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Mouse models of human TB pathology: roles in the analysis of necrosis and the development of host-directed therapies. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 38:221-37. [PMID: 26542392 PMCID: PMC4779126 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0538-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A key aspect of TB pathogenesis that maintains Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the human population is the ability to cause necrosis in pulmonary lesions. As co-evolution shaped M. tuberculosis (M.tb) and human responses, the complete TB disease profile and lesion manifestation are not fully reproduced by any animal model. However, animal models are absolutely critical to understand how infection with virulent M.tb generates outcomes necessary for the pathogen transmission and evolutionary success. In humans, a wide spectrum of TB outcomes has been recognized based on clinical and epidemiological data. In mice, there is clear genetic basis for susceptibility. Although the spectra of human and mouse TB do not completely overlap, comparison of human TB with mouse lesions across genetically diverse strains firmly establishes points of convergence. By embracing the genetic heterogeneity of the mouse population, we gain tremendous advantage in the quest for suitable in vivo models. Below, we review genetically defined mouse models that recapitulate a key element of M.tb pathogenesis—induction of necrotic TB lesions in the lungs—and discuss how these models may reflect TB stratification and pathogenesis in humans. The approach ensures that roles that mouse models play in basic and translational TB research will continue to increase allowing researchers to address fundamental questions of TB pathogenesis and bacterial physiology in vivo using this well-defined, reproducible, and cost-efficient system. Combination of the new generation mouse models with advanced imaging technologies will also allow rapid and inexpensive assessment of experimental vaccines and therapies prior to testing in larger animals and clinical trials.
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Klinger A, Krapf L, Orzekowsky-Schroeder R, Koop N, Vogel A, Hüttmann G. Intravital autofluorescence 2-photon microscopy of murine intestinal mucosa with ultra-broadband femtosecond laser pulse excitation: image quality, photodamage, and inflammation. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:116001. [PMID: 26524678 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.11.116001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-broadband excitation with ultrashort pulses may enable simultaneous excitation of multiple endogenous fluorophores in vital tissue. Imaging living gut mucosa by autofluorescence 2-photon microscopy with more than 150 nm broad excitation at an 800-nm central wavelength from a sub-10 fs titanium-sapphire (Ti:sapphire) laser with a dielectric mirror based prechirp was compared to the excitation with 220 fs pulses of a tunable Ti:sapphire laser at 730 and 800 nm wavelengths. Excitation efficiency, image quality, and photochemical damage were evaluated. At similar excitation fluxes, the same image brightness was achieved with both lasers. As expected, with ultra-broadband pulses, fluorescence from NAD(P)H, flavines, and lipoproteins was observed simultaneously. However, nonlinear photodamage apparent as hyperfluorescence with functional and structural alterations of the tissue occurred earlier when the laser power was adjusted to the same image brightness. After only a few minutes, the immigration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes into the epithelium and degranulation of these cells, a sign of inflammation, was observed. Photodamage is promoted by the higher peak irradiances and/or by nonoptimal excitation of autofluorescence at the longer wavelength. We conclude that excitation with a tunable narrow bandwidth laser is preferable to ultra-broadband excitation for autofluorescence-based 2-photon microscopy, unless the spectral phase can be controlled to optimize excitation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Klinger
- University of Lübeck, Institute of Anatomy, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lisa Krapf
- University of Lübeck, Institute of Biomedical Optics, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Norbert Koop
- University of Lübeck, Institute of Biomedical Optics, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alfred Vogel
- University of Lübeck, Institute of Biomedical Optics, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gereon Hüttmann
- University of Lübeck, Institute of Biomedical Optics, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562, Lübeck, GermanycAirway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
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153
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Havixbeck JJ, Rieger AM, Wong ME, Hodgkinson JW, Barreda DR. Neutrophil contributions to the induction and regulation of the acute inflammatory response in teleost fish. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:241-52. [PMID: 26292979 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3hi0215-064r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are essential to the acute inflammatory response, where they serve as the first line of defense against infiltrating pathogens. We report that, on receiving the necessary signals, teleost (Carassius auratus) neutrophils leave the hematopoietic kidney, enter into the circulation, and dominate the initial influx of cells into a site of inflammation. Unlike mammals, teleost neutrophils represent <5% of circulating leukocytes during periods of homeostasis. However, this increases to nearly 50% immediately after intraperitoneal challenge with zymosan, identifying a period of neutrophilia that precedes the peak influx of neutrophils into the challenge site at 18 h after injection). We demonstrate that neutrophils at the site of inflammation alter their phenotype throughout the acute inflammatory response, and contribute to both the induction and the resolution of inflammation. However, neutrophils isolated during the proinflammatory phase (18 h after injection) produced robust respiratory burst responses, released inflammation-associated leukotriene B(4), and induced macrophages to increase reactive oxygen species production. In contrast, neutrophils isolated at 48 h after infection (proresolving phase) displayed low levels of reactive oxygen species, released the proresolving lipid mediator lipoxin A(4), and downregulated reactive oxygen species production in macrophages before the initiation of apoptosis. Lipoxin A(4) was a significant contributor to the uptake of apoptotic cells by teleost macrophages and also played a role, at least in part, in the downregulation of macrophage reactive oxygen species production. Our results highlight the contributions of neutrophils to both the promotion and the regulation of teleost fish inflammation and provide added context for the evolution of this hematopoietic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Havixbeck
- Departments of *Biological Sciences and Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aja M Rieger
- Departments of *Biological Sciences and Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael E Wong
- Departments of *Biological Sciences and Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jordan W Hodgkinson
- Departments of *Biological Sciences and Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel R Barreda
- Departments of *Biological Sciences and Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Carbone F, Teixeira PC, Braunersreuther V, Mach F, Vuilleumier N, Montecucco F. Pathophysiology and Treatments of Oxidative Injury in Ischemic Stroke: Focus on the Phagocytic NADPH Oxidase 2. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:460-89. [PMID: 24635113 PMCID: PMC4545676 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Phagocytes play a key role in promoting the oxidative stress after ischemic stroke occurrence. The phagocytic NADPH oxidase (NOX) 2 is a membrane-bound enzyme complex involved in the antimicrobial respiratory burst and free radical production in these cells. RECENT ADVANCES Different oxidants have been shown to induce opposite effects on neuronal homeostasis after a stroke. However, several experimental models support the detrimental effects of NOX activity (especially the phagocytic isoform) on brain recovery after stroke. Therapeutic strategies selectively targeting the neurotoxic ROS and increasing neuroprotective oxidants have recently produced promising results. CRITICAL ISSUES NOX2 might promote carotid plaque rupture and stroke occurrence. In addition, NOX2-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) released by resident and recruited phagocytes enhance cerebral ischemic injury, activating the inflammatory apoptotic pathways. The aim of this review is to update evidence on phagocyte-related oxidative stress, focusing on the role of NOX2 as a potential therapeutic target to reduce ROS-related cerebral injury after stroke. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Radical scavenger compounds (such as Ebselen and Edaravone) are under clinical investigation as a therapeutic approach against stroke. On the other hand, NOX inhibition might represent a promising strategy to prevent the stroke-related injury. Although selective NOX inhibitors are not yet available, nonselective compounds (such as apocynin and fasudil) provided encouraging results in preclinical studies. Whereas additional studies are needed to better evaluate this therapeutic potential in human beings, the development of specific NOX inhibitors (such as monoclonal antibodies, small-molecule inhibitors, or aptamers) might further improve brain recovery after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Carbone
- 1 Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland .,2 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine , IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Priscila Camillo Teixeira
- 3 Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Braunersreuther
- 1 Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François Mach
- 1 Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Vuilleumier
- 3 Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- 1 Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland .,2 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine , IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy .,3 Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals , Geneva, Switzerland
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155
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Digital gene expression analysis of transcriptomes in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. Clin Chim Acta 2015. [PMID: 26216187 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mortality from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is high, and its exact pathogenesis remains unclear, which forms a major obstacle for prevention and treatment of this disease. In the present study, we used digital gene expression (DGE) to detect the differentially expressed genes of the lung at 4h after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure in a mouse model. METHODS Mice were treated with LPS or control saline by intratracheal instillation for 4h, and their lung tissues were collected for DGE analysis. We used a false discovery rate ≤0.001 and an absolute value of the log2 ratio≥1 as the thresholds for judging the significance of any difference in gene expression between the two members of each pair of mice. RESULTS We obtained 3,387,842 clean tags (i.e., after filtering to remove potentially erroneous tags) and about 84,513 corresponding distinct clean tags (i.e., types of tag). Approximately 91.20% of the clean tags could be mapped, and 82.71% could be uniquely mapped, to the reference tags, and 3.82% were unknown tags. At least 2200 differentially expressed genes were identified and analyzed for enrichment of Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway. Twenty genes with the greatest difference in expression levels between the two members of every pair of mice were chosen. The majority of these genes are involved in signaling transduction, molecular adhesion, and metabolic pathways. CONCLUSIONS Using the powerful technology of DGE, we present, to our knowledge, the first in-depth transcriptomic analysis of mouse lungs after LPS exposure. We found some differentially expressed genes that might play important roles in the pathogenesis of ARDS.
