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Holzinger D, Gieldon L, Mysore V, Nippe N, Taxman DJ, Duncan JA, Broglie PM, Marketon K, Austermann J, Vogl T, Foell D, Niemann S, Peters G, Roth J, Löffler B. Staphylococcus aureus Panton-Valentine leukocidin induces an inflammatory response in human phagocytes via the NLRP3 inflammasome. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:1069-81. [PMID: 22892107 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0112014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Staphylococcus aureus pore-forming toxin PVL is most likely causative for life-threatening necrotizing infections, which are characterized by massive tissue inflammation and necrosis. Whereas the cytotoxic action of PVL on human neutrophils is already well established, the PVL effects on other sensitive cell types, such as monocytes and macrophages, are less clear. In this study, we used different types of human leukocytes (neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes) to investigate cell-specific binding of PVL subunits and subsequent proinflammatory and cytotoxic effects. In all PVL-sensitive cells, we identified the binding of the subunit LukS-PV as the critical factor for PVL-induced cytotoxicity, which was followed by binding of LukF-PV. LukS-PV binds to monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils but not to lymphocytes. Additionally, we showed that PVL binding to monocytes and macrophages leads to release of caspase-1-dependent proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. PVL activates the NLRP3 inflammasome, a signaling complex of myeloid cells that is involved in caspase-1-dependent IL-1β processing in response to pathogens and endogenous danger signals. Specific inhibition of this pathway at several steps significantly reduced inflammasome activation and subsequent pyronecrosis. Furthermore, we found that PAMPs and DAMPs derived from dying neutrophils can dramatically enhance this response by up-regulating pro-IL-1β in monocytes/macrophages. This study analyzes a specific host signaling pathway that mediates PVL-induced inflammation and cytotoxicity, which has high relevance for CA-MRSA-associated and PVL-mediated pathogenic processes, such as necrotizing infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Holzinger
- Institute of Immunology, Department of General Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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152
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Floerchinger B, Oberhuber R, Tullius SG. Effects of brain death on organ quality and transplant outcome. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2012; 26:54-9. [PMID: 22459036 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The inferiority of organs from brain dead donors is reflected by impaired graft survival and patient outcome. Brain death effects hemodynamic stability, hormonal changes, and neuroimmunologic effects and unleashes a cascade of inflammatory events. Despite considerable efforts in experimental and clinical research, most of the mechanisms linked to brain death are only appreciated on a descriptive level. This overview presents our current understanding of the pathophysiology and consequences of brain death on organ injury and summarizes available therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Floerchinger
- Transplant Surgery Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical, School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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153
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van Lent PLEM, Blom AB, Schelbergen RFP, Slöetjes A, Lafeber FPJG, Lems WF, Cats H, Vogl T, Roth J, van den Berg WB. Active involvement of alarmins S100A8 and S100A9 in the regulation of synovial activation and joint destruction during mouse and human osteoarthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:1466-76. [PMID: 22143922 DOI: 10.1002/art.34315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether alarmins S100A8 and S100A9 are involved in mediating cartilage destruction during murine and human osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS Two different murine models of OA that differed in terms of synovial activation were compared. Cartilage destruction was measured histologically. Synovial biopsy and serum samples from OA patients were derived from the Cohort Hip and Cohort Knee (CHECK) patients with symptomatic early OA. Expression of mediators in the synovium was measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis and immunolocalization. RESULTS In collagenase-induced OA, which showed marked synovial activation, interleukin-1β was expressed at significant levels only during the early stages of disease, whereas S100A8 and S100A9 expression remained high for a prolonged period of time (up to day 21 after induction). In S100A9-knockout mice, we found a major impact of S100A8 and S100A9 on synovial activation (62% inhibition) and OA cartilage destruction (45-73% inhibition) as compared to wild-type controls. In contrast, in the surgically induced destabilized medial meniscus model, in which synovial involvement is scant, we found no role of S100A8 and S100A9 in the focal OA cartilage destruction. Examination of arthroscopic synovial biopsy samples from patients in the early symptomatic OA CHECK cohort revealed substantial levels of S100A8 and S100A9 messenger RNA and protein, which correlated significantly with synovial lining thickness, cellularity in the subintima, and joint destruction. Levels of S100A8/A9 serum protein were significantly enhanced (19%) at baseline in patients who had pronounced progression of joint destruction after 2 years. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the S100A8 and S100A9 proteins are crucially involved in synovial activation and cartilage destruction during OA and that high levels may predict joint destruction in humans with OA.
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154
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Kowalewska M, Radziszewski J, Goryca K, Bujko M, Oczko-Wojciechowska M, Jarzab M, Siedlecki JA, Bidzinski M. Estimation of groin recurrence risk in patients with squamous cell vulvar carcinoma by the assessment of marker gene expression in the lymph nodes. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:223. [PMID: 22673103 PMCID: PMC3414830 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Regional lymph node (LN) status is a well-known prognostic factor for vulvar carcinoma (VC) patients. Although the reliable LN assessment in VC is crucial, it presents significant diagnostic problems. We aimed to identify specific mRNA markers of VC dissemination in the LN and to address the feasibility of predicting the risk of nodal recurrence by the patterns of gene expression. Methods Sentinel and inguinal LN samples from 20 patients who had undergone surgery for stage T1-3, N0-2, M0 primary vulvar squamous cell carcinoma were analyzed. Gene expression profiles were assessed in four metastatic [LN(+)] and four histologically negative [LN(−)] lymph node samples obtained from four VC patients, by the Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0 gene expression microarrays. Of the set of genes of the highest expression in the metastatic LNs compared to LN(−), seven candidate marker genes were selected: PERP, S100A8, FABP5, SFN, CA12, JUP and CSTA, and the expression levels of these genes were further analyzed by the real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in 71 LN samples. Results All of the seven genes in question were significantly increased in LN(+) compared to LN(−) samples. In the initial validation of the seven putative markers of metastatic LN, the Cox proportional hazard model pointed to SFN, CA12 and JUP expression to significantly relate to the time to groin recurrence in VC patients. Conclusions Our findings first provided evidence that SFN, CA12 and JUP have a potential of marker genes for the prediction of the groin recurrence LN in VC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kowalewska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre, Warsaw, Poland.
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155
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Low concentration of S100A8/9 promotes angiogenesis-related activity of vascular endothelial cells: bridges among inflammation, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis? Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:248574. [PMID: 22685372 PMCID: PMC3363068 DOI: 10.1155/2012/248574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that several members of the S100A family are involved in neovascularization and tumor development. This study checked whether low concentrations of S100A8 or S100A9 has any effect on the behaviour of vascular endothelial cells. A human umbilical vascular endothelial cell (HUVEC) line was used to measure vascular endothelial cell bioactivity related to angiogenesis, such as cell proliferation, migration, and vessel formation. In the low concentration range up to 10 μg/mL, either each alone or in combination, S100A8 and S100A9 proteins promoted proliferation of HUVEC cells in a dose-dependent manner. The presence of both proteins in culture showed additive effects over each single protein. Both proteins enhanced HUVEC cells to migrate across the transwell membrane and to form tube-like structures on the Matrigel surface. When mixed in Matrigel and injected subcutaneously in Balb/c mice, both proteins increased vessel development in the gel plugs. Microarray assay of HUVEC cells treated with 10 μg/mL S100A8 revealed that ribosome pathway, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection pathway, apoptosis, and stress response genes were modulated by S100A8 treatment. We propose that S100A8 and S100A9 proteins from either infiltrating inflammatory cells or tumor cells play an important role in the interplay among inflammation, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis.
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156
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Friesenhagen J, Boergeling Y, Hrincius E, Ludwig S, Roth J, Viemann D. Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses inhibit effective immune responses of human blood-derived macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:11-20. [PMID: 22442495 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0911479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic infections with HPAIVs, such as H5N1, are characterized by cytokine burst and sepsis. We investigated the role of human monocyte-derived macrophages in these events after infection with different influenza virus strains. Macrophages were infected with low pathogenic H1N1 (PR8) or high pathogenic H7N7 (FPV) and H5N1 (KAN-1) subtypes. Macrophages were found to be nonpermissive for influenza virus propagation. Surprisingly, transcriptome analysis revealed an insufficient innate immune response of macrophages only to HPAIV infections. Induction of inflammatory cytokines, as well as type I IFNs, was significantly attenuated in H5N1- and H7N7-infected cells, contradicting a primary role of macrophages for the cytokine burst. Furthermore, inflammasome activation was impaired significantly in HPAIV-infected macrophages. Interestingly, this finding correlated with a complete suppression of viral protein M2 expression after HPAIV infection, which is known to be involved in influenza viral inflammasome activation. In summary, our data provide first evidences for a strategy of how HPAIVs avoid initial inflammatory responses of macrophages facilitating virus spreading and progression to the systemic stage of disease.
