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Kim E, Yoon SY, Shin YJ. Oxidative Stress in Cornea. OXIDATIVE STRESS IN APPLIED BASIC RESEARCH AND CLINICAL PRACTICE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1935-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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152
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Molladavoodi S, Kwon HJ, Medley J, Gorbet M. Human corneal epithelial cell response to substrate stiffness. Acta Biomater 2015; 11:324-32. [PMID: 25305512 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that mechanical stimulus can affect cellular behavior. While induced differentiation in stem cells and proliferation and directional migration in fibroblasts are reported as responses to mechanical stimuli, little is known about the response of cells from the cornea. In the present study, we investigated whether changes in substrate stiffness (measured by elastic modulus) affected the behavior of human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs). Polyacrylamide substrates with different elastic moduli (compliant, medium and stiff) were prepared and HCECs were cultured on them. HCECs responses, including cell viability, apoptosis, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression, integrin-α3β1 expression and changes in cytoskeleton structure (actin fibers) and migratory behavior, were studied. No statistically significant cell activation, as measured by ICAM-1 expression, was observed. However, on compliant substrates, a higher number of cells were found to be apoptotic and disrupted actin fibers were observed. Furthermore, cells displayed a statistically significant lower migration speed on compliant substrates when compared with the stiffer substrates. Thus, corneal epithelial cells respond to changes in substrate stiffness, which may have implications in the understanding and perhaps treatment of corneal diseases, such as keratoconus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Molladavoodi
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Hyock-Ju Kwon
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - John Medley
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Maud Gorbet
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
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153
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Langford MP, Redens TB, Texada DE. Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters, Xc− Antiporter, γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase, Glutamine Synthetase, and Glutathione in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells. OXIDATIVE STRESS IN APPLIED BASIC RESEARCH AND CLINICAL PRACTICE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1935-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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154
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Zhang J, Patel DV. The pathophysiology of Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy – A review of molecular and cellular insights. Exp Eye Res 2015; 130:97-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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155
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Role of Protease-Inhibitors in Ocular Diseases. Molecules 2014; 19:20557-20569. [PMID: 25493637 PMCID: PMC6271012 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191220557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that the balance between proteases and protease-inhibitors system plays a key role in maintaining cellular and tissue homeostasis. Indeed, its alteration has been involved in many ocular and systemic diseases. In particular, research has focused on keratoconus, corneal wounds and ulcers, keratitis, endophthalmitis, age-related macular degeneration, Sorsby fundus dystrophy, loss of nerve cells and photoreceptors during optic neuritis both in vivo and in vitro models. Protease-inhibitors have been extensively studied, rather than proteases, because they may represent a therapeutic approach for some ocular diseases. The protease-inhibitors mainly involved in the onset of the above-mentioned ocular pathologies are: α2-macroglobulin, α1-proteinase inhibitor (α1-PI), metalloproteinase inhibitor (TIMP), maspin, SERPINA3K, SERPINB13, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), and calpeptin. This review is focused on the several characteristics of dysregulation of this system and, particularly, on a possible role of proteases and protease-inhibitors in molecular remodeling that may lead to some ocular diseases. Recently, researchers have even hypothesized a possible therapeutic effect of the protease-inhibitors in the treatment of injured eye in animal models.
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156
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Gross cystic disease fluid protein-15/prolactin-inducible protein as a biomarker for keratoconus disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113310. [PMID: 25405607 PMCID: PMC4236164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratoconus (KC) is a bilateral degenerative disease of the cornea characterized by corneal bulging, stromal thinning, and scarring. The etiology of the disease is unknown. In this study, we identified a new biomarker for KC that is present in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, tear samples were collected from age-matched controls with no eye disease (n = 36) and KC diagnosed subjects (n = 17). Samples were processed for proteomics using LC-MS/MS. In vitro, cells were isolated from controls (Human Corneal Fibroblasts-HCF) and KC subjects (Human Keratoconus Cells-HKC) and stimulated with a Vitamin C (VitC) derivative for 4 weeks, and with one of the three transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) isoforms. Samples were analyzed using real-time PCR and Western Blots. By using proteomics analysis, the Gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 (GCDFP-15) or prolactin-inducible protein (PIP) was found to be the best independent biomarker able to discriminate between KC and controls. The intensity of GCDFP-15/PIP was significantly higher in healthy subjects compared to KC-diagnosed. Similar findings were seen in vitro, using a 3D culture model. All three TGF-β isoforms significantly down-regulated the expression of GCDFP-15/PIP. Zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein (AZGP1), a protein that binds to PIP, was identified by proteomics and cell culture to be highly regulated. In this study by different complementary techniques we confirmed the potential role of GCDFP-15/PIP as a novel biomarker for KC disease. It is likely that exploring the GCDFP-15/PIP-AZGP1 interactions will help better understand the mechanism of KC disease.
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157
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Polymorphism of the DNA base excision repair genes in keratoconus. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:19682-99. [PMID: 25356504 PMCID: PMC4264133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151119682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratoconus (KC) is a degenerative corneal disorder for which the exact pathogenesis is not yet known. Oxidative stress is reported to be associated with this disease. The stress may damage corneal biomolecules, including DNA, and such damage is primarily removed by base excision repair (BER). Variation in genes encoding BER components may influence the effectiveness of corneal cells to cope with oxidative stress. In the present work we genotyped 5 polymorphisms of 4 BER genes in 284 patients and 353 controls. The A/A genotype of the c.–1370T>A polymorphism of the DNA polymerase γ (POLG) gene was associated with increased occurrence of KC, while the A/T genotype was associated with decreased occurrence of KC. The A/G genotype and the A allele of the c.1196A>G polymorphism of the X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1) were associated with increased, and the G/G genotype and the G allele, with decreased KC occurrence. Also, the C/T and T as well as C/C genotypes and alleles of the c.580C>T polymorphism of the same gene displayed relationship with KC occurrence. Neither the g.46438521G>C polymorphism of the Nei endonuclease VIII-like 1 (NEIL1) nor the c.2285T>C polymorphism of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) was associated with KC. In conclusion, the variability of the XRCC1 and POLG genes may play a role in KC pathogenesis and determine the risk of this disease.
