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Andrew L, Karