151
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McCollum AK, TenEyck CJ, Stensgard B, Morlan BW, Ballman KV, Jenkins RB, Toft DO, Erlichman C. P-Glycoprotein-mediated resistance to Hsp90-directed therapy is eclipsed by the heat shock response. Cancer Res 2008; 68:7419-27. [PMID: 18794130 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite studies that show the antitumor activity of Hsp90 inhibitors, such as geldanamycin (GA) and its derivative 17-allylamino-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), recent reports indicate that these inhibitors lack significant single-agent clinical activity. Resistance to Hsp90 inhibitors has been previously linked to expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and the multidrug resistant (MDR) phenotype. However, the stress response induced by GA treatment can also cause resistance to Hsp90-targeted therapy. Therefore, we chose to further investigate the relative importance of P-gp and the stress response in 17-AAG resistance. Colony-forming assays revealed that high expression of P-gp could increase the 17-AAG IC(50) 6-fold in cells transfected with P-gp compared with parent cells. A549 cells selected for resistance to GA overexpressed P-gp, but verapamil did not reverse the resistance. These cells also overexpressed Hsp27, and Hsp70 was induced with 17-AAG treatment. When the GA and 17-AAG resistant cells were transfected with Hsp27 and/or Hsp70 small interfering RNA (siRNA), the 17-AAG IC(50) decreased 10-fold compared with control transfected cells. Transfection with siRNA directed against Hsp27, Hsp70, or Hsp27 and Hsp70 also increased sensitivity to EC78, a purine scaffold-based Hsp90 inhibitor that is not a P-gp substrate. We conclude that P-gp may contribute, in part, to resistance to 17-AAG, but induction of stress response proteins, such as Hsp27 and Hsp70, by Hsp90-targeted therapy plays a larger role. Taken together, our results indicate that targeting of Hsp27 and Hsp70 should be exploited to increase the clinical efficacy of Hsp90-directed therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K McCollum
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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152
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Abstract
The heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) chaperone is required for the conformational maturation and stability of multiple oncogenic kinases that drive signal transduction and proliferation of lung cancer cells. The recent demonstration that mutant epidermal growth factor receptor is an Hsp90 client, irrespective of the presence of the secondary threonine-to-methionine amino acid substitution mutation at position 790 mediating anilinoquinazoline resistance, suggests Hsp90 inhibition as a novel strategy against this group of lung cancers. The rarer epidermal growth factor receptors harboring exon 20 insertions and vIII mutations are also Hsp90 clients. Lung cancers may also be driven by mutant ErbB2, mutant B-Raf, or mutant or overexpressed c-Met, all of which are also degraded on Hsp90 inhibition. Hsp90 inhibitors may be synergistic with other drugs that disrupt chaperone function, including inhibitors of histone deacetylase 6 and the proteasome and agents that inhibit Hsp70 function. Hsp90 plays a unique antiapoptotic role in small cell lung cancer cells, so that Hsp90 inhibition results in substantial cell death in both chemosensitive and chemoresistant small cell lung cancer cell lines. Clinically, the geldanamycin compounds are the most mature, with manageable toxic effects. Several new classes of Hsp90 inhibitors are emerging, including purines and pyrazoles that have entered phase 1 trials. The available data suggest that Hsp90 inhibitors should be evaluated in multiple lung cancer subsets.
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153
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Powers MV, Clarke PA, Workman P. Dual targeting of HSC70 and HSP72 inhibits HSP90 function and induces tumor-specific apoptosis. Cancer Cell 2008; 14:250-62. [PMID: 18772114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Revised: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) isoforms contribute to tumorigenesis through their well-documented antiapoptotic activity and via their role as cochaperones for the HSP90 molecular chaperone. HSP70 expression is induced following treatment with HSP90 inhibitors, which may attenuate the cell death effects of this class of inhibitor. Here we show that silencing either heat-shock cognate 70 (HSC70) or HSP72 expression in human cancer cell lines has no effect on HSP90 activity or cell proliferation. However, simultaneously reducing the expression of both of these isoforms induces proteasome-dependent degradation of HSP90 client proteins, G1 cell-cycle arrest, and extensive tumor-specific apoptosis. Importantly, simultaneous silencing of HSP70 isoforms in nontumorigenic cell lines does not result in comparable growth arrest or induction of apoptosis, indicating a potential therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa V Powers
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Pharmacology Team, Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
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154
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Romanucci M, Bastow T, Della Salda L. Heat shock proteins in animal neoplasms and human tumours--a comparison. Cell Stress Chaperones 2008; 13:253-62. [PMID: 18335321 PMCID: PMC2673947 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-008-0030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are implicated in all phases of cancer from proliferation, impaired apoptosis and sustained angiogenesis to invasion and metastasis. The presence of abnormal HSP levels in several human tumours suggests that these proteins could be used as diagnostic and/or prognostic markers, whilst the direct correlation between HSP expression and drug resistance in neoplastic tissues means they could also be used to predict cancer response to specific treatment. HSPs have also been successfully targeted in clinical trials modifying their expression or chaperone activity. Preliminary studies in veterinary medicine have also demonstrated the presence of altered HSP expression in neoplasms, and the study of carcinogenesis and the role of HSPs in animal models will surely be an additional source of information for clinical cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarita Romanucci
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Tania Bastow
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Leonardo Della Salda
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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155
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Flandrin P, Guyotat D, Duval A, Cornillon J, Tavernier E, Nadal N, Campos L. Significance of heat-shock protein (HSP) 90 expression in acute myeloid leukemia cells. Cell Stress Chaperones 2008; 13:357-64. [PMID: 18386162 PMCID: PMC2673940 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-008-0035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2007] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The 90-kDa heat shock protein (HSP90) is implicated in the conformational maturation and stabilization of a variety of client proteins with receptor and signal transduction functions. The objective of this study was to assess its expression in primary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells and to evaluate its biological and clinical significance. The in vitro effects of 17-AAG, a selective inhibitor of HSP90, was also evaluated. Cells from 65 patients with newly diagnosed AML were studied. The expression of HSP90 correlated with that of CD34, p170, and bcl-2 proteins but not with white cell counts, FAB or WHO subtype, or cytogenetics. HSP90 levels were also higher in samples exhibiting an autonomous growth in liquid culture or forming spontaneous colonies. A concomitant constitutive activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT pathways was observed in a majority of samples and was significantly correlated with HSP90 expression. All patients received induction chemotherapy. The percentages of HSP90-, CD34-, bcl-2-, and p170-positive cells were higher in patients who did not attain complete remission. Survival was also shorter in patients with high levels of HSP90. In vitro exposure of leukemic cells to 17-allylamino-demethoxy geldanamycin (17-AAG) resulted in inhibition of growth in liquid and clonogeneic cultures and in apoptosis, at concentrations which in most cases were not toxic for normal CD34-positive or progenitor cells. The concentration inhibiting 50% growth at 72 h in liquid culture correlated with HSP90 expression. Our study suggests that HSP90 is overexpressed in poor-prognosis AML cells and plays a role in cell survival and resistance to chemotherapy. Targeted therapy with 17-AAG represents a promising antileukemic strategy in adult AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Flandrin
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne Cedex 02, France.
