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The promise of human induced pluripotent stem cells in dental research. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:423868. [PMID: 22654919 PMCID: PMC3357626 DOI: 10.1155/2012/423868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell-based therapy for treating genetic disorders has become an interesting field of research in recent years. However, there is a paucity of information regarding the applicability of induced pluripotent stem cells in dental research. Recent advances in the use of induced pluripotent stem cells have the potential for developing disease-specific iPSC lines in vitro from patients. Indeed, this has provided a perfect cell source for disease modeling and a better understanding of genetic aberrations, pathogenicity, and drug screening. In this paper, we will summarize the recent progress of the disease-specific iPSC development for various human diseases and try to evaluate the possibility of application of iPS technology in dentistry, including its capacity for reprogramming some genetic orodental diseases. In addition to the easy availability and suitability of dental stem cells, the approach of generating patient-specific pluripotent stem cells will undoubtedly benefit patients suffering from orodental disorders.
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152
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Shi Z, Bai R, Fu ZX, Zhu YL, Wang RF, Zheng S. Induced pluripotent stem cell-related genes influence biological behavior and 5-fluorouracil sensitivity of colorectal cancer cells. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2012; 13:11-9. [PMID: 22205615 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to perform a preliminary study of the association between induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS)-related genes and biological behavior of human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, and the potential for developing anti-cancer drugs targeting these genes. METHODS We used real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to evaluate the transcript levels of iPS-related genes NANOG, OCT4, SOX2, C-MYC and KLF4 in CRC cell lines and cancer stem cells (CSCs)-enriched tumor spheres. NANOG was knockdowned in CRC cell line SW620 by lentiviral transduction. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays, plate colony formation, and a mouse xenograft model were used to evaluate alterations in biological behavior in NANOG-knockdown SW620 cells. Also, mock-knockdown and NANOG-knockdown cells were treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and survival rate was measured by MTT assay to evaluate drug sensitivity. RESULTS A significant difference in the transcript levels of iPS-related genes between tumor spheres and their parental bulky cells was observed. NANOG knockdown suppressed proliferation, colony formation, and in vivo tumorigenicity but increased the sensitivity to 5-FU of SW620 cells. 5-FU treatment greatly inhibited the expression of the major stemness-associated genes NANOG, OCT4, and SOX2. CONCLUSIONS These results collectively suggest an overlap between iPS-related genes and CSCs in CRC. Quenching a certain gene NANOG may truncate the aggressiveness of CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Shi
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Province, China
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153
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Ramos-Mejia V, Fraga MF, Menendez P. iPSCs from cancer cells: challenges and opportunities. Trends Mol Med 2012; 18:245-7. [PMID: 22521522 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reprogramming and oncogenic transformation are stepwise processes that share many similarities, and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) generated from cancer cells could illuminate molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of human cancer. Deciphering the barriers underlying the reprogramming process of primary cancer cells could reveal information on the links between pluripotency and oncogenic transformation that would be instrumental for therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Ramos-Mejia
- Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Government Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENyO), Avda de la Ilustración 114, 18007, Granada, Spain
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154