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157
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Vogl T, Gharibyan AL, Morozova-Roche LA. Pro-inflammatory S100A8 and S100A9 proteins: self-assembly into multifunctional native and amyloid complexes. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:2893-2917. [PMID: 22489132 PMCID: PMC3317694 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13032893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
S100A8 and S100A9 are EF-hand Ca2+ binding proteins belonging to the S100 family. They are abundant in cytosol of phagocytes and play critical roles in numerous cellular processes such as motility and danger signaling by interacting and modulating the activity of target proteins. S100A8 and S100A9 expression levels increased in many types of cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and they are implicated in the numerous disease pathologies. The Ca2+ and Zn2+-binding properties of S100A8/A9 have a pivotal influence on their conformation and oligomerization state, including self-assembly into homo- and heterodimers, tetramers and larger oligomers. Here we review how the unique chemical and conformational properties of individual proteins and their structural plasticity at the quaternary level account for S100A8/A9 functional diversity. Additional functional diversification occurs via non-covalent assembly into oligomeric and fibrillar amyloid complexes discovered in the aging prostate and reproduced in vitro. This process is also regulated by Ca2+and Zn2+-binding and effectively competes with the formation of the native complexes. High intrinsic amyloid-forming capacity of S100A8/A9 proteins may lead to their amyloid depositions in numerous ailments characterized by their elevated expression patterns and have additional pathological significance requiring further thorough investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vogl
- Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster, Röntgenstr. 21, 48149 Muenster, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Anna L. Gharibyan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umea University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden; E-Mail:
| | - Ludmilla A. Morozova-Roche
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umea University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +46-90-786-52-83; Fax: +46-90-786-97-95
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Frosch M, Holzinger D, Roth J. Systemische Verlaufsform der juvenilen idiopathischen Arthritis. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-011-2545-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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159
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Comprehensive gene expression profiling in the prefrontal cortex links immune activation and neutrophil infiltration to antinociception. J Neurosci 2012; 32:35-45. [PMID: 22219268 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2389-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging studies have implicated the prefrontal cortex (PFCTX) in descending modulation of pain and the placebo effect. This study was performed to elucidate comprehensive PFCTX gene expression in an animal model of persistent trigeminal pain. Adult male C57BL/6J mice received facial carrageenan injection and showed sustained increase in nociceptive responses. Microarray analyses of differentially expressed genes in the PFCTX at 3 d after injection showed "immune system process" as the dominant ontology term and increased mRNA expression of S100a8, S100a9, Lcn2, Il2rg, Fcgr1, Fcgr2b, C1qb, Ptprc, Ccl12, and Cd52 were verified by RT-PCR. Upregulation of S100A8, S100A9, and lipocalin 2 (LCN2) were confirmed by Western blots, and cells in the PFCTX were double immunolabeled with MPO, indicating they were neutrophils. Analyses of blood of facial carrageenan-injected mice also showed increased mRNA expression of these markers, suggesting transmigration of activated neutrophils into the brain. Other immune-related genes, Il2rg, Fcgr2b, C1qb, Ptprc, and Ccl12 were upregulated in the PFCTX but not blood. Approximately 70% of S100A9-positive cells in the PFCTX of carrageenan-injected mice were located in capillaries adherent to endothelial cells, whereas 30% were within the brain parenchyma. Carrageenan-injected mice showed significantly reduced nociceptive responses after injection of C terminus of murine S100A9 protein in the lateral ventricles and PFCTX but not somatosensory barrel cortex. Together, these findings demonstrate activation of immune-related genes in the PFCTX during inflammatory pain and highlight an exciting role of neutrophils in linking peripheral inflammation with immune activation of the PFCTX and antinociception.
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160
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S100A8/A9 aggravates post-ischemic heart failure through activation of RAGE-dependent NF-κB signaling. Basic Res Cardiol 2012; 107:250. [PMID: 22318783 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-012-0250-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular heterodimeric protein S100A8/A9 activates the innate immune system through activation of the receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and Toll-like receptors. As activation of RAGE has recently been associated with sustained myocardial inflammation and heart failure (HF) we studied the role of S100A8/A9 in the development of post-ischemic HF. Hypoxia led to sustained induction of S100A8/A9 accompanied by increased nuclear factor (NF-)κB binding activity and increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in cardiac fibroblasts and macrophages. Knockdown of either S100A8/A9 or RAGE rescued the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB activation after hypoxia. In a murine model of post-ischemic HF both cardiac RNA and protein levels of S100A8/A9 were elevated as soon as 30 min after hypoxia with sustained activation up to 28 days after ischemic injury. Treatment with recombinant S100A8/A9 resulted in reduced cardiac performance following ischemia/reperfusion. Chimera experiments after bone marrow transplantation demonstrated the importance of RAGE expression on immune cells for their recruitment to the injured myocardium aggravating post-ischemic heart failure. Signaling studies in isolated ventricles indicated that MAP kinases JNK, ERK1/2 as well as NF-κB mediate signals downstream of S100A8/A9-RAGE in post-ischemic heart failure. Interestingly, cardiac performance was not affected by administration of S100A8/A9 in RAGE(-/-)-mice, which demonstrated significantly improved cardiac recovery compared to WT-mice. Our study provides evidence that sustained activation of S100A8/A9 critically contributes to the development of post-ischemic HF driving the progressive course of HF through activation of RAGE.
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161
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Poon PYK, Szeto CC, Kwan BCH, Chow KM, Leung CB, Li PKT. Relationship between Myeloid-Related Protein 8/14 and Survival of Chinese Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 35:489-96. [DOI: 10.1159/000338306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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The role of serum myeloid-related protein 8/14 complex in Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis. Pediatr Nephrol 2012; 27:65-71. [PMID: 21766173 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-011-1937-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-related protein (MRP) 8/14 complex is a marker of monocyte and neutrophil activation. We evaluated whether serum MRP8/14 complex is associated with clinical manifestations and pathological findings of Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis (HSPN). Patients were divided into two groups based on serum MRP8/14 complex levels at renal biopsy. Group 1 consisted of 18 HSPN patients with less than median (670 ng/ml) MRP8/14 complex levels, and Group 2 of 12 HSPN patients with greater than median levels. Clinical manifestations, laboratory findings and serum E-selectin levels, as a marker of vascular endothelial cell dysfunction, as well as histological and immunohistochemical findings were investigated for both groups. We also measured MRP8/14 complex levels in disease control and healthy control children. Urinary protein excretions, serum MRP8/14 complex levels, and serum E-selectin levels were all higher in Group 2 than in Group 1 patients. Serum MRP8/14 complex levels were higher in HSPN patients than in controls. Serum MRP8/14 complex levels were strongly associated with serum E-selectin levels. Pathological findings revealed that the proportions of patients with ISKDC grades III, IV and V in Group 2 were higher than in Group 1. Our findings suggest that serum MRP8/14 complex levels might be associated with the severity of renal injury and endothelial cell dysfunction in HSPN patients.