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156
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Lin TY, Bear M, Du Z, Foley KP, Ying W, Barsoum J, London C. The novel HSP90 inhibitor STA-9090 exhibits activity against Kit-dependent and -independent malignant mast cell tumors. Exp Hematol 2008; 36:1266-77. [PMID: 18657349 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mutations of the receptor tyrosine kinase Kit occur in several human and canine cancers. While Kit inhibitors have activity in the clinical setting, they possess variable efficacy against particular forms of mutant Kit and drug resistance often develops over time. Inhibitors of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), a chaperone for which Kit is a client protein, have demonstrated activity against human cancers and evidence suggests they downregulate several mutated and imatinib-resistant forms of Kit. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a novel HSP90 inhibitor, STA-9090, against wild-type (WT) and mutant Kit in canine bone marrow-derived cultured mast cells (BMCMCs), malignant mast cell lines, and fresh malignant mast cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS BMCMCs, cell lines, and fresh malignant mast cells were treated with STA-9090, 17-AAG, and SU11654 and evaluated for loss in cell viability, cell death, alterations in HSP90 and Kit expression/signaling, and Kit mutation. STA-9090 activity was tested in a canine mastocytoma xenograft model. RESULTS Treatment of BMCMCs, cell lines, and fresh malignant cells with STA-9090 induced growth inhibition, apoptosis that was caspase-3/7-dependent, and downregulation of phospho/total Kit and Akt, but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) or phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI-3K). Loss of Kit cell-surface expression was also observed. Furthermore, STA-9090 exhibited superior activity to 17-AAG and SU11654, and was effective against malignant mast cells expressing either WT or mutant Kit. Lastly, STA-9090 inhibited tumor growth in a canine mastocytoma mouse xenograft model. CONCLUSIONS STA-9090 exhibits broad activity against mast cells expressing WT or mutant Kit, suggesting it may be an effective agent in the clinical setting against mast cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yin Lin
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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157
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Development and validation of a rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy assay for determination of 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin and 17-(amino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 871:15-21. [PMID: 18635408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive method was developed and validated for the measurement of 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17AAG) and its active metabolite 17-amino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17AG) in human plasma using 17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17DMAG) as an internal standard. After the addition of internal standard, 200 microL of plasma was extracted using ice cold acetonitrile followed by analysis on a Thermo Finnigan triple-quadruple mass spectrometer coupled to an Agilent 1100 HPLC system. Chromatography was carried out on a 50 mm x 2.1 mm Agilent Zorbax SB-phenyl 5 microm column coupled to a 3mm Varian metaguard diphenyl pre-column using glacial acetic acid 0.1% and a gradient of acetonitrile and water at a flow rate of 500 microL/min. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and detection of 17AAG, 17AG and 17DMAG were accomplished using selected reaction monitoring of m/z 584.3>541.3, 544.2>501.2, and 615.3>572.3, respectively in negative ion mode. Retention times for 17AAG, 17AG, and 17DMAG were 4.1, 3.5, and 2.9 min, respectively, with a total run time of 7 min. The assay was linear over the range 0.5-3000 ng/mL for 17AAG and 17AG. Replicate sample analysis indicated within- and between-run accuracy and precision within 15%. The recovery of 17AAG and 17AG from 200 microL of plasma containing 1, 25, 300, and 2500 ng/mL was 93% or greater. This high-performance liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectroscopy (HPLC/MS/MS) method is superior to previous methods. It is the first analytical method reported to date for the quantitation of both 17AAG and its metabolite 17AG and can reliably quantitate concentrations of both compounds as low as 0.5 ng/mL.
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158
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A Phase I Study of 17-Allylamino-17-Demethoxygeldanamycin Combined with Paclitaxel in Patients with Advanced Solid Malignancies. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:3456-61. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-5088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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159
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A New Post-PKS Modification Process in the Carbamoyltransferase Gene Inactivation Strain of Streptomyces hygroscopicus 17997. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2008; 61:347-55. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2008.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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160
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Cao X, Bloomston M, Zhang T, Frankel WL, Jia G, Wang B, Hall NC, Koch RM, Cheng H, Knopp MV, Sun D. Synergistic antipancreatic tumor effect by simultaneously targeting hypoxic cancer cells with HSP90 inhibitor and glycolysis inhibitor. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:1831-9. [PMID: 18347186 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We sought to examine the synergistic antipancreatic cancer effect by simultaneously targeting hypoxic cancer cells with heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitor and blockade of energy production. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The anticancer effects of an HSP90 inhibitor (geldanamycin) in pancreatic cells were investigated in hypoxia and normoxia. A hexokinase II inhibitor, 3-broma-pyruvate (3BrPA), was evaluated for selective glycolysis inhibition in hypoxia as a sensitizer of HSP90 inhibitor against pancreatic cancer. The HSP90 client protein degradation was monitored by Western blot. The synergistic antitumor effect of geldanamycin and 3BrPA was evaluated in a xenograft pancreatic cancer model and monitored by a noninvasive dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Hypoxia enhanced HIF-1alpha expression by 11-fold in pancreatic cancer cells, and HSP90 inhibitor exhibited a seven- to eightfold higher anticancer effect in hypoxia compared with normoxia via HSP90 client protein degradation. 3BrPA selectively inhibited glycolysis and sensitized geldanamycin against pancreatic cancer cells by 17- to 400-fold through HSP90 client protein degradation. The synergistic anticancer effect of reduced doses of geldanamycin and 3-BrPA was confirmed in xenograft models in vivo by more than 75% tumor growth inhibition. CONCLUSIONS The combination of HSP90 inhibitors and glycolysis inhibitors provides preferential inhibition of cancer cells in hypoxia through HSP90 client protein degradation and selective glycolysis inhibition. This may provide a new therapeutic regimen to battle chemotherapy-resistant pancreatic cancers, by enhancing the synergistic therapeutic efficacy and reducing dose-limiting toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhua Cao
- Drug Discovery Support, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
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161
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Ratain MJ, Glassman RH. Reply to the Letter to the Editor from Banerji et al. Clin Cancer Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Ratain
- Cancer Research Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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162
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Banerji U, Affolter A, Judson I, Marais R, Workman P. BRAF and NRAS mutations in melanoma: potential relationships to clinical response to HSP90 inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:737-9. [PMID: 18375819 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic BRAF and NRAS mutations are frequent in malignant melanoma. BRAF that is activated by the common V600E and other mutations, as well as by upstream NRAS mutations, has been shown to require the molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) for stabilization and is depleted by the HSP90 inhibitor 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG)]. Here, we explore the possible relationship between tumor BRAF and NRAS mutations and clinical response to 17-AAG in six patients with metastatic malignant melanoma who received pharmacologically active doses of 17-AAG as part of a phase I clinical trial. One patient with disease stabilization for 49 months had a (G13D)NRAS mutation and (WT)BRAF. A second patient who had stable disease for 15 months had a (V600E)BRAF mutation and (WT)NRAS. These preliminary results suggest that BRAF and NRAS mutation status should be determined in prospective phase II studies of HSP90 inhibitors in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udai Banerji
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Haddow Laboratories, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
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163
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Chandarlapaty S, Sawai A, Ye Q, Scott A, Silinski M, Huang K, Fadden P, Partdrige J, Hall S, Steed P, Norton L, Rosen N, Solit DB. SNX2112, a synthetic heat shock protein 90 inhibitor, has potent antitumor activity against HER kinase-dependent cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:240-8. [PMID: 18172276 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) chaperone plays an important role in transformation by regulating the conformational maturation and stability of oncogenic kinases and transcription factors. Ansamycins, such as 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanmycin (17-AAG), inhibit Hsp90 function; induce the degradation of Hsp90 client proteins such as HER2, and have shown activity in early clinical trials. However, the utility of these drugs has been limited by their hepatotoxicity, poor solubility, and poorly tolerated formulations. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We determined the pharmacodynamic and antitumor properties of a novel, synthetic Hsp90 inhibitor, SNX-2112, in cell culture and xenograft models of HER kinase-dependent cancers. RESULTS We show in a panel of tumor cell lines that SNX-2112 and its prodrug SNX-5542 are Hsp90 inhibitors with properties and potency similar to that of 17-AAG, including: degradation of HER2, mutant epidermal growth factor receptor, and other client proteins, inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and Akt activation, and induction of a Rb-dependent G(1) arrest with subsequent apoptosis. SNX-5542 can be administered to mice orally on a daily schedule. Following oral administration, SNX-5542 is rapidly converted to SNX-2112, which accumulates in tumors relative to normal tissues. A single dose of SNX-5542 causes HER2 degradation and inhibits its downstream signaling for up to 24 h, and daily dosing results in regression of HER2-dependent xenografts. SNX-5542 also shows greater activity than 17-AAG in a non-small cell lung cancer xenograft model expressing mutant EGFR. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that Hsp90 inhibition with SNX-2112 (delivered as a prodrug) may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for tumors whose growth and survival is dependent on Hsp90 clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarat Chandarlapaty
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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164
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Abstract
Oncolytic measles virus strains have activity against multiple tumor types and are currently in phase I clinical testing. Induction of the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) constitutes one of the earliest changes in cellular gene expression following infection with RNA viruses including measles virus, and HSP70 upregulation induced by heat shock has been shown to result in increased measles virus cytotoxicity. HSP90 inhibitors such as geldanamycin (GA) or 17-allylaminogeldanamycin result in pharmacologic upregulation of HSP70 and they are currently in clinical testing as cancer therapeutics. We therefore investigated the hypothesis that heat shock protein inhibitors could augment the measles virus-induced cytopathic effect. We tested the combination of a measles virus derivative expressing soluble human carcinoembryonic antigen (MV-CEA) and GA in MDA-MB-231 (breast), SKOV3.IP (ovarian) and TE671 (rhabdomyosarcoma) cancer cell lines. Optimal synergy was accomplished when GA treatment was initiated 6-24 h following MV infection. Western immunoblotting confirmed HSP70 upregulation in combination-treated cells. Combination treatment resulted in statistically significant increase in syncytia formation as compared to MV-CEA infection alone. Clonogenic assays demonstrated significant decrease in tumor colony formation in MV-CEA/GA combination-treated cells. In addition there was increase in apoptosis by 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining. Western immunoblotting for caspase-9, caspase-8, caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) demonstrated increase in cleaved caspase-8 and PARP. The pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK and caspase-8 inhibitor Z-IETD-FMK, but not the caspase-9 inhibitor Z-IEHD-FMK, protected tumor cells from MV-CEA/GA-induced PARP activation, indicating that apoptosis in combination-treated cells occurs mainly via the extrinsic caspase pathway. Treatment of normal cells, such as normal human fibroblasts, however, with the MV-CEA/GA combination, did not result in cytopathic effect, indicating that GA did not alter the MV-CEA specificity for tumor cells. One-step viral growth curves, western immunoblotting for MV-N protein expression, QRT-PCR quantitation of MV-genome copy number and CEA levels showed comparable proliferation of MV-CEA in GA-treated vs -untreated tumor cells. Rho activation assays and western blot for total RhoA, a GTPase associated with the actin cytoskeleton, demonstrated decrease in RhoA activation in combination-treated cells, a change previously shown to be associated with increase in paramyxovirus-induced cell-cell fusion. The enhanced cytopathic effect resulting from measles virus/GA combination supports the translational potential of this approach in the treatment of cancer.
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165
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166
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Chan CT, Paulmurugan R, Gheysens OS, Kim J, Chiosis G, Gambhir SS. Molecular imaging of the efficacy of heat shock protein 90 inhibitors in living subjects. Cancer Res 2008; 68:216-26. [PMID: 18172314 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 alpha (Hsp90 alpha)/p23 and Hsp90 beta/p23 interactions are crucial for proper folding of proteins involved in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Small molecule Hsp90 inhibitors block Hsp90 alpha/p23 and Hsp90 beta/p23 interactions in part by preventing ATP binding to Hsp90. The importance of isoform-selective Hsp90 alpha/p23 and Hsp90 beta/p23 interactions in determining the sensitivity to Hsp90 was examined using 293T human kidney cancer cells stably expressing split Renilla luciferase (RL) reporters. Interactions between Hsp90 alpha/p23 and Hsp90 beta/p23 in the split RL reporters led to complementation of RL activity, which was determined by bioluminescence imaging of intact cells in cell culture and living mice using a cooled charge-coupled device camera. The three geldanamycin-based and seven purine-scaffold Hsp90 inhibitors led to different levels of inhibition of complemented RL activities (10-70%). However, there was no isoform selectivity to both classes of Hsp90 inhibitors in cell culture conditions. The most potent Hsp90 inhibitor, PU-H71, however, led to a 60% and 30% decrease in RL activity (14 hr) in 293T xenografts expressing Hsp90 alpha/p23 and Hsp90 beta/p23 split reporters respectively, relative to carrier control-treated mice. Molecular imaging of isoform-specific Hsp90 alpha/p23 and Hsp90 beta/p23 interactions and efficacy of different classes of Hsp90 inhibitors in living subjects have been achieved with a novel genetically encoded reporter gene strategy that should help in accelerating development of potent and isoform-selective Hsp90 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel T Chan
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5427, USA
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167
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He W, Lei J, Liu Y, Wang Y. The LuxR family members GdmRI and GdmRII are positive regulators of geldanamycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces hygroscopicus 17997. Arch Microbiol 2008; 189:501-10. [PMID: 18214443 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-007-0346-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The recent sequencing of the DNA region of the geldanamycin post-polyketide synthase (PKS) modification gene clusters revealed the presence of two regulatory genes: gdmRI (2,907 bp) and gdmRII (2,766 bp). The deduced products of gdmRI and gdmRII (968 and 921 amino acid residues, respectively) were identified as homologues of the LuxR transcriptional regulatory proteins. Inactivation by gene replacement of gdmRI or gdmRII in the Streptomyces hygroscopicus 17997 genome resulted in a complete loss of geldanamycin production. Complementation by a plasmid carrying gdmRI or gdmRII restored geldanamycin production, suggesting that the products of these two regulatory genes are positive regulators that are required for geldanamycin biosynthesis. The gdmRI transcript was detected in the DeltagdmRII mutant, and the gdmRII was detected in the DeltagdmRI mutant, indicating that the two genes are transcribed independently and do not regulate each other. Time course of gene expression analysis by RT-PCR of the geldanamycin biosynthetic genes showed that the transcription of gdmRI and gdmRII correlates with that of genes involved in polyketide biosynthesis, but not with the post-PKS modification gene gdmN, whose transcription is initiated earlier. gdmRI or gdmRII gene disruptants did not transcribe the polyketide biosynthetic related genes pks, gdmF, and gdnA-O-P, but did trancribe gdmN. These results demonstrated that gdmRI and gdmRII are pathway-specific positive regulators that control the polyketide biosynthetic genes in geldanamycin biosynthesis, but not the post-PKS modification gene, gdmN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing He
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Ministry of Health, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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168
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Gray PJ, Stevenson MA, Calderwood SK. Targeting Cdc37 inhibits multiple signaling pathways and induces growth arrest in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 2008; 67:11942-50. [PMID: 18089825 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-3162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Members of the 90-kDa heat shock protein (HSP90) family are known to bind and stabilize intermediates in a wide variety of cell signaling pathways and contribute to their dysregulation in cancer. An important intracellular cofactor for HSP90 is Cdc37, a protein with a broad role in fostering the activities of protein kinases. By targeting Cdc37 using RNA interference, we have shown that the loss of Cdc37 function induces irreversible growth arrest in androgen receptor-positive and -negative prostate carcinoma cells. In contrast to HSP90-directed agents, Cdc37 targeting seems to affect cancer cells through a distinct mechanism and does not significantly deplete the intracellular levels of most known HSP90 client proteins. Instead, Cdc37 depletion inhibits cellular kinase activity and flux through growth-promoting signal transduction cascades. We show that the loss of Cdc37 leads to reduced activity of the Erk, Akt, mTOR, and androgen-induced pathways. We have also discovered synergistic interactions between Cdc37 inactivation and the HSP90-inhibitory anticancer drug 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17AAG). These interactions involve enhanced degradation of proteins essential for growth and inhibition of 17AAG-induced expression of the antiapoptotic HSP70. Thus, Cdc37 is essential for maintaining prostate tumor cell growth and may represent a novel target in the search for multitargeted therapies based on the HSP90 chaperone system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip J Gray
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Banerji U, Sain N, Sharp SY, Valenti M, Asad Y, Ruddle R, Raynaud F, Walton M, Eccles SA, Judson I, Jackman AL, Workman P. An in vitro and in vivo study of the combination of the heat shock protein inhibitor 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin and carboplatin in human ovarian cancer models. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2008; 62:769-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-007-0662-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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170
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Sidera K, Gaitanou M, Stellas D, Matsas R, Patsavoudi E. A Critical Role for HSP90 in Cancer Cell Invasion Involves Interaction with the Extracellular Domain of HER-2. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:2031-41. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701803200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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171
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Lee K, Ryu JS, Jin Y, Kim W, Kaur N, Chung SJ, Jeon YJ, Park JT, Bang JS, Lee HS, Kim TY, Lee JJ, Hong YS. Synthesis and anticancer activity of geldanamycin derivatives derived from biosynthetically generated metabolites. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:340-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b713407j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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172
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Modi S, Stopeck AT, Gordon MS, Mendelson D, Solit DB, Bagatell R, Ma W, Wheler J, Rosen N, Norton L, Cropp GF, Johnson RG, Hannah AL, Hudis CA. Combination of trastuzumab and tanespimycin (17-AAG, KOS-953) is safe and active in trastuzumab-refractory HER-2 overexpressing breast cancer: a phase I dose-escalation study. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:5410-7. [PMID: 18048823 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.11.7960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This phase I study examined whether a heat shock protein (Hsp) 90 inhibitor tanespimycin (17-AAG; KOS-953) could be administered safely in combination with trastuzumab at a dose that inhibits Hsp90 function in vivo in lymphocytes. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with an advanced solid tumor progressing during standard therapy were eligible. Patients were treated with weekly trastuzumab followed by intravenous tanespimycin, assessed in escalating dose levels. RESULTS Twenty-five patients were enrolled onto four tanespimycin dose levels: 225 (n = 4), 300 (n = 3), 375 (n = 8), and 450 mg/m2 (n = 10). Dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) was observed at the third and fourth cohort (1 patient each): more than 2-week delay for grade 4 fatigue/grade 2 nausea and anorexia (375 mg/m2); more than 2-week delay for thrombocytopenia (450 mg/m2). Drug-related grade 3 toxicity included emesis, increased ALT, hypersensitivity reactions (two patients each), and drug-induced thrombocytopenia (n = 1). Common mild to moderate toxicities included fatigue, nausea, diarrhea, emesis, headache, rash/pruritus, increased AST/ALT, and anorexia. Pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated no difference in tanespimycin kinetics with or without trastuzumab. Pharmacodynamic testing showed reactive induction of Hsp70 (a marker of Hsp90 inhibition) in lymphocytes at all dose levels. Antitumor activity was noted (partial response, n = 1; minor response, n = 4; stable disease > or = 4 months, n = 4). Tumor regressions were seen only in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2)-positive metastatic breast cancer. CONCLUSION Tanespimycin plus trastuzumab is well tolerated and has antitumor activity in patients with HER-2+ breast cancer whose tumors have progressed during treatment with trastuzumab. These data suggest that Hsp90 function can be inhibited in vivo to a degree sufficient to cause inhibition of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanu Modi
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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173
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A new era in prostate cancer therapy: new targets and novel therapeutics. Target Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11523-007-0067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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174
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Johnson AJ, Wagner AJ, Cheney CM, Smith LL, Lucas DM, Guster SK, Grever MR, Lin TS, Byrd JC. Rituximab and 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin induce synergistic apoptosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2007; 139:837-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06878.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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175
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Brough PA, Aherne W, Barril X, Borgognoni J, Boxall K, Cansfield JE, Cheung KMJ, Collins I, Davies NGM, Drysdale MJ, Dymock B, Eccles SA, Finch H, Fink A, Hayes A, Howes R, Hubbard RE, James K, Jordan AM, Lockie A, Martins V, Massey A, Matthews TP, McDonald E, Northfield CJ, Pearl LH, Prodromou C, Ray S, Raynaud FI, Roughley SD, Sharp SY, Surgenor A, Walmsley DL, Webb P, Wood M, Workman P, Wright L. 4,5-diarylisoxazole Hsp90 chaperone inhibitors: potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer. J Med Chem 2007; 51:196-218. [PMID: 18020435 DOI: 10.1021/jm701018h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the Hsp90 molecular chaperone are showing considerable promise as potential chemotherapeutic agents for cancer. Here, we describe the structure-based design, synthesis, structure-activity relationships and pharmacokinetics of potent small-molecule inhibitors of Hsp90 based on the 4,5-diarylisoxazole scaffold. Analogues from this series have high affinity for Hsp90, as measured in a fluorescence polarization (FP) competitive binding assay, and are active in cancer cell lines where they inhibit proliferation and exhibit a characteristic profile of depletion of oncogenic proteins and concomitant elevation of Hsp72. Compound 40f (VER-52296/NVP-AUY922) is potent in the Hsp90 FP binding assay (IC50 = 21 nM) and inhibits proliferation of various human cancer cell lines in vitro, with GI50 averaging 9 nM. Compound 40f is retained in tumors in vivo when administered i.p., as evaluated by cassette dosing in tumor-bearing mice. In a human colon cancer xenograft model, 40f inhibits tumor growth by approximately 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Brough
- Vernalis Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GB, U.K. p.brough@ vernalis.com
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Williams CR, Tabios R, Linehan WM, Neckers L. Intratumor injection of the Hsp90 inhibitor 17AAG decreases tumor growth and induces apoptosis in a prostate cancer xenograft model. J Urol 2007; 178:1528-32. [PMID: 17707057 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2007.05.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A role for heat shock protein 90 inhibitors in prostate cancer has been explored only in the context of systemic treatment of refractory metastatic disease. We hypothesized that intratumor administration of heat shock protein 90 inhibitors may have benefit for treating localized prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twice weekly intratumor injections of 50 mg/kg 17AAG (treatment group of 8 mice) or dimethyl sulfoxide (control group of 8) were performed in subcutaneously grown DU-145 prostate cancer xenografts for a total of 8 doses. Tumor size was monitored. An additional tumor nonintervention control group of 3 mice was maintained. RESULTS Seven of the 8 mice (88%) in the 17AAG group lived to study completion, of which 6 (86%) showed decreased tumor size and growth rate compared to those of vehicle treated controls (p <0.05). Gross necropsy, and tumor histological and molecular evaluations were performed after sacrifice. No overt signs of systemic toxicity, evidence of distant metastases or peritumor tissue effects were noted. Histologically 17AAG treated tumors were characterized by marked necrosis, inflammation and complete destruction of cellular architecture. Intratumor 17AAG treatment also resulted in pharmacodynamic changes consistent with apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS The current data demonstrate that intratumor administration of 17AAG promotes tumor growth inhibition, pertinent client protein responses and localized induction of apoptosis together with minimal clinical toxicity. These data support further preclinical evaluation of this treatment modality alone and in combination with other established noninvasive therapy for localized prostate cancer.
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177
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Burkitt M, Magee C, O'Connor D, Campbell F, Cornford P, Greenhalf W. Potentiation of chemotherapeutics by the Hsp90 antagonist geldanamycin requires a steady serum condition. Mol Carcinog 2007; 46:466-75. [PMID: 17219417 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of Hsp90 potentiates diverse chemotherapeutics, but it is not clear if this applies only to specific agents, tumor types or conditions. The aim of this report is to determine the effect of serum starvation (SS) on potentiation. SUIT2 cells were cultured with and without the presence of serum and 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays were carried out at time intervals. Cytotoxic agents were added individually or in combination. Immunohistochemistry of tumor samples and immunofluorescence of cultured cells were used to examine Hsp90 localization. In the presence of serum an at least additive effect of combining the Hsp90 inhibitor geldanamycin (GA) with 5-fluorouracil (5FU) was demonstrated. Following pretreatment with GA, 5FU and GA were synergistic. However, during SS GA was protective against 5FU. Geldanamycin also protected cells from 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) during SS. Protection of cells is transitory, as after 24 h of SS GA again has an at least additive negative effect on vitality with 5FU or TPA. Serum starvation of pancreatic cancer cell lines causes normally largely cytoplasmic Hsp90 to become predominantly nuclear localized. Hsp90 nuclear localization was observed in pancreatic and prostate tumors. Hsp90 binding to a pro-apoptotic client could explain the transitory protection of cells by Hsp90 inhibition during SS. Although potentiation of chemotherapeutics by Hsp90 inhibition is probably a general phenomenon, design of clinical trials should take into account that continuous co-administration may be ineffective because of a balance of synergy of the drugs in some cells and mutual inhibition of the two drug activities in other cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Burkitt
- Division of Gastroenterology, Liverpool University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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178
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Niikura Y, Dixit A, Scott R, Perkins G, Kitagawa K. BUB1 mediation of caspase-independent mitotic death determines cell fate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 178:283-96. [PMID: 17620410 PMCID: PMC2064447 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200702134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The spindle checkpoint that monitors kinetochore–microtubule attachment has been implicated in tumorigenesis; however, the relation between the spindle checkpoint and cell death remains obscure. In BUB1-deficient (but not MAD2-deficient) cells, conditions that activate the spindle checkpoint (i.e., cold shock or treatment with nocodazole, paclitaxel, or 17-AAG) induced DNA fragmentation during early mitosis. This mitotic cell death was independent of caspase activation; therefore, we named it caspase-independent mitotic death (CIMD). CIMD depends on p73, a homologue of p53, but not on p53. CIMD also depends on apoptosis-inducing factor and endonuclease G, which are effectors of caspase-independent cell death. Treatment with nocodazole, paclitaxel, or 17-AAG induced CIMD in cell lines derived from colon tumors with chromosome instability, but not in cells from colon tumors with microsatellite instability. This result was due to low BUB1 expression in the former cell lines. When BUB1 is completely depleted, aneuploidy rather than CIMD occurs. These results suggest that cells prone to substantial chromosome missegregation might be eliminated via CIMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Niikura
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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180
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Weigel BJ, Blaney SM, Reid JM, Safgren SL, Bagatell R, Kersey J, Neglia JP, Ivy SP, Ingle AM, Whitesell L, Gilbertson RJ, Krailo M, Ames M, Adamson PC. A phase I study of 17-allylaminogeldanamycin in relapsed/refractory pediatric patients with solid tumors: a Children's Oncology Group study. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:1789-93. [PMID: 17363534 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-2270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the recommended phase 2 dose, dose-limiting toxicities (DLT), pharmacokinetic profile, and pharmacodynamics of the heat shock protein (Hsp) 90 inhibitor, 17-allylaminogeldanamycin (17-AAG). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 17-AAG was administered as a 60-min infusion, on days 1, 4, 8, and 11 of a 21-day cycle at dose levels of 150, 200, 270, and 360 mg/m(2)/dose. Pharmacokinetic studies and evaluations for Hsp72 and Akt levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were done during the first course of therapy. RESULTS Seventeen patients (7 males), median 7 years of age (range, 1-19 years), were enrolled using a standard dose escalation scheme. No DLTs were observed. Although there were no objective responses, three patients remain on therapy at 6+, 7+, and 9+ months with stable disease. One patient with hepatoblastoma had a reduction in alpha-fetoprotein and stable disease over three cycles. At 270 mg/m(2)/dose, the C(max) and areas under the plasma concentration-time curves of 17-AAG were 5,303 +/- 1,591 ng/mL and 13,656 +/- 4,757 ng/mL h, respectively, similar to the exposure in adults. The mean terminal half-life for 17-AAG was 3.24 +/- 0.80 h. Induction of Hsp72, a surrogate marker for inhibition of Hsp90, was detected at the 270 mg/m(2) dose level. CONCLUSIONS Drug exposures consistent with those required for anticancer activity in preclinical models were achieved without DLT. Evidence for drug-induced modulation of Hsp90 systemically was also detected. The recommended phase II dose of 17-AAG is 360 mg/m(2)/d. Non-DMSO-containing formulations may improve acceptance of this drug by children and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda J Weigel
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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181