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158
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Zhu C, Pan F, Ge L, Zhou J, Chen L, Zhou T, Zong R, Xiao X, Dong N, Yang M, Ma JX, Liu Z, Zhou Y. SERPINA3K plays antioxidant roles in cultured pterygial epithelial cells through regulating ROS system. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108859. [PMID: 25296038 PMCID: PMC4189792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that SERPINA3K, a serine proteinase inhibitor, has antioxidant activity in the cornea. Here we investigated the antioxidant effects of SERPINA3K on the pterygial, which is partially caused by oxidative stress in pathogenesis. The head part of primary pterygial tissue was dissected and then cultured in keratinocyte serum-free defined medium (KSFM). The cultured pterygial epithelial cells (PECs) were treated with SERPINA3K. The cell proliferation and migration of PECs were measured and analyzed. Western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay were performed. It showed that SERPINA3K significantly suppressed the cell proliferation of PECs in a concentration-dependent manner, compared with cultured human conjunctival epithelial cells. SERPINA3K also inhibited the cell migration of PECs. Towards its underlying mechanism, SERPINA3K had antioxidant activities on the PECs by significantly inhibiting NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), which is an important enzyme of ROS generation, and by elevating the levels of key antioxidant factors of ROS: such as NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone 1) (NQO1), NF-E2–related factor-2 (NRF2) and superoxide dismutases (SOD2). Meanwhile, SERPINA3K down-regulated the key effectors of Wnt signaling pathway: β-catenin, nonphospho-β-catenin, and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6). We provided novel evidence that SERPINA3K had inhibitory effects on pterygium and SERPINA3K played antioxidant role via regulating the ROS system and antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengpeng Zhu
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Fangyu Pan
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Lianping Ge
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Longlong Chen
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Rongrong Zong
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xinye Xiao
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Nuo Dong
- Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Maomin Yang
- Xiamen Kehong Eye Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Jian-Xing Ma
- Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Zuguo Liu
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yueping Zhou
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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159
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Polymorphism of the flap endonuclease 1 gene in keratoconus and Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:14786-802. [PMID: 25153632 PMCID: PMC4159882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150814786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including serious ocular diseases, keratoconus (KC) and Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD). Flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) plays an important role in the repair of oxidative DNA damage in the base excision repair pathway. We determined the association between two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), c.–441G>A (rs174538) and g.61564299G>T (rs4246215), in the FEN1 gene and the occurrence of KC and FECD. This study involved 279 patients with KC, 225 patients with FECD and 322 control individuals. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and length polymorphism restriction fragment analysis (RFLP) were applied. The T/T genotype of the g.61564299G>T polymorphism was associated with an increased occurrence of KC and FECD. There was no association between the c.–441G>A polymorphism and either disease. However, the GG haplotype of both polymorphisms was observed more frequently and the GT haplotype less frequently in the KC group than the control. The AG haplotype was associated with increased FECD occurrence. Our findings suggest that the g.61564299G>T and c.–441G>A polymorphisms in the FEN1 gene may modulate the risk of keratoconus and Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy.
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160
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Liu C, Chen Y, Kochevar IE, Jurkunas UV. Decreased DJ-1 leads to impaired Nrf2-regulated antioxidant defense and increased UV-A-induced apoptosis in corneal endothelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:5551-60. [PMID: 25082883 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the role of DJ-1 in Nrf2-regulated antioxidant defense in corneal endothelial cells (CECs) at baseline and in response to ultraviolet A (UV-A)-induced oxidative stress. METHODS DJ-1-deficient CECs were obtained by transfection of an immortalized normal human corneal endothelial cell line (HCECi) with DJ-1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) or by isolation of CECs from ex vivo corneas of DJ-1 knockout mice. Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), protein carbonyls, Nrf2 subcellular localization, Nrf2 target genes, and protein interaction between Keap1/Nrf2 and Cul3/Nrf2 were compared between normal and DJ-1-deficient CECs. Oxidative stress was induced by irradiating HCECi cells with UV-A, and cell death and levels of activated caspase3 and phospho-p53 were determined. RESULTS DJ-1 siRNA-treated cells exhibited increased levels of ROS production and protein carbonyls as well as a 2.2-fold decrease in nuclear Nrf2 protein when compared to controls. DJ-1 downregulation led to attenuated gene expression of Nrf2 and its target genes HO-1 and NQO1. Similar levels of Nrf2 inhibitor, Keap1, and Cul3/Nrf2 and Keap1/Nrf2 were observed in DJ-1 siRNA-treated cells as compared to controls. Ultraviolet A irradiation resulted in a 3.0-fold increase in cell death and elevated levels of activated caspase3 and phospho-p53 in DJ-1 siRNA-treated cells compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Downregulation of DJ-1 impairs nuclear translocation of Nrf2, causing decreased antioxidant gene expression and increased oxidative damage. The decline in DJ-1 levels leads to heightened CEC susceptibility to UV-A light by activating p53-dependent apoptosis. Targeting the DJ-1-Nrf2 axis may provide a potential therapeutic approach for enhancing antioxidant defense in corneal endothelial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailing Liu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Yuming Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Irene E Kochevar
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Ula V Jurkunas
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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161
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Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between keratoconus (KC) and interleukin-1β (IL1 β) (-511C>T) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN) variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms that are potentially associated in their genetic susceptibility to KC. METHODS A total of 121 patients with KC and 121 healthy individuals were enrolled. Blood samples with ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid were obtained, and IL1β (-511C>T) (rs16944) (polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method) and IL1RN VNTR polymorphisms (rs2234663) (polymerase chain reaction and agarose gel imaging) were investigated. RESULTS Genotype and allele distribution for IL1β (-511C>T) and IL1RN VNTR polymorphisms among the KC and healthy groups showed no difference (for all; P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Because the genotype and allele frequency of both polymorphisms are identical, it is most likely that IL1β-511C>T and IL1RN VNTR polymorphisms do not play a role in the development of KC in the Turkish population.
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162
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Karamichos D, Hutcheon AEK, Rich CB, Trinkaus-Randall V, Asara JM, Zieske JD. In vitro model suggests oxidative stress involved in keratoconus disease. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4608. [PMID: 24714342 PMCID: PMC3980225 DOI: 10.1038/srep04608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratoconus (KC) affects 1:2000 people and is a disorder where cornea thins and assumes a conical shape. Advanced KC requires surgery to maintain vision. The role of oxidative stress in KC remains unclear. We aimed to identify oxidative stress levels between human corneal keratocytes (HCKs), fibroblasts (HCFs) and keratoconus cells (HKCs). Cells were cultured in 2D and 3D systems. Vitamin C (VitC) and TGF-β3 (T3) were used for 4 weeks to stimulate self-assembled extracellular matrix (ECM). No T3 used as controls. Samples were analyzed using qRT-PCR and metabolomics. qRT-PCR data showed low levels of collagen I and V, as well as keratocan for HKCs, indicating differentiation to a myofibroblast phenotype. Collagen type III, a marker for fibrosis, was up regulated in HKCs. We robustly detected more than 150 metabolites of the targeted 250 by LC-MS/MS per condition and among those metabolites several were related to oxidative stress. Lactate levels, lactate/malate and lactate/pyruvate ratios were elevated in HKCs, while arginine and glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio were reduced. Similar patterns found in both 2D and 3D. Our data shows that fibroblasts exhibit enhanced oxidative stress compared to keratocytes. Furthermore the HKC cells exhibit the greatest level suggesting they may have a myofibroblast phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Karamichos
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA
| | - A E K Hutcheon
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear and the Department of Ophthalmology Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C B Rich
- Departments of Biochemistry and Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, 80 E Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - V Trinkaus-Randall
- Departments of Biochemistry and Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, 80 E Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - J M Asara
- Division of Signal Transduction/Mass Spectrometry Core, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J D Zieske
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear and the Department of Ophthalmology Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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163
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Abstract
Fuchs' corneal dystrophy (FCD) is a common late-onset genetic disorder of the corneal endothelium. It causes loss of endothelial cell density and excrescences in the Descemet membrane, eventually progressing to corneal edema, necessitating corneal transplantation. The genetic basis of FCD is complex and heterogeneous, demonstrating variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance. To date, three causal genes, ZEB1, SLC4A11 and LOXHD1, have been identified, representing a small proportion of the total genetic load of FCD. An additional four loci have been localized, including a region on chromosome 18 that is potentially responsible for a large proportion of all FCD cases. The elucidation of the causal genes underlying these loci will begin to clarify the pathogenesis of FCD and pave the way for the emergence of nonsurgical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Iliff
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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164
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Czarny P, Seda A, Wielgorski M, Binczyk E, Markiewicz B, Kasprzak E, Jiménez-García MP, Grabska-Liberek I, Pawlowska E, Blasiak J, Szaflik J, Szaflik JP. Mutagenesis of mitochondrial DNA in Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy. Mutat Res 2013; 760:42-7. [PMID: 24374226 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is an age-related, slowly progressive disease, which may lead to loss of vision resulting from apoptosis of corneal endothelial (CE) cells, dysfunction of Descemet membrane (DM) and corneal edema. A growing body of evidence suggests that oxidative stress may play a major role in the pathogenesis of FECD and that mitochondria of CE cells are its main target. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is particularly prone to oxidative stress and changes in mtDNA were reported in FECD patients. In the present work we studied mtDNA damage and repair, mtDNA copy number, and the 4977bp common deletion in mtDNA in DM cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) isolated from FECD patients. PBLs from 35 FECD patients and 32 controls were challenged for 10min with hydrogen peroxide at 20μM and then left in a fresh medium for 3h, resulting in a decrease in mtDNA copy number in both groups. Damage to mtDNA was not fully repaired after 3h and the extent of remaining lesions was significantly higher in the patients than the controls. We observed a higher copy number and an increased extent of mtDNA damage as well as a higher ratio of the common 4977bp deletion in DM cells of FECD patients than the controls. Our results confirm that mutagenesis of mtDNA may be involved in FECD pathogenesis and disturbance in mtDNA sensitivity to damaging agent as well as changes in mtDNA damage repair along with alternations in mtDNA copy number may underline this involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Czarny
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - A Seda
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - M Wielgorski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw and Samodzielny Publiczny Kliniczny Szpital Okulistyczny, Sierakowskiego 13, 03-710 Warsaw, Poland
| | - E Binczyk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw and Samodzielny Publiczny Kliniczny Szpital Okulistyczny, Sierakowskiego 13, 03-710 Warsaw, Poland
| | - B Markiewicz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - E Kasprzak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | | | - I Grabska-Liberek
- Warsaw Eye Bank, Al. Solidarnosci 67, 03-401 Warsaw, Poland; Ophthalmology Clinic, Medical Center of Postgraduate Education, ul. Czerniakowska 231, 00-416 Warsaw, Poland
| | - E Pawlowska
- Department of Orthodontics, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-216 Lodz, Poland
| | - J Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - J Szaflik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw and Samodzielny Publiczny Kliniczny Szpital Okulistyczny, Sierakowskiego 13, 03-710 Warsaw, Poland
| | - J P Szaflik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw and Samodzielny Publiczny Kliniczny Szpital Okulistyczny, Sierakowskiego 13, 03-710 Warsaw, Poland.
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165
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Increased systemic oxidative stress in patients with keratoconus. Eye (Lond) 2013; 28:285-9. [PMID: 24310241 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2013.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish the effect of systemic oxidative stress on the pathogenesis of keratoconus by measuring serum total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) in patients with keratoconus. METHODS Twenty-five patients with keratoconus (keratoconus group) and 25 age-sex-matched healthy subjects (control group) were enrolled in the study. Exclusion criteria were smoking habit, history of any other corneal pathology, systemic disease or inflammation, and current antioxidant or anti-inflammatory therapies. All participants underwent a detailed ophthalmological examination and corneal topography. Serum samples were obtained from all participants. Oxidative stress markers (TAS and TOS) were measured using a commercial kit and oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated. RESULTS The study comprised 25 patients with keratoconus (mean age of 26.4±1.7 years) and 25 healthy control subjects (mean age of 26.6±1.7 years) (P>0.05). The serum TOS and OSI values were significantly higher in patients with keratoconus compared with those of the controls (P=0.036 and 0.037, respectively). However, serum TAS did not show significant difference between the keratoconus and control groups (P=0.497). CONCLUSIONS The higher levels of serum oxidant status and OSI in patients with keratoconus suggest that systemic oxidative stress might be involved in the pathogenesis of keratoconus.
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166
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Wójcik KA, Synowiec E, Jiménez-García MP, Kaminska A, Polakowski P, Blasiak J, Szaflik J, Szaflik JP. Polymorphism of the transferrin gene in eye diseases: keratoconus and Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:247438. [PMID: 24350254 PMCID: PMC3857736 DOI: 10.1155/2013/247438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress may play a role in the pathogenesis of keratoconus (KC) and Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD). Iron may promote the stress by the Fenton reaction, so its homeostasis should be strictly controlled. Transferrin is essential for iron homeostasis because it transports iron from plasma into cells. The malfunction of transferrin, which may be caused by variation in its gene (TF) variation, may contribute to oxidative stress and change KC and FECD risk. To verify this hypothesis we investigated the association between three polymorphisms of the TF gene, g.3296G>A (rs8177178), g.3481A>G (rs8177179), and c.-2G>A (rs1130459), and KC and FECD occurrence. Genotyping was performed in blood lymphocytes in 216 patients with KC, 130 patients with FECD and 228 controls by PCR-RFLP. We studied also the influence of other risk factors. The A/A genotype and the A allele of the g.3296G>A polymorphism were associated with KC occurrence, while the G allele was negatively correlated with it. We observed a decrease in KC occurrence associated with the A/G genotype of the g.3481A>G polymorphism. We did not find any association between the c.-2G>A polymorphism and KC. No association was found between all three polymorphisms and FECD occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A. Wójcik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Synowiec
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Manuel P. Jiménez-García
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
- University of Málaga, Avenida Cervantes 2, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Anna Kaminska
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw and Samodzielny Publiczny Kliniczny Szpital Okulistyczny, Sierakowskiego 13, 03-710 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Polakowski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw and Samodzielny Publiczny Kliniczny Szpital Okulistyczny, Sierakowskiego 13, 03-710 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jerzy Szaflik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw and Samodzielny Publiczny Kliniczny Szpital Okulistyczny, Sierakowskiego 13, 03-710 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek P. Szaflik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw and Samodzielny Publiczny Kliniczny Szpital Okulistyczny, Sierakowskiego 13, 03-710 Warsaw, Poland
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Cejkova J, Trosan P, Cejka C, Lencova A, Zajicova A, Javorkova E, Kubinova S, Sykova E, Holan V. Suppression of alkali-induced oxidative injury in the cornea by mesenchymal stem cells growing on nanofiber scaffolds and transferred onto the damaged corneal surface. Exp Eye Res 2013; 116:312-23. [PMID: 24145108 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether rabbit bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) effectively decrease alkali-induced oxidative stress in the rabbit cornea. The alkali (0.15 N NaOH) was applied on the corneas of the right eyes and then rinsed with tap water. In the first group of rabbits the injured corneas remained untreated. In the second group MSCs were applied on the injured corneal surface immediately after the injury and eyelids sutured for two days. Then the sutures were removed. In the third group nanofiber scaffolds seeded with MSCs (and in the fourth group nanofibers alone) were transferred onto the corneas immediately after the injury and the eyelids sutured. Two days later the eyelid sutures were removed together with the nanofiber scaffolds. The rabbits were sacrificed on days four, ten or fifteen after the injury, and the corneas were examined immunohistochemically, morphologically, for the central corneal thickness (taken as an index of corneal hydration) using an ultrasonic pachymeter and by real-time PCR. Results show that in untreated injured corneas the expression of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrotyrosine (NT) (important markers of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress) appeared in the epithelium. The antioxidant aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1 (ALDH3A1) decreased in the corneal epithelium, particularly in superficial parts, where apoptotic cell death (detected by active caspase-3) was high. (In control corneal epithelium MDA and NT are absent and ALDH3A1 highly present in all layers of the epithelium. Cell apoptosis are sporadic). In injured untreated cornea further corneal disturbances developed: The expressions of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and proinflammatory cytokines, were high. At the end of experiment (on day 15) the injured untreated corneas were vascularized and numerous inflammatory cells were present in the corneal stroma. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and number of macrophages were high. The results obtained in injured corneas covered with nanofiber scaffolds alone (without MSCs) or in injured corneas treated with MSCs only (transferred without scaffolds) did not significantly differ from the results found in untreated injured corneas. In contrast, in the injured corneas treated with MSCs on nanofiber scaffolds, ALDH3A1 expression remained high in the epithelium (as in the control cornea) and positive expression of the other immunohistochemical markers employed was very low (MMP9) or absent (NT, MDA, proinflammatory cytokines), also similarly as in the control cornea. Corneal neovascularization and the infiltration of the corneal stroma with inflammatory cells were significantly suppressed in the injured corneas treated with MSCs compared to the untreated injured ones. The increased central corneal thickness together with corneal opalescency appearing after alkali injury returned to normal levels over the course of ten days only in the injured corneas treated with MSCs on nanofiber scaffolds. The expression of genes for the proinflammatory cytokines corresponded with their immunohistochemical expression. In conclusion, MSCs on nanofiber scaffolds protected the formation of toxic peroxynitrite (detected by NT residues), lowered apoptotic cell death and decreased matrix metalloproteinase and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. This resulted in reduced corneal inflammation as well as neovascularization and significantly accelerated corneal healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Cejkova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory of Eye Histochemistry and Pharmacology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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168
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Synowiec E, Wojcik KA, Izdebska J, Binczyk E, Blasiak J, Szaflik J, Szaflik JP. Polymorphisms of the homologous recombination gene RAD51 in keratoconus and Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy. DISEASE MARKERS 2013; 35:353-62. [PMID: 24223453 PMCID: PMC3809973 DOI: 10.1155/2013/851817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the association between genotypes and haplotypes of the c.-61G>T (rs 1801320) and c.-98G>C (rs 1801321) polymorphisms of the RAD51 gene and the occurrence of keratoconus (KC) and Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) in dependence on some environmental factors. METHODS The polymorphisms were genotyped in peripheral blood lymphocytes of 100 KC and 100 FECD patients as well as 150 controls with PCR-RFLP. RESULTS The G/T genotype of the c.-61G>T polymorphism was associated with significantly increased frequency occurrence of KC (crude OR 2.99, 95% CI 1.75-5.13). On the other hand, the G/G genotype of this polymorphism was positively correlated with a decreased occurrence of this disease (crude OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.31-0.88). We did not find any correlation between genotypes/alleles of the c.-98G>C polymorphism and the occurrence of KC. We also found that the G/G genotype and G allele of the c.-98G>C polymorphism had a protective effect against FECD (crude OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.28-0.92; crude OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.30-0.92, resp.), while the G/C genotype and the C allele increased FECD occurrence (crude OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.01-3.36; crude OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.09-3.29, resp.). CONCLUSIONS The c.-61T/T and c.-98G>C polymorphisms of the RAD51 gene may have a role in the KC and FECD pathogenesis and can be considered as markers in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Synowiec
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna A. Wojcik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Justyna Izdebska
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw and Samodzielny Publiczny Kliniczny Szpital Okulistyczny, Sierakowskiego 13, 03-710 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Binczyk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw and Samodzielny Publiczny Kliniczny Szpital Okulistyczny, Sierakowskiego 13, 03-710 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jerzy Szaflik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw and Samodzielny Publiczny Kliniczny Szpital Okulistyczny, Sierakowskiego 13, 03-710 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek P. Szaflik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw and Samodzielny Publiczny Kliniczny Szpital Okulistyczny, Sierakowskiego 13, 03-710 Warsaw, Poland
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Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of keratoconus and Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:19294-308. [PMID: 24065107 PMCID: PMC3794834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140919294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its localization and function, the cornea is regularly exposed to sunlight and atmospheric oxygen, mainly dioxygen, which produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, corneal cells are particularly susceptible to oxidative stress. The accumulation of ROS in the cornea may affect signal transduction, proliferation and may also promote cell death. The cornea has several enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants involved in ROS scavenging, but in certain conditions they may not cope with oxidative stress, leading to diseases of the eye. Keratoconus (KC) and Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) are multifactorial diseases of the cornea, in which pathogenesis is not fully understood. However, increased levels of oxidative stress markers detected in these disorders indicate that oxidative stress may play an important role in their development and progression. These markers are: (i) decreased levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants, and (ii) decreased expression of genes encoding antioxidative enzymes, including thioredoxin reductase, peroxiredoxins, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, and aldehyde dehydrogenase. Moreover, the FECD endothelium displays higher levels of oxidative DNA damage, especially in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), whereas KC cornea shows abnormal levels of some components of oxidative phosphorylation encoded by mtDNA. In this review we present some considerations and results of experiments supporting the thesis on the important role of oxidative stress in KC and FECD pathology.
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170
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Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the novel application of tissue microarray (TMA) technology to corneal disease and to report altered protein expression of senescence-associated cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p16 in Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD). METHODS A TMA including 208 cores was generated from paraffin-embedded tissues, including corneal buttons of 50 FECD and 5 keratoconus patients retrieved after penetrating keratoplasty, 10 autopsy globes with nonpathologic corneas, and nonocular control specimens. TMA sections were immunolabeled for p21 and p16 and analyzed using a 9-grade scoring system (0-8). Result validation was performed by immunolabeling of individual whole tissue sections. Corneal endothelial p21 and p16 expression levels in FECD specimens compared with controls served as main outcome measures. RESULTS TMA immunohistochemical analysis disclosed increased endothelial expression levels of nuclear p21 in FECD specimens (P < 0.05) and an altered endothelial p16 expression pattern. Immunolabeling of whole tissue sections showed statistically significant endothelial overexpression of both proteins (p21 and p16, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The present study introduces TMA technology as a valuable tool for molecular high-throughput profiling of corneal tissues. It demonstrates p21 and p16 overexpression in the corneal endothelium of genetically undifferentiated FECD patients supporting a role of cellular senescence in the pathogenesis of FECD.