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Dewi D, Ishii H, Haraguchi N, Nishikawa S, Kano Y, Fukusumi T, Ohta K, Miyazaki S, Ozaki M, Sakai D, Satoh T, Nagano H, Doki Y, Mori M. Reprogramming of gastrointestinal cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:393-9. [PMID: 22151786 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell reprogramming reverts cells to multipotent, preprogrammed states by re-establishing epigenetic markers. It can also induce considerable malignant phenotype modification. Because key events in cancer relapse and metastasis, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotypes, are regulated primarily by reversible and transient epigenetic modifications rather than the accumulation of irreversible and stable genetic abnormalities, studying dynamic mechanisms regulating these biological processes is important. Transcription factors for induced pluripotent stem cells and non-coding microRNAs allow pluripotent phenotype induction. We present the current knowledge of the possible applications of cell reprogramming in reducing aggressive phenotype expression, which can induce tumor cell hibernation and maintain appropriate phenotypes, thereby minimizing relapse and metastasis after surgical resection of gastrointestinal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- DyahLaksmi Dewi
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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155
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Sohn YD, Han JW, Yoon YS. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 111:1-26. [PMID: 22917224 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398459-3.00001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The technology for generation of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) from somatic cells emerged to circumvent the ethical and immunological limitations of embryonic stem cell (ESC). The recent progress of iPSC technology offers an unprecedented tool for regenerative medicine; however, integrating viral-driven iPSCs prohibits clinical applications by their genetic alterations and tumorigenicity. Various approaches including nonintegrating, nonviral, and nongenetic methods have been developed for generating clinically compatible iPSCs. In addition, approaches for using more clinically convenient or compatible source cells replacing fibroblasts have been actively pursued. While iPSC and ESC closely resemble in genomic, cell biologic, and phenotypic characteristics, these two pluripotent stem cells are not identical in terms of differentiation capacity and epigenetic features. In this chapter, we deal with the current techniques of generating iPSCs and their various characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Doug Sohn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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156
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Moskalev EA, Schubert M, Hoheisel JD. RNA-directed epigenomic reprogramming-an emerging principle of a more targeted cancer therapy? Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2011; 51:105-10. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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157
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Carette JE, Raaben M, Wong AC, Herbert AS, Obernosterer G, Mulherkar N, Kuehne AI, Kranzusch PJ, Griffin AM, Ruthel G, Dal Cin P, Dye JM, Whelan SP, Chandran K, Brummelkamp TR. Ebola virus entry requires the cholesterol transporter Niemann-Pick C1. Nature 2011; 477:340-3. [PMID: 21866103 PMCID: PMC3175325 DOI: 10.1038/nature10348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 963] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan E Carette
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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158
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Abstract
Recent advances in DNA sequencing technologies and subsequent progress in genome-wide association study (GWAS) are rapidly changing the landscape of human diseases. Our knowledge on disease-gene linkage has been exponentially growing, and soon we will obtain complete maps of SNPs and mutations linked to nearly all major disease conditions. These studies will undoubtedly lead us to a more comprehensive understanding of how multiple genetic modifications link to human pathobiology. But what comes next after we discover these genetic linkages? To truly understand the mechanisms of how polygenic modifications identified through GWAS lead to disease conditions, we need an experimental interface to study their pathobiological effects. In this study, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), retaining all the genetic information from patients, will likely serve as a powerful resource. Indeed, pioneering studies have demonstrated that disease-specific iPSCs are useful for understanding disease mechanisms. Moreover, iPSC-derived cells, when recapitulating some disease phenotypes in vitro, can be a fast track screening tool for drug discovery. Further, with GWAS information, iPSCs will become a valuable tool to predict drug efficacy and toxicity for individuals, thus promoting personalized medicine. In this review, we will discuss how patient-specific iPSCs will become a powerful biomedical interface in clinical translational research.