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163
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Pieragostino D, Bucci S, Agnifili L, Fasanella V, D'Aguanno S, Mastropasqua A, Ciancaglini M, Mastropasqua L, Ilio CD, Sacchetta P, Urbani A, Boccio PD. Differential protein expression in tears of patients with primary open angle and pseudoexfoliative glaucoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 8:1017-28. [DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05357d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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164
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Baumann M, Schmaderer C, Burkhardt K, Haller B, Heemann U, Dugi K, von Eynatten M. MRP8/14 is associated with systemic inflammation in stable coronary atherosclerosis in men. Eur J Clin Invest 2011; 41:1261-7. [PMID: 21542848 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2011.02530.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MRP8/14, a secreted heterodimeric protein complex secreted upon phagocyte activation, plays an important role in atherogenesis and vascular injury. Phagocyte activation is crucially involved in the development of atherosclerotic processes, and MRP8/14 levels have also been linked to acute cardiovascular events. We investigated whether circulating MRP8/14 correlates to chronic coronary artery disease (CAD) stages in this observational, cross-sectional study. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 240 male subjects undergoing elective coronary angiography were included in the study. CAD was present in 166 individuals, whereas 74 subjects were classified without prevalent CAD (control subjects). The atherosclerotic burden was obtained by three independent angiographic scores: the Severity, Gensini and Extent Score. Serum MRP8/14 levels were measured by ELISA. They were associated with hs-CRP, IL-6 and fibrinogen levels (r = 0·43, r = 0·40 and r = 0·44, respectively; all P < 0·001). However, MRP8/14 was neither associated with any other cardiovascular disease risk factor nor did serum levels differ between patients with stable CAD [0·82 (0·55-1·14) μg mL(-1) ] and control subjects [0·91 (0·63-1·30) μg mL(-1) ; P = 0·69]. Moreover, atherosclerotic wall irregularities did not demonstrate any association with circulating MRP8/14. CONCLUSIONS The phagocyte activation marker MRP8/14 is significantly associated with markers of systemic inflammation in male patients with CAD. However, we were unable to find a correlation between circulating MRP8/14 complex and stable CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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165
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Averill MM, Kerkhoff C, Bornfeldt KE. S100A8 and S100A9 in cardiovascular biology and disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 32:223-9. [PMID: 22095980 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.236927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is recent and widespread interest in the damage-associated molecular pattern molecules S100A8 and S100A9 in cardiovascular science. These proteins have a number of interesting features and functions. For example, S100A8 and S100A9 (S100A8/A9) have both intracellular and extracellular actions, they are abundantly expressed in inflammatory and autoimmune states, primarily by myeloid cells but also by other vascular cells, and they modulate inflammatory processes, in part through Toll-like receptor 4 and the receptor for advanced glycation end products. S100A8/A9 also have anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory actions. Furthermore, increased plasma levels of S100A8/A9 predict cardiovascular events in humans, and deletion of these proteins partly protects Apoe(-)(/)(-) mice from atherosclerosis. Understanding the roles of S100A8 and S100A9 in vascular cell types and the mechanisms whereby these proteins mediate their biological effects may offer new therapeutic strategies to prevent, treat, and predict cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Averill
- Department of Pathology, Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, 815 Mercer St, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109-8055, USA
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166
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Shamsara J, Behravan J, Falsoleiman H, Mohammadpour AH, Rendeirs J, Ramezani M. Pentoxifylline administration changes protein expression profile of coronary artery disease patients. Gene 2011; 487:107-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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167
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Bhattacharjee R, Kim J, Alotaibi WH, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Capdevila OS, Gozal D. Endothelial dysfunction in children without hypertension: potential contributions of obesity and obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 2011; 141:682-691. [PMID: 22030801 DOI: 10.1378/chest.11-1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial dysfunction can develop in the context of both obesity and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children. However, the potential interactions between OSA and obesity have not been defined. METHODS Children who were prepubertal and nonhypertensive were recruited. Endothelial function was assessed in a morning fasted state, using a modified hyperemic test involving cuff-induced occlusion of the radial and ulnar arteries, and blood was drawn for assessment of myeloid-related protein 8/14 (MRP8/14) levels using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Overnight polysomnography defined the presence of OSA or absence of OSA (NOSA) in subjects investigated for sleep-disordered breathing. Anthropometric measurements were performed to assign subjects to obese (OB) and nonobese (NOB) categories. RESULTS Fifty-four children with OSA who were obese and nonobese (mean age, 7.90 ± 0.26 years; mean BMI z-score, 1.70 ± 0.3; obstructive apnea-hypopnea index [OAHI], 7.36 ± 1.09) were compared with 54 children without OSA who were obese and nonobese (mean age, 8.26 ± 0.24 years; mean BMI z-score, 1.41 ± 0.18; OAHI, 0.86 ± 0.07). Of those subjects, 62.5% of the OB-OSA category, 38.7% of the OB-NOSA category, and 20.0% of the NOB-OSA category had evidence of endothelial dysfunction, compared with 0.0% of the NOB-NOSA category (P < .01). The degree of endothelial dysfunction in all groups was associated with circulating MRP8/14 levels (r = 0.343, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Both obesity and OSA can independently increase the risk for endothelial dysfunction, and the concurrent presence of both markedly increases such risk. Although the mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction remain unclear, a potential role for MRP8/14 as an inflammatory biomarker of endothelial dysfunction is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Bhattacharjee
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Comer Children's Hospital, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Comer Children's Hospital, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY.
| | - Jinkwan Kim
- Division of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Comer Children's Hospital, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Wadha H Alotaibi
- Division of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
| | - Leila Kheirandish-Gozal
- Division of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Comer Children's Hospital, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
| | - Oscar Sans Capdevila
- Division of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
| | - David Gozal
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Comer Children's Hospital, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Comer Children's Hospital, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
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Lim SY, Raftery MJ, Geczy CL. Oxidative modifications of DAMPs suppress inflammation: the case for S100A8 and S100A9. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2235-48. [PMID: 20919939 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Several S100 Ca(2+)-binding proteins are considered damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs). They are actively secreted or released from necrotic cells in response to tissue injury or stress and have various functions important in innate immunity. Here, we review several DAMPs, with particular focus on S100A8 and S100A9, which are susceptible to oxidative modifications by various forms of reactive oxygen species. We discuss the unique posttranslational modifications generated in S100A8 by hypochlorite and the likely structural consequences that alter function. We propose that some reversible modifications act as regulatory switches, representing a mechanism to arrest their novel antiinflammatory activities. These may be important in dampening mast cell activation and altering properties of the activated microcirculation to limit leukocyte adhesion, transmigration, and accumulation. S-nitrosylation of S100A8 in the vasculature could regulate nitric oxide transport and contribute to vessel reflow during resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yin Lim
- Centre for Infection and Inflammation Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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169
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Jensen LJN, Kistorp C, Bjerre M, Raymond I, Flyvbjerg A. Plasma calprotectin levels reflect disease severity in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2011; 19:999-1004. [DOI: 10.1177/1741826711421078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise JN Jensen
- The Medical Research Laboratories, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Caroline Kistorp
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Mette Bjerre
- The Medical Research Laboratories, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ilan Raymond
- Department of Cardiology and Endocrinology, Frederiksberg University Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Allan Flyvbjerg
- The Medical Research Laboratories, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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170
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Lood C, Stenström M, Tydén H, Gullstrand B, Källberg E, Leanderson T, Truedsson L, Sturfelt G, Ivars F, Bengtsson AA. Protein synthesis of the pro-inflammatory S100A8/A9 complex in plasmacytoid dendritic cells and cell surface S100A8/A9 on leukocyte subpopulations in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 2011; 13:R60. [PMID: 21492422 PMCID: PMC3132055 DOI: 10.1186/ar3314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with chronic or episodic inflammation in many different organ systems, activation of leukocytes and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The heterodimer of the cytosolic calcium-binding proteins S100A8 and S100A9 (S100A8/A9) is secreted by activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and monocytes and serves as a serum marker for several inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, S100A8 and S100A9 have many pro-inflammatory properties such as binding to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). In this study we investigated if aberrant cell surface S100A8/A9 could be seen in SLE and if plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) could synthesize S100A8/A9. Methods Flow cytometry, confocal microscopy and real-time PCR of flow cytometry-sorted cells were used to measure cell surface S100A8/A9, intracellular S100A8/A9 and mRNA levels of S100A8 and S100A9, respectively. Results Cell surface S100A8/A9 was detected on all leukocyte subpopulations investigated except for T cells. By confocal microscopy, real-time PCR and stimulation assays, we could demonstrate that pDCs, monocytes and PMNs could synthesize S100A8/A9. Furthermore, pDC cell surface S100A8/A9 was higher in patients with active disease as compared to patients with inactive disease. Upon immune complex stimulation, pDCs up-regulated the cell surface S100A8/A9. SLE patients had also increased serum levels of S100A8/A9. Conclusions Patients with SLE had increased cell surface S100A8/A9, which could be important in amplification and persistence of inflammation. Importantly, pDCs were able to synthesize S100A8/A9 proteins and up-regulate the cell surface expression upon immune complex-stimulation. Thus, S100A8/A9 may be a potent target for treatment of inflammatory diseases such as SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lood
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 23, 223 62 Lund, Sweden.