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171
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Zhang X, Igo RP, Fondran J, Mootha VV, Oliva M, Hammersmith K, Sugar A, Lass JH, Iyengar SK. Association of smoking and other risk factors with Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy severity and corneal thickness. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:5829-35. [PMID: 23882692 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-11918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated effects of smoking and other risk factors on the development of advanced Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) and on central corneal thickness (CCT). METHODS Eyes from Caucasian probands, affected and unaffected family members, and unrelated controls matched for age from the FECD Genetics Multi-Center Study (n = 2044 subjects) were examined. Univariate and multivariate models, adjusted for family correlations, were used to determine the effect of smoking, sex, diabetes, and age on FECD case/control status and CCT. RESULTS In a multivariate model, sex and smoking were associated significantly with advanced FECD (grades 4-6) development (P = 0.016 and P = 0.047, respectively). Female sex increased odds by 34%. Smoking increased odds by 30%. In a multivariate model, diabetes was associated with an increase of 9.1 μm in average CCT (P = 0.021). Female sex was associated significantly with a decrease in average CCT by 6.9 μm (P = 0.015). Smoking had no significant effect on CCT in any model. As shown previously, advanced FECD was associated with large increases in CCT (31.4-94.2 μm). CONCLUSIONS Smoking was associated with an increased risk of advanced FECD and self-reported diabetes was associated with increased CCT. Further study of the impact of smoking and diabetes on FECD development and changes in corneal thickness is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Eye Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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172
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Hayashi R, Himori N, Taguchi K, Ishikawa Y, Uesugi K, Ito M, Duncan T, Tsujikawa M, Nakazawa T, Yamamoto M, Nishida K. The role of the Nrf2-mediated defense system in corneal epithelial wound healing. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 61:333-42. [PMID: 23587556 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The corneal epithelium exists at the surface of cornea and is easily damaged by external stresses such as UV radiation or physical injury. The Nrf2-mediated defense system plays a central role in protecting cells by activating genes against these types of stress. In this study, we investigated the role of the Nrf2-mediated defense system in corneal epithelial wound healing by using Nrf2-knockout (KO) mice. Nrf2 was expressed in the corneal epithelium of wild-type (WT) mice, but not in KO mice. Observation of wounds after 24h of healing revealed that healing of the corneal epithelium was significantly delayed in the Nrf2 KO mice, whereas Nrf2 was activated in the corneal epithelium of WT mice. Ki-67 staining revealed that the number of Ki-67-positive proliferating cells was significantly lower in the Nrf2 KO mice than in the WT mice at 24-36h after injury; however, these numbers were approximately equivalent by 48h. To clarify the role of Nrf2 during wound healing, we performed in vitro experiments with siRNA for Nrf2 and its suppressor Keap1. Nrf2 knockdown significantly delayed corneal epithelial cell migration, but did not affect cell proliferation. Conversely, Keap1 knockdown significantly accelerated cell migration. These results suggest that Nrf2 contributed to the corneal epithelial wound-healing process by accelerating cell migration, and Nrf2 would therefore be a good target for the treatment of corneal epithelial diseases such as dry eye or chronic corneal epithelial defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuhei Hayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Noriko Himori
- Department of Ophthalmology and Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keiko Taguchi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuki Ishikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kohji Uesugi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Miyuki Ito
- Department of Ophthalmology and Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Thomas Duncan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Motokazu Tsujikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kohji Nishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Bruinsma M, Tong CM, Melles GRJ. What does the future hold for the treatment of Fuchs endothelial dystrophy; will 'keratoplasty' still be a valid procedure? Eye (Lond) 2013; 27:1115-22. [PMID: 23846374 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2013.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is a well recognized corneal disorder characterized by the presence of collagenous warts extending from Descemet membrane (guttae) and endothelial cellular dysfunction due to cell loss and/or degeneration. Because of the characteristic abnormal cell morphology as seen with specular microscopy as well as the limited regenerative capacity in vivo, the endothelial cells were considered to be 'dystrophic'. Hence, FECD is commonly managed by replacement of the endothelium with donor tissue by means of a penetrating or endothelial keratoplasty. The latter procedure has now been refined to the isolated transplantation of a donor Descemet membrane and its endothelium, referred to as Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK). Unexpectedly, clinical observation made after DMEK seemed to challenge the current concept of the state of the endothelium in FECD; we actually observed an important role for the 'dystrophic' host endothelium in re-endothelialization of the denuded DM, and subsequent corneal clearance. In addition, recent studies regarding the pathophysiology of FECD made us realize that the endothelial cells are not 'dystrophic' per se, but in the course of time may have acquired a dysfunction instead. This paper describes the rationale behind this new concept and based on this, discusses the possibilities for future, less invasive treatment modalities for FECD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bruinsma
- Netherlands Institute for Innovative Ocular Surgery, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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174
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Oxidative Stress in Experimental Rodent Corneas Infected With Aflatoxigenic and Nonaflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus. Cornea 2013; 32:867-74. [DOI: 10.1097/ico.0b013e3182867d87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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175
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Stoddard AR, Koetje LR, Mitchell AK, Schotanus MP, Ubels JL. Bioavailability of antioxidants applied to stratified human corneal epithelial cells. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2013; 29:681-7. [PMID: 23634787 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2013.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Oxidative damage to the corneal epithelium may be involved in dry eye disease. The bioavailability and efficacy of antioxidants in human corneal limbal epithelial (HCLE) cells were measured to determine whether antioxidants might be beneficial constituents of lubricant eye drops. METHODS The activity of antioxidants was evaluated using a cellular antioxidant activity assay in which, cells were loaded with the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive fluorescent indicator, 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA), and an antioxidant compound. ROS were then generated intracellularly using 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (ABAP) or extracellularly using xanthine oxidase, and the ability of an antioxidant to inhibit ROS-generated fluorescence was measured. RESULTS When ROS were generated by ABAP, EC50 values for quercetin, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), n-propyl gallate, and gallic acid were 2.98, 3.41, 6.30, and 50.7 μM, respectively. When ROS were generated extracellularly by xanthine oxidase, EC50 values for quercetin, EGCG, n-propyl gallate, and gallic acid were 41.3, 56.5, 70.5, and 337.5 μM. These values were reduced significantly when an antioxidant was present both in the medium with the xanthine oxidase and within the cells. CONCLUSIONS The antioxidants were effective at quenching ROS in HCLE cells, indicating that they are bioavailable and might be effective in protecting the corneal epithelium from oxidative damage if included in a lubricant eye drop.
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Haug K, Azqueta A, Johnsen‐Soriano S, Shahdadfar A, Drolsum LK, Moe MC, Røger MT, Romero FJ, Collins AR, Nicolaissen B. Donor cornea transfer from Optisol GS to organ culture storage: a two-step procedure to increase donor tissue lifespan. Acta Ophthalmol 2013; 91:219-25. [PMID: 22429721 PMCID: PMC3652042 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2012.02390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Storage time for donor corneas in Optisol GS is limited compared to Eye Bank Organ Culture (EBOC). We here examine the epithelium on donor corneoscleral rims after primary storage in Optisol GS and subsequent incubation in EBOC. Methods Morphology was monitored by light and electron microscopy, expression of phenotypic and genotypic markers by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR and changes in oxidative lipid and DNA damage by ELISA and COMET assay. Results A prominent loss of cells was observed after storage in Optisol GS. After maintenance in EBOC, spreading apical cells were Occludin+, while the staining for E-cadherin and Connexin-43 was less intense. There were an upregulation of Occludin and a downregulation of E-cadherin and Connexin-43. Eye Bank Organ Culture was associated with an ongoing proliferative activity and a downregulation of putative progenitor/stem cell marker ABCG2 and p63. Staining for 8-OHdG and Caspase-3 did not increase, while levels of malondialdehyde and number of DNA strand breaks and oxidized bases increased. Conclusions This dual procedure should be pursued as an option to increase the storage time and the pool of available donor corneas. The observed downregulation of markers associated with stemness during EBOC is relevant considering the potential use of donor epithelium in the treatment of ocular surface disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiane Haug