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Solit DB, Ivy SP, Kopil C, Sikorski R, Morris MJ, Slovin SF, Kelly WK, DeLaCruz A, Curley T, Heller G, Larson S, Schwartz L, Egorin MJ, Rosen N, Scher HI. Phase I trial of 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin in patients with advanced cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:1775-82. [PMID: 17363532 PMCID: PMC3203693 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To define the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), toxicities, and pharmacokinetics of 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) when administered using continuous and intermittent dosing schedules. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients with progressive solid tumor malignancies were treated with 17-AAG using an accelerated titration dose escalation schema. The starting dose and schedule were 5 mg/m(2) daily for 5 days with cycles repeated every 21 days. Dosing modifications based on safety, pharmacodynamic modeling, and clinical outcomes led to the evaluation of the following schedules: daily x 3 repeated every 14 days; twice weekly (days 1, 4, 8, and 11) for 2 weeks every 3 weeks; and twice weekly (days 1 and 4) without interruption. During cycle 1, blood was collected for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies. RESULTS Fifty-four eligible patients were treated. The MTD was schedule dependent: 56 mg/m(2) on the daily x 5 schedule; 112 mg/m(2) on the daily x 3 schedule; and 220 mg/m(2) on the days 1, 4, 8, and 11 every-21-day schedule. Continuous twice-weekly dosing was deemed too toxic because of delayed hepatotoxicity. Hepatic toxicity was also dose limiting with the daily x 5 schedule. Other common toxicities encountered were fatigue, myalgias, and nausea. This latter adverse effect may have been attributable, in part, to the DMSO-based formulation. Concentrations of 17-AAG above those required for activity in preclinical models could be safely achieved in plasma. Induction of a heat shock response and down-regulation of Akt and Raf-1 were observed in biomarker studies. CONCLUSION The MTD and toxicity profile of 17-AAG were schedule dependent. Intermittent dosing schedules were less toxic and are recommended for future phase II studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Solit
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - S. Percy Ivy
- Investigational Drug Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Centers, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Catherine Kopil
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Rachel Sikorski
- Molecular Therapeutics/Drug Discovery Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael J. Morris
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Susan F. Slovin
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - W. Kevin Kelly
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Anthony DeLaCruz
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Tracy Curley
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Glenn Heller
- Department of Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Steven Larson
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Lawrence Schwartz
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Merrill J. Egorin
- Molecular Therapeutics/Drug Discovery Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Neal Rosen
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Howard I. Scher
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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Stellas D, Karameris A, Patsavoudi E. Monoclonal antibody 4C5 immunostains human melanomas and inhibits melanoma cell invasion and metastasis. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:1831-8. [PMID: 17363539 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor cell metastasis constitutes a major problem in the treatment of cancer. Because the cure rate of metastatic tumors is very low, new therapeutic approaches are needed. Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a molecular chaperone that is recognized as a new target for the treatment of cancer. Here, we examine the value of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against HSP90, mAb 4C5, as a potential marker in malignant melanomas. Moreover, we investigate the possibility to use mAb 4C5 as an inhibitor of melanoma cell invasion and metastasis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Paraffin blocks of formalin-fixed human melanoma tumor tissues were used to prepare tissue microarrays. The B16 F10 melanoma cell line was used in all the in vitro experiments. To assess melanoma cell invasion, the wound-healing assay and the Matrigel invasion assay were applied. To evaluate the effect of mAb 4C5 on tumor metastasis, we used an experimental model of metastatic melanoma. RESULTS Immunohistochemical studies done on a panel of malignant melanomas showed positive immunostaining with mAb 4C5 in all cases. mAb 4C5 inhibits B16 F10 cell invasion by binding to surface HSP90 because it is not internalized. mAb 4C5 significantly inhibits melanoma metastasis in C57BL/6 mice inoculated with B16 F10 cells. CONCLUSIONS mAb 4C5 could be potentially used as a novel specific marker for malignant melanomas. mAb 4C5 inhibits melanoma cell invasion in vitro by binding to cell surface HSP90 expressed on B16 F10 melanoma cells. Finally, this antibody significantly inhibits melanoma metastasis, thus rendering it a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Stellas
- Department of Medical Instrumentation, Technological Educational Institution of Athens, Athens, Greece
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183
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Bagatell R, Gore L, Egorin MJ, Ho R, Heller G, Boucher N, Zuhowski EG, Whitlock JA, Hunger SP, Narendran A, Katzenstein HM, Arceci RJ, Boklan J, Herzog CE, Whitesell L, Ivy SP, Trippett TM. Phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of 17-N-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin in pediatric patients with recurrent or refractory solid tumors: a pediatric oncology experimental therapeutics investigators consortium study. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:1783-8. [PMID: 17363533 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is essential for the posttranslational control of many regulators of cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. 17-N-Allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) binds to Hsp90 and alters levels of proteins regulated by Hsp90. We conducted a phase I trial of 17-AAG in pediatric patients with recurrent or refractory neuroblastoma, Ewing's sarcoma, osteosarcoma, and desmoplastic small round cell tumor to determine the maximum tolerated dose, define toxicity and pharmacokinetic profiles, and generate data about molecular target modulation. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Escalating doses of 17-AAG were administered i.v. over 1 to 2 h twice weekly for 2 weeks every 21 days until patients experienced disease progression or toxicity. harmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies were done during cycle 1. RESULTS Fifteen patients were enrolled onto dose levels between 150 and 360 mg/m(2); 13 patients were evaluable for toxicity. The maximum tolerated dose was 270 mg/m(2). DLTs were grade 3 transaminitis and hypoxia. Two patients with osteosarcoma and bulky pulmonary metastases died during cycle 1 and were not evaluable for toxicity. No objective responses were observed. 17-AAG pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients were linear; clearance and half-life were 21.6 +/- 6.21 (mean +/- SD) L/h/m(2) and 2.6 +/- 0.95 h, respectively. Posttherapy increases in levels of the inducible isoform of Hsp70, a marker of target modulation, were detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells at all dose levels. CONCLUSION 17-AAG was well tolerated at a dose of 270 mg/m(2) administered twice weekly for 2 of 3 weeks. Caution should be used in treatment of patients with bulky pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle Bagatell
- Department of Pediatrics and Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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184
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Yao Q, Weigel B, Kersey J. Synergism between etoposide and 17-AAG in leukemia cells: critical roles for Hsp90, FLT3, topoisomerase II, Chk1, and Rad51. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:1591-600. [PMID: 17332306 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE DNA-damaging agents, such as etoposide, while clinically useful in leukemia therapy, are limited by DNA repair pathways that are not well understood. 17-(Allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), an inhibitor of the molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in FLT3(+) leukemia cells. In this study, we evaluated the effects of etoposide and 17-AAG in leukemia cells and the roles of Hsp90, FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3), checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1), Rad51, and topoisomerase II in this inhibition. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The single and combined effects of 17-AAG and etoposide and the mechanism of these effects were evaluated. FLT3 and the DNA repair-related proteins, Chk1 and Rad51, were studied in small interfering RNA (siRNA)-induced cell growth inhibition experiments in human leukemia cells with wild-type or mutated FLT3. RESULTS We found that etoposide and the Hsp90/FLT3 inhibitor 17-AAG, had synergistic inhibitory effects on FLT3(+) MLL-fusion gene leukemia cells. Cells with an internal tandem duplication (ITD) FLT3 (Molm13 and MV4;11) were more sensitive to etoposide/17-AAG than leukemias with wild-type FLT3 (HPB-Null and RS4;11). A critical role for FLT3 was shown in experiments with FLT3 ligand and siRNA targeted to FLT3. An important role for topoisomerase II and the DNA repair-related proteins, Chk1 and Rad51, in the synergistic effects was suggested from the results. CONCLUSIONS The repair of potentially lethal DNA damage by etoposide in leukemia cells is dependent on intact and functioning FLT3 especially leukemias with ITD-FLT3. These data suggest a rational therapeutic strategy for FLT3(+) leukemias that combines etoposide or other DNA-damaging agents with Hsp90/FLT3 inhibitors such as 17-AAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yao
- The Cancer Center, University of Minnesota MMC 806, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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185