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Koike A, Arai S, Yamada S, Nagae A, Saita N, Itoh H, Uemoto S, Totani M, Ikemoto M. Dynamic Mobility of Immunological Cells Expressing S100A8 and S100A9 in vivo: A Variety of Functional Roles of the two Proteins as Regulators in Acute Inflammatory Reaction. Inflammation 2011; 35:409-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-011-9330-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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172
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Sun X, Meng H, Shi D, Xu L, Zhang L, Chen Z, Feng X, Lu R. Analysis of plasma calprotectin and polymorphisms of S100A8 in patients with aggressive periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2011; 46:354-60. [PMID: 21463326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Calprotectin is an important proinflammatory mediator in various inflammatory diseases and is composed of two subunits (S100A8 and S100A9). However, the level of calprotectin in plasma of patients with aggressive periodontitis and its relationship with gene polymorphisms of S100A8 are unclear. MATERIAL AND METHODS The plasma concentrations of calprotectin were measured, using an enzyme immunoassay, in 139 patients with aggressive periodontitis and in 88 periodontally healthy control subjects. These patients were genotyped for the rs3795391 and rs3806232 polymorphisms of S100A8. RESULTS The plasma concentration of calprotectin in patients with aggressive periodontitis was significantly higher than in controls (2.17 mg/L vs. 1.72 mg/L, respectively, p = 0.001). The percentage of the AA genotype of S100A8 rs3795391 was significantly higher in patients than in controls (82% vs. 69.3%, respectively, p = 0.027), while the frequency of the allele G was decreased among patients compared with controls (9.6% vs. 16.1%, respectively, p = 0.036), which was especially apparent in men (rs3795391 genotype, p = 0.005; rs3795391 allele, p = 0.015). The mean probing depth in patients carrying the AA genotype was significantly higher than that of patients carrying the GA + GG genotype of two polymorphisms of S100A8 (rs3795391, p = 0.035; rs3806232, p = 0.040), whereas the levels of calprotectin between different genotypes were not significantly different (rs3795391, p = 0.11; rs3806232, p = 0.15). CONCLUSION These findings indicate that aggressive periodontitis is associated with elevated levels of plasma calprotectin and that gene polymorphisms of S100A8 may influence the susceptibility and severity of aggressive periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Sun
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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173
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Sugulle M, Kvehaugen AS, Brække K, Harsem NK, Staff AC. Plasma calprotectin as inflammation marker in pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus and superimposed preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens 2011; 1:137-42. [PMID: 26104494 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus with or without preeclampsia show an elevated systemic inflammatory response evaluated by the inflammation markers calprotectin and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). STUDY DESIGN Third trimester EDTA plasma and serum from 138 women with diabetes mellitus (type 1, n=53; type 2, n=11; gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), n=63; diabetes mellitus with preeclampsia, n=11) were analyzed for calprotectin and hsCRP and compared to previously published results from 37 healthy and 27 preeclamptic pregnancies. RESULTS Median plasma calprotectin concentration was intermediate in women with GDM as compared to healthy and preeclamptic pregnancies (729 vs 552 and 1081μg/L, P=.006 and P=.001, respectively). In diabetic pregnancies with preeclampsia, median plasma calprotectin concentration was elevated as compared to controls, but not different from women with preeclampsia alone (969 vs 552 and 1081μg/L, P=.01 and P=.1, respectively). hsCRP was only elevated in type 2 diabetic pregnancies as compared to healthy pregnancies (6.6 vs 3.8mg/L, P=.02). CONCLUSION Elevated plasma calprotectin concentrations in GDM may reflect an accentuated inflammatory process, possibly contributing to the augmented preeclampsia risk. Increased plasma calprotectin in diabetic pregnancies with preeclampsia may originate from the excess systemic inflammatory response associated with preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryam Sugulle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Women and Children's Division, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, P.O. Box 4956, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Stine Kvehaugen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Women and Children's Division, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, P.O. Box 4956, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Brække
- Department of Paediatrics, Women and Children's Division, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, P.O. Box 4956, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Nina K Harsem
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Women and Children's Division, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, P.O. Box 4956, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Cathrine Staff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Women and Children's Division, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, P.O. Box 4956, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1078, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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174
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The pathogenesis of oligoarticular/polyarticular vs systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 2011; 10:482-9. [PMID: 21320644 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) has had a long and difficult problem with classification. It is clearly a heterogeneous and multi-factorial autoimmune disease but all too often the distinctions among subtypes were unclear. In fact, there is now increasing evidence of a distinct pathogenesis of oligo/polyarticular JIA compared to systemic JIA. Oligo/polyarticular JIA is an antigen-driven lymphocyte-mediated autoimmune disease with abnormality in the adaptive immune system. Cartilage-derived auto-antigens activate autoreactive T cells including Th1 and Th17 cells with production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-17. On the other hand, the inhibition of regulatory T (Treg) cells including natural Foxp3(+) Treg and self-heat shock protein-induced Treg cells with decreased anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 results in the loss of immune tolerance. Imbalance between autoreactive Th1/Th17 and Treg cells leads to the failure of T cell tolerance to self-antigens, which contributes to the synovial inflammation of oligo/polyarticular JIA. By contrast, systemic JIA is an autoinflammatory disease with abnormality in the innate immune system. A loss of control of the alternative secretory pathway leading to aberrant activation of phagocytes including monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils seems to be involved in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, IL-18 and pro-inflammatory S100-proteins, which contribute to the multisystem inflammation of systemic JIA. Markedly distinct pathogenesis of oligo/polyarticular JIA and systemic JIA implies that they might need different treatment strategies.
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175
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Endoh Y. The Role of S100A8 in Atrial Fibrillation: Bridging the Gap between Basic Science and Clinical Practice. J NIPPON MED SCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1272/jnms.78.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasumi Endoh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School Tama Nagayama Hospital
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176
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Viemann D, Schmolke M, Lueken A, Boergeling Y, Friesenhagen J, Wittkowski H, Ludwig S, Roth J. H5N1 virus activates signaling pathways in human endothelial cells resulting in a specific imbalanced inflammatory response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 186:164-73. [PMID: 21106851 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0904170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
H5N1 influenza virus infections in humans cause a characteristic systemic inflammatory response syndrome; however, the molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Endothelial cells (ECs) play a pivotal role in hyperdynamic septic diseases. To unravel specific signaling networks activated by H5N1 we used a genome-wide comparative systems biology approach analyzing gene expression in human ECs infected with three different human and avian influenza strains of high and low pathogenicity. Blocking of specific signaling pathways revealed that H5N1 induces an exceptionally NF-κB-dependent gene response in human endothelia. Additionally, the IFN-driven antiviral program in ECs is shown to be dependent on IFN regulatory factor 3 but significantly impaired upon H5N1 infection compared with low pathogenic influenza virus. As additional modulators of this H5N1-specific imbalanced gene response pattern, we identified HMGA1 as a novel transcription factor specifically responsible for the overwhelming proinflammatory but not antiviral response, whereas NFATC4 was found to regulate transcription of specifically H5N1-induced genes. We describe for the first time, to our knowledge, defined signaling patterns specifically activated by H5N1, which, in contrast to low pathogenic influenza viruses, are responsible for an imbalance of an overwhelming proinflammatory and impaired antiviral gene program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Viemann
- Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
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177
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Burgess STG, Frew D, Nunn F, Watkins CA, McNeilly TN, Nisbet AJ, Huntley JF. Transcriptomic analysis of the temporal host response to skin infestation with the ectoparasitic mite Psoroptes ovis. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:624. [PMID: 21067579 PMCID: PMC3091762 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infestation of ovine skin with the ectoparasitic mite Psoroptes ovis results in a rapid cutaneous immune response, leading to the crusted skin lesions characteristic of sheep scab. Little is known regarding the mechanisms by which such a profound inflammatory response is instigated and to identify novel vaccine and drug targets a better understanding of the host-parasite relationship is essential. The main objective of this study was to perform a combined network and pathway analysis of the in vivo skin response to infestation with P. ovis to gain a clearer understanding of the mechanisms and signalling pathways involved. Results Infestation with P. ovis resulted in differential expression of 1,552 genes over a 24 hour time course. Clustering by peak gene expression enabled classification of genes into temporally related groupings. Network and pathway analysis of clusters identified key signalling pathways involved in the host response to infestation. The analysis implicated a number of genes with roles in allergy and inflammation, including pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1A, IL1B, IL6, IL8 and TNF) and factors involved in immune cell activation and recruitment (SELE, SELL, SELP, ICAM1, CSF2, CSF3, CCL2 and CXCL2). The analysis also highlighted the influence of the transcription factors NF-kB and AP-1 in the early pro-inflammatory response, and demonstrated a bias towards a Th2 type immune response. Conclusions This study has provided novel insights into the signalling mechanisms leading to the development of a pro-inflammatory response in sheep scab, whilst providing crucial information regarding the nature of mite factors that may trigger this response. It has enabled the elucidation of the temporal patterns by which the immune system is regulated following exposure to P. ovis, providing novel insights into the mechanisms underlying lesion development. This study has improved our existing knowledge of the host response to P. ovis, including the identification of key parallels between sheep scab and other inflammatory skin disorders and the identification of potential targets for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart T G Burgess
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK.