- Center for Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Aboulghassem Shahdadfar
- Center for Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Liv K. Drolsum
- Center for Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten C. Moe
- Center for Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Magnus T. Røger
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Francisco J. Romero
- Fundación Oftalmológica del Mediterráno, Valencia, Spain
- Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrew R. Collins
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Nicolaissen
- Center for Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Timucin OB, Karadag MF, Cinal A, Asker M, Asker S, Timucin D. Assessment of corneal endothelial cell density in patients with keratoconus not using contact lenses. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2013; 36:80-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2012.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Revised: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Singh S, Brocker C, Koppaka V, Ying C, Jackson B, Matsumoto A, Thompson DC, Vasiliou V. Aldehyde dehydrogenases in cellular responses to oxidative/electrophilic stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 56:89-101. [PMID: 23195683 PMCID: PMC3631350 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously generated within living systems and the inability to manage ROS load leads to elevated oxidative stress and cell damage. Oxidative stress is coupled to the oxidative degradation of lipid membranes, also known as lipid peroxidation. This process generates over 200 types of aldehydes, many of which are highly reactive and toxic. Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) metabolize endogenous and exogenous aldehydes and thereby mitigate oxidative/electrophilic stress in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. ALDHs are found throughout the evolutionary gamut, from single-celled organisms to complex multicellular species. Not surprisingly, many ALDHs in evolutionarily distant, and seemingly unrelated, species perform similar functions, including protection against a variety of environmental stressors such as dehydration and ultraviolet radiation. The ability to act as an "aldehyde scavenger" during lipid peroxidation is another ostensibly universal ALDH function found across species. Upregulation of ALDHs is a stress response in bacteria (environmental and chemical stress), plants (dehydration, salinity, and oxidative stress), yeast (ethanol exposure and oxidative stress), Caenorhabditis elegans (lipid peroxidation), and mammals (oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation). Recent studies have also identified ALDH activity as an important feature of cancer stem cells. In these cells, ALDH expression helps abrogate oxidative stress and imparts resistance against chemotherapeutic agents such as oxazaphosphorine, taxane, and platinum drugs. The ALDH superfamily represents a fundamentally important class of enzymes that contributes significantly to the management of electrophilic/oxidative stress within living systems. Mutations in various ALDHs are associated with a variety of pathological conditions in humans, highlighting the fundamental importance of these enzymes in physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Chad Brocker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Vindhya Koppaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Chen Ying
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Brian Jackson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Akiko Matsumoto
- Department of Social Medicine, Saga University School of Medicine, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - David C. Thompson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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179
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Saccà SC, Roszkowska AM, Izzotti A. Environmental light and endogenous antioxidants as the main determinants of non-cancer ocular diseases. Mutat Res 2013; 752:153-171. [PMID: 23337404 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The human eye is constantly exposed to sunlight and artificial lighting. Exogenous sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as UV light, visible light, ionizing radiation, chemotherapeutics, and environmental toxins contribute to oxidative damage in ocular tissues. Long-term exposure to these insults places the aging eye at considerable risk for pathological consequences of oxidative stress. Furthermore, in eye tissues, mitochondria are an important endogenous source of ROS. Over time, all ocular structures, from the tear film to the retina, undergo oxidative stress, and therefore, the antioxidant defenses of each tissue assume the role of a safeguard against degenerative ocular pathologies. The ocular surface and cornea protect the other ocular tissues and are significantly exposed to oxidative stress of environmental origin. Overwhelming of antioxidant defenses in these tissues clinically manifests as pathologies including pterygium, corneal dystrophies, and endothelial Fuch's dystrophy. The crystalline lens is highly susceptible to oxidative damage in aging because its cells and their intracellular proteins are not turned over or replaced, thus providing the basis for cataractogenesis. The trabecular meshwork, which is the anterior chamber tissue devoted to aqueous humor drainage, has a particular susceptibility to mitochondrial oxidative injury that affects its endothelium and leads to an intraocular pressure increase that marks the beginning of glaucoma. Photo-oxidative stress can cause acute or chronic retinal damage. The pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration involves oxidative stress and death of the retinal pigment epithelium followed by death of the overlying photoreceptors. Accordingly, converging evidence indicates that mutagenic mechanisms of environmental and endogenous sources play a fundamental pathogenic role in degenerative eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio C Saccà
- Department of Head/Neck Pathologies, St Martino Hospital, Ophthalmology unit, Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Roszkowska
- Department of Specialized Surgery, University Hospital, Ophthalmology Unit, Messina, Italy
| | - Alberto Izzotti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Via A. Pastore 1, I-16132, Genoa, Italy.
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Czarny P, Kasprzak E, Wielgorski M, Udziela M, Markiewicz B, Blasiak J, Szaflik J, Szaflik JP. DNA damage and repair in Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:2977-83. [PMID: 23275192 PMCID: PMC3594825 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2369-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is a slowly progressive eye disease leading to blindness, mostly affecting people above 40 years old. The only known method of curing FECD is corneal transplantation. The disease is characterized by the presence of extracellular deposits called "cornea guttata", apoptosis of corneal endothelial cells, dysfunction of Descement's membrane and corneal edema. Oxidative stress is suggested to play a role in FECD pathogenesis. Reactive oxygen species produced during the stress may damage biomolecules, including DNA. In the present study we evaluated the extent of endogenous DNA damage, including oxidatively modified DNA bases, and damage induced by hydrogen peroxide as well as the kinetics of DNA repair in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 50 patients with FECD and 43 age-matched controls without visual disturbances. To quantify DNA damage and repair we used the alkaline comet assay technique with the enzymes recognizing oxidative DNA damage, hOGG1 and EndoIII. We did not observe differences in the extent of endogenous and hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage between FECD patients and controls. However, we found a lower efficacy of DNA repair in FECD patients as compared with control individuals. The results obtained suggest that the lowering of the DNA repair capacity may be one of the mechanisms underlying the role of oxidative stress in the FECD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Czarny
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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181
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Shneor E, Millodot M, Blumberg S, Ortenberg I, Behrman S, Gordon-Shaag A. Characteristics of 244 patients with keratoconus seen in an optometric contact lens practice. Clin Exp Optom 2012; 96:219-24. [PMID: 23278637 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics of keratoconic patients seen in a specialised contact lens practice from a general population with a high prevalence of the disease. METHODS Patients attending a contact lens practice for management of keratoconus were asked to complete a questionnaire. Data were collected on demographic characteristics, general health, family history, eye rubbing, allergy, asthma, eczema, education level, history of keratoplasty and smoking. RESULTS Two hundred and forty-four patients completed the questionnaire. There was a male bias (54.5 per cent). The majority of the patients (78.7 per cent) wore contact lenses, of whom 67.7 per cent wore hard, 13 per cent soft and 4.2 per cent scleral contact lenses. Some of the patients (21.3 per cent) had undergone corneal graft surgery. Eighteen per cent had an associated systemic disease, the most common of which was type 2 diabetes, although this disease was less prevalent, but not significantly, in the keratoconic sample than in the general population (p = 0.19). The prevalence of eye rubbing (65.6 per cent) was similar to other studies. Compared to the general population, asthma (13.2 per cent) was slightly, but not significantly, less prevalent (p = 0.17), eczema (6.6 per cent) was significantly less (p < 0.001) and allergy (34.4 per cent) was more prevalent (p < 0.001). A high proportion of patients reported a family history of the disease (27.9 per cent) and most were better educated than the general population. CONCLUSION The results of this survey concur with those of other studies with regard to most known characteristics of keratoconus; however, the proportion of asthma and eczema tended to be less than in other surveys and may be linked to the environmental influence of a hot and sunny country. The high prevalence of positive family history of the disease in this cohort suggests a genetic influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat Shneor
- Department of Optometry, Hadassah Academic College, Jerusalem, Israel.
