next-generation sequencing should now be considered as an appropriate component of routine clinical diagnosis for relevant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Samuels
- Endocrinology Service, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal & Centre de Recherche du CHU Ste-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du CHU Ste-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Caroline Hasselmann
- Endocrinology Service, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal & Centre de Recherche du CHU Ste-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cheri L Deal
- Endocrinology Service, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal & Centre de Recherche du CHU Ste-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Johnny Deladoey
- Endocrinology Service, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal & Centre de Recherche du CHU Ste-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Guy Van Vliet
- Endocrinology Service, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal & Centre de Recherche du CHU Ste-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
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155
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Jackson AP, Laskey RA, Coleman N. Replication proteins and human disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 6:cshperspect.a013060. [PMID: 23881941 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a013060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we discuss the significance of DNA replication proteins in human disease. There is a broad range of mutations in genes encoding replication proteins, which result in several distinct clinical disorders that share common themes. One group of replication proteins, the MCMs, has emerged as effective biomarkers for early detection of a range of common cancers. They offer practical and theoretical advantages over other replication proteins and have been developed for widespread clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Jackson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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156
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Jacoby E, Barzilai A, Laufer J, Pade S, Anikster Y, Pinhas-Hamiel O, Greenberger S. Neonatal hyperpigmentation: diagnosis of familial glucocorticoid deficiency with a novel mutation in the melanocortin-2 receptor gene. Pediatr Dermatol 2014; 31:e13-7. [PMID: 24224542 DOI: 10.1111/pde.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Familial glucocorticoid deficiency (FGD), a rare autosomal recessive disorder of insensitivity to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), is characterized by isolated glucocorticoid deficiency and preserved mineralocorticoid production. The clinical features include generalized hyperpigmentation, hypoglycemia, failure to thrive, and recurrent infections. Here we describe the case of an infant who exhibited generalized hyperpigmentation and hypoglycemia. A high morning blood ACTH level and low blood cortisol level confirmed the diagnosis of FGD. The patient was found to be homozygous for a novel mutation in the melanocortin-2 receptor gene (635insC, I154H). Early initiation of corticosteroid treatment led to normalization of morning blood ACTH levels and the patient thrived, with subsequent fading of the hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elad Jacoby
- Department of Pediatrics B, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
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157
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Genetic screens in mice for genome integrity maintenance and cancer predisposition. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2013; 24:1-7. [PMID: 24657530 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Genome instability is a feature of nearly all cancers and can be exploited for therapy. In addition, a growing number of genome maintenance genes have been associated with developmental disorders. Efforts to understand the role of genome instability in these processes will be greatly facilitated by a more comprehensive understanding of their genetic network. We highlight recent genetic screens in model organisms that have assisted in the discovery of novel regulators of genome stability and focus on the contribution of mice as a model organism to understanding the role of genome instability during embryonic development, tumour formation and cancer therapy.
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158
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Orange JS. Natural killer cell deficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:515-525. [PMID: 23993353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are part of the innate immune defense against infection and cancer and are especially useful in combating certain viral pathogens. The utility of NK cells in human health has been underscored by a growing number of persons who are deficient in NK cells and/or their functions. This can be in the context of a broader genetically defined congenital immunodeficiency, of which there are more than 40 presently known to impair NK cells. However, the abnormality of NK cells in certain cases represents the majority immunologic defect. In aggregate, these conditions are termed NK cell deficiency. Recent advances have added clarity to this diagnosis and identified defects in 3 genes that can cause NK cell deficiency, as well as some of the underlying biology. Appropriate consideration of these diagnoses and patients raises the potential for rational therapeutic options and further innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S Orange
- Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine and the Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex.
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159
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Murray JE, Bicknell LS, Yigit G, Duker AL, van Kogelenberg M, Haghayegh S, Wieczorek D, Kayserili H, Albert MH, Wise CA, Brandon J, Kleefstra T, Warris A, van der Flier M, Bamforth JS, Doonanco K, Adès L, Ma A, Field M, Johnson D, Shackley F, Firth H, Woods CG, Nürnberg P, Gatti RA, Hurles M, Bober MB, Wollnik B, Jackson AP. Extreme growth failure is a common presentation of ligase IV deficiency. Hum Mutat 2013; 35:76-85. [PMID: 24123394 PMCID: PMC3995017 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ligase IV syndrome is a rare differential diagnosis for Nijmegen breakage syndrome owing to a shared predisposition to lympho-reticular malignancies, significant microcephaly, and radiation hypersensitivity. Only 16 cases with mutations in LIG4 have been described to date with phenotypes varying from malignancy in developmentally normal individuals, to severe combined immunodeficiency and early mortality. Here, we report the identification of biallelic truncating LIG4 mutations in 11 patients with microcephalic primordial dwarfism presenting with restricted prenatal growth and extreme postnatal global growth failure (average OFC -10.1 s.d., height -5.1 s.d.). Subsequently, most patients developed thrombocytopenia and leucopenia later in childhood and many were found to have previously unrecognized immunodeficiency following molecular diagnosis. None have yet developed malignancy, though all patients tested had cellular radiosensitivity. A genotype-phenotype correlation was also noted with position of truncating mutations corresponding to disease severity. This work extends the phenotypic spectrum associated with LIG4 mutations, establishing that extreme growth retardation with microcephaly is a common presentation of bilallelic truncating mutations. Such growth failure is therefore sufficient to consider a diagnosis of LIG4 deficiency and early recognition of such cases is important as bone marrow failure, immunodeficiency, and sometimes malignancy are long term sequelae of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie E Murray
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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160
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Habeb AM, Hughes CR, Al-Arabi R, Al-Muhamadi A, Clark AJL, Metherell LA. Familial glucocorticoid deficiency: a diagnostic challenge during acute illness. Eur J Pediatr 2013; 172:1407-10. [PMID: 23708259 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-013-2044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Familial glucocorticoid deficiency (FGD) is a heterogeneous condition of isolated glucocorticoid deficiency due to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) resistance. Patients have adrenal failure with normal electrolytes. We report two Arab children with different forms of FGD, in whom the diagnosis was initially masked by their acute illness and discuss the reasons for the delay in the diagnosis of FGD in both patients. Patient 1 presented at 12 days with Serratia sepsis. She received hydrocortisone for septic shock and needed dexamethasone courses to wean her off ventilation. At 13 weeks, she had normal electrolytes, low cortisol and high ACTH in keeping with FGD. A homozygous missense mutation (T159) in MC2R confirmed the diagnosis of FGD type 1. Patient 2 was admitted at 4.5 years, with an acute exacerbation of chronic asthma. At presentation, he had hypotension, hypoglycaemia and normal electrolytes. He was given IV hydrocortisone to treat his severe asthma, and his lip hyperpigmentation was thought to be central cyanosis. Two weeks later, his lips remained dark, and cortisol was low, with markedly elevated ACTH. Family history revealed a sister aged 22 years with cerebral palsy and a healthy 15-year-old brother, who were both severely pigmented with high ACTH levels. The diagnosis of FGD type 2 was confirmed by identifying a homozygous missense mutation (p.Y59D) in MRAP in the three siblings. CONCLUSIONS FGD can be easily overlooked during acute illness. In a sick child, paired measurement of serum cortisol with ACTH prior to starting steroid therapy would be useful in making the diagnosis of FGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhadi M Habeb
- Paediatric department, Maternity and Children Hospital, PO Box 20873, Madinah, Saudi Arabia,
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161
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The application of next-generation sequencing in the autozygosity mapping of human recessive diseases. Hum Genet 2013; 132:1197-211. [PMID: 23907654 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1344-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Autozygosity, or the inheritance of two copies of an ancestral allele, has the potential to not only reveal phenotypes caused by biallelic mutations in autosomal recessive genes, but to also facilitate the mapping of such mutations by flagging the surrounding haplotypes as tractable runs of homozygosity (ROH), a process known as autozygosity mapping. Since SNPs replaced microsatellites as markers for the purpose of genomewide identification of ROH, autozygosity mapping of Mendelian genes has witnessed a significant acceleration. Historically, successful mapping traditionally required favorable family structure that permits the identification of an autozygous interval that is amenable to candidate gene selection and confirmation by Sanger sequencing. This requirement presented a major bottleneck that hindered the utilization of simplex cases and many multiplex families with autosomal recessive phenotypes. However, the advent of next-generation sequencing that enables massively parallel sequencing of DNA has largely bypassed this bottleneck and thus ushered in an era of unprecedented pace of Mendelian disease gene discovery. The ability to identify a single causal mutation among a massive number of variants that are uncovered by next-generation sequencing can be challenging, but applying autozygosity as a filter can greatly enhance the enrichment process and its throughput. This review will discuss the power of combining the best of both techniques in the mapping of recessive disease genes and offer some tips to troubleshoot potential limitations.
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162
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Kerzendorfer C, Colnaghi R, Abramowicz I, Carpenter G, O'Driscoll M. Meier-Gorlin syndrome and Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome: two developmental disorders highlighting the importance of efficient DNA replication for normal development and neurogenesis. DNA Repair (Amst) 2013; 12:637-44. [PMID: 23706772 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Microcephaly represents one of the most obvious clinical manifestations of impaired neurogenesis. Defects in the DNA damage response, in DNA repair, and structural abnormalities in centrosomes, centrioles and the spindle microtubule network have all been demonstrated to cause microcephaly in humans. Work describing novel functional defects in cell lines from individuals with either Meier-Gorlin syndrome or Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome highlight the significance of optimal DNA replication and S phase progression for normal human development, including neurogenesis. These findings illustrate how different primary defects in processes impacting upon DNA replication potentially influence similar phenotypic outcomes, including growth retardation and microcephaly. Herein, we will describe the nature of the S phase defects uncovered for each of these conditions and highlight some of the overlapping cellular features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kerzendorfer
- Human DNA Damage Response Disorders Group, Genome Damage & Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex BN1 9RQ, United Kingdom
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163
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Krebs CE, Karkheiran S, Powell JC, Cao M, Makarov V, Darvish H, Di Paolo G, Walker RH, Shahidi GA, Buxbaum JD, De Camilli P, Yue Z, Paisán-Ruiz C. The Sac1 domain of SYNJ1 identified mutated in a family with early-onset progressive Parkinsonism with generalized seizures. Hum Mutat 2013; 34:1200-7. [PMID: 23804563 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the genetic causes underlying early-onset Parkinsonism (EOP) in a consanguineous Iranian family. To attain this, homozygosity mapping and whole-exome sequencing were performed. As a result, a homozygous mutation (c.773G>A; p.Arg258Gln) lying within the NH2 -terminal Sac1-like inositol phosphatase domain of polyphosphoinositide phosphatase synaptojanin 1 (SYNJ1), which has been implicated in the regulation of endocytic traffic at synapses, was identified as the disease-segregating mutation. This mutation impaired the phosphatase activity of SYNJ1 against its Sac1 domain substrates in vitro. We concluded that the SYNJ1 mutation identified here is responsible for the EOP phenotype seen in our patients probably due to deficiencies in its phosphatase activity and consequent impairment of its synaptic functions. Our finding not only opens new avenues of investigation in the synaptic dysfunction mechanisms associated with Parkinsonism, but also suggests phosphoinositide metabolism as a novel therapeutic target for Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharine E Krebs
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA.
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164
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Moritani M, Ishimi Y. Inhibition of DNA binding of MCM2-7 complex by phosphorylation with cyclin-dependent kinases. J Biochem 2013; 154:363-72. [PMID: 23864661 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvt062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) that plays a central role in preventing re-replication of DNA phosphorylates several replication proteins to inactivate them. MCM4 in MCM2-7 and RPA2 in RPA are phosphorylated with CDK in vivo. There are inversed correlations between the phosphorylation of these proteins and their chromatin binding. Here, we examined in vitro phosphorylation of human replication proteins of MCM2-7, RPA, TRESLIN, CDC45 and RECQL4 with CDK2/cyclinE, CDK2/cyclinA, CDK1/cyclinB, CHK1, CHK2 and CDC7/DBF4 kinases. MCM4, RPA2, TRESLIN and RECQL4 were phosphorylated with CDKs. Effect of the phosphorylation by CDK2/cyclinA on DNA-binding abilities of MCM2-7 and RPA was examined by gel-shift analysis. The phosphorylation of RPA did not affect its DNA-binding ability but that of MCM4 inhibited the ability of MCM2-7. Change of six amino acids of serine and threonine to alanines in the amino-terminal region of MCM4 rendered the mutant MCM2-7 insensitive to the inhibition with CDK. These biochemical data suggest that phosphorylation of MCM4 at these sites by CDK plays a direct role in dislodging MCM2-7 from chromatin and/or preventing re-loading of the complex to chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Moritani
- College of Science, Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki 351-8511, Japan
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165
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Primary immunodeficiencies: a rapidly evolving story. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:314-23. [PMID: 23374262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) in human subjects is crucial for a better understanding of the biology of the immune response. New achievements in this field have been possible in light of collaborative studies; attention paid to new phenotypes, infectious and otherwise; improved immunologic techniques; and use of exome sequencing technology. The International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee on PIDs recently reported on the updated classification of PIDs. However, new PIDs are being discovered at an ever-increasing rate. A series of 19 novel primary defects of immunity that have been discovered after release of the International Union of Immunological Societies report are discussed here. These new findings highlight the molecular pathways that are associated with clinical phenotypes and suggest potential therapies for affected patients.