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178
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Hahn YS, Kim JG. Pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2010; 53:921-30. [PMID: 21218013 PMCID: PMC3012271 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2010.53.11.921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) is the most common rheumatic childhood disease; its onset is before 16 years of age and it persists for at least 6 weeks. JRA encompasses a heterogeneous group of diseases that is classified according to 3 major presentations: oligoarthritis, polyarthritis, and systemic onset diseases. These presentations may originate from the same or different causes that involve interaction with specific immunogenetic predispositions, and result in heterogeneous clinical manifestations. An arthritic joint exhibits cardinal signs of joint inflammation, such as swelling, pain, heat, and loss of function; any joint can be arthritic, but large joints are more frequently affected. Extra-articular manifestations include high fever, skin rash, serositis, and uveitis. The first 2 types of JRA are regarded as T helper 1 (Th1) cell-mediated inflammatory disorders, mainly based on the abundance of activated Th1 cells in the inflamed synovium and the pathogenetic role of proinflammatory cytokines that are mainly produced by Th1 cell-stimulated monocytes. In contrast, the pathogenesis of systemic onset disease differs from that of other types of JRA in several respects, including the lack of association with human leukocyte antigen type and the absence of autoantibodies or autoreactive T cells. Although the precise mechanism that leads to JRA remains unclear, proinflammatory cytokines are thought to be responsible for at least part of the clinical symptoms in all JRA types. The effectiveness of biologic therapy in blocking the action of these cytokines in JRA patients provides strong evidence that they play a fundamental role in JRA inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Soo Hahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Joong-Gon Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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179
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Namura T, Arai S, Okawa K, Koike A, Yamada S, Saita N, Nagae A, Itoh H, Totani M, Uemoto S, Ikemoto M. Identification of serum proteins that bind with S100A8, S100A9 and S100A8/A9: Clinical significance of using proteins for monitoring the postoperative condition of liver recipients. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:1766-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Rohde D, Ritterhoff J, Voelkers M, Katus HA, Parker TG, Most P. S100A1: a multifaceted therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2010; 3:525-37. [PMID: 20645037 PMCID: PMC2933808 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-010-9211-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, showing a dramatically growing prevalence. It is still associated with a poor clinical prognosis, indicating insufficient long-term treatment success of currently available therapeutic strategies. Investigations of the pathomechanisms underlying cardiovascular disorders uncovered the Ca(2+) binding protein S100A1 as a critical regulator of both cardiac performance and vascular biology. In cardiomyocytes, S100A1 was found to interact with both the sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase (SERCA2a) and the ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2), resulting in substantially improved Ca(2+) handling and contractile performance. Additionally, S100A1 has been described to target the cardiac sarcomere and mitochondria, leading to reduced pre-contractile passive tension as well as enhanced oxidative energy generation. In endothelial cells, molecular analyses revealed a stimulatory effect of S100A1 on endothelial NO production by increasing endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity. Emphasizing the pathophysiological relevance of S100A1, myocardial infarction in S100A1 knockout mice resulted in accelerated transition towards heart failure and excessive mortality in comparison with wild-type controls. Mice lacking S100A1 furthermore displayed significantly elevated blood pressure values with abrogated responsiveness to bradykinin. On the other hand, numerous studies in small and large animal heart failure models showed that S100A1 overexpression results in reversed maladaptive myocardial remodeling, long-term rescue of contractile performance, and superior survival in response to myocardial infarction, indicating the potential of S100A1-based therapeutic interventions. In summary, elaborate basic and translational research established S100A1 as a multifaceted therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease, providing a promising novel therapeutic strategy to future cardiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rohde
- Laboratory for Molecular and Translational Cardiology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, INF 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Simard JC, Girard D, Tessier PA. Induction of neutrophil degranulation by S100A9 via a MAPK-dependent mechanism. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 87:905-14. [PMID: 20103766 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1009676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
S100A9 is a proinflammatory protein, expressed abundantly in the cytosol of neutrophils and monocytes. High extracellular S100A9 concentrations have been correlated with chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease, as well as with phagocyte extravasation. This study tested the hypothesis that S100A9 induces degranulation in human neutrophils. S100A9 was found to up-regulate the surface expression of CD35 and CD66b, proteins contained in secretory vesicles and specific/gelatinase granules, respectively. In addition, gelatinase and albumin, stored, respectively, in specific/gelatinase granules and secretory vesicles, were detected in the supernatants of neutrophils stimulated with S100A9. In contrast, stimulation with S100A9 had no effect on CD63 expression or MPO secretion, two proteins contained in azurophilic granules. S100A9 induced the phosphorylation of the MAPKs, ERK1/2, p38, and JNK. Inhibition of p38 and JNK but not ERK1/2, with specific inhibitors (SB203580, JNKII, and PD98059, respectively), blocked neutrophil degranulation induced by S100A9. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis and clearly indicate that S100A9 induces the degranulation of secretory and specific/gelatinase granules but not of azurophilic granules in a process involving p38 and JNK and further support its classification as a DAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Simard
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Inflammation et Physiologie des Granulocytes, Université du Québec, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada
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The Toll-like receptor 4 ligands Mrp8 and Mrp14 are crucial in the development of autoreactive CD8+ T cells. Nat Med 2010; 16:713-7. [PMID: 20473308 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms linking innate immunity and autoimmune responses are poorly understood. Myeloid-related protein-8 (Mrp8) and Mrp14 are damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs) highly upregulated in various autoimmune disorders. We show in a mouse autoimmune model that local Mrp8 and Mrp14 production is essential for the induction of autoreactive CD8+ T cells and the development of systemic autoimmunity. This effect is mediated via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling leading to increased interleukin-17 (IL-17) expression. Notably, expression of Mrp8 and Mrp14 was upregulated in cutaneous lupus erythematosus, and stimulation of CD8+ T cells from individuals with lupus erythematosus with MRP proteins resulted in an upregulation of IL-17, suggesting a key role for MRP8 and MRP14 for the development of autoreactive lymphocytes during human autoimmunity as well. These results demonstrate a link between local expression of DAMP molecules and the development of systemic autoimmunity.