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182
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Cejka C, Rosina J, Sirc J, Michalek J, Brunova B, Cejkova J. The Reversibility of UV-B Induced Alterations in Optical Properties of the Rabbit Cornea Depends on Dose of UV Irradiation. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 89:474-82. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cestmir Cejka
- Laboratory of Eye Histochemistry and Pharmacology; Institute of Experimental Medicine; Center of Excellence; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Josef Rosina
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Informatics; Faculty of Medicine; Charles University in Prague; Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Sirc
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Michalek
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Brunova
- Eye Clinic for Children and Adults; Faculty of Medicine; Charles University; Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Cejkova
- Laboratory of Eye Histochemistry and Pharmacology; Institute of Experimental Medicine; Center of Excellence; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague; Czech Republic
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183
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Chen Y, Thompson DC, Koppaka V, Jester JV, Vasiliou V. Ocular aldehyde dehydrogenases: protection against ultraviolet damage and maintenance of transparency for vision. Prog Retin Eye Res 2012; 33:28-39. [PMID: 23098688 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) enzymes catalyze the NAD(P)(+)-dependent oxidation of a wide variety of endogenous and exogenous aldehydes to their corresponding acids. Some members of the ALDH superfamily of enzymes are abundantly expressed in the mammalian cornea and lens in a taxon-specific manner. Considered to be corneal and lens crystallins, they confer protective and transparent properties upon these ocular tissues. ALDH3A1 is highly expressed in the cornea of most mammals, with the exception of rabbit that expresses exclusively ALDH1A1 in the cornea. ALDH1A1 is present in both the cornea and lens of several animal species. As a result of their catalytic and non-catalytic functions, ALDH3A1 and ALDH1A1 proteins protect inner ocular tissues from ultraviolet radiation and reactive oxygen-induced damage. In addition, these corneal crystallins contribute to cellular transparency in corneal stromal keratocytes, supporting a structural role of these ALDH proteins. A putative regulatory function of ALDH3A1 on corneal cell proliferation has also been proposed. Finally, the three retinaldehyde dehydrogenases cooperatively mediate retinoic acid signaling during the eye development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Molecular Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences Program, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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184
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Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and zinc in plasma taken from patients with keratoconus and to investigate the likely association between these factors and keratoconus. METHODS A total of 36 patients with keratoconus and 40 control subjects at the Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziosmanpaşa University, were included in the study. Plasma levels of zinc were determined with atomic absorption spectrometry for all the subjects. Measurements of plasma MMP-2 levels were performed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Total plasma (Cu/Zn and Mn) SOD activity was also determined photometrically. RESULTS The plasma concentrations of zinc and MMP-2 were significantly lower in patients with keratoconus than in the healthy controls (P < 0.001). Total plasma SOD levels were significantly higher in patients with keratoconus than in the healthy controls (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS We detected reduced plasma levels of zinc and MMP-2, and enhanced plasma levels of SOD in patients with keratoconus compared with the healthy subjects. The data presented provide insight into the potential role these molecules may play in the etiopathogenesis of this disease.
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Abstract
Until recently, corneal biomechanical properties could not be measured in vivo. The ocular response analyzer is a new, noninvasive device that analyses corneal biomechanical properties simply and rapidly. The ORA allows cornea compensated IOP measurements and can estimate corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF). It is designed to improve the accuracy of IOP measurement by using corneal biomechanical data to calculate a biomechanically adjusted estimate of intraocular pressure. This review critically evaluates the technology and its implications in current day glaucoma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Kaushik
- Advanced Eye Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Surinder Singh Pandav
- Advanced Eye Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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186
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He M, Wang D, Jiang Y. Overview of Ultrasound Biomicroscopy. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2012; 6:25-53. [PMID: 27990069 PMCID: PMC5159457 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10008-1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) is a high-resolution ultrasound technique that allows noninvasive in vivo imaging of structural details of the anterior ocular segment at near light microscopic resolution and provides detailed assessment of anterior segment structures, including those obscured by normal anatomic and pathologic relations. This review gives an overview regarding the instrument, technique and its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingguang He
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuzheng Jiang
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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187
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Khurana AK, Khurana B, Khurana AK. Drug-induced Angle-Closure Glaucoma. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2012; 6:6-8. [PMID: 27990064 PMCID: PMC5159452 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10008-1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced angle-closure glaucoma is an important entity for the ophthalmologist as well as the general physician as it represents a preventable cause of potential blindness. This brief review highlights the fact that a high index of suspicion, in a susceptible individual followed by confirmation on appropriate imaging modality (UBM, ultrasound or anterior segment OCT) can alleviate the threat to sight and also help to institute appropriate therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruj K Khurana
- Senior Professor, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Bhawna Khurana
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Ashok K Khurana
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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188
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Lahmar-Belguendouz K, Belguendouz H, Hartani D, Lahlou-Boukoffa OS, Bédiar-Boulaneb F, Touil-Boukoffa C. [Effects of peroxynitrite derived from nitric oxide on cultured bovine ocular explants]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2012; 36:41-9. [PMID: 23040446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several studies have reported a significant production of nitric oxide (NO) with peroxynitrite formation in the setting of intraocular inflammation. In a previous study, we showed the cytotoxic effect of nitrites and nitrates, stable metabolites of NO, on the various tissues forming the layers of the eye, with variable degrees of tissue sensitivity. This study aims to investigate the effect of peroxynitrite on whole ocular bovine explants in culture. METHODS Healthy ocular bovine eyes, obtained immediately upon enucleation, were dissected and samples were taken from the anterior and posterior segments, and then cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 2mM L-glutamine and antibiotics. Cultures were treated with 3-morpholino-sydonimin N-ethyl-carbamide (SIN-1) (molecule which produces NO and superoxide anion O(2)(.-)) at varying concentrations (100 to 500 μM) over 24 hours. After incubation, the explants were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, and histological study was performed. RESULTS Most of the structures showed changes on tissue and cellular levels after incubation with the peroxynitrite donor and various responses depending on the concentration used. These observations reflect variable concentration-dependent tissue sensitivity. The epithelia (cornea, iris and ciliary process) showed high sensitivity in comparison with sclera, which developed greater resistance. CONCLUSION In all, our results indicate a deleterious effect of peroxynitrite on bovine ocular structures in vitro. This effect is proportional to the concentration used. These results corroborate those reported by other teams and suggest the role of peroxynitrite derived from NO in the ocular lesions observed in the setting of uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lahmar-Belguendouz
- Équipe « cytokines et NO synthases : immunité et pathogénie », laboratoire de biologie cellulaire et moléculaire, faculté des sciences biologiques, USTHB Bab Ezzouar, El Alia, BP 32, 16100 Alger, Algérie
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Saijyothi AV, Fowjana J, Madhumathi S, Rajeshwari M, Thennarasu M, Prema P, Angayarkanni N. Tear fluid small molecular antioxidants profiling shows lowered glutathione in keratoconus. Exp Eye Res 2012; 103:41-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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191
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Sakarya Y, Kurku H, Sakarya R, Ozcimen M, Kara S. Free Radical Content of Drugs Used in Ophthalmology. ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2012. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/82470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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192
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Free radicals and the pH of topical glaucoma medications: a lifetime of ocular chemical injury? Eye (Lond) 2012; 26:734-41. [PMID: 22388593 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2012.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preservatives in ophthalmic preparations are known to cause ocular surface damage. Excipients can also contribute to oxidative stress in the compromised ocular surface. We evaluated commonly used topical glaucoma medications to ascertain pH levels and the intrinsic presence of free radicals. METHODS Samples of 27 topical glaucoma preparations were analysed for total free radical presence using a Randox Kit for total antioxidant status. Analytical grade indicator paper was used to ascertain pH levels. RESULTS Free radical concentrations for these 27 glaucoma preparations ranged from 0 to 4.54 mmol/l, with a median value of 0.66 mmol/l (mean value of 0.662 mmol/l, SD 0.839). Levels of pH ranged from 4.0 to 7.4, with a median value of 6.5 (mean 6.252, SD 0.826). There was no evidence of a direct correlation between these two variables (r=0.232, P=0.275). CONCLUSION This study is the first to document the range of pH and concentrations of free radicals intrinsically present in commonly used glaucoma medications. Long-term exposure to preservatives, free radicals, and pH levels could all contribute to ocular surface damage. The effect of excipients could be responsible for patient intolerance when changing products in the compromised ocular surface.