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166
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Parvaneh N, Filipovich AH, Borkhardt A. Primary immunodeficiencies predisposed to Epstein-Barr virus-driven haematological diseases. Br J Haematol 2013; 162:573-86. [PMID: 23758097 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a ubiquitous human herpesvirus, maintains lifelong subclinical persistent infections in humans. In the circulation, EBV primarily infects the B cells, and protective immunity is mediated by EBV-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells. However, EBV has been linked to several devastating diseases, such as haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and lymphoproliferative diseases in the immunocompromised host. Some types of primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are characterized by the development of EBV-associated complications as their predominant clinical feature. The study of such genetic diseases presents an ideal opportunity for a better understanding of the biology of the immune responses against EBV. Here, we summarize the range of PIDs that are predisposed to EBV-associated haematological diseases, describing their clinical picture and pathogenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Parvaneh
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Children's Medical Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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167
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Meimaridou E, Hughes CR, Kowalczyk J, Guasti L, Chapple JP, King PJ, Chan LF, Clark AJL, Metherell LA. Familial glucocorticoid deficiency: New genes and mechanisms. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 371:195-200. [PMID: 23279877 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Familial Glucocorticoid deficiency (FGD), in which the adrenal cortex fails to produce glucocorticoids, was first shown to be caused by defects in the receptor for ACTH (MC2R) or its accessory protein (MRAP). Certain mutations in the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR) can also masquerade as FGD. Recently mutations in mini chromosome maintenance-deficient 4 homologue (MCM4) and nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT), genes involved in DNA replication and antioxidant defence respectively, have been recognised in FGD cohorts. These latest findings expand the spectrum of pathogenetic mechanisms causing adrenal disease and imply that the adrenal may be hypersensitive to replicative and oxidative stresses. Over time patients with MCM4 or NNT mutations may develop other organ pathologies related to their impaired gene functions and will therefore need careful monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Meimaridou
- Queen Mary University of London, Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
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168
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Pihlajoki M, Gretzinger E, Cochran R, Kyrönlahti A, Schrade A, Hiller T, Sullivan L, Shoykhet M, Schoeller EL, Brooks MD, Heikinheimo M, Wilson DB. Conditional mutagenesis of Gata6 in SF1-positive cells causes gonadal-like differentiation in the adrenal cortex of mice. Endocrinology 2013; 154:1754-67. [PMID: 23471215 PMCID: PMC3628026 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor GATA6 is expressed in the fetal and adult adrenal cortex and has been implicated in steroidogenesis. To characterize the role of transcription factor GATA6 in adrenocortical development and function, we generated mice in which Gata6 was conditionally deleted using Cre-LoxP recombination with Sf1-cre. The adrenal glands of adult Gata6 conditional knockout (cKO) mice were small and had a thin cortex. Cytomegalic changes were evident in fetal and adult cKO adrenal glands, and chromaffin cells were ectopically located at the periphery of the glands. Corticosterone secretion in response to exogenous ACTH was blunted in cKO mice. Spindle-shaped cells expressing Gata4, a marker of gonadal stroma, accumulated in the adrenal subcapsule of Gata6 cKO mice. RNA analysis demonstrated the concomitant upregulation of other gonadal-like markers, including Amhr2, in the cKO adrenal glands, suggesting that GATA6 inhibits the spontaneous differentiation of adrenocortical stem/progenitor cells into gonadal-like cells. Lhcgr and Cyp17 were overexpressed in the adrenal glands of gonadectomized cKO vs control mice, implying that GATA6 also limits sex steroidogenic cell differentiation in response to the hormonal changes that accompany gonadectomy. Nulliparous female and orchiectomized male Gata6 cKO mice lacked an adrenal X-zone. Microarray hybridization identified Pik3c2g as a novel X-zone marker that is downregulated in the adrenal glands of these mice. Our findings offer genetic proof that GATA6 regulates the differentiation of steroidogenic progenitors into adrenocortical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjut Pihlajoki
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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169