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159
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Mathieu J, Zhang Z, Zhou W, Wang AJ, Heddleston JM, Pinna CMA, Hubaud A, Stadler B, Choi M, Bar M, Tewari M, Liu A, Vessella R, Rostomily R, Born D, Horwitz M, Ware C, Blau CA, Cleary MA, Rich JN, Ruohola-Baker H. HIF induces human embryonic stem cell markers in cancer cells. Cancer Res 2011; 71:4640-52. [PMID: 21712410 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-3320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Low oxygen levels have been shown to promote self-renewal in many stem cells. In tumors, hypoxia is associated with aggressive disease course and poor clinical outcomes. Furthermore, many aggressive tumors have been shown to display gene expression signatures characteristic of human embryonic stem cells (hESC). We now tested whether hypoxia might be responsible for the hESC signature observed in aggressive tumors. We show that hypoxia, through hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), can induce an hESC-like transcriptional program, including the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) inducers, OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, KLF4, cMYC, and microRNA-302 in 11 cancer cell lines (from prostate, brain, kidney, cervix, lung, colon, liver, and breast tumors). Furthermore, nondegradable forms of HIFα, combined with the traditional iPSC inducers, are highly efficient in generating A549 iPSC-like colonies that have high tumorigenic capacity. To test potential correlation between iPSC inducers and HIF expression in primary tumors, we analyzed primary prostate tumors and found a significant correlation between NANOG-, OCT4-, and HIF1α-positive regions. Furthermore, NANOG and OCT4 expressions positively correlated with increased prostate tumor Gleason score. In primary glioma-derived CD133 negative cells, hypoxia was able to induce neurospheres and hESC markers. Together, these findings suggest that HIF targets may act as key inducers of a dynamic state of stemness in pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Mathieu
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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160
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Induced pluripotent stem cells: a new technology to study human diseases. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 43:843-6. [PMID: 21458591 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) are somatic cells that have been reprogrammed to a pluripotent state by the introduction of specific factors. They can be generated from cells of different origins such as fibroblasts, keratinocytes, hepatocytes and blood. iPS cells are similar to embryonic stem cells in several aspects such as morphology, expression of pluripotency markers and the capacity to develop teratomas; tumors containing cells of the three germ layers. As pluripotent stem cells they can be differentiated into several lineages including neuronal, cardiac and blood cells. Recently, several groups have successfully generated patient-specific iPS cells from donors suffering different disorders and differentiated them into the cell type affected by the disease. These new human cell-based models cannot only be used to study the dynamics of diseases but also as systems to screen new drugs. Moreover, iPS cells promise to be good candidates for regenerative medicine.
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161
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Smith K, Dalton S. Myc transcription factors: key regulators behind establishment and maintenance of pluripotency. Regen Med 2011; 5:947-59. [PMID: 21082893 DOI: 10.2217/rme.10.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between transcription factors, epigenetic modifiers, chromatin remodelers and miRNAs form the foundation of a complex regulatory network required for establishment and maintenance of the pluripotent state. Recent work indicates that Myc transcription factors are essential elements of this regulatory system. However, despite numerous studies, aspects of how Myc controls self-renewal and pluripotency remain obscure. This article reviews evidence supporting the placement of Myc as a central regulator of the pluripotent state and discusses possible mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keriayn Smith
- Paul D Coverdell Center for Biomedical & Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 500 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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162
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Efficient generation of transgene-free induced pluripotent stem cells from normal and neoplastic bone marrow and cord blood mononuclear cells. Blood 2011; 117:e109-19. [PMID: 21296996 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-07-298331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming blood cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provides a novel tool for modeling blood diseases in vitro. However, the well-known limitations of current reprogramming technologies include low efficiency, slow kinetics, and transgene integration and residual expression. In the present study, we have demonstrated that iPSCs free of transgene and vector sequences could be generated from human BM and CB mononuclear cells using non-integrating episomal vectors. The reprogramming described here is up to 100 times more efficient, occurs 1-3 weeks faster compared with the reprogramming of fibroblasts, and does not require isolation of progenitors or multiple rounds of transfection. Blood-derived iPSC lines lacked rearrangements of IGH and TCR, indicating that their origin is non-B- or non-T-lymphoid cells. When cocultured on OP9, blood-derived iPSCs could be differentiated back to the blood cells, albeit with lower efficiency compared to fibroblast-derived iPSCs. We also generated transgene-free iPSCs from the BM of a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). CML iPSCs showed a unique complex chromosomal translocation identified in marrow sample while displaying typical embryonic stem cell phenotype and pluripotent differentiation potential. This approach provides an opportunity to explore banked normal and diseased CB and BM samples without the limitations associated with virus-based methods.