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193
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Kaur D, Gupta A, Singh G. Perspectives on Quality of Life in Glaucoma. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2012; 6:9-12. [PMID: 27990065 PMCID: PMC5159453 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10008-1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic diseases are invariably associated with decreased functioning ability of the individual in one form or the other depending upon the system/organ involved. Disability consequent to the disease is the major factor affecting the patient's physical and psychosocial well-being; in other words, the 'Quality of Life (QOL)'. Besides the disease itself, the treatment and its consequences are also major determinants of QOL of the patients. Globally, glaucoma, which is emerging as one of the leading causes of blindness, is one such chronic ophthalmic disease characterized by a progressive loss of visual function and a potential to cause irreversible blindness, if not treated at an early stage. Patients of glaucoma need to take lifelong medications in order to keep their intraocular pressure within limits. It's impact on the daily life of patients cannot be overexpressed and compounded by the fact that it remains asymptomatic for a considerable time after the disease has set in; has led to new imperatives in diagnosis, treatment and epidemiological and outcome studies. Assessment of the debilitating effect of glaucoma and side effects of its treatment on the emotional and physical QOL of the patient is therefore an important criterion for arriving at the treatment regimen. An extensive literature search was done on Pubmed Central, Pubmed and Google Scholar using the keywords 'glaucoma', 'quality of life in glaucoma', 'management in POAG' and 'QOL assessment tools'. Various tools available for the assessment of QOL, and their advantages and limitations have been reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divjyot Kaur
- Junior Resident, Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Anita Gupta
- Professor and Head, Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Gursatinder Singh
- Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College, Patiala, Punjab, India
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194
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Joo CK, Rho CR, Mok JW, Lee YJ, Kim DH, Park YK. Epidemiologic and Genetic Studies of Keratoconus Patients in Korea. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2012. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2012.53.6.839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Choun-Ki Joo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Catholic institute of Visual Science, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Rae Rho
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Catholic institute of Visual Science, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Won Mok
- Catholic institute of Visual Science, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Jun Lee
- Catholic institute of Visual Science, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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195
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Abstract
Keratoconus is the most common ectatic disorder of the corneal. Genetic and environmental factors may contribute to its pathogenesis. The focus of this article is to summarize current research into the complex genetics of keratoconus. We discuss the evidence of genetic etiology including family-based linkage studies, twin studies, genetic mutations, and genome-wide association studies. The genes implicated potentially include VSX1, miR-184, DOCK9, SOD1, RAB3GAP1, and HGF. Besides the coding mutations, we also highlight the potential contribution of DNA copy number variants in the pathogenesis of keratoconus. Finally, we present future directions for genetic research in the understanding of the complex genetics of keratoconus and its clinical significance. As new functional, candidate genes for keratoconus are being discovered at a rapid pace, the molecular genetic mechanisms underlying keratoconus pathogenesis will advance our understanding of keratoconus and promote the development of a novel therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Wheeler
- Center for Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA 27710
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196
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Abstract
A large number of glaucoma patients suffer from vision impairments that qualify as low vision. Additional difficulties associated with low vision include problems with glare, lighting, and contrast, which can make daily activities extremely challenging. This article elaborates on how low vision aids can help with various tasks that visually impaired glaucoma patients need to do each day, to take care of themselves and to lead an independent life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjani Khanna
- Glaucoma Services, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Parul Ichhpujani
- Glaucoma Services, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
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197
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Sathyan P, Shilpa S, Anitha A. Optical Coherence Tomography in Glaucoma. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2012; 6:1-5. [PMID: 27990063 PMCID: PMC5159451 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10008-1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The optic disk and the RNFL are the principal sites of apparent glaucomatous damage which precedes glaucomatous visual field alterations. RNFL defects are known to precede detection of visual field defects by approximately 6 years. Accurate early detection and monitoring of ONH and RNFL defects has become the prime focus of effective management of glaucoma. Optical coherence tomography employs low-coherence interferometry to obtain cross-sectional images of the ocular tissues. This review attempts to critically analyse the applications of both, anterior and posterior segment OCT in glaucoma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sathyan
- Glaucoma Services, Aravind Eye Hospital, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shilpa Shilpa
- Glaucoma Services, Aravind Eye Hospital, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anitha Anitha
- Glaucoma Services, Aravind Eye Hospital, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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198
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Angmo D, Sobti A, Panda A. The Surgical Treatment of Neovascular Glaucoma with Ex-PRESS P-50 Miniature Glaucoma Shunt. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2012; 6:13-16. [PMID: 27990066 PMCID: PMC5159454 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10008-1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgical treatment for neovascular glaucoma has evolved from cyclodestructive procedures to full-thickness filtration surgery, to trabeculectomy with antifibrosis drugs and glaucoma drainage implant surgery. The choice of a surgical approach may be influenced by several factors, including the stage of the disease. Many surgeons favor drainage implants when the disease is more advanced or when severe inflammation is present, which would be associated with a poorer prognosis if trabeculectomy were chosen. New devices are being developed to allow surgeons increased control with more predictable postoperative results. One such device, the Ex-PRESS™ mini glaucoma shunt, has undergone changes in design and method of insertion making it more appealing for use in patients requiring IOP-lowering surgery. This report highlights the use of Ex-PRESS mini glaucoma shunt in neovascular glaucoma, surgical technique and summarize pertinent literature on the role of this device in glaucoma surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewang Angmo
- Department of Glaucoma Services, Dr RP Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Sobti
- Department of Glaucoma Services, Dr RP Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anita Panda
- Department of Glaucoma Services, Dr RP Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Keratoconus is a noninflammatory disorder characterized by ectasia of the central or inferior portion of the cornea. This review presents the scant epidemiological information known to date and the factors believed to cause the development of the disease. They are the genetic factors for which evidence come from family studies, twin studies and genetic loci. There appears to be multiple genes causing a keratoconus phenotype with variable penetration. However, the genetic predisposition might not be enough; environmental factors, such as eye rubbing, atopy and UV exposure, may have a role in generating the disease.
How to cite this article
Gordon-Shaag A, Millodot M, Shneor E. The Epidemiology and Etiology of Keratoconus. Int J Keratoco Ectatic Corneal Dis 2012;1(1):7-15.
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Shin YJ, Cho DY, Chung TY, Han SB, Hyon JY, Wee WR. Rapamycin reduces reactive oxygen species in cultured human corneal endothelial cells. Curr Eye Res 2011; 36:1116-22. [PMID: 21999191 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2011.614372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the protective effect of rapamycin on oxidative stress-induced cell death of human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs). METHODS HCECs were cultured according to previously published methods. With treatment of 0 mM or 5 mM of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) with various concentrations (0, 25 and 50 nM) of rapamycin, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was measured using an oxidation-sensitive fluorescent probe, 2'7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA, USA) methods. Cell viability was assayed by the method of Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8, Wako). The levels of cellular glutathione were also assessed enzymatically with glutathione reductase by using a commercial glutathione (GSH) assay kit (Cayman Chemical, USA). RESULTS Rapamycin reduced 2'7'-dihydrodichlorofluorescein oxidation and increased GSH in HCECs. Rapamycin significantly inhibited tBHP-induced ROS production. Cells treated with rapamycin showed higher viability compared to control at 5 mM tBHP. Rapamycin effectively protected HCECs from ROS-induced cell death through increasing intracellular GSH. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that rapamycin protects HCECs from oxidative injury-mediated cell death via inhibition of ROS production and enhancement of GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Joo Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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