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Ansari A, Tuteja R. Genome wide comparative comprehensive analysis of Plasmodium falciparum MCM family with human host. Commun Integr Biol 2013; 5:607-15. [PMID: 23336032 PMCID: PMC3541329 DOI: 10.4161/cib.21759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mini chromosome maintenance (MCM) proteins 2-7, a subgroup of the large AAA ATPase family are critically required for eukaryotic DNA replication. These proteins are most likely responsible for unwinding DNA at the replication forks. Besides this function, some MCMs are also involved in other chromosome transactions such as transcription, chromatin remodeling and genome stability. All the MCMs contain a conserved region of ~200 amino acids responsible for nucleotide binding. The importance of MCM proteins is evident by the fact that deregulation of the activity of MCM family of proteins appears to be directly linked to human carcinogenesis. This article will focus on members of this important family of proteins from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum and their comparison with the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abulaish Ansari
- Malaria Group; International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi India
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170
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Ramachandrappa S, Gorrigan RJ, Clark AJL, Chan LF. The melanocortin receptors and their accessory proteins. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:9. [PMID: 23404466 PMCID: PMC3567503 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The five melanocortin receptors (MCRs) named MC1R-MC5R have diverse physiological roles encompassing pigmentation, steroidogenesis, energy homeostasis and feeding behavior as well as exocrine function. Since their identification almost 20 years ago much has been learnt about these receptors. As well as interacting with their endogenous ligands the melanocortin peptides, there is now a growing list of important peptides that can modulate the way these receptors signal, acting as agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists. The discovery of melanocortin 2 receptor accessory proteins as a novel accessory factor to the MCRs provides further insight into the regulation of these important G protein-coupled receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Li F. Chan
- *Correspondence: Li F. Chan, Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK. e-mail:
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171
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Yates R, Katugampola H, Cavlan D, Cogger K, Meimaridou E, Hughes C, Metherell L, Guasti L, King P. Adrenocortical Development, Maintenance, and Disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2013; 106:239-312. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416021-7.00007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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172
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Hesker PR, Krupnick AS. The role of natural killer cells in pulmonary immunosurveillance. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2013; 5:575-587. [PMID: 23277070 PMCID: PMC4413461 DOI: 10.2741/s391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells were originally identified as lymphocytes capable of killing cancer cells without prior sensitization (1). Further characterization of these cells in both humans and rodent models has expanded their role towards a broad-based immunosurveillance of diseased and healthy peripheral tissues. Among peripheral organs, the lung contains the largest percentage of NK cells. Accordingly, NK cells are implicated in many immunological responses within the lung, including innate effector functions as well as initiation of the adaptive immune response. In this article, we review the characteristics of NK cells, current models of NK maturation and cell activation, migration of NKs to the lung, and effector functions of NKs in cancer and infection in the airways. Specific emphasis is placed on the functional significance of NKs in cancer immunosurveillance. Therapeutic modulation of NK cells appears to be a challenging but promising approach to limit cancer, inflammation, and infection in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Rose Hesker
- Department of Surgery and The Alvin Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St Louis, MO
| | - Alexander Sasha Krupnick
- Department of Surgery and The Alvin Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St Louis, MO
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173
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Domaica CI, Fuertes MB, Uriarte I, Girart MV, Sardañons J, Comas DI, Di Giovanni D, Gaillard MI, Bezrodnik L, Zwirner NW. Human natural killer cell maturation defect supports in vivo CD56(bright) to CD56(dim) lineage development. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51677. [PMID: 23240056 PMCID: PMC3519873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two populations of human natural killer (NK) cells can be identified in peripheral blood. The majority are CD3−CD56dim cells while the minority exhibits a CD3−CD56bright phenotype. In vitro evidence indicates that CD56bright cells are precursors of CD56dim cells, but in vivo evidence is lacking. Here, we studied NK cells from a patient that suffered from a melanoma and opportunistic fungal infection during childhood. The patient exhibited a stable phenotype characterized by a reduction in the frequency of peripheral blood CD3−CD56dim NK cells, accompanied by an overt increase in the frequency and absolute number of CD3−CD56bright cells. These NK cells exhibited similar expression