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Huang Y, Blower PE, Liu R, Dai Z, Pham AN, Moon H, Fang J, Sadée W. Chemogenomic Analysis Identifies Geldanamycins as Substrates and Inhibitors of ABCB1. Pharm Res 2007; 24:1702-12. [PMID: 17457659 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9300-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A prerequisite for geldanamycin (GA, NSC122750) to targeting heat shock protein 90 and inhibiting tumor growth is sufficient intracellular drug accumulation. We hypothesized that membrane transporters on tumor cells determine at least in part the response to GA analogues. MATERIALS AND METHODS To facilitate a systematic study of chemosensitivity across a group of GA analogues with similar chemical structures, we correlated mRNA expression profiles of most known transporters with growth inhibitory potencies of compounds in 60 tumor cell lines (NCI-60). We subsequently validated the gene-drug correlations using cytotoxicity and transport assays. RESULTS Geldanamycin analogues displayed a range of negative correlations coefficients with ABCB1 (MDR1, or P-glycoprotein) expression. Suppressing ABCB1 in multidrug resistant cells (NCI/ADR-RES and K562/DOX) and ABCB1-transfected cells (BC19) increased sensitivity to GA analogues, as expected for substrates. Moreover, ABCB1-mediated efflux of daunorubicin in K562/DOX cells could be blocked markedly by GA analogues in a dose-dependent fashion. The IC(50) values (half-maximum inhibition of daunorubicin efflux) were 5.5, 7.3 and 12 muM for macbecin II (NSC330500), 17-AAG (NSC330507) and GA, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These observations demonstrate that GA analogues are substrates as well as inhibitors of ABCB1, suggesting that drug interactions between GA analogues and other agents that are ABCB1 substrates may occur via ABCB1 in normal or tumor cells.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/physiology
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Benzoquinones/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Humans
- K562 Cells
- Lactams, Macrocyclic/pharmacology
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA.
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186
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Eiseman JL, Guo J, Ramanathan RK, Belani CP, Solit DB, Scher HI, Ivy SP, Zuhowski EG, Egorin MJ. Evaluation of Plasma Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2 and Her-2 Extracellular Domain as Biomarkers for 17-Allylamino-17-Demethoxygeldanamycin Treatment of Adult Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:2121-7. [PMID: 17404095 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-2286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Interaction of 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) with heat shock protein 90 results in proteasomal degradation of many proteins, including Her-2-neu, with subsequent decreased expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2). Concentrations of both IGFBP-2 and Her-2 extracellular domain (Her-2 ECD) in sera of mice bearing BT474 human breast cancer xenografts decrease after 17-AAG treatment. We investigated whether this phenomenon occurred in patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight to 15 plasma samples were obtained between 0 and 72 h from 27 patients treated with single-agent 17-AAG at doses between 10 and 307 mg/m(2) and 18 patients treated with 17-AAG at doses between 220 and 450 mg/m(2) combined with 70 to 75 mg/m(2) of docetaxel. Pretreatment plasma samples were also obtained from 12 healthy volunteers. Plasma IGFBP-2 and Her-2 ECD concentrations were quantitated by ELISA. RESULTS Pretreatment plasma IGFBP-2 concentrations in patients (171 +/- 116 ng/mL) were 2-fold higher than those in healthy volunteers (85 +/- 44 ng/mL; P < 0.05). Following 17-AAG treatment, there were no consistent dose-dependent or time-dependent changes in plasma IGFBP-2 and Her-2 ECD concentrations. IGFBP-2 concentrations decreased by >or=40% in 8 patients, increased 2- to 5-fold in 8 patients, and remained essentially unchanged in 29 patients. Her-2 ECD concentrations decreased by >or=40% in 10 patients, increased 1.5- to 5-fold in 2 patients, and remained essentially unchanged in 25 patients. CONCLUSIONS As previously reported, IGFBP-2 concentrations in plasma of cancer patients are significantly higher than those in healthy volunteers. In contrast to a mouse model, 17-AAG treatment was not consistently associated with decreases in IGFBP-2 or Her-2 ECD concentrations in patient plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L Eiseman
- Molecular Therapeutics/Drug Discovery Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-1863, USA.
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187
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Taplin ME. Drug Insight: role of the androgen receptor in the development and progression of prostate cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 4:236-44. [PMID: 17392714 DOI: 10.1038/ncponc0765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Functional androgen receptor (AR) signaling is necessary for the development of prostate cancer. The therapeutic effect of androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer was described over 60 years ago and this treatment remains the mainstay of systemic therapy despite its transient response duration. It has become clear that AR expression and signaling remains intact as the disease evolves from androgen-sensitive cancer to classically (but perhaps inaccurately) termed hormone refractory prostate cancer. Through several genetic and epigenetic adaptations, prostate tumors continue to rely on AR growth signaling and they thus remain targets of 'hormonal' therapy. The development of new strategies and drugs that can abrogate AR signaling will probably result in important clinical benefits. The biology of androgen independence and the development of new approaches targeting AR signaling are reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Ellen Taplin
- Harvard Medical School, Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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188
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Boddy AV. Recent developments in the clinical pharmacology of classical cytotoxic chemotherapy. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 62:27-34. [PMID: 16842376 PMCID: PMC1885069 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2006.02714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in analytical methods, imaging techniques and an increased understanding of the influence of pharmacogenetic factors have added to our knowledge of the pharmacology of many chemotherapeutic agents. Extending the use of these approaches to pharmacodynamic end-points, together with the application of population-based modelling techniques, offers the potential to develop truly individualized therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan V Boddy
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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189
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Furth AF, Mandrekar SJ, Tan AD, Rau A, Felten SJ, Ames MM, Adjei AA, Erlichman C, Reid JM. A limited sample model to predict area under the drug concentration curve for 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin and its active metabolite 17-(amino)-17-demethoxygeldanomycin. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2007; 61:39-45. [PMID: 17909811 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-007-0443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Hsp90-directed anticancer agent 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) is currently undergoing phase I and phase II clinical investigation. Our goal was to develop a simple limited sampling model (LSM) for AUC of 17-AAG and its active metabolite, 17-(amino)-17-demethoxygeldanomycin (17-AG) using drug concentrations from a few time points. METHODS Pharmacokinetic data from 34 patients treated at 11 dose levels on a Mayo Clinic Cancer Center phase I clinical trial of 17-AAG was utilized. Blood samples were collected at 11 different time points, spanning 25 h. Graphical methods and correlations were used to assess functional forms and univariate relationships. Multivariate linear regression and bootstrap resampling were used to develop the LSM. RESULTS Using log-transformed data, the two and three time point 17-AAG LSMs are log-AUC (17-AAG) = 0.869 + 0.653*(C(55min)) +0.469*(C(5h)) and log-AUC (17-AAG) = 2.449 + 0.400*(C(55min)) +0.441*(C(5h)) +0.142*(C(9h)). The two and three time point LSMs for 17-AG are log-AUC (17-AG) = 3.590 + 0.747*(C(5h)) +0.169*(C(17h)), and log-AUC (17-AG) = 3.797 + 0.650*(C(5h)) +0.111*(C(9h)) +0.122*(C(17h)). Ninety-seven percent and 94% of the predicted log-AUC values were within 5% of the observed log-AUC for the two and three time point models for 17-AAG and 17-AG respectively. CONCLUSIONS The precise calculation of AUC is cumbersome and expensive in terms of patient and clinical resources. The LSM developed using a multivariate regression approach is clinically and statistically meaningful. Prospective validation is underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred F Furth
- Division of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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190
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Ramanathan RK, Egorin MJ, Eiseman JL, Ramalingam S, Friedland D, Agarwala SS, Ivy SP, Potter DM, Chatta G, Zuhowski EG, Stoller RG, Naret C, Guo J, Belani CP. Phase I and Pharmacodynamic Study of 17-(Allylamino)-17-Demethoxygeldanamycin in Adult Patients with Refractory Advanced Cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:1769-74. [PMID: 17363531 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-2233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The primary objective was to establish the dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) and recommended phase II dose of 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17AAG) given twice a week. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Escalating doses of 17AAG were given i.v. to cohorts of three to six patients. Dose levels for schedule A (twice weekly x 3 weeks, every 4 weeks) were 100, 125, 150, 175, and 200 mg/m(2) and for schedule B (twice weekly x 2 weeks, every 3 weeks) were 150, 200, and 250 mg/m(2). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were collected for assessment of heat shock protein (HSP) 90 and HSP90 client proteins. RESULTS Forty-four patients were enrolled, 32 on schedule A and 12 on schedule B. On schedule A at 200 mg/m(2), DLTs were seen in two of six patients (one grade 3 thrombocytopenia and one grade 3 abdominal pain). On schedule B, both patients treated at 250 mg/m(2) developed DLT (grade 3 headache with nausea/vomiting). Grade 3/4 toxicities seen in >5% of patients were reversible elevations of liver enzymes (47%), nausea (9%), vomiting (9%), and headache (5%). No objective tumor responses were observed. The only consistent change in PBMC proteins monitored was a 0.8- to 30-fold increase in HSP70 concentrations, but these were not dose dependent. The increase in PBMC HSP70 persisted throughout the entire cycle of treatment but returned to baseline between last 17AAG dose of cycle 1 and first 17AAG dose of cycle 2. CONCLUSIONS The recommended phase II doses of 17AAG are 175 to 200 mg/m(2) when given twice a week and consistently cause elevations in PBMC HSP70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh K Ramanathan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
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191
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Sharp SY, Boxall K, Rowlands M, Prodromou C, Roe SM, Maloney A, Powers M, Clarke PA, Box G, Sanderson S, Patterson L, Matthews TP, Cheung KMJ, Ball K, Hayes A, Raynaud F, Marais R, Pearl L, Eccles S, Aherne W, McDonald E, Workman P. In vitro Biological Characterization of a Novel, Synthetic Diaryl Pyrazole Resorcinol Class of Heat Shock Protein 90 Inhibitors. Cancer Res 2007; 67:2206-16. [PMID: 17332351 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) has emerged as an exciting molecular target. Derivatives of the natural product geldanamycin, such as 17-allylamino-17-demethoxy-geldanamycin (17-AAG), were the first HSP90 ATPase inhibitors to enter clinical trial. Synthetic small-molecule HSP90 inhibitors have potential advantages. Here, we describe the biological properties of the lead compound of a new class of 3,4-diaryl pyrazole resorcinol HSP90 inhibitor (CCT018159), which we identified by high-throughput screening. CCT018159 inhibited human HSP90beta with comparable potency to 17-AAG and with similar ATP-competitive kinetics. X-ray crystallographic structures of the NH(2)-terminal domain of yeast Hsp90 complexed with CCT018159 or its analogues showed binding properties similar to radicicol. The mean cellular GI(50) value of CCT018159 across a panel of human cancer cell lines, including melanoma, was 5.3 mumol/L. Unlike 17-AAG, the in vitro antitumor activity of the pyrazole resorcinol analogues is independent of NQO1/DT-diaphorase and P-glycoprotein expression. The molecular signature of HSP90 inhibition, comprising increased expression of HSP72 protein and depletion of ERBB2, CDK4, C-RAF, and mutant B-RAF, was shown by Western blotting and quantified by time-resolved fluorescent-Cellisa in human cancer cell lines treated with CCT018159. CCT018159 caused cell cytostasis associated with a G(1) arrest and induced apoptosis. CCT018159 also inhibited key endothelial and tumor cell functions implicated in invasion and angiogenesis. Overall, we have shown that diaryl pyrazole resorcinols exhibited similar cellular properties to 17-AAG with potential advantages (e.g., aqueous solubility, independence from NQO1 and P-glycoprotein). These compounds form the basis for further structure-based optimization to identify more potent inhibitors suitable for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swee Y Sharp
- Haddow Laboratories, Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Belmont, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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192
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Francis LK, Alsayed Y, Leleu X, Jia X, Singha UK, Anderson J, Timm M, Ngo H, Lu G, Huston A, Ehrlich LA, Dimmock E, Lentzsch S, Hideshima T, Roodman GD, Anderson KC, Ghobrial IM. Combination mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor rapamycin and HSP90 inhibitor 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin has synergistic activity in multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 12:6826-35. [PMID: 17121904 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and the heat shock protein family are up-regulated in multiple myeloma and are both regulators of the cyclin D/retinoblastoma pathway, a critical pathway in multiple myeloma. Inhibitors of mTOR and HSP90 protein have showed in vitro and in vivo single-agent activity in multiple myeloma. Our objective was to determine the effects of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin and the HSP90 inhibitor 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) on multiple myeloma cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Multiple myeloma cell lines were incubated with rapamycin (0.1-100 nmol/L) and 17-AAG (100-600 nmol/L) alone and in combination. RESULTS In this study, we showed that the combination of rapamycin and 17-AAG synergistically inhibited proliferation, induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, induced cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and caspase-8/caspase-9, and dysregulated signaling in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT/mTOR and cyclin D1/retinoblastoma pathways. In addition, we showed that both 17-AAG and rapamycin inhibited angiogenesis and osteoclast formation, indicating that these agents target not only multiple myeloma cells but also the bone marrow microenvironment. CONCLUSIONS These studies provide the basis for potential clinical evaluation of this combination for multiple myeloma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanie K Francis
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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193
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Abstract
Rational and efficient development of new molecular cancer therapeutics requires discovery, validation, and implementation of informative biomarkers. Measurement of molecular target status, pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of drug exposure, and pharmacodynamic (PD) endpoints of drug effects on target, pathway, and downstream biological processes are extremely important. These can be linked to therapeutic effects in what we term a "pharmacological audit trail." Using biomarkers in preclinical drug discovery and development facilitates optimization of PK, PD, and therapeutic properties so that the best agent is selected for clinical evaluation. Applying biomarkers in early clinical trials helps identify the most appropriate patients; provides proof of concept for target modulation; helps test the underlying hypothesis; informs the rational selection of dose and schedule; aids decision making, including key go/no go questions; and may explain or predict clinical outcomes. Despite many successes such as trastuzumab and imatinib, exemplifying the value of targeting specific cancer defects, only 5% of oncology drugs that enter the clinic make it to marketing approval. Use of biomarkers should reduce this high level of attrition and bring forward key decisions (e.g., "fail fast"), thereby reducing the spiraling costs of drug development and increasing the likelihood of getting innovative and active drugs to cancer patients. In this chapter, we focus primarily on PD endpoints that demonstrate target modulation, including both invasive molecular assays and functional imaging technology. We also discuss related clinical trial design issues. Implementation of biomarkers in trials remains disappointingly low and we emphasize the need for greater cooperation between various stakeholders to improve this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Sarker
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Pharmacology Team, Cancer Research UK, Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
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194
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Connor JH, McKenzie MO, Parks GD, Lyles DS. Antiviral activity and RNA polymerase degradation following Hsp90 inhibition in a range of negative strand viruses. Virology 2007; 362:109-19. [PMID: 17258257 PMCID: PMC1995422 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Revised: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We have analyzed the effectiveness of Hsp90 inhibitors in blocking the replication of negative-strand RNA viruses. In cells infected with the prototype negative strand virus vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), inhibiting Hsp90 activity reduced viral replication in cells infected at both high and low multiplicities of infection. This inhibition was observed using two Hsp90 inhibitors geldanamycin and radicicol. Silencing of Hsp90 expression using siRNA also reduced viral replication. Hsp90 inhibition changed the half-life of newly synthesized L protein (the large subunit of the VSV polymerase) from >1 h to less than 20 min without affecting the stability of other VSV proteins. Both the inhibition of viral replication and the destabilization of the viral L protein were seen when either geldanamycin or radicicol was added to cells infected with paramyxoviruses SV5, HPIV-2, HPIV-3, or SV41, or to cells infected with the La Crosse bunyavirus. Based on these results, we propose that Hsp90 is a host factor that is important for the replication of many negative strand viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Connor
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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195
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Robles AI, Wright MH, Gandhi B, Feis SS, Hanigan CL, Wiestner A, Varticovski L. Schedule-dependent synergy between the heat shock protein 90 inhibitor 17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin and doxorubicin restores apoptosis to p53-mutant lymphoma cell lines. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 12:6547-56. [PMID: 17085670 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Loss of p53 function impairs apoptosis induced by DNA-damaging agents used for cancer therapy. Here, we examined the effect of the heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitor 17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (DMAG) on doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in lymphoma. We aimed to establish the optimal schedule for administration of both drugs in combination and the molecular basis for their interaction. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Isogenic lymphoblastoid and nonisogenic lymphoma cell lines differing in p53 status were exposed to each drug or combination. Drug effects were examined using Annexin V, active caspase-3, cell cycle, and cytotoxicity assays. Synergy was evaluated by median effect/combination index. Protein expression and kinase inhibition provided insight into the molecular mechanisms of drug interaction. RESULTS Presence of mutant p53 conferred increased survival to single agents. Nevertheless, DMAG showed synergistic toxicity with doxorubicin independently of p53 status. Synergy required exposure to doxorubicin before DMAG. DMAG-mediated down-regulation of CHK1, a known HSP90 client, forced doxorubicin-treated cells into premature mitosis followed by apoptosis. A CHK1 inhibitor, SB-218078, reproduced the effect of DMAG. Administration of DMAG before doxorubicin resulted in G1-S arrest and protection from apoptosis, leading to additive or antagonistic interactions that were exacerbated by p53 mutation. CONCLUSIONS Administration of DMAG to doxorubicin-primed cells induced premature mitosis and had a synergistic effect on apoptosis regardless of p53 status. These observations provide a rationale for prospective clinical trials and stress the need to consider schedule of exposure as a critical determinant of the overall response when DMAG is combined with chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of patients with relapsed/refractory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Robles
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute and Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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196
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Lattouf JB, Srinivasan R, Pinto PA, Linehan WM, Neckers L. Mechanisms of disease: the role of heat-shock protein 90 in genitourinary malignancy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 3:590-601. [PMID: 17088927 DOI: 10.1038/ncpuro0604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Insight into the molecular biology of cancer has allowed the development of novel therapeutic strategies that target specific oncogenic pathways. Molecular therapeutic strategies are now part of the armamentarium available against urologic malignancy. Among the many targets of interest in urologic cancer, heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) shows great promise. This molecule has a major role in prostate as well as in renal malignancy. In contrast to other targets, where cancer might escape inhibition via alternative pathways, HSP90 operates at multiple checkpoints in a cancer cell. Its inhibition could, therefore, prove more difficult for neoplastic cells to overcome. Inhibitors of HSP90, such as geldanamycin and its derivatives (17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin and 17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin, known as 17AAG and 17DMAG, respectively) are available and have shown activity both in vivo and in vitro. 17AAG is currently being tested for efficacy in humans after having completed phase I trials, while 17DMAG is still in phase I evaluation. Phase II trials of HSP90 inhibitors in urologic malignancy are being conducted in kidney and advanced prostate cancer. Beyond monotherapy, HSP90 inhibitors might also prove to be beneficial in combination therapy with other chemotherapeutic agents in advanced disease. Studies being conducted in prostate cancer will hopefully help to define this potential application better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Lattouf
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Room 1-5942, Building 10 CRC, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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197
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Kamynina E, Kauppinen K, Duan F, Muakkassa N, Manor D. Regulation of proto-oncogenic dbl by chaperone-controlled, ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 27:1809-22. [PMID: 17178836 PMCID: PMC1820456 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01051-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The dbl proto-oncogene product is a prototype of a growing family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that stimulate the activation of small GTP-binding proteins from the Rho family. Mutations that result in the loss of proto-Dbl's amino terminus produce a variant with constitutive GEF activity and high oncogenic potential. Here, we show that proto-Dbl is a short-lived protein that is kept at low levels in cells by efficient ubiquitination and degradation. The cellular fate of proto-Dbl is regulated by interactions with the chaperones Hsc70 and Hsp90 and the protein-ubiquitin ligase CHIP, and these interactions are mediated by the spectrin domain of proto-Dbl. We show that CHIP is the E3 ligase responsible for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of proto-Dbl, while Hsp90 functions to stabilize the protein. Onco-Dbl, lacking the spectrin homology domain, cannot bind these regulators and therefore accumulates in cells at high levels, leading to persistent stimulation of its downstream signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kamynina
- Case School of Medicine, WG-48, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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198
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Henson ES, Gibson SB. Surviving cell death through epidermal growth factor (EGF) signal transduction pathways: Implications for cancer therapy. Cell Signal 2006; 18:2089-97. [PMID: 16815674 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2006.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2005] [Revised: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
There is a balance between cell death and survival in living organisms. The ability of cells to sense their environment and decide to survive or die is dependent largely upon growth factors. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a key growth factor regulating cell survival. Through its binding to cell surface receptors, EGF activates an extensive network of signal transduction pathways that include activation of the PI3K/AKT, RAS/ERK and JAK/STAT pathways. These pathways predominantly lead to activation or inhibition of transcription factors that regulate expression of both pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins effectively blocking the apoptotic pathway. In cancer, EGF signaling pathways are often dysfunctional and targeted therapies that block EGF signaling have been successful in treating cancers. In this review, we will discuss the EGF survival signaling network, how it cross-talks with the apoptotic signaling pathways and the therapeutic drugs targeting the EGF survival pathway used to treat cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Henson
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, 675 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3E 0V9
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199
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Bauer S, Yu LK, Demetri GD, Fletcher JA. Heat shock protein 90 inhibition in imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Cancer Res 2006; 66:9153-61. [PMID: 16982758 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of KIT oncoproteins by imatinib induces clinical responses in most gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) patients. However, many patients develop imatinib resistance due to secondary KIT mutations. Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) protects KIT oncoproteins from proteasome-mediated degradation, and we therefore did preclinical validations of the HSP90 inhibitor, 17-allylamino-18-demethoxy-geldanamycin (17-AAG), in an imatinib-sensitive GIST cell line (GIST882) and in novel imatinib-resistant GIST lines that are either dependent on (GIST430 and GIST48) or independent of (GIST62) KIT oncoproteins. 17AAG (>100 nmol/L) inhibited imatinib-sensitive and imatinib-resistant KIT oncoproteins, with substantially reduced phospho-KIT and total KIT expression after 30 minutes and 6 hours, respectively. KIT signaling intermediates, including AKT and mitogen-activated protein kinase, were inactivated by 17-AAG in the KIT-positive GIST lines, but not in the KIT-negative GIST62. Likewise, cell proliferation and survival were inhibited in the KIT-positive GISTs but not in GIST62. These findings suggest that 17-AAG biological effects in KIT-positive GISTs result mainly from KIT oncoprotein inhibition. The dramatic inactivation of imatinib-resistant KIT oncoproteins suggests that HSP90 inhibition provides a therapeutic solution to the challenge of heterogeneous imatinib resistance mutations in GIST patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bauer
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Center for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Ludwig Center at Dana Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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McCollum AK, Teneyck CJ, Sauer BM, Toft DO, Erlichman C. Up-regulation of Heat Shock Protein 27 Induces Resistance to 17-Allylamino-Demethoxygeldanamycin through a Glutathione-Mediated Mechanism. Cancer Res 2006; 66:10967-75. [PMID: 17108135 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
17-Allylamino-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), currently in phase I and II clinical trials as an anticancer agent, binds to the ATP pocket of heat shock protein (Hsp90). This binding induces a cellular stress response that up-regulates many proteins including Hsp27, a member of the small heat shock protein family that has cytoprotective roles, including chaperoning of cellular proteins, regulation of apoptotic signaling, and modulation of oxidative stress. Therefore, we hypothesized that Hsp27 expression may affect cancer cell sensitivity to 17-AAG. In colony-forming assays, overexpression of Hsp27 increased cell resistance to 17-AAG whereas down-regulation of Hsp27 by siRNA increased sensitivity. Because Hsp27 is known to modulate levels of glutathione (GSH), we examined cellular levels of GSH and found that it was decreased in cells transfected with Hsp27 siRNA when compared with control siRNA. Treatment with buthionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of GSH synthesis, also sensitized cells to 17-AAG. Conversely, treatment of Hsp27 siRNA-transfected cells with N-acetylcysteine, an antioxidant and GSH precursor, reversed their sensitivity to 17-AAG. A cell line selected for stable resistance to geldanamycin relative to parent cells showed increased Hsp27 expression. When these geldanamycin- and 17-AAG-resistant cells were transfected with Hsp27 siRNA, 17-AAG resistance was dramatically diminished. Our results suggest that Hsp27 up-regulation has a significant role in 17-AAG resistance, which may be mediated in part through GSH regulation. Clinical modulation of GSH may therefore enhance the efficacy of Hsp90-directed therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K McCollum
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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