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163
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Chun YS, Chaudhari P, Jang YY. Applications of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells; focused on disease modeling, drug screening and therapeutic potentials for liver disease. Int J Biol Sci 2010; 6:796-805. [PMID: 21179587 PMCID: PMC3005346 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.6.796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent advances in the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) research have significantly changed our perspectives on regenerative medicine by providing researchers with a unique tool to derive disease-specific stem cells for study. In this review, we describe the human iPSC generation from developmentally diverse origins (i.e. endoderm-, mesoderm-, and ectoderm- tissue derived human iPSCs) and multistage hepatic differentiation protocols, and discuss both basic and clinical applications of these cells including disease modeling, drug toxicity screening/drug discovery, gene therapy and cell replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yoon-Young Jang
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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164
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Sun C, Liu YK. Induced pluripotent cancer cells: progress and application. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010; 137:1-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-010-0955-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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165
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Abstract
Generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells using defined factors has been considered a ground-breaking step towards establishing patient-specific pluripotent stem cells for various applications. The isolation of human embryonic stem (ES) cells set the standard that pluripotent stem cells are attainable as potentially immortal cells for regeneration of many types of tissues. Different approaches have been tested to obtain pluripotent stem cells by circumventing the need for embryos. iPS cells appear to be an ideal substitute for ES cells. Since the first demonstration of creating iPS cells in 2006, tremendous efforts have been made into improving iPS cell generation methods and understanding the reprogramming mechanism as well as the nature of iPS cells. To improve iPS cell generation, several approaches have been taken: (1) eliminate the viral vector integration after delivering the defined factors; (2) select different cell types that more effectively give rise to iPS cells; (3) use of chemicals to facilitate reprogramming; (4) use of protein factors to reprogram cells. The iPS cells are also being rigorously characterized in comparison to ES cells. All these efforts are made for the purpose of making iPS cells closer to clinical applications. This article will give an overview of the following areas: (1) mechanisms of iPS cell derivation; (2) characterization of iPS cells; (3) iPS cells for cell-based therapy; and (4) iPS cells for studying disease mechanism. Questions as to what aspects of iPS cells require further understanding before they may be put to clinical use are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- George T-J Huang
- Department of Endodontics, Boston University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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166
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Phage display technology for stem cell delivery and systemic therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:1213-6. [PMID: 20932865 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the technology for phage display in vivo have set the stage for a new ligand-directed pharmacology with broad implications for both treatment and molecular imaging of patients, and for the elucidation of molecular mechanisms of action, particularly in carcinogenesis. This technology identifies specific molecular complexes, mainly small peptide and gene-based therapeutic and imaging agents, effective in experimental animals and patients. The unbiased identification of molecular targets on the surfaces of blood vessels and parenchymal cells in preselected specific organs and tissues raises the prospect of an increased understanding of animal and human cellular and vascular proteomics. In this review, we focus on the delivery of phage-based agents via stem and progenitor cells, important delivery vehicles contributing to the growing impact of phage display on modern medicine.
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167
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Knorr DA, Kaufman DS. Pluripotent stem cell-derived natural killer cells for cancer therapy. Transl Res 2010; 156:147-54. [PMID: 20801411 PMCID: PMC2932648 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide an accessible, genetically tractable, and homogenous starting cell population to efficiently study human blood cell development. These cell populations provide platforms to develop new cell-based therapies to treat both malignant and nonmalignant hematological diseases. Our group previously demonstrated the ability of hESC-derived hematopoietic precursors to produce functional natural killer (NK) cells as well as an explanation of the underlying mechanism responsible for the inefficient development of T and B cells from hESCs. hESCs and iPSCs, which can be engineered reliably in vitro, provide an important new model system to study human lymphocyte development and produce enhanced cell-based therapies with the potential to serve as a "universal" source of antitumor lymphocytes. This review will focus on the application of hESC-derived NK cells with currently used and novel therapeutics for clinical trials, barriers to translation, and future applications through genetic engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Knorr
- Department of Medicine and Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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168
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Masip M, Veiga A, Izpisúa Belmonte JC, Simón C. Reprogramming with defined factors: from induced pluripotency to induced transdifferentiation. Mol Hum Reprod 2010; 16:856-68. [PMID: 20616150 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaq059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Masip
- Spanish Stem Cell Bank (Valencia Node), Prince Felipe Research Center, CIPF, Valencia University, Avda. Autopista del Saler 16, Valencia 46012, Spain
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169
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