of perforin, CD57 and CD158, the major activating receptors CD16, NKp46, NKG2D, DNAM-1, and 2B4, as well as the inhibitory receptor CD94/NKG2A, on both CD56bright and CD56dim NK cells as healthy controls. Also, both NK cell subpopulations produced IFN-γ upon stimulation with cytokines, and CD3−CD56dim NK cells degranulated in response to cytokines or K562 cells. However, upon stimulation with cytokines, a substantial fraction of CD56dim cells failed to up-regulate CD57 and CD158, showed a reduction in the percentage of CD16+ cells, and CD56bright cells did not down-regulate CD62L, suggesting that CD56dim cells could not acquire a terminally differentiated phenotype and that CD56bright cells exhibit a maturation defect that might result in a potential altered migration pattern. These observations, support the notion that NK cells of this patient display a maturation/activation defect that precludes the generation of mature NK cells at a normal rate accompanied by CD56dim NK cells that cannot completely acquire a terminally differentiated phenotype. Thus, our results provide evidence that support the concept that in vivo CD56bright NK cells differentiate into CD56dim NK cells, and contribute to further understand human NK cell ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Inés Domaica
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Beatriz Fuertes
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Uriarte
- Unidad de Inmunología, Hospital de Niños “Ricardo Gutiérrez”. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Girart
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jessica Sardañons
- Unidad de Inmunología, Hospital de Niños “Ricardo Gutiérrez”. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dorina Ileana Comas
- Unidad de Inmunología, Hospital de Niños “Ricardo Gutiérrez”. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Di Giovanni
- Unidad de Inmunología, Hospital de Niños “Ricardo Gutiérrez”. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Isabel Gaillard
- Unidad de Inmunología, Hospital de Niños “Ricardo Gutiérrez”. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana Bezrodnik
- Unidad de Inmunología, Hospital de Niños “Ricardo Gutiérrez”. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Norberto Walter Zwirner
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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174
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Palmer JM, Rajasekaran K, Thakar MS, Malarkannan S. Clinical relevance of natural killer cells following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. J Cancer 2012; 4:25-35. [PMID: 23386902 PMCID: PMC3564244 DOI: 10.7150/jca.5049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are one of the first cells to recover following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and are believed to play an important role in facilitating engraftment or preventing post-transplant infection and tumor recurrence. Recent studies have provided novel insights into the mechanisms by which NK cells mediate these highly clinically relevant immunological functions. In particular, the ability of NK cells to reduce the risk of graft versus host disease (GVHD) and increase the graft versus leukemia effect (GVL) in the setting of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-haploidentical HSCT highlights their clinical potentials. NK cells also mediate anti-viral protection, in particular against cytomegalovirus (CMV), an infection that causes significant morbidity and mortality following transplant. Another crucial function of NK cells is providing protection against bacterial infections at the mucosal barriers. NK cells achieve this by promoting anti-microbial defenses and regeneration of epithelial cells. These recent exciting findings provide a strong basis for the formulation of novel NK cell-based immunotherapies. In this review, we summarize the recent advances related to the mechanisms, functions, and future clinical prospects of NK cells that can impact post-transplant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne M Palmer
- 1. Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Blood Research Institute, 8727 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- 2. Departments of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Kamalakannan Rajasekaran
- 1. Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Blood Research Institute, 8727 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Monica S Thakar
- 1. Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Blood Research Institute, 8727 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- 3. Departments of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- 1. Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Blood Research Institute, 8727 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- 2. Departments of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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175
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Abstract