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156
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Jun JI, Kim KH, Lau LF. The matricellular protein CCN1 mediates neutrophil efferocytosis in cutaneous wound healing. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7386. [PMID: 26077348 PMCID: PMC4480344 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil infiltration constitutes the first step in wound healing, although their timely clearance by macrophage engulfment, or efferocytosis, is critical for efficient tissue repair. However, the specific mechanism for neutrophil clearance in wound healing remains undefined. Here we uncover a key role for CCN1 in neutrophil efferocytosis by acting as a bridging molecule that binds phosphatidylserine, the “eat-me” signal on apoptotic cells, and integrins αvβ3/αvβ5 in macrophages to trigger efferocytosis. Both knockin mice expressing a mutant CCN1 that is unable to bind αvβ3/αvβ5 and mice with Ccn1 knockdown are defective in neutrophil efferocytosis, resulting in exuberant neutrophil accumulation and delayed healing. Treatment of wounds with CCN1 accelerates neutrophil clearance in both Ccn1 knockin mice and diabetic Leprdb/db mice, which suffer from neutrophil persistence and impaired healing. These findings establish CCN1 as a critical opsonin in skin injury and suggest a therapeutic potential for CCN1 in certain types of non-healing wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Il Jun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 South Ashland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 South Ashland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Lester F Lau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 South Ashland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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157
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Jickling GC, Liu D, Ander BP, Stamova B, Zhan X, Sharp FR. Targeting neutrophils in ischemic stroke: translational insights from experimental studies. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:888-901. [PMID: 25806703 PMCID: PMC4640255 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils have key roles in ischemic brain injury, thrombosis, and atherosclerosis. As such, neutrophils are of great interest as targets to treat and prevent ischemic stroke. After stroke, neutrophils respond rapidly promoting blood-brain barrier disruption, cerebral edema, and brain injury. A surge of neutrophil-derived reactive oxygen species, proteases, and cytokines are released as neutrophils interact with cerebral endothelium. Neutrophils also are linked to the major processes that cause ischemic stroke, thrombosis, and atherosclerosis. Thrombosis is promoted through interactions with platelets, clotting factors, and release of prothrombotic molecules. In atherosclerosis, neutrophils promote plaque formation and rupture by generating oxidized-low density lipoprotein, enhancing monocyte infiltration, and degrading the fibrous cap. In experimental studies targeting neutrophils can improve stroke. However, early human studies have been met with challenges, and suggest that selective targeting of neutrophils may be required. Several properties of neutrophil are beneficial and thus may important to preserve in patients with stroke including antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, and neuroprotective functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen C Jickling
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - DaZhi Liu
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Bradley P Ander
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Boryana Stamova
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Xinhua Zhan
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Frank R Sharp
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
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158
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RELJA BORNA, OMID NINA, SCHAIBLE ALEXANDER, PERL MARIO, MEIER SIMON, OPPERMANN ELSIE, LEHNERT MARK, MARZI INGO. Pre- or post-treatment with ethanol and ethyl pyruvate results in distinct anti-inflammatory responses of human lung epithelial cells triggered by interleukin-6. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:2991-8. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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159
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Cuartero MI, Ballesteros I, Lizasoain I, Moro MA. Complexity of the cell-cell interactions in the innate immune response after cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 2015; 1623:53-62. [PMID: 25956207 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In response to brain ischemia a cascade of signals leads to the activation of the brain innate immune system and to the recruitment of blood borne derived cells to the ischemic tissue. These processes have been increasingly shown to play a role on stroke pathogenesis. Here, we discuss the key features of resident microglia and different leukocyte subsets implicated in cerebral ischemia with special emphasis of neutrophils, monocytes and microglia. We focus on how leukocytes are recruited to injured brain through a complex interplay between endothelial cells, platelets and leukocytes and describe different strategies used to inhibit their recruitment. Finally, we discuss the possible existence of different leukocyte subsets in the ischemic tissue and the repercussion of different myeloid phenotypes on stroke outcome. The knowledge of the nature of these heterogeneous cell-cell interactions may open new lines of investigation on new therapies to promote protective immune responses and tissue repair after cerebral ischemia or to block harmful responses. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Cell Interactions In Stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- María I Cuartero
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Depto. Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván Ballesteros
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Depto. Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Lizasoain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Depto. Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Moro
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Depto. Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.
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160
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Nikaido T, Tanino Y, Wang X, Sato S, Misa K, Fukuhara N, Sato Y, Fukuhara A, Uematsu M, Suzuki Y, Kojima T, Tanino M, Endo Y, Tsuchiya K, Kawamura I, Frevert CW, Munakata M. Serum Syndecan-4 as a Possible Biomarker in Patients With Acute Pneumonia. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1500-8. [PMID: 25895983 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syndecan-4 is a transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan expressed in a variety of cells, and glycosaminoglycan side chains of syndecan-4 bind to several proteins, suggesting several biological functions. However, the role of syndecan-4 in acute bacterial pneumonia has not yet been elucidated. METHODS Serum syndecan-4 levels were measured in patients with acute pneumonia, and the relationships between serum syndecan-4 levels and clinical parameters were analyzed. Next, we treated wild-type and syndecan-4-deficient mice with Streptococcus pneumoniae intranasally and analyzed the phenotype of syndecan-4-deficient mice. RESULTS In the patients with acute pneumonia, serum syndecan-4 levels were significantly higher than in the healthy volunteers and correlated negatively with the pneumonia severity score. In addition, in patients who improved with short-term antibiotic therapy, serum syndecan-4 levels were higher on admission and gradually increased during antibiotic therapy. Furthermore, in syndecan-4-deficient mice, the survival rate was significantly worse, and total neutrophil counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, bacterial counts in blood, and plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines were significantly higher than in wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that syndecan-4 has an anti-inflammatory function in acute pneumonia and could serve as a useful biomarker in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takefumi Nikaido
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima
| | - Yoshinori Tanino
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima
| | - Xintao Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima
| | - Suguru Sato
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima
| | - Kenichi Misa
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima
| | - Naoko Fukuhara
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima
| | - Yuki Sato
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima
| | - Atsuro Fukuhara
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima
| | - Manabu Uematsu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima
| | - Yasuhito Suzuki
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima
| | - Tetsuhito Kojima
- Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya
| | - Mishie Tanino
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo
| | - Yuichi Endo
- Department of Immunology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima
| | - Kohsuke Tsuchiya
- Department of Microbiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kawamura
- Department of Microbiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Charles W Frevert
- Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine Comparative Pathology Program, Department of Comparative Medicine Center of Lung Biology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Mitsuru Munakata
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima
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161
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Tan TP, Arekapudi A, Metha J, Prasad A, Venkatraghavan L. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as predictor of mortality and morbidity in cardiovascular surgery: a systematic review. ANZ J Surg 2015; 85:414-9. [PMID: 25781147 DOI: 10.1111/ans.13036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is an emerging biomarker of inflammation and predicts poorer outcome in cancer surgery. The prognostic value of NLR in cardiovascular surgery is unclear. METHODS Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies of in cardiovascular surgical patients were conducted to assess the role of perioperative NLR in predicting post-operative mortality and morbidity. Electronic searches were conducted on Ovid Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews for all prospective clinical studies reporting on NLR and post-operative morbidity and mortality in cardiovascular surgical patient population. Our primary end point was all-cause post-operative mortality and the secondary end point was post-operative morbidity. Mortality outcome from prospective studies were pooled for a meta-analysis using a random-effect model. RESULTS Of the 999 citations identified, five studies with 3487 patients met the inclusion criteria. In a pooled analysis of three prospective studies of 3108 patients, a preoperative increase in NLR (>3.3 in cardiac surgery, >5 in vascular surgery) was associated with increased mortality at a mean follow-up of 34.8 months (hazard ratio 1.85, 95% confidence interval 1.46-2.36; P < 0.00001). Raised NLR value was also associated with increased cardiac mortality, amputation in vascular operations and raised risk of post-operative re-intubation. CONCLUSIONS Elevated NLR were associated with increased long-term mortality and morbidity after major cardiac and vascular surgery. NLR may guide perioperative management and risk-stratification of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze Ping Tan
- Department of Anaesthesia, Shepparton Hospital, Shepparton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anil Arekapudi
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jigesh Metha
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arun Prasad
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lashmi Venkatraghavan
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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162
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Lichte P, Pfeifer R, Kobbe P, Tohidnezhad M, Pufe T, Almahmoud K, Hildebrand F, Pape HC. Inhalative IL-10 treatment after bilateral femoral fractures affect pulmonary inflammation in mice. Ann Anat 2015; 200:73-8. [PMID: 25801583 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Musculoskeletal injuries induce systemic inflammation which often impairs lung function contributing to morbidity. IL-10 has been shown to have a beneficial effect on immune dysfunction and organ damage after different traumatic insults. We sought to investigate the effect of inhalative IL-10 administration on the systemic and pulmonary inflammatory response in a small animal model of bilateral femoral fracture. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male C57/BL6 mice (6 animals per group) were subjected to bilateral femoral fracture and intramedullary nailing followed by inhalative administration of either 50μL PBS (Fx group) or 50μg/kg recombinant mouse IL-10 dissolved in 50μL PBS (FxIL-10 group). All animals were sacrificed at 6, 24, or 72h after fracture induction. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for IL-6, IL-10, KC, and MCP-1 (CCL2) plasma concentrations by Bio-Plex Pro™ assays. Pulmonary infiltration by neutrophils was assessed by myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity (ELISA) and histological analysis of lung tissue. Pulmonary ICAM-1 expression (immunohistochemistry), and pulmonary IL-6 levels (ELISA) were determined. RESULTS Inhalative IL-10 administration showed a decrease in the pulmonary infiltration by neutrophils. A significant decrease in the expression of the adhesion molecule ICAM-1 after local IL-10 application was observed. In contrast, local IL-10 administration did not show a significant effect on the systemic inflammatory response. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that inhalative IL-10 administration may beneficially modulate the pulmonary microenvironment, in which IL-10 effect on the local ICAM-1 expression seems to play a central role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Lichte
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery, Harald Tscherne Lab for Orthopedic Research, Pauwelsstraβe 30, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Roman Pfeifer
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery, Harald Tscherne Lab for Orthopedic Research, Pauwelsstraβe 30, Aachen, Germany
| | - Philipp Kobbe
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraβe 30, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mersedeh Tohidnezhad
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraβe 30, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Pufe
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraβe 30, Aachen, Germany
| | - Khalid Almahmoud
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery, Harald Tscherne Lab for Orthopedic Research, Pauwelsstraβe 30, Aachen, Germany; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburg, PA, USA
| | - Frank Hildebrand
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery, Harald Tscherne Lab for Orthopedic Research, Pauwelsstraβe 30, Aachen, Germany; Department of Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraβe 30, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hans-Christoph Pape
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraβe 30, Aachen, Germany
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Kash JC, Taubenberger JK. The role of viral, host, and secondary bacterial factors in influenza pathogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:1528-36. [PMID: 25747532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus infections in humans generally cause self-limited infections, but can result in severe disease, secondary bacterial pneumonias, and death. Influenza viruses can replicate in epithelial cells throughout the respiratory tree and can cause tracheitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, diffuse alveolar damage with pulmonary edema and hemorrhage, and interstitial and airspace inflammation. The mechanisms by which influenza infections result in enhanced disease, including development of pneumonia and acute respiratory distress, are multifactorial, involving host, viral, and bacterial factors. Host factors that enhance risk of severe influenza disease include underlying comorbidities, such as cardiac and respiratory disease, immunosuppression, and pregnancy. Viral parameters enhancing disease risk include polymerase mutations associated with host switch and adaptation, viral proteins that modulate immune and antiviral responses, and virulence factors that increase disease severity, which can be especially prominent in pandemic viruses and some zoonotic influenza viruses causing human infections. Influenza viral infections result in damage to the respiratory epithelium that facilitates secondary infection with common bacterial pneumopathogens and can lead to secondary bacterial pneumonias that greatly contribute to respiratory distress, enhanced morbidity, and death. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which influenza and secondary bacterial infections, coupled with the role of host risk factors, contribute to enhanced morbidity and mortality is essential to develop better therapeutic strategies to treat severe influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Kash
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeffery K Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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164
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L. Akenhead M, Y. Shin H. The Contribution of Cell Surface Components to the Neutrophil Mechanosensitivity to Shear Stresses. AIMS BIOPHYSICS 2015. [DOI: 10.3934/biophy.2015.3.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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165
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Arafa MH, Mohamed DA, Atteia HH. Ameliorative effect of N-acetyl cysteine on alpha-cypermethrin-induced pulmonary toxicity in male rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:26-43. [PMID: 23900960 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-cypermethrin (α-CYP) is one of the most widely used insecticides. It may become an air pollutant and adversely affect the health. The present study was designed to determine whether treatment with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), a well-known antioxidant, can be useful for the management of the deleterious effects of α-CYP on lung tissues. For this purpose, thirty two male rats were divided into four different groups (eight rats for each). Group (I) gavaged with corn oil (control group), group (II) gavaged daily with NAC (150 mg kg(-1) body weight), group (III) gavaged with α-CYP (14.5 mg kg(-1) body weight/day, dissolved in corn oil), group (IV) gavaged with NAC then with α-CYP 2 h later for 12 weeks. α-CYP significantly increased serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and pulmonary malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, while decreased the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as reduced glutathione (GSH) content in lung. It also provoked higher levels of serum nitric oxide (NO), lung interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), hydroxyproline (Hyp) as well as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-К B) gene expression in lung tissues. Histopathological alterations in lung with congestion, cellular infiltration, necrotic changes and thickening of inter-alveolar septa were observed following α-CYP administration. NAC reduced the adverse effects of α-CYP on lung tissues and improved the histological architecture of lung since it showed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects on lung tissues. Our results indicate that NAC exerts a potent protective effect against α-CYP-induced oxidative damage and inflammation in lung tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar Hamed Arafa
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia Government, Egypt
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166
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Chua CLL, Robinson LJ, Baiwog F, Stanisic DI, Hamilton JA, Brown GV, Rogerson SJ, Boeuf P. High numbers of circulating pigmented polymorphonuclear neutrophils as a prognostic marker for decreased birth weight during malaria in pregnancy. Int J Parasitol 2014; 45:107-11. [PMID: 25555554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
During gestational malaria, Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes can sequester within the placenta, contributing to poor pregnancy outcomes, especially low birth weight. In children and non-pregnant adults, pigmented leukocytes may serve as markers of sequestered parasite burden and predict clinical outcomes. Here, we investigated circulating pigmented leukocyte numbers as predictors of clinical outcomes in pregnant women presenting with malaria at enrolment. The number of circulating pigmented neutrophils at enrolment negatively correlated with birth weight (Rho=-25, P=.04), suggesting these cells may have a pathogenic role in, and could serve as prognostic markers for, malaria-associated low birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Lin Lin Chua
- Department of Medicine, The Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Leanne J Robinson
- Vector Borne Disease Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Papua New Guinea; Infection and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Francesca Baiwog
- Vector Borne Disease Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Papua New Guinea
| | - Danielle I Stanisic
- Vector Borne Disease Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Papua New Guinea; Infection and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - John A Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, The Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Graham V Brown
- Department of Medicine, The Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Australia; The Nossal Institute for Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen J Rogerson
- Department of Medicine, The Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Australia; Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Doherty Institute, Australia
| | - Philippe Boeuf
- Department of Medicine, The Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Australia; Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Doherty Institute, Australia.
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Yang SC, Sung PJ, Lin CF, Kuo J, Chen CY, Hwang TL. Anti-inflammatory effects of secondary metabolites of marine Pseudomonas sp. in human neutrophils are through inhibiting P38 MAPK, JNK, and calcium pathways. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114761. [PMID: 25474595 PMCID: PMC4256452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated neutrophils play a significant role in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases. The metabolites of marine microorganisms are increasingly employed as sources for developing new drugs; however, very few marine drugs have been studied in human neutrophils. Herein, we showed that secondary metabolites of marine Pseudomonas sp. (N11) significantly inhibited superoxide anion generation and elastase release in formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (FMLP)-activated human neutrophils, with IC50 values of 0.67±0.38 µg/ml and 0.84±0.12 µg/ml, respectively. In cell-free systems, neither superoxide anion-scavenging effect nor inhibition of elastase activity was associated with the suppressive effects of N11. N11 inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase and JNK, but not Erk and Akt, in FMLP-induced human neutrophils. Also, N11 dose-dependently attenuated the transient elevation of intracellular calcium concentration in activated neutrophils. In contrast, N11 failed to alter phorbol myristate acetate-induced superoxide anion generation, and the inhibitory effects of N11 were not reversed by protein kinase A inhibitor. In conclusion, the anti-inflammatory effects of N11 on superoxide anion generation and elastase release in activated human neutrophils are through inhibiting p38 MAP kinase, JNK, and calcium pathways. Our results suggest that N11 has the potential to be developed to treat neutrophil-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Chin Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Jyun Sung
- Department of Life Science and Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chwan-Fwu Lin
- Department of Cosmetic Science, and Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jimmy Kuo
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, School of Traditional Medicine, College of Medicine, and Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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168
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Ortiz G, Salica JP, Chuluyan EH, Gallo JE. Diabetic retinopathy: could the alpha-1 antitrypsin be a therapeutic option? Biol Res 2014; 47:58. [PMID: 25723058 PMCID: PMC4335423 DOI: 10.1186/0717-6287-47-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most important causes of blindness. The underlying mechanisms of this disease include inflammatory changes and remodeling processes of the extracellular-matrix (ECM) leading to pericyte and vascular endothelial cell damage that affects the retinal circulation. In turn, this causes hypoxia leading to release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to induce the angiogenesis process. Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is the most important circulating inhibitor of serine proteases (SERPIN). Its targets include elastase, plasmin, thrombin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, proteinase 3 (PR-3) and plasminogen activator (PAI). AAT modulates the effect of protease-activated receptors (PARs) during inflammatory responses. Plasma levels of AAT can increase 4-fold during acute inflammation then is so-called acute phase protein (APPs). Individuals with low serum levels of AAT could develop disease in lung, liver and pancreas. AAT is involved in extracellular matrix remodeling and inflammation, particularly migration and chemotaxis of neutrophils. It can also suppress nitric oxide (NO) by nitric oxide sintase (NOS) inhibition. AAT binds their targets in an irreversible way resulting in product degradation. The aim of this review is to focus on the points of contact between multiple factors involved in diabetic retinopathy and AAT resembling pleiotropic effects that might be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ortiz
- Nanomedicine and Vision Group, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Buenos Aires Pilar, Argentina. .,Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Juan P Salica
- Nanomedicine and Vision Group, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Buenos Aires Pilar, Argentina.
| | - Eduardo H Chuluyan
- Departamento de Farmacología,Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Juan E Gallo
- Nanomedicine and Vision Group, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Buenos Aires Pilar, Argentina. .,Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Tobin RP, Mukherjee S, Kain JM, Rogers SK, Henderson SK, Motal HL, Rogers MKN, Shapiro LA. Traumatic brain injury causes selective, CD74-dependent peripheral lymphocyte activation that exacerbates neurodegeneration. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:143. [PMID: 25329434 PMCID: PMC4203873 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-014-0143-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Traumatic brain injury (TBI), a significant cause of death and disability, causes, as in any injury, an acute, innate immune response. A key component in the transition between innate and adaptive immunity is the processing and presentation of antigen by professional antigen presenting cells (APCs). Whether an adaptive immune response to brain injury is beneficial or detrimental is not known. Current efforts to understand the contribution of the immune system after TBI have focused on neuroinflammation and brain-infiltrating immune cells. Here, we characterize and target TBI-induced expansion of peripheral immune cells that may act as potential APCs. Because MHC Class II-associated invariant peptide (CLIP) is important for antigen processing and presentation, we engineered a competitive antagonist (CAP) for CLIP, and tested the hypothesis that peptide competition could reverse or prevent neurodegeneration after TBI. Results We show that after fluid percussion injury (FPI), peripheral splenic lymphocytes, including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and γδ T cells, are increased in number within 24 hours after FPI. These increases were reversed by CAP treatment and this antagonism of CLIP also reduced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration after TBI. Using a mouse deficient for the precursor of CLIP, CD74, we observed decreased peripheral lymphocyte activation, decreased neurodegeneration, and a significantly smaller lesion size following TBI. Conclusion Taken together, the data support the hypothesis that neurodegeneration following TBI is dependent upon antigen processing and presentation that requires CD74. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40478-014-0143-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Allaeys I, Gymninova I, Canet-Jourdan C, Poubelle PE. IL-32γ delays spontaneous apoptosis of human neutrophils through MCL-1, regulated primarily by the p38 MAPK pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109256. [PMID: 25275312 PMCID: PMC4183585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-32γ is a multifunctional cytokine involved in various inflammatory and auto-immune diseases in which neutrophils can affect the evolution of these diseases. To persist at inflammatory sites, neutrophils require inhibition of their rapid and constitutive apoptosis, an inhibitory effect that phlogogenic cytokines support. To date, the effects of IL-32γ on neutrophils remain unknown. We demonstrate that IL-32γ delays, in a dose-dependent manner, the spontaneous apoptosis of human blood neutrophils by activating mainly p38 MAPK through rapid p38 phosphorylation. PI3-K and ERK1/2 MAPK are also involved, but to a lesser extent. Most of cytokines that induce retardation of neutrophil apoptosis activate the expression of MCL-1 at both mRNA and protein levels. IL-32γ added to human blood neutrophils in vitro is associated with sustained levels of MCL-1 protein. This effect in neutrophils corresponds to a decrease of MCL-1 protein degradation without any effect on MCL-1 mRNA levels. The sustained levels of MCL-1 induced by IL-32γ are only abrogated by the p38β MAPK inhibitor SB202190. Additionally, IL-32γ induces a reduction in caspase 3 activity in neutrophils. In conclusion, IL-32γ affects human blood neutrophils in vitro by increasing their survival, suggesting that this cytokine could have profound effects on the deleterious functions of neutrophils in several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Allaeys
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie (CRRI), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Département de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Irina Gymninova
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie (CRRI), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Département de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Charlotte Canet-Jourdan
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie (CRRI), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Département de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrice E. Poubelle
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie (CRRI), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Département de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Abstract
Human neutrophil antigen-3a (HNA-3a) antibodies contained in donor plasma can result in severe, sometimes fatal transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). Recent developments in TRALI secondary to antibodies to HNA-3a antigen span diagnosis, pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention resulting in improved understanding, potential treatments, and mitigation strategies. First, on the molecular level, characterization of HNA-3 antigen has allowed for genotyping methods that clarify population prevalence. Related work has led to generation of multiple antibody detection assays. These assays aid in determining potential populations at risk and potential mitigation strategies. Second, the development of TRALI requires a hit from the patient and from the product. Anti-HNA-3a is one of the product-derived factors and appears to result in TRALI by binding directly to pulmonary endothelium as well as to neutrophils expressing the corresponding antigen. Finally, potential mitigation strategies include red blood cell product filtration to remove anti-HNA-3a as well as other antibodies.
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172
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Tagzirt M, Corseaux D, Pasquesoone L, Mouquet F, Roma-Lavisse C, Ung A, Lorenzi R, Jude B, Elkalioubie A, Van Belle E, Susen S, Dupont A. Alterations in neutrophil production and function at an early stage in the high-fructose rat model of metabolic syndrome. Am J Hypertens 2014; 27:1096-104. [PMID: 25103937 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpu021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although neutrophils are crucially involved in inflammation, they have received only little attention in metabolic syndrome (MetS). We hypothesized that neutrophil infiltration into adipose tissue (AT) may occur at an early stage of MetS, in association with modulation of major functions of neutrophils and of their bone marrow production. METHODS Fifty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed regular (control rats (CRs)) or high-fructose (60%; fructose-fed rats (FFRs)) diets. After 6 weeks, metabolic parameters were measured. Distribution of neutrophils into AT was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Function of circulating neutrophils (activation, reactive oxygen species production, phagocytosis, and apoptosis) was determined by flow cytometry. Granulopoiesis was evaluated by measuring the number and survival characteristics of neutrophil progenitors using bone marrow culture assays and flow cytometry. RESULTS Compared with the CR group, the FFR group developed MetS (i.e., arterial hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, fasting hyperglycemia, and greater intra-abdominal AT volume) and presented higher neutrophil infiltration into AT. At resting state, no significant difference for circulating neutrophil functions was observed between the 2 groups. In contrast, circulating neutrophils from the FFR group exhibited higher responses to phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate for all studied functions, compared with the CR group, suggesting that early MetS induces neutrophil priming. In parallel, a diminished clonal capacity and an increased apoptosis in bone marrow-derived granulocyte progenitors and neutrophil precursors were observed in the FFR group compared with the CR group. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence of an increased infiltration into intra-abdominal AT and modified production, function, and phenotype of neutrophils at an early stage of high-fructose diet-induced MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexandre Ung
- EA 2693, Univ Lille Nord de France, UDSL, Lille, France
| | | | - Brigitte Jude
- EA 2693, Univ Lille Nord de France, UDSL, Lille, France; Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Department and Hematology Department, University Hospital, Lille, France
| | | | - Eric Van Belle
- EA 2693, Univ Lille Nord de France, UDSL, Lille, France; Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Department and Hematology Department, University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Sophie Susen
- EA 2693, Univ Lille Nord de France, UDSL, Lille, France; Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Department and Hematology Department, University Hospital, Lille, France
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Gene expression in peripheral immune cells following cardioembolic stroke is sexually dimorphic. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102550. [PMID: 25036109 PMCID: PMC4103830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Epidemiological studies suggest that sex has a role in the pathogenesis of cardioembolic stroke. Since stroke is a vascular disease, identifying sexually dimorphic gene expression changes in blood leukocytes can inform on sex-specific risk factors, response and outcome biology. We aimed to examine the sexually dimorphic immune response following cardioembolic stroke by studying the differential gene expression in peripheral white blood cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Blood samples from patients with cardioembolic stroke were obtained at ≤3 hours (prior to treatment), 5 hours and 24 hours (after treatment) after stroke onset (n = 23; 69 samples) and compared with vascular risk factor controls without symptomatic vascular diseases (n = 23, 23 samples) (ANCOVA, false discovery rate p≤0.05, |fold change| ≥1.2). mRNA levels were measured on whole-genome Affymetrix microarrays. There were more up-regulated than down-regulated genes in both sexes, and females had more differentially expressed genes than males following cardioembolic stroke. Female gene expression was associated with cell death and survival, cell-cell signaling and inflammation. Male gene expression was associated with cellular assembly, organization and compromise. Immune response pathways were over represented at ≤3, 5 and 24 h after stroke in female subjects but only at 24 h in males. Neutrophil-specific genes were differentially expressed at 3, 5 and 24 h in females but only at 5 h and 24 h in males. CONCLUSIONS There are sexually dimorphic immune cell expression profiles following cardioembolic stroke. Future studies are needed to confirm the findings using qRT-PCR in an independent cohort, to determine how they relate to risk and outcome, and to compare to other causes of ischemic stroke.
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Pösel C, Scheibe J, Kranz A, Bothe V, Quente E, Fröhlich W, Lange F, Schäbitz WR, Minnerup J, Boltze J, Wagner DC. Bone marrow cell transplantation time-dependently abolishes efficacy of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor after stroke in hypertensive rats. Stroke 2014; 45:2431-7. [PMID: 24984745 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.113.004460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We aimed to determine a possible synergistic effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (BM MNC) after stroke in spontaneously hypertensive rats. METHODS Male spontaneously hypertensive rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion and randomly assigned to daily injection of 50 μg/kg G-CSF for 5 days starting 1 hour after stroke (groups 1, 2, and 3) with additional intravenous transplantation of 1.5×10E7 BM MNC per kilogram at 6 hours (group 2) or 48 hours (group 3) after stroke, or control treatment (group 4). Circulating leukocyte counts and functional deficits, infarct volume, and brain edema were repeatedly assessed in the first week and first month. RESULTS G-CSF treatment led to a significant neutrophilia, to a reversal of postischemic depression of circulating leukocytes, and to a significantly improved functional recovery without affecting the infarct volume or brain edema. BM MNC cotransplantation was neutral after 6 hours, but reversed the functional effect of G-CSF after 48 hours. Short-term investigation of combined G-CSF and BM MNC treatment at 48 hours indicated splenic accumulation of granulocytes and transplanted cells, accompanied by a significant rise of granulocytes in the circulation and the ischemic brain. CONCLUSIONS G-CSF improved functional recovery in spontaneously hypertensive rats, but this effect was abolished by cotransplantation of BM MNC after 48 hours. In the spleen, transplanted cells may hinder the clearance of granulocytes that were massively increased by G-CSF. Increased circulation and infiltration of granulocytes into the ischemic brain may be detrimental for stroke outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pösel
- From the Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany (C.P., J.S., A.K., E.Q., W.F., F.L., J.B., D.-C.W.); Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Leipzig, Germany (A.K., V.B., E.Q., W.F., J.B., D.-C.W.); EVK Bielefeld, Bethel, Neurologische Klinik, Bielefeld, Germany (W.-R.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Germany (J.M.); and Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.B.).
| | - Johanna Scheibe
- From the Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany (C.P., J.S., A.K., E.Q., W.F., F.L., J.B., D.-C.W.); Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Leipzig, Germany (A.K., V.B., E.Q., W.F., J.B., D.-C.W.); EVK Bielefeld, Bethel, Neurologische Klinik, Bielefeld, Germany (W.-R.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Germany (J.M.); and Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.B.)
| | - Alexander Kranz
- From the Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany (C.P., J.S., A.K., E.Q., W.F., F.L., J.B., D.-C.W.); Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Leipzig, Germany (A.K., V.B., E.Q., W.F., J.B., D.-C.W.); EVK Bielefeld, Bethel, Neurologische Klinik, Bielefeld, Germany (W.-R.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Germany (J.M.); and Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.B.)
| | - Viktoria Bothe
- From the Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany (C.P., J.S., A.K., E.Q., W.F., F.L., J.B., D.-C.W.); Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Leipzig, Germany (A.K., V.B., E.Q., W.F., J.B., D.-C.W.); EVK Bielefeld, Bethel, Neurologische Klinik, Bielefeld, Germany (W.-R.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Germany (J.M.); and Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.B.)
| | - Elfi Quente
- From the Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany (C.P., J.S., A.K., E.Q., W.F., F.L., J.B., D.-C.W.); Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Leipzig, Germany (A.K., V.B., E.Q., W.F., J.B., D.-C.W.); EVK Bielefeld, Bethel, Neurologische Klinik, Bielefeld, Germany (W.-R.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Germany (J.M.); and Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.B.)
| | - Wenke Fröhlich
- From the Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany (C.P., J.S., A.K., E.Q., W.F., F.L., J.B., D.-C.W.); Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Leipzig, Germany (A.K., V.B., E.Q., W.F., J.B., D.-C.W.); EVK Bielefeld, Bethel, Neurologische Klinik, Bielefeld, Germany (W.-R.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Germany (J.M.); and Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.B.)
| | - Franziska Lange
- From the Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany (C.P., J.S., A.K., E.Q., W.F., F.L., J.B., D.-C.W.); Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Leipzig, Germany (A.K., V.B., E.Q., W.F., J.B., D.-C.W.); EVK Bielefeld, Bethel, Neurologische Klinik, Bielefeld, Germany (W.-R.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Germany (J.M.); and Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.B.)
| | - Wolf-Rüdiger Schäbitz
- From the Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany (C.P., J.S., A.K., E.Q., W.F., F.L., J.B., D.-C.W.); Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Leipzig, Germany (A.K., V.B., E.Q., W.F., J.B., D.-C.W.); EVK Bielefeld, Bethel, Neurologische Klinik, Bielefeld, Germany (W.-R.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Germany (J.M.); and Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.B.)
| | - Jens Minnerup
- From the Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany (C.P., J.S., A.K., E.Q., W.F., F.L., J.B., D.-C.W.); Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Leipzig, Germany (A.K., V.B., E.Q., W.F., J.B., D.-C.W.); EVK Bielefeld, Bethel, Neurologische Klinik, Bielefeld, Germany (W.-R.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Germany (J.M.); and Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.B.)
| | - Johannes Boltze
- From the Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany (C.P., J.S., A.K., E.Q., W.F., F.L., J.B., D.-C.W.); Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Leipzig, Germany (A.K., V.B., E.Q., W.F., J.B., D.-C.W.); EVK Bielefeld, Bethel, Neurologische Klinik, Bielefeld, Germany (W.-R.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Germany (J.M.); and Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.B.)
| | - Daniel-Christoph Wagner
- From the Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany (C.P., J.S., A.K., E.Q., W.F., F.L., J.B., D.-C.W.); Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Leipzig, Germany (A.K., V.B., E.Q., W.F., J.B., D.-C.W.); EVK Bielefeld, Bethel, Neurologische Klinik, Bielefeld, Germany (W.-R.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Germany (J.M.); and Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.B.)