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Lim SY, Raftery MJ, Goyette J, Geczy CL. S-glutathionylation regulates inflammatory activities of S100A9. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:14377-88. [PMID: 20223829 PMCID: PMC2863208 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.075242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species generated by activated neutrophils can cause oxidative stress and tissue damage. S100A8 (A8) and S100A9 (A9), abundant in neutrophil cytoplasm, are exquisitely sensitive to oxidation, which may alter their functions. Murine A8 is a neutrophil chemoattractant, but it suppresses leukocyte transmigration in the microcirculation when S-nitrosylated. Glutathione (GSH) modulates intracellular redox, and S-glutathionylation can protect susceptible proteins from oxidative damage and regulate function. We characterized S-glutathionylation of A9; GSSG and GSNO generated S-glutathionylated A8 (A8-SSG) and A9 (A9-SSG) in vitro, whereas only A9-SSG was detected in cytosol of neutrophils activated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) but not with fMLP or opsonized zymosan. S-Glutathionylation exposed more hydrophobic regions in Zn(2+)-bound A9 but did not alter Zn(2+) binding affinity. A9-SSG had reduced capacity to form heterocomplexes with A8, but the arachidonic acid binding capacities of A8/A9 and A8/A9-SSG were similar. A9 and A8/A9 bind endothelial cells; S-glutathionylation reduced binding. We found little effect of A9 or A9-SSG on neutrophil CD11b/CD18 expression or neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells. However, A9, A9-SSG and A8/A9 promoted neutrophil adhesion to fibronectin but, in the presence of A8, A9-mediated adhesion was abrogated by glutathionylation. S-Glutathionylation of A9 may protect its oxidation to higher oligomers and reduce neutrophil binding to the extracellular matrix. This may regulate the magnitude of neutrophil migration in the extravasculature, and together with the functional changes we reported for S-nitrosylated A8, particular oxidative modifications of these proteins may limit tissue damage in acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yin Lim
- From the Centre for Infection and Inflammation Research and
| | - Mark J. Raftery
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Jesse Goyette
- From the Centre for Infection and Inflammation Research and
| | - Carolyn L. Geczy
- From the Centre for Infection and Inflammation Research and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 612-9385-2777; E-mail:
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Kostakis ID, Cholidou KG, Kallianidis K, Perrea D, Antsaklis A. The role of calprotectin in obstetrics and gynecology. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2010; 151:3-9. [PMID: 20378239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 02/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to create the first complete review concerning the role of calprotectin, a calcium- and zinc-binding protein of the S100/calgranulins family, in obstetrics and gynecology. A Medline search was conducted between 6 and 8 June 2009 using the term calprotectin and its synonyms combined with the following ones: calprotectin, obstetrics and gynecology, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, cervical cancer, menstrual cycle, pregnancy, fetal implantation, labor, intra-amniotic inflammation, preeclampsia, HELLP syndrome, Rh(-) incompatibility. We found 46 studies which referred to obstetrics and gynecology. We excluded 11 studies which referred to obstetrics and gynecology but did not include enough information about calprotectin, and another two which referred to calprotectin but were not related to subjects of obstetrics and gynecology. Thus, we ended up with 33 studies which contained sufficient information to extract data for this review. All the articles were written in English. It was found that calprotectin is associated with many physiologic and pathologic processes in obstetrics and gynecology, such as: breast cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, cervical cancer, cervical and vaginal physiology, menstrual cycle, pregnancy and labor. The role of calprotectin in these conditions is significant. In conclusion, the role of calprotectin seems to be important in several issues of obstetrics and gynecology. For example, calprotectin could be used as a diagnostic, prognostic or metastatic marker in several types of cancer, as a marker of inflammation and as a pharmaceutical target in many conditions. Further studies must be conducted to elucidate this role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis D Kostakis
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research NS Christeas, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece.
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185
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Jensen LJN, Pedersen S, Bjerre M, Mogelvang R, Jensen JS, Flyvbjerg A. Plasma calprotectin predicts mortality in patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. J Interv Cardiol 2010; 23:123-9. [PMID: 20337863 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8183.2010.00532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the predictive value of plasma calprotectin levels for mortality in patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) successfully treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). METHODS AND RESULTS Plasma calprotectin levels were measured in 141 STEMI patients with acute occlusion of the left anterior descending artery and treated with pPCI. The plasma calprotectin levels were significantly higher in the STEMI patients compared with the 42 healthy controls (P < 0.001). Furthermore, plasma calprotectin levels were higher in the 13 STEMI patients who died after a median follow-up period of 12 months compared to the STEMI patients who survived: 209 microg/L versus 174 microg/L (P < 0.001). After adjustment for age, sex, complex lesions, and peak creatine kinase MB in a multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, the relative risk of mortality was 1.26 (95% CI: 1.1-1.4) per 10 microg/L increase in calprotectin (P = 0.001). Furthermore, for patients with plasma calprotectin >177 microg/L the relative risk of mortality was 11.11 (95% CI: 2.2-56.0) (P = 0.004). CONCLUSION Plasma calprotectin levels, determined at admission in STEMI patients successfully treated with pPCI, predict mortality over a period of 12 months, indicating that plasma calprotectin may be a new important prognostic biomarker in acute ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise J N Jensen
- Medical Research Laboratories, Clinical Institute of Medicine and Medical Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
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186
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Goyette J, Geczy CL. Inflammation-associated S100 proteins: new mechanisms that regulate function. Amino Acids 2010; 41:821-42. [PMID: 20213444 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0528-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on new aspects of extracellular roles of the calgranulins. S100A8, S100A9 and S100A12 are constitutively expressed in neutrophils and induced in several cell types. The S100A8 and S100A9 genes are regulated by pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators and their functions may depend on cell type, mediators within a particular inflammatory milieu, receptors involved in their recognition and their post-translational modification. The S100A8 gene induction in macrophages is dependent on IL-10 and potentiated by immunosuppressive agents. S100A8 and S100A9 are oxidized by peroxide, hypochlorite and nitric oxide (NO). HOCl generates intra-chain sulfinamide bonds; stronger oxidation promotes cross-linked forms that are seen in human atheroma. S100A8 is >200-fold more sensitive to oxidative cross-linking than low-density lipoprotein and may reduce oxidative damage. S100A8 and S100A9 can be S-nitrosylated. S100A8-SNO suppresses mast cell activation and inflammation in the microcirculation and may act as an NO transporter to regulate vessel tone in inflammatory lesions. S100A12 activates mast cells and is a monocyte and mast cell chemoattractant; a G-protein-coupled mechanism may be involved. Structure-function studies are discussed in relation to conservation and divergence of functions in S100A8. S100A12 induces cytokines in mast cells, but not monocytes/macrophages. It forms complexes with Zn(2+) and, by chelating Zn(2+), S100A12 significantly inhibits MMPs. Zn(2+) in S100A12 complexes co-localize with MMP-9 in foam cells in atheroma. In summary, S100A12 has pro-inflammatory properties that are likely to be stable in an oxidative environment, because it lacks Cys and Met residues. Conversely, S100A8 and S100A9 oxidation and S-nitrosylation may have important protective mechanisms in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Goyette
- Centre for Infection and Inflammation Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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187
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Halayko AJ, Ghavami S. S100A8/A9: a mediator of severe asthma pathogenesis and morbidity? Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2010; 87:743-55. [PMID: 19898558 DOI: 10.1139/y09-054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nearly 12% of children and 6% of adults in Canada have been diagnosed with asthma. Although in most patients symptoms are controlled by inhaled steroids, a subpopulation (approximately 10%) characterized by excessive airway neutrophilia, is refractory to treatment; these patients exhibit severe disease, and account for more than 50% of asthma health care costs. These numbers underscore the need to better understand the biology of severe asthma and identify pro-asthma mediators released by cells, such as neutrophils, that are unresponsive to common steroid therapy. This review focuses on a unique protein complex consisting of S100A8 and S100A9. These subunits belong to the large Ca2+-binding S100 protein family and are some of the most abundant proteins in neutrophils and macrophages. S100A8/A9 is a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) protein complex released in abundance in rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer, but there are no definitive studies on its role in inflammation and obstructive airways disease. Two receptors for S100A8/A9, the multiligand receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), are expressed in lung. TLR4 is linked with innate immunity that programs local airway inflammation, and RAGE participates in mediating fibroproliferative remodeling in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. S100A8/A9 can induce cell proliferation, or apoptosis, inflammation, collagen synthesis, and cell migration. We hypothesize that this capacity suggests S100A8/A9 could underpin chronic airway inflammation and airway remodeling in asthma by inducing effector responses of resident and infiltrating airway cells. This review highlights some key issues related to this hypothesis and provides a template for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Halayko
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Respiratory Hospital, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1R8, Canada.
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Chung TH, Oh JS, Lee YS, Kang KS, Jung JW, Youn HY, Hwang CY. Elevated serum levels of S100 calcium binding protein A8 (S100A8) reflect disease severity in canine atopic dermatitis. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:693-700. [PMID: 20110624 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody to canine S100 calcium binding protein A8 (S100A8) was developed to determine the association between S100A8 and the disease severity of canine atopic dermatitis. Serum S100A8 concentrations were studied in dogs with canine atopic dermatitis (n=213) and healthy dogs (n=213). Statistical correlations between these indices and atopic dermatitis activity were established, and dermatitis severity was assessed according to the CADESI score. Serum S100A8 concentrations were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). S100A8 serum levels were significantly higher in canine atopic dermatitis patients than in healthy dogs. A strong positive correlation was identified between S100A8 levels and canine atopic dermatitis patients. Our findings suggested that S100A8 is actively involved in the pathogenesis and clinical picture of canine atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Ho Chung
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Korea
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191
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Reyes L, Alvarez S, Allam A, Reinhard M, Brown MB. Complicated urinary tract infection is associated with uroepithelial expression of proinflammatory protein S100A8. Infect Immun 2009; 77:4265-74. [PMID: 19667050 PMCID: PMC2747944 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00458-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
F344 rats chronically infected with Ureaplasma parvum develop two distinct profiles: asymptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI) and UTI complicated by struvite urolithiasis. To identify factors that affect disease outcome, we characterized the temporal host immune response during infection by histopathologic analysis and in situ localization of U. parvum. We also used differential quantitative proteomics to identify distinguishing host cellular responses associated with complicated UTI. In animals in which microbial colonization was limited to the mucosal surface, inflammation was indistinguishable from that which occurred in sham-inoculated controls, and the inflammation resolved by 72 h postinoculation (p.i.) in both groups. However, inflammation persisted in animals with microbial colonization that extended into the deeper layers of the submucosa. Proteome profiling showed that bladder tissues from animals with complicated UTIs had significant increases (P < 0.01) in proteins involved in apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Animals with complicated UTIs (2 weeks p.i.) had the highest concentrations of the proinflammatory protein S100A8 (P
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Reyes
- University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases & Pathology, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611-0880, USA.
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192
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van Zoelen MAD, Vogl T, Foell D, Van Veen SQ, van Till JWO, Florquin S, Tanck MW, Wittebole X, Laterre PF, Boermeester MA, Roth J, van der Poll T. Expression and role of myeloid-related protein-14 in clinical and experimental sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 180:1098-106. [PMID: 19762566 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200810-1552oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Myeloid-related protein-8 (MRP8) and MRP14 can form heterodimers that elicit a variety of inflammatory responses. We showed that MRP8/14 is a ligand for Toll-like receptor-4, and that mice deficient in MRP8/14 are protected against endotoxic shock-induced lethality. OBJECTIVES To determine (1) the extent of MRP8/14 release in patients with sepsis and/or peritonitis and in healthy humans exposed to LPS and (2) the contribution of MRP8/14 to the host response in murine abdominal sepsis. METHODS MRP8/14 was measured in 51 patients with severe sepsis, 8 subjects after intravenous injection of LPS, and 17 patients with peritonitis. Host responses to sepsis were compared in mrp14 gene-deficient (and thereby MRP8/14-deficient) and wild-type mice intraperitoneally injected with Escherichia coli. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Patients with sepsis displayed elevated circulating MRP8/14 concentrations on both Days 0 and 3, and LPS injection resulted in systemic MRP8/14 release in healthy humans. In patients with peritonitis, MRP8/14 levels in abdominal fluid were more than 15-fold higher than in plasma. MRP14-deficient mice displayed improved defense against E. coli abdominal sepsis in an early phase, as indicated by diminished dissemination of the bacteria at 6 hours. In addition, MRP14-deficient mice demonstrated decreased systemic inflammation, as reflected by lower cytokine plasma concentrations, and less severe liver damage. CONCLUSIONS Human sepsis and endotoxemia are associated with enhanced release of MRP8/14. In abdominal sepsis, MRP8/14 likely occurs primarily at the site of the infection, facilitating bacterial dissemination at an early phase and liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke A D van Zoelen
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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193
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Endogenous damage-associated molecular pattern molecules at the crossroads of inflammation and cancer. Neoplasia 2009; 11:615-28. [PMID: 19568407 DOI: 10.1593/neo.09284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory mediators play important roles in the development and progression of cancer. Cellular stress, damage, inflammation, and necrotic cell death cause release of endogenous damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules or alarmins, which alert the host of danger by triggering immune responses and activating repair mechanisms through their interaction with pattern recognition receptors. Recent studies show that abnormal persistence of these molecules in chronic inflammation and in tumor microenvironments underlies carcinogenesis and tumor progression, indicating that DAMP molecules and their receptors could provide novel targets for therapy. This review focuses on the role of DAMP molecules high-mobility group box 1 and S100 proteins in inflammation, tumor growth, and early metastatic events.
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194
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Hogmalm A, Sheppard D, Lappalainen U, Bry K. beta6 Integrin subunit deficiency alleviates lung injury in a mouse model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 43:88-98. [PMID: 19717813 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0480oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary inflammation is associated with the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants. We have previously shown that perinatal pulmonary expression of human IL-1beta is sufficient to cause a lung disease similar to bronchopulmonary dysplasia, characterized by inflammation, impaired alveolarization, poor postnatal growth, and increased mortality in infant mice. The alphavbeta6 integrin plays a critical role in regulating inflammation in the adult lung. To study the role of the beta6 integrin subunit in neonatal inflammatory lung disease, we compared the pulmonary development in IL-1beta-expressing infant mice with wild-type or null beta6 integrin loci. Absence of the beta6 integrin subunit decreased the mortality and improved the postnatal growth of IL-1beta-expressing pups. The disrupted alveolar development of IL-1beta-expressing mice was improved by beta6 integrin deficiency. IL-1beta-expressing beta6(-/-) pups had shorter alveolar chord length and thinner alveolar walls than IL-1beta-expressing beta6(+/+) pups. In addition, the absence of the beta6 integrin subunit reduced IL-1beta-induced neutrophil and macrophage infiltration into the alveolar spaces. beta6 integrin subunit deficiency suppressed inflammation and goblet cell hyperplasia in the airways and alleviated airway remodeling in IL-1beta-expressing mice. The expression of the chemoattractant proteins, keratinocyte-derived chemokine, macrophage-inflammatory protein-2, calgranulin A, and calgranulin B, of osteopontin, and of the chitinase-like lectins, Ym1 and Ym2, was lower in IL-1beta-expressing beta6(-/-) than in IL-1beta-expressing beta6(+/+) mice. We conclude that absence of the beta6 integrin subunit protects the infant murine lung against IL-1beta-induced inflammation and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hogmalm
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Pediatrics, the Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, SWE-416 85 Gothenburg, Sweden
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195
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Björk P, Björk A, Vogl T, Stenström M, Liberg D, Olsson A, Roth J, Ivars F, Leanderson T. Identification of human S100A9 as a novel target for treatment of autoimmune disease via binding to quinoline-3-carboxamides. PLoS Biol 2009; 7:e97. [PMID: 19402754 PMCID: PMC2671563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite more than 25 years of research, the molecular targets of quinoline-3-carboxamides have been elusive although these compounds are currently in Phase II and III development for treatment of autoimmune/inflammatory diseases in humans. Using photoaffinity cross-linking of a radioactively labelled quinoline-3-carboxamide compound, we could determine a direct association between human S100A9 and quinoline-3-carboxamides. This interaction was strictly dependent on both Zn++ and Ca++. We also show that S100A9 in the presence of Zn++ and Ca++ is an efficient ligand of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and also an endogenous Toll ligand in that it shows a highly specific interaction with TLR4/MD2. Both these interactions are inhibited by quinoline-3-carboxamides. A clear structure-activity relationship (SAR) emerged with regard to the binding of quinoline-3-carboxamides to S100A9, as well as these compounds potency to inhibit interactions with RAGE or TLR4/MD2. The same SAR was observed when the compound's ability to inhibit acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice in vivo was analysed. Quinoline-3-carboxamides would also inhibit TNFalpha release in a S100A9-dependent model in vivo, as would antibodies raised against the quinoline-3-carboxamide-binding domain of S100A9. Thus, S100A9 appears to be a focal molecule in the control of autoimmune disease via its interactions with proinflammatory mediators. The specific binding of quinoline-3-carboxamides to S100A9 explains the immunomodulatory activity of this class of compounds and defines S100A9 as a novel target for treatment of human autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Vogl
- Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Johannes Roth
- Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Tomas Leanderson
- Active Biotech AB, Lund, Sweden
- Immunology Group, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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196
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Kraus C, Rohde D, Weidenhammer C, Qiu G, Pleger ST, Voelkers M, Boerries M, Remppis A, Katus HA, Most P. S100A1 in cardiovascular health and disease: closing the gap between basic science and clinical therapy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2009; 47:445-55. [PMID: 19538970 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca(2+)) signaling plays a major role in a wide range of physiological functions including control and regulation of cardiac and skeletal muscle performance and vascular tone. As all Ca(2+) signals require proteins to relay intracellular Ca(2+) oscillations downstream to different signaling networks, a specific toolkit of Ca(2+)-sensor proteins involving members of the EF-hand S100 Ca(2+) binding protein superfamily maintains the integrity of the Ca(2+) signaling in a variety of cardiac and vascular cells, transmitting the message with great precision and in a temporally and spatially coordinated manner. Indeed, the possibility that S100 proteins might contribute to heart and vascular diseases was first suggested by the discovery of distinctive patterns of S100 expression in healthy and diseased hearts and vasculature from humans and animal heart failure (HF) models. Based on more elaborate genetic studies in mice and strategies to manipulate S100 protein expression in human cardiac, skeletal muscle and vascular cells, it is now apparent that the integrity of distinct S100 protein isoforms in striated muscle and vascular cells such as S100A1, S100A4, S100A6, S100A8/A9 or S100B is a basic requirement for normal cardiovascular and muscular development and function; loss of integrity would naturally lead to profound deregulation of the implicated Ca(2+) signaling systems with detrimental consequences to cardiac, skeletal muscle, and vascular function. The brief debate and discussion here are confined by design to the biological actions and pathophysiological relevance of the EF-hand Ca(2+)-sensor protein S100A1 in the heart, vasculature and skeletal muscle with a particular focus on current translational therapeutic strategies. By virtue of its ability to modulate the activity of numerous key effector proteins that are essentially involved in the control of Ca(2+) and NO homeostasis in cardiac, skeletal muscle and vascular cells, S100A1 has been proven to play a critical role both in cardiac performance, blood pressure regulation and skeletal muscle function. Given that deregulated S100A1 expression in cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells has recently been linked to heart failure and hypertension, it is arguably a molecular target of considerable clinical interest as S100A1 targeted therapies have already been successfully investigated in preclinical translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Kraus
- Center for Translational Medicine, Laboratory for Cardiac Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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197
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Hirono K, Kemmotsu Y, Wittkowski H, Foell D, Saito K, Ibuki K, Watanabe K, Watanabe S, Uese K, Kanegane H, Origasa H, Ichida F, Roth J, Miyawaki T, Saji T. Infliximab reduces the cytokine-mediated inflammation but does not suppress cellular infiltration of the vessel wall in refractory Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Res 2009; 65:696-701. [PMID: 19430379 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e31819ed68d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy of infliximab for the treatment of patients with refractory Kawasaki disease (KD) and investigate the dynamic changes of cytokines during infliximab treatment. We have performed a study of cytokine and proinflammatory molecule levels in 43 KD patients including 18 responders to IVIG, 14 nonresponders, and 11 patients treated with infliximab. We determined serum levels of soluble TNF receptor I (sTNFR I) and IL-6, as well as VEGF, damage associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules; myeloid-related protein (MRP)8/MRP14 and S100A12 sequentially. In eight patients, fever subsided immediately upon infliximab treatment. Four patients, who started infliximab after 12 d of illness, developed coronary artery lesions. Each of the cytokines was elevated before infliximab treatment in all patients. Although serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines decreased dramatically after infliximab treatment, DAMP molecules and VEGF and markers of local tissue damage were not suppressed. In contrast, in IVIG responders all cytokines decreased markedly after IVIG treatment. We show that infliximab is one of the adoptive therapies in refractory KD patients. Different behaviors of proinflammatory cytokines and DAMP molecules and VEGF after infliximab treatment suggest that infliximab is effective for suppression of cytokine-mediated inflammation, but could not completely block local vasculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Hirono
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toyama, Toyama City, Toyama, Japan
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198
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Ehrchen JM, Sunderkötter C, Foell D, Vogl T, Roth J. The endogenous Toll-like receptor 4 agonist S100A8/S100A9 (calprotectin) as innate amplifier of infection, autoimmunity, and cancer. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:557-66. [PMID: 19451397 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1008647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 608] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is crucial for initiation and amplification of inflammatory responses. During this process, phagocytes are activated by PAMPs that are recognized by PRRs. Phagocytes are also activated by endogenous danger signals called alarmins or DAMPs via partly specific, partly common PRRs. Two members of the S100 protein family, S100A8 and S100A9, have been identified recently as important endogenous DAMPs. The complex of S100A8 and S100A9 (also called calprotectin) is actively secreted during the stress response of phagocytes. The association of inflammation and S100A8/S100A9 was discovered more than 20 years ago, but only now are the molecular mechanisms involved in danger signaling by extracellular S100A8/S100A9 beginning to emerge. Taking advantage of mice lacking the functional S100A8/S100A9 complex, these molecules have been identified as endogenous activators of TLR4 and have been shown to promote lethal, endotoxin-induced shock. Importantly, S100A8/S100A9 is not only involved in promoting the inflammatory response in infections but was also identified as a potent amplifier of inflammation in autoimmunity as well as in cancer development and tumor spread. This proinflammatory action of S100A8/S100A9 involves autocrine and paracrine mechanisms in phagocytes, endothelium, and other cells. As a net result, extravasation of leukocytes into inflamed tissues and their subsequent activation are increased. Thus, S100A8/S100A9 plays a pivotal role during amplification of inflammation and represents a promising new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Ehrchen
- Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
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199
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Bouma HR, Ploeg RJ, Schuurs TA. Signal transduction pathways involved in brain death-induced renal injury. Am J Transplant 2009; 9:989-97. [PMID: 19422328 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02587.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Kidneys derived from brain death organ donors show an inferior survival when compared to kidneys derived from living donors. Brain death is known to induce organ injury by evoking an inflammatory response in the donor. Neuronal injury triggers an inflammatory response in the brain, leading to endothelial dysfunction and the release of cytokines in the circulation. Serum levels of interleukin-6, -8, -10, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) are increased after brain death. Binding with cytokine-receptors in kidneys stimulates activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB), selectins, adhesion molecules and production of chemokines leading to cellular influx. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP-kinases) mediate inflammatory responses and together with NF-kappaB they seem to play an important role in brain death induced renal injury. Altering the activation state of MAP-kinases could be a promising drug target for early intervention to reduce cerebral injury related donor kidney damage and improve outcome after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Bouma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Groningen University Institute of Drug Exploration, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
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200
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Frosch M, Ahlmann M, Vogl T, Wittkowski H, Wulffraat N, Foell D, Roth J. The myeloid-related proteins 8 and 14 complex, a novel ligand of toll-like receptor 4, and interleukin-1beta form a positive feedback mechanism in systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:883-91. [PMID: 19248102 DOI: 10.1002/art.24349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fever of unknown origin is a diagnostic challenge in children, especially for differentiation of systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (systemic-onset JIA) and infectious diseases. We undertook this study to analyze the relevance of myeloid-related proteins (MRPs) 8 and 14, endogenous activators of Toll-like receptor 4, in diagnosis and pathogenesis of systemic-onset JIA. METHODS Serum concentrations of MRP-8/MRP-14 were analyzed in 60 patients with systemic-onset JIA, 85 patients with systemic infections, 40 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 5 patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia, 18 patients with neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID), and 50 healthy controls. In addition, we investigated the link between interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and MRP-8/MRP-14 in systemic-onset JIA. RESULTS Serum MRP-8/MRP-14 concentrations were significantly (P < 0.001) elevated in patients with active systemic-onset JIA (mean +/- 95% confidence interval 14,920 +/- 4,030 ng/ml) compared with those in healthy controls (340 +/- 70 ng/ml), patients with systemic infections (2,640 +/- 720 ng/ml), patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (650 +/- 280 ng/ml), patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia (840 +/- 940 ng/ml), and patients with NOMID (2,830 +/- 580 ng/ml). In contrast to C-reactive protein levels, MRP-8/MRP-14 concentrations distinguished systemic-onset JIA from infections, with a specificity of 95%. MRP-14 in serum of patients with systemic-onset JIA was a strong inducer of IL-1beta expression in phagocytes. CONCLUSION The analysis of MRP-8/MRP-14 in serum is an excellent tool for the diagnosis of systemic-onset JIA, allowing early differentiation between patients with systemic-onset JIA and those with other inflammatory diseases. MRP-8/MRP-14 and IL-1beta represent a novel positive feedback mechanism activating phagocytes via 2 major signaling pathways of innate immunity during the pathogenesis of systemic-onset JIA.
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