Within the last decade, multiple novel congenital human disorders have been described with genetic defects in known and/or novel components of several well-known DNA repair and damage response pathways. Examples include disorders of impaired nucleotide excision repair, DNA double-strand and single-strand break repair, as well as compromised DNA damage-induced signal transduction including phosphorylation and ubiquitination. These conditions further reinforce the importance of multiple genome stability pathways for health and development in humans. Furthermore, these conditions inform our knowledge of the biology of the mechanics of genome stability and in some cases provide potential routes to help exploit these pathways therapeutically. Here, I will review a selection of these exciting findings from the perspective of the disorders themselves, describing how they were identified, how genotype informs phenotype, and how these defects contribute to our growing understanding of genome stability pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark O'Driscoll
- Human DNA Damage Response Disorders Group Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex BN1 9RQ, United Kingdom
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176
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Abstract
Pregnancy is marked by alterations in a number of endocrine systems, including activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The placenta, the fetal adrenal glands and the liver constitute an interactive endocrine entity, known as the fetoplacental unit. In the fetoplacental unit, the fetal adrenal glands are the primary source of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, which is further metabolized by the fetal liver and placenta to produce a variety of oestrogens. Several disorders can affect both the fetal and maternal adrenal glands during pregnancy. The most common fetal adrenal disorder, steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency, leads to abnormalities in sexual development and can be life threatening for the neonate. Although rare, maternal adrenal disorders are associated with considerable maternal mortality and morbidity if not promptly recognized and treated. However, diagnosis is often difficult to establish because of the endocrine changes occurring during normal pregnancies and the lack of reference values for the majority of the adrenal steroids. This Review provides an overview of adrenal steroid metabolism during pregnancy and focuses on diagnosis and treatment of the most common fetal and maternal adrenal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Monticone
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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177
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Abstract
NK cells are a component of the innate immune system identified in animals as serving an essential role in antiviral immunity. Establishing their role in human health has been challenging, with the most direct insight coming from the study of NK cell-deficient individuals. However, NK cell deficiencies are rare, and more research is needed. In this issue of the JCI, two independent groups of researchers have simultaneously identified the genetic cause of a human NK cell deficiency as mutation in the MCM4 gene, encoding minichromosome maintenance complex component 4. These reports suggest a critical role for the minichromosome maintenance helicase complex in NK cells and NK cell-mediated host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S Orange
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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178
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Gineau L, Cognet C, Kara N, Lach FP, Dunne J, Veturi U, Picard C, Trouillet C, Eidenschenk C, Aoufouchi S, Alcaïs A, Smith O, Geissmann F, Feighery C, Abel L, Smogorzewska A, Stillman B, Vivier E, Casanova JL, Jouanguy E. Partial MCM4 deficiency in patients with growth retardation, adrenal insufficiency, and natural killer cell deficiency. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:821-32. [PMID: 22354167 DOI: 10.1172/jci61014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are circulating cytotoxic lymphocytes that exert potent and nonredundant antiviral activity and antitumoral activity in the mouse; however, their function in host defense in humans remains unclear. Here, we investigated 6 related patients with autosomal recessive growth retardation, adrenal insufficiency, and a selective NK cell deficiency characterized by a lack of the CD56(dim) NK subset. Using linkage analysis and fine mapping, we identified the disease-causing gene, MCM4, which encodes a component of the MCM2-7 helicase complex required for DNA replication. A splice-site mutation in the patients produced a frameshift, but the mutation was hypomorphic due to the creation of two new translation initiation methionine codons downstream of the premature termination codon. The patients' fibroblasts exhibited genomic instability, which was rescued by expression of WT MCM4. These data indicate that the patients' growth retardation and adrenal insufficiency likely reflect the ubiquitous but heterogeneous impact of the MCM4 mutation in various tissues. In addition, the specific loss of the NK CD56(dim) subset in patients was associated with a lower rate of NK CD56(bright) cell proliferation, and the maturation of NK CD56(bright) cells toward an NK CD56(dim) phenotype was tightly dependent on MCM4-dependent cell division. Thus, partial MCM4 deficiency results in a genetic syndrome of growth retardation with adrenal insufficiency and selective NK deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Gineau
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U980, Paris, France
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