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175
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Pedrosa AM, Barbosa MC, Santos TND, Leal LKAM, Lopes ADA, Elias DBD, Sasahara GL, Cavalcanti BC, Gonçalves RP. Cytotoxicity and DNA damage in the neutrophils of patients with sickle cell anaemia treated with hydroxyurea. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502014000200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyurea (HU) is the most important advance in the treatment of sickle cell anaemia (SCA) for preventing complications and improving quality of life for patients. However, some aspects of treatment with HU remain unclear, including their effect on and potential toxicity to other blood cells such as neutrophils. This study used the measurement of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) and Methyl ThiazolTetrazolium (MTT) and the comet assay to investigate the cytotoxicity and damage index (DI) of the DNA in the neutrophils of patients with SCA using HU.In the LDH and MTT assays, a cytoprotective effect was observed in the group of patients treated, as well as an absence of toxicity. When compared to patients without the treatment, the SS group (n=20, 13 women and 07 men, aged 18-69 years), and the group of healthy individuals (AA) used as a control group (n=52, 28 women and 24 men, aged 19-60 years), The SSHU group (n=21, 11 women and 10 men, aged 19-63 years) showed a significant reduction (p<0.001) in LDH activity and an increase in the percentage of viable cells by the MTT (p<0.001). However, the SSHU group presented significantly higher DI values (49.57±6.0 U/A) when compared to the AA group (7.43 ± 0,94U/A) and the SS group (22.73 ±5.58 U/A) (p<0.0001), especially when treated for longer periods (>20 months), demonstrating that despite the cytoprotective effects in terms of cell viability, the use of HU can induce DNA damage in neutrophils.
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177
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Jia SH, Parodo J, Charbonney E, Tsang JLY, Jia SY, Rotstein OD, Kapus A, Marshall JC. Activated neutrophils induce epithelial cell apoptosis through oxidant-dependent tyrosine dephosphorylation of caspase-8. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:1030-1040. [PMID: 24589337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Activated neutrophils can injure host cells through direct effects of oxidants on membrane phospholipids, but an ability to induce apoptotic cell death has not previously been reported. We show that neutrophils activated in vivo in patients who have sustained multiple trauma or in vitro by exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide promote epithelial cell apoptosis through SHP-1-mediated dephosphorylation of epithelial cell caspase-8. Epithelial cell apoptosis induced by circulating neutrophils from patients who had sustained serious injury depended on the generation of neutrophil-derived reactive oxygen intermediates and was blocked by inhibition of NADPH oxidase or restoration of intracellular glutathione. Caspase-8 was constitutively tyrosine phosphorylated in a panel of resting epithelial cells, but underwent SHP-1-dependent dephosphorylation in response to hydrogen peroxide, activated neutrophils, or inhibition of Src kinases. Cells transfected with a mutant caspase-8 in which tyrosine residues at Tyr397 or Tyr465 are replaced by nonphosphorylatable phenylalanine underwent accelerated apoptosis, whereas either mutation of these residues to phosphomimetic glutamic acid or transfection with the Src kinases Lyn or c-Src inhibited hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis. Exposure to either hydrogen peroxide or lipopolysaccharide-stimulated neutrophils increased phosphorylation and activity of the phosphatase SHP-1, increased activity of caspases 8 and 3, and accelerated epithelial cell apoptosis. These observations reveal a novel mechanism for neutrophil-mediated tissue injury through oxidant-dependent, SHP-1-mediated dephosphorylation of caspase-8 resulting in enhanced epithelial cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Hui Jia
- Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Tortonto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean Parodo
- Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Tortonto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Charbonney
- Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Tortonto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Critical Care Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Tortonto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Y Tsang
- Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Tortonto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Critical Care Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Tortonto, Ontario, Canada; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sang Yang Jia
- Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Tortonto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ori D Rotstein
- Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Tortonto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Tortonto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andras Kapus
- Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Tortonto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Tortonto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John C Marshall
- Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Tortonto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Critical Care Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Tortonto, Ontario, Canada; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Tortonto, Ontario, Canada.
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178
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Channabasappa S, Stewart S, Caldwell S, Carr A, Singh B. Retinoic acid induces apoptosis in activated canine neutrophils. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 157:175-81. [PMID: 24359944 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Activated neutrophils live longer, produce toxic metabolites and cause considerable tissue injury, which is central to the pathogenesis of many inflammatory conditions. Retinoids are a class of lipophilic compounds with anti-inflammatory effects. We examined the effect of retinoic acid on apoptosis in normal and activated neutrophils. Our results showed that treatment with 1 μg/ml Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 12 and 36 h delayed the spontaneous neutrophil apoptosis compared to untreated cells. But exposure of LPS-treated cells to retinoic acid (1 and 5 μM) abolished the inhibitory effects of LPS on neutrophil apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner based on annexin V staining, Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, light and electron microscopy. These results show that retinoic acid increases apoptosis in activated canine neutrophils and this effect could enhance the resolution of inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Stewart
- Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5B4, Canada
| | - Sarah Caldwell
- Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5B4, Canada
| | - Anthony Carr
- Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5B4, Canada
| | - Baljit Singh
- Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5B4, Canada.
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179
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Kash JC, Xiao Y, Davis AS, Walters KA, Chertow DS, Easterbrook JD, Dunfee RL, Sandouk A, Jagger BW, Schwartzman LM, Kuestner RE, Wehr NB, Huffman K, Rosenthal RA, Ozinsky A, Levine RL, Doctrow SR, Taubenberger JK. Treatment with the reactive oxygen species scavenger EUK-207 reduces lung damage and increases survival during 1918 influenza virus infection in mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 67:235-47. [PMID: 24140866 PMCID: PMC3927540 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The 1918 influenza pandemic caused over 40 million deaths worldwide, with 675,000 deaths in the United States alone. Studies in several experimental animal models showed that 1918 influenza virus infection resulted in severe lung pathology associated with dysregulated immune and cell death responses. To determine if reactive oxygen species produced by host inflammatory responses play a central role in promoting severity of lung pathology, we treated 1918 influenza virus-infected mice with the catalytic catalase/superoxide dismutase mimetic, salen-manganese complex EUK-207 beginning 3 days postinfection. Postexposure treatment of mice infected with a lethal dose of the 1918 influenza virus with EUK-207 resulted in significantly increased survival and reduced lung pathology without a reduction in viral titers. In vitro studies also showed that EUK-207 treatment did not affect 1918 influenza viral replication. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a reduction in the detection of the apoptosis marker cleaved caspase-3 and the oxidative stress marker 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine in lungs of EUK-207-treated animals compared to vehicle controls. High-throughput sequencing and RNA expression microarray analysis revealed that treatment resulted in decreased expression of inflammatory response genes and increased lung metabolic and repair responses. These results directly demonstrate that 1918 influenza virus infection leads to an immunopathogenic immune response with excessive inflammatory and cell death responses that can be limited by treatment with the catalytic antioxidant EUK-207.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Kash
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Yongli Xiao
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - A Sally Davis
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Daniel S Chertow
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Judith D Easterbrook
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rebecca L Dunfee
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aline Sandouk
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brett W Jagger
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Louis M Schwartzman
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Nancy B Wehr
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Karl Huffman
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical School, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Rosalind A Rosenthal
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical School, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | | | - Rodney L Levine
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Susan R Doctrow
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical School, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jeffery K Taubenberger
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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180
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Inhibition of inflammatory injure by polysaccharides from Bupleurum chinense through antagonizing P-selectin. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 105:20-5. [PMID: 24708947 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
P-selectin-mediated adhesion between endothelium and neutrophils is a crucial process leading to acute inflammatory injure. Thus, P-selectin has been considered as promising target for therapeutics of acute inflammatory-related diseases. In the present study, the water-soluble polysaccharides (BCPs) were isolated from Bupleurum chinense, and we evaluated their therapeutical effects on acute inflammatory injure and antagonistic function against P-selectin-mediated neutrophil adhesion. Our results showed that BCPs significantly impaired the leukocyte infiltration and relieve lung injury in LPS-induced acute pneumonia model. BCPs significantly blocked the binding of P-selectin to neutrophils and inhibited P-selectin-mediated neutrophils rolling along CHO-P cell monolayer. The result from in vitro protein binding assay showed a direct evidence indicating that BCPs-treatment significantly eliminated the interaction between rhP-Fc and its physiological ligand PSGL-1 at protein level. Together, these results provide a novel therapeutical strategy for amelioration of inflammation-related disease processes by polysaccharides from B. chinense.
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181
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Sapey E, Greenwood H, Walton G, Mann E, Love A, Aaronson N, Insall RH, Stockley RA, Lord JM. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibition restores neutrophil accuracy in the elderly: toward targeted treatments for immunosenescence. Blood 2014; 123:239-48. [PMID: 24191150 PMCID: PMC3888290 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-08-519520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosenescence is the functional deterioration of the immune system during natural aging. Despite increased susceptibility to bacterial infections in older adults, age-associated changes to neutrophil responses are only partially understood, and neutrophil migration has not been characterized in detail. Here we describe reduced chemotaxis but preserved chemokinesis toward a range of inflammatory stimuli in migrating neutrophils isolated from healthy older subjects. Cross-sectional data indicate that migratory behavior changes in the sixth decade of life. Crucially, aberrant migration may increase "bystander" tissue damage and heighten inflammation as a result of excess proteinase release during inaccurate chemotaxis, as well as reducing pathogen clearance. We show evidence of increased neutrophil proteinase activity in older adults, namely, raised levels of neutrophil proteinase substrate-derived peptides and evidence of primary granule release, associated with increased systemic inflammation. Inaccurate migration was causally associated with increased constitutive phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling; untreated neutrophils from old donors demonstrated significant PI3K activation compared with cells from young donors. PI3K-blocking strategies, specifically inhibition of PI3Kγ or PI3Kδ, restored neutrophil migratory accuracy, whereas SHIP1 inhibition worsened migratory flaws. Targeting PI3K signaling may therefore offer a new strategy in improving neutrophil functions during infections and reduce inappropriate inflammation in older patients.
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182
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Kusek ME, Pazos MA, Pirzai W, Hurley BP. In vitro coculture assay to assess pathogen induced neutrophil trans-epithelial migration. J Vis Exp 2014:e50823. [PMID: 24430378 DOI: 10.3791/50823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces serve as protective barriers against pathogenic organisms. Innate immune responses are activated upon sensing pathogen leading to the infiltration of tissues with migrating inflammatory cells, primarily neutrophils. This process has the potential to be destructive to tissues if excessive or held in an unresolved state. Cocultured in vitro models can be utilized to study the unique molecular mechanisms involved in pathogen induced neutrophil trans-epithelial migration. This type of model provides versatility in experimental design with opportunity for controlled manipulation of the pathogen, epithelial barrier, or neutrophil. Pathogenic infection of the apical surface of polarized epithelial monolayers grown on permeable transwell filters instigates physiologically relevant basolateral to apical trans-epithelial migration of neutrophils applied to the basolateral surface. The in vitro model described herein demonstrates the multiple steps necessary for demonstrating neutrophil migration across a polarized lung epithelial monolayer that has been infected with pathogenic P. aeruginosa (PAO1). Seeding and culturing of permeable transwells with human derived lung epithelial cells is described, along with isolation of neutrophils from whole human blood and culturing of PAO1 and nonpathogenic K12 E. coli (MC1000). The emigrational process and quantitative analysis of successfully migrated neutrophils that have been mobilized in response to pathogenic infection is shown with representative data, including positive and negative controls. This in vitro model system can be manipulated and applied to other mucosal surfaces. Inflammatory responses that involve excessive neutrophil infiltration can be destructive to host tissues and can occur in the absence of pathogenic infections. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that promote neutrophil trans-epithelial migration through experimental manipulation of the in vitro coculture assay system described herein has significant potential to identify novel therapeutic targets for a range of mucosal infectious as well as inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Kusek
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School
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183
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Zurawska-Płaksej E, Piwowar A, Knapik-Kordecka M, Warwas M. Activities of neutrophil membrane-bound proteases in type 2 diabetic patients. Arch Med Res 2013; 45:36-43. [PMID: 24316113 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hyperglycemia and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) provoke neutrophil overstimulation and the release and/or translocation of proteases from granules to the cell surface. Although the expression of neutrophil membrane-bound elastase (MLE) is well documented, the presence of the membrane-bound form of cathepsin B (MCB) is unknown. The aim of our study was to evaluate the neutrophil MLE and MCB activities in T2DM patients and their associations with the metabolic and clinical parameters of the disease. METHODS Neutrophils were obtained from 47 T2DM patients and 20 control subjects. The activities of MLE and MCB and the intracellular activities of the examined proteases (ILE and ICB, respectively) were measured using fluorometric substrates. Additionally, the percentage equivalents of the activities, namely, MLEtot/ILEtot and MCBtot/ICBtot, were calculated. The susceptibility to inhibitors of both forms of the studied proteases was also determined. RESULTS A significant increase in the activities of MLE, MCB, ILE, and ICB was found in neutrophils from T2DM patients compared with the control group. The percentage equivalent (contribution of the total membrane-bound activities to the total intracellular activities) was also higher. A partial resistance of the membrane-bound forms toward their inhibitors was revealed. Higher activities of both the membrane-bound and the intracellular proteases were also observed in patients with poor glycemic and metabolic control. The differences between subgroups with different therapeutic schemes were also revealed. CONCLUSIONS The pathophysiological implications of the neutrophil membrane-bound forms of leukocyte elastase and cathepsin B are of great importance in the development of T2DM and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Zurawska-Płaksej
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Piwowar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maria Knapik-Kordecka
- Department and Clinic of Angiology, Hypertension and Diabetology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maria Warwas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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184
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Lee CL, Hwang TL, He WJ, Tsai YH, Yen CT, Yen HF, Chen CJ, Chang WY, Wu YC. Anti-neutrophilic inflammatory steroidal glycosides from Solanum torvum. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 95:315-321. [PMID: 23838628 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Torvpregnanosides A and B, two pregnane glycosides, and torvoside Q, a 23-keto-spirostanol glycoside, along with twelve known steroidal saponins were isolated from aerial parts of Solanum torvum. Of the latter, four of the 23-hydroxy-spirostanol glycosides, and, a yamogenin glycoside, were in this plant discovered. All structures were identified from spectroscopic data, and all the compounds were tested for in vitro anti-neutrophilic inflammatory activity. Two compounds showed selective inhibition against elastase release and superoxide anion generation, respectively, by human neutrophils with IC50 values of 5.66 and 3.59 μM, while two others inhibited both inflammatory mediators with IC50 values of 0.66-3.49 μM. Structure-activity relationships are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lin Lee
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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185
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Cuartero MI, Ballesteros I, Moraga A, Nombela F, Vivancos J, Hamilton JA, Corbí ÁL, Lizasoain I, Moro MA. N2 neutrophils, novel players in brain inflammation after stroke: modulation by the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone. Stroke 2013; 44:3498-508. [PMID: 24135932 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.113.002470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neutrophils have been traditionally recognized as major mediators of a deleterious inflammatory response in acute ischemic stroke, but their potential as a therapeutic target remains unexplored. Recent evidence indicates that neutrophils may acquire different phenotypes and contribute to resolution of inflammation through the release of anti-inflammatory mediators. Thus, similar to M2 macrophages, neutrophils have been proposed to shift toward an N2 phenotype, a polarization that is peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ dependent in macrophages. We hypothesize that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ activation with rosiglitazone induces changes in neutrophilic mobilization and phenotype that might influence stroke outcome. METHODS Brain sections and cell suspensions were prepared from mice exposed to permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion. Double immunostaining with stereological counting of brain sections and flow-cytometry analysis of brain cell suspensions were performed. RESULTS Rosiglitazone accelerated neutrophil infiltration to the ischemic core, concomitantly to neuroprotection. Some neutrophils (≈31%) expressed M2 markers, namely Ym1 and CD206 (mannose receptor). After treatment with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist rosiglitazone, most neutrophils (≈77%) acquired an N2 phenotype. Interestingly, rosiglitazone increased neutrophil engulfment by microglia/macrophages, a clearance that preferentially affected the N2 subset. CONCLUSIONS We present the first evidence of neutrophil reprogramming toward an N2 phenotype in brain inflammation, which can be modulated by activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ nuclear receptor. We also show that N2 polarization is associated with an increased neutrophil clearance, thus suggesting that this switch is a crucial event for resolution of inflammation that may participate in neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Cuartero
- From the Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (M.I.C., I.B., A.M., I.L., M.A.M.); Servicio de Neurología and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain (F.N., J.V.); Arthritis and Inflammation Research Centre, University of Melbourne and Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (J.A.H.); and Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain (A.L.C.)
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186
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Nguyen KT, Seth AK, Hong SJ, Geringer MR, Xie P, Leung KP, Mustoe TA, Galiano RD. Deficient cytokine expression and neutrophil oxidative burst contribute to impaired cutaneous wound healing in diabetic, biofilm-containing chronic wounds. Wound Repair Regen 2013; 21:833-41. [PMID: 24118295 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic patients exhibit dysregulated inflammatory and immune responses that predispose them to chronic wound infections and the threat of limb loss. The molecular underpinnings responsible for this have not been well elucidated, particularly in the setting of wound biofilms. This study evaluates host responses in biofilm-impaired wounds using the TallyHo mouse, a clinically relevant polygenic model of type 2 diabetes. No differences in cytokine or Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression were noted in unwounded skin or noninoculated wounds of diabetic and wild-type mice. However, diabetic biofilm-containing wounds had significantly less TLR 2, TLR 4, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α expression than wild-type wounds with biofilm (all p < 0.001). Both groups had similar bacterial burden and neutrophil infiltration after development of biofilms at 3 days postwounding, but diabetic wounds had significantly less neutrophil oxidative burst activity. This translated into a log-fold greater bacterial burden and significant delay of wound epithelization for biofilm-impaired diabetic wounds at 10 days postwounding. These results suggest that impaired recognition of bacterial infection via the TLR pathway leading to inadequate cytokine stimulation of antimicrobial host responses may represent a potential mechanism underlying diabetic susceptibility to wound infection and ulceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khang T Nguyen
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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187
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Fox ED, Heffernan DS, Cioffi WG, Reichner JS. Neutrophils from critically ill septic patients mediate profound loss of endothelial barrier integrity. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2013; 17:R226. [PMID: 24099563 PMCID: PMC4057230 DOI: 10.1186/cc13049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Sepsis is characterized by systemic immune activation and neutrophil-mediated endothelial barrier integrity compromise, contributing to end-organ dysfunction. Studies evaluating endothelial barrier dysfunction induced by neutrophils from septic patients are lacking, despite its clinical significance. We hypothesized that septic neutrophils would cause characteristic patterns of endothelial barrier dysfunction, distinct from experimental stimulation of normal neutrophils, and that treatment with the immunomodulatory drug β-glucan would attenuate this effect. Methods Blood was obtained from critically ill septic patients. Patients were either general surgery patients (Primary Sepsis (PS)) or those with sepsis following trauma (Secondary Sepsis (SS)). Those with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) were identified. Healthy volunteers served as controls. Neutrophils were purified and aliquots were untreated, or treated with fMLP or β-glucan. Endothelial cells were grown to confluence and activated with tissue necrosis factor (TNF)-α . Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) was used to determine monolayer resistance after neutrophils were added. Groups were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results Neutrophils from all septic patients, as well as fMLP-normal neutrophils, reduced endothelial barrier integrity to a greater extent than untreated normal neutrophils (normalized resistance of cells from septic patients at 30 mins = 0.90 ± 0.04; at 60 mins = 0.73 ± 0.6 and at 180 mins = 0.56 ± 0.05; p < 0.05 vs normal). Compared to untreated PS neutrophils, fMLP-treated PS neutrophils caused further loss of barrier function at all time points; no additive effect was noted in stimulation of SS neutrophils beyond 30 min. Neutrophils from ARDS patients caused greater loss of barrier integrity than those from non-ARDS patients, despite similarities in age, sex, septic source, and neutrophil count. Neutrophils obtained after resolution of sepsis caused less barrier dysfunction at all time points. β-glucan treatment of septic patients’ neutrophils attenuated barrier compromise, rendering the effect similar to that induced by neutrophils obtained once sepsis had resolved. Conclusions Neutrophils from septic patients exert dramatic compromise of endothelial barrier integrity. This pattern is mimicked by experimental activation of healthy neutrophils. The effect of septic neutrophils on the endothelium depends upon the initial inflammatory event, correlates with organ dysfunction and resolution of sepsis, and is ameliorated by β-glucan.
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188
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Bryan N, Ashwin H, Chen R, Smart NJ, Bayon Y, Wohlert S, Hunt JA. Evaluation of six synthetic surgical meshes implanted subcutaneously in a rat model. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 10:E305-E315. [PMID: 24123932 DOI: 10.1002/term.1807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The long-term efficacy and mechanical integrity of implanted materials is largely determined by early host response. Therefore, implanting materials with well-characterized tissue responses provides the greatest chance of 'one-hit' surgical successes, without repeated interventions to replace, repair or remove non-compliant biomaterials. Six synthetic meshes were implanted subcutaneously in a rat model to deduce and quantify modulations in host response, based on material fabrication variables. The materials consisted of knitting variations of polypropylene (PP), polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) and polyglycolic acid (PGA) yarns and were implanted for 2, 5, 7, 14 and 28 days before fixation and both semi- and fully quantitative histopathology. In a subcutaneous niche, material weight did not influence foreign body response. PET stimulated earlier inflammation than PP and PGA, which normalized over 28 days. Multifilament meshes recruited foreign body giant cells, which were largely absent from monofilaments. Using CD68, PGA was demonstrated to be the greatest leukocyte-activating polymer at a number of the time points analysed. This research therefore highlights that underlying polymer composition may be more over-arching in deciding the inflammatory properties of surgical meshes, based on increased macrophagic responses to PGA vs alternative base polymers of comparable weights and porosities. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Bryan
- Clinical Engineering (UKCTE), Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | | | - Rui Chen
- Clinical Engineering (UKCTE), Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Neil J Smart
- Exeter Health Sciences Research Unit, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Devon, UK
| | - Yves Bayon
- Covidien-Sofradim Production, Trevoux, France
| | | | - John A Hunt
- Clinical Engineering (UKCTE), Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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The effects of pterostilbene on neutrophil activity in experimental model of arthritis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:106041. [PMID: 24195064 PMCID: PMC3806327 DOI: 10.1155/2013/106041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that pterostilbene inhibits reactive oxygen species production in neutrophils in vitro. However, little is known about its effects on neutrophils during inflammation in vivo. In this study, the effect of pterostilbene on neutrophil activity was investigated in experimental arthritis model. Lewis rats were injected by a single intradermal injection of heat-killed Mycobacterium butyricum in Freund's adjuvant to develop arthritis. Another group of arthritic animals received pterostilbene 30 mg/kg, daily, p.o. The number and activity of neutrophils in blood were measured on a weekly basis during the whole experiment. Moreover, the total radical trapping potential in plasma was measured at the end of the experiment. In the pterostilbene treated arthritic group, the treatment significantly lowered the number of neutrophils in blood on days 14 and 21 without significant downregulation of neutrophil oxidative burst. Pterostilbene nonsignificantly increased total radical trapping potential in arthritic animals. These results indicate that the promising effects of pterostilbene on reactive oxygen species operate by different mechanisms in vitro and in the animal model of inflammation. In conclusion, the positive effects of pterostilbene in the model of arthritis may be attributed to regulation of neutrophil number.
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190
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The subcellular localization of the receptor for platelet-activating factor in neutrophils affects signaling and activation characteristics. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:456407. [PMID: 24069041 PMCID: PMC3773398 DOI: 10.1155/2013/456407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The localization in neutrophils, of the receptor for platelet-activating factor (PAFR), has been determined using subcellular fractionation and a receptor mobilization protocol. We show that the PAFR is expressed primarily in the plasma membrane. Although activation of neutrophils by PAF induces responses typical also of agonists that bind the formyl peptide receptors (FPR), known to be stored in mobilizable organelles, some quantitative as well as qualitative differences were observed when neutrophils were activated through these receptors. PAF is equipotent to fMLF (high affinity agonist for FPR1) to cleave off L-selectin and to induce granule/vesicle secretion but is more potent than fMLF to induce a rise in intracellular Ca2+. Similar to fMLF, PAF induced also a robust release of reactive oxygen species, but with higher EC50 value and was less sensitive to a PI3K inhibitor compared to the fMLF response. Despite the lack of a granule localized storage pool of receptors, the PAF-induced superoxide production could be primed; receptor mobilization was, thus, not required for priming of the PAF response. The desensitized PAFR could not be reactivated, suggesting that distinct signaling pathways are utilized for termination of the responses triggered through FPR1 and PAFR.
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191
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Hirata N, Ishibashi KI, Sato W, Nagi-Miura N, Adachi Y, Ohta S, Ohno N. β-mannosyl linkages inhibit CAWS arteritis by negatively regulating dectin-2-dependent signaling in spleen and dendritic cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2013; 35:594-604. [PMID: 23981001 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2013.830124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS CAWS, Candida albicans water-soluble fraction, is an extracellular mannoprotein produced by C. albicans NBRC1385. It is a ligand of dectin-2, the C-type lectin receptor for innate immunity, and has strong potency for induction of vasculitis in DBA/2 mice. The structure of this mannoprotein is known to be modulated by the culture conditions. To clarify the structure required for vasculitis, CAWSs were prepared in the two culture conditions with or without pH control, and biological properties were compared. METHODS CAWSs prepared by the standard protocol and pH controlled at 7.0 were designated as CAWS and CAWS727, respectively. The antigenicity was detected by the anti-Candida mannan IgG. These chemical structures were assessed by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis and the lectin array system. The in vitro activity of CAWSs was tested by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) induction using bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and spleen cell cultures. RESULTS The antigenicity of CAWS727 was similar to CAWS but the nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed a higher ratio of β-mannosyl linkages were detected in CAWS727. The lectin array showed relative affinities of CAWS727 to α-mannosyl specific lectins were weaker than those of CAWS. CAWS induced severe vasculitis in DBA/2 mice while CAWS727 did not. CAWS significantly induced TNF-α but CAWS727 did slightly. In addition, CAWS-induced TNF-α production was inhibited by mixing with CAWS727 in a concentration dependent manner. CONCLUSION The α-mannosyl linkages of Candida mannan is a key molecule for the immunotoxicity. CAWS727, which conatins β-mannosyl linkages, competitively bound to lectin receptors, and resulted in reductions in the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Hirata
- Department of Pharmacy, Nagano Red Cross Hospital , Nagano , Japan
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192
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Rollet-Labelle E, Vaillancourt M, Marois L, Newkirk MM, Poubelle PE, Naccache PH. Cross-linking of IgGs bound on circulating neutrophils leads to an activation of endothelial cells: possible role of rheumatoid factors in rheumatoid arthritis-associated vascular dysfunction. J Inflamm (Lond) 2013; 10:27. [PMID: 23902799 PMCID: PMC3734015 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-10-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by the presence of circulating auto-antibodies, including rheumatoid factors, which recognize the Fc portion of IgGs. The neutrophil is the most abundant circulating leukocyte and it expresses high levels of FcγRs on its surface. The aim of the present study was to examine the capacity of circulating human neutrophils to be activated by rheumatoid factors and the consequences of these events on endothelium. METHODS Neutrophil-bound IgGs were cross-linked with anti-human IgGs to mimick the presence of circulating rheumatoid factors and FcγRs-dependent signalling events and functions were examined. The IgG and IgM composition of rheumatoid factors isolated from the serum of RA patients was characterized. Adhesion of neutrophils to endothelial cells was quantified in response to the addition of rheumatoid factors. RESULTS Cross-linking of IgGs bound on neutrophils leads to FcγRs-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation, mobilisation of intracellular calcium and the extracellular release of superoxide anions and lysozyme. Incubation of endothelial cells with the supernatant of activated neutrophils increases ICAM-1 expression and IL-8 production by endothelial cells. Finally, rheumatoid factors enhance neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that activation of neutrophils' FcγRs by rheumatoid factors could participate in rheumatoid arthritis-associated vascular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Rollet-Labelle
- Départements de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie et de Médecine, Centre de recherche en rhumatologie et immunologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Myriam Vaillancourt
- Départements de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie et de Médecine, Centre de recherche en rhumatologie et immunologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Louis Marois
- Départements de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie et de Médecine, Centre de recherche en rhumatologie et immunologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marianna M Newkirk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Patrice E Poubelle
- Départements de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie et de Médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Paul H Naccache
- Départements de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie et de Médecine, Centre de recherche en rhumatologie et immunologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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Bioactive secondary metabolites of a marine Bacillus sp. inhibit superoxide generation and elastase release in human neutrophils by blocking formyl peptide receptor 1. Molecules 2013; 18:6455-68. [PMID: 23736784 PMCID: PMC6270428 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18066455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that overwhelming neutrophil activation is closely related to acute and chronic inflammatory injuries. Formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) plays an important role in activation of neutrophils and may represent a potent therapeutic target in inflammatory diseases. In the present study, we demonstrated that IA-LBI07-1 (IA), an extract of bioactive secondary metabolites from a marine Bacillus sp., has anti-inflammatory effects in human neutrophils. IA significantly inhibited superoxide generation and elastase release in formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (FMLP)-activated neutrophils, but failed to suppress the cell responses activated by non-FPR1 agonists. IA did not alter superoxide production and elastase activity in cell-free systems. IA also attenuated the downstream signaling from FPR1, such as the Ca2+, MAP kinases and AKT pathways. In addition, IA inhibited the binding of N-formyl-Nle-Leu-Phe-Nle-Tyr-Lys-fluorescein, a fluorescent analogue of FMLP, to FPR1 in human neutrophils and FPR1-transfected HEK293 cells. Taken together, these results show that the anti-inflammatory effects of IA in human neutrophils are through the inhibition of FPR1. Also, our data suggest that IA may have therapeutic potential to decrease tissue damage induced by human neutrophils.
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194
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Steevels TAM, van Avondt K, Westerlaken GHA, Stalpers F, Walk J, Bont L, Coffer PJ, Meyaard L. Signal inhibitory receptor on leukocytes-1 (SIRL-1) negatively regulates the oxidative burst in human phagocytes. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:1297-308. [PMID: 23436183 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
ROS production is an important effector mechanism mediating intracellular killing of microbes by phagocytes. Inappropriate or untimely ROS production can lead to tissue damage, thus tight regulation is essential. We recently characterized signal inhibitory receptor on leukocytes-1 (SIRL-1) as an inhibitory receptor expressed by human phagocytes. Here, we demonstrate that ligation of SIRL-1 dampens Fc receptor-induced ROS production in primary human phagocytes. In accordance, SIRL-1 engagement on these cells impairs the microbicidal activity of neutrophils, without affecting phagocytosis. The inhibition of ROS production may result from reduced ERK activation, since co-ligation of Fc receptors and SIRL-1 on phagocytes inhibited phosphorylation of ERK. Importantly, we demonstrate that microbial and inflammatory stimuli cause rapid downregulation of SIRL-1 expression on the surface of primary neutrophils and monocytes. In accordance, SIRL-1 expression levels on neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with neutrophilic airway inflammation are greatly reduced. We propose that SIRL-1 on phagocytes sets an activation threshold to prevent inappropriate production of oxygen radicals. Upon infection, SIRL-1 expression is downregulated, allowing microbial killing and clearance of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa A M Steevels
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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195
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Assumpção TCF, Ma D, Schwarz A, Reiter K, Santana JM, Andersen JF, Ribeiro JMC, Nardone G, Yu LL, Francischetti IMB. Salivary antigen-5/CAP family members are Cu2+-dependent antioxidant enzymes that scavenge O₂₋. and inhibit collagen-induced platelet aggregation and neutrophil oxidative burst. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:14341-14361. [PMID: 23564450 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.466995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of the antigen-5/CAP family of proteins found in the salivary gland of bloodsucking animals has remained elusive for decades. Antigen-5 members from the hematophagous insects Dipetalogaster maxima (DMAV) and Triatoma infestans (TIAV) were expressed and discovered to attenuate platelet aggregation, ATP secretion, and thromboxane A2 generation by low doses of collagen (<1 μg/ml) but no other agonists. DMAV did not interact with collagen, glycoprotein VI, or integrin α2β1. This inhibitory profile resembles the effects of antioxidants Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD) in platelet function. Accordingly, DMAV was found to inhibit cytochrome c reduction by O2[Symbol: see text] generated by the xanthine/xanthine oxidase, implying that it exhibits antioxidant activity. Moreover, our results demonstrate that DMAV blunts the luminescence signal of O2[Symbol: see text] generated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated neutrophils. Mechanistically, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that DMAV, like Cu,Zn-SOD, interacts with Cu(2+), which provides redox potential for catalytic removal of O2[Symbol: see text]. Notably, surface plasmon resonance experiments (BIAcore) determined that DMAV binds sulfated glycosaminoglycans (e.g. heparin, KD ~100 nmol/liter), as reported for extracellular SOD. Finally, fractions of the salivary gland of D. maxima with native DMAV contain Cu(2+) and display metal-dependent antioxidant properties. Antigen-5/CAP emerges as novel family of Cu(2+)-dependent antioxidant enzymes that inhibit neutrophil oxidative burst and negatively modulate platelet aggregation by a unique salivary mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa C F Assumpção
- Vector Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Dongying Ma
- Vector Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Alexandra Schwarz
- Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Biology Centre, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Karine Reiter
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
| | - Jaime M Santana
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasília, 70910-900 Brasília, Brazil
| | - John F Andersen
- Vector Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - José M C Ribeiro
- Vector Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Glenn Nardone
- Research Technology Branch, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
| | - Lee L Yu
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8391
| | - Ivo M B Francischetti
- Vector Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892.
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Saito Y, Takahashi I, Iwane K, Okubo N, Nishimura M, Matsuzaka M, Wada N, Miwa T, Umeda T, Nakaji S. The influence of blood glucose on neutrophil function in individuals without diabetes. LUMINESCENCE 2013; 28:569-73. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.2495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ippei Takahashi
- Department of Social Medicine; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; Hirosaki; Aomori; Japan
| | - Kaori Iwane
- Department of Social Medicine; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; Hirosaki; Aomori; Japan
| | - Noriyuki Okubo
- Department of Social Medicine; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; Hirosaki; Aomori; Japan
| | - Miya Nishimura
- Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences; Hirosaki; Aomori; Japan
| | - Masashi Matsuzaka
- Department of Social Medicine; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; Hirosaki; Aomori; Japan
| | | | - Takashi Miwa
- Department of Social Medicine; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; Hirosaki; Aomori; Japan
| | - Takashi Umeda
- Department of Social Medicine; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; Hirosaki; Aomori; Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Nakaji
- Department of Social Medicine; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; Hirosaki; Aomori; Japan
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197
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Alternative erythropoietin-mediated signaling prevents secondary microvascular thrombosis and inflammation within cutaneous burns. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:3513-8. [PMID: 23401545 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1214099110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternate erythropoietin (EPO)-mediated signaling via the heteromeric receptor composed of the EPO receptor and the β-common receptor (CD131) exerts the tissue-protective actions of EPO in various types of injuries. Herein we investigated the effects of the EPO derivative helix beta surface peptide (synonym: ARA290), which specifically triggers alternate EPO-mediated signaling, but does not bind the erythropoietic EPO receptor homodimer, on the progression of secondary tissue damage following cutaneous burns. For this purpose, a deep partial thickness cutaneous burn injury was applied on the back of mice, followed by systemic administration of vehicle or ARA290 at 1, 12, and 24 h postburn. With vehicle-only treatment, wounds exhibited secondary microvascular thrombosis within 24 h postburn, and subsequent necrosis of the surrounding tissue, thus converting to a full-thickness injury within 48 h. On the other hand, when ARA290 was systemically administered, patency of the microvasculature was maintained. Furthermore, ARA290 mitigated the innate inflammatory response, most notably tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated signaling. These findings correlated with long-term recovery of initially injured yet viable tissue components. In conclusion, ARA290 may be a promising therapeutic approach to prevent the conversion of partial- to full-thickness burn injuries. In a clinical setting, the decrease in burn depth and area would likely reduce the necessity for extensive surgical debridement as well as secondary wound closure by means of skin grafting. This use of ARA290 is consistent with its tissue-protective properties previously reported in other models of injury, such as myocardial infarction and hemorrhagic shock.
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198
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Carretta MD, Conejeros I, Hidalgo MA, Burgos RA. Propionate induces the release of granules from bovine neutrophils. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:2507-2520. [PMID: 23403200 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are produced by bacterial fermentation in the rumen of cattle and are the primary energy source in ruminants. Propionate is one of the main SCFA and it can exert multiple effects on the inflammatory process and neutrophil function via calcium (Ca(2+)) release, reactive oxygen species, and intracellular pH changes. However, currently no evidence has shown whether propionate can induce granule release from bovine neutrophils. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of propionate on granule release and to evaluate the expression of two G-protein coupled receptors-GPR41 and GPR43-that are activated by propionate. Neutrophil degranulation was assessed by quantifying the release of the neutrophil enzymes myeloperoxidase (MPO), lactoferrin, and matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) as markers of azurophil, specific granules, and gelatinase granules, respectively. Isolated bovine neutrophils were treated with millimolar concentrations of propionate (0.3, 3 and 30mM), and the cell-free supernatants were recovered. The stimulation of neutrophils with 0.3mM propionate induced the release of lactoferrin and MMP-9 as revealed by ELISA and gelatin zymography, respectively. Propionate at 30mM induced the release of MPO as demonstrated using an enzymatic assay. The role of intracellular Ca(2+) influx and the signaling pathways that may regulate the propionate effect on granules release were also determined. Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and real-time PCR were performed to analyze the expression of GPR41 and GPR43 mRNA in bovine neutrophils. Both mRNA were detected, whereas the expression of GPR43 was higher than that of GPR41, and the synthetic agonists for this receptor, phenylacetamides 1 and 2, caused an increase in intracellular Ca(2+), lactoferrin, and MMP-9 release. These results support that propionate-induced granule release is mediated by intracellular Ca(2+) influx and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase ERK 1/2. We also propose a potential role of GPR43 in propionate-induced granule release from bovine neutrophils that may be involved in regulatory effects of propionate in the innate immune response in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Carretta
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, PO Box 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - I Conejeros
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, PO Box 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - M A Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, PO Box 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - R A Burgos
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, PO Box 567, Valdivia, Chile.
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199
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Gabelloni ML, Trevani AS, Sabatté J, Geffner J. Mechanisms regulating neutrophil survival and cell death. Semin Immunopathol 2013; 35:423-37. [PMID: 23370701 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0364-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils not only play a critical role as a first line of defense against bacteria and fungi infections but also contribute to tissue injury associated with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Neutrophils are rapidly and massively recruited from the circulation into injured tissues displaying an impressive arsenal of toxic weapons. Although effective in their ability to kill pathogens, these weapons were equally effective to induce tissue damage. Therefore, the inflammatory activity of neutrophils must be regulated with exquisite precision and timing, a task mainly achieved through a complex network of mechanisms, which regulate neutrophil survival. Neutrophils have the shortest lifespan among leukocytes and usually die via apoptosis although new forms of cell death have been characterized over the last few years. The lifespan of neutrophils can be dramatically modulated by a large variety of agents such as cytokines, pathogens, danger-associated molecular patterns as well as by pharmacological manipulation. Recent findings shed light about the complex mechanisms responsible for the regulation of neutrophil survival in different physiological, pathological, and pharmacological scenarios. Here, we provide an updated review on the current knowledge and new findings in this field and discuss novel strategies that could be used to drive the resolution of neutrophil-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Laura Gabelloni
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental IMEX, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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200
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Apoptosis in pneumovirus infection. Viruses 2013; 5:406-22. [PMID: 23344499 PMCID: PMC3564127 DOI: 10.3390/v5010406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumovirus infections cause a wide spectrum of respiratory disease in humans and animals. The airway epithelium is the major site of pneumovirus replication. Apoptosis or regulated cell death, may contribute to the host anti-viral response by limiting viral replication. However, apoptosis of lung epithelial cells may also exacerbate lung injury, depending on the extent, the timing and specific location in the lungs. Differential apoptotic responses of epithelial cells versus innate immune cells (e.g., neutrophils, macrophages) during pneumovirus infection can further contribute to the complex and delicate balance between host defense and disease pathogenesis. The purpose of this manuscript is to give an overview of the role of apoptosis in pneumovirus infection. We will examine clinical and experimental data concerning the various pro-apoptotic stimuli and the roles of apoptotic epithelial and innate immune cells during pneumovirus disease. Finally, we will discuss potential therapeutic interventions targeting apoptosis in the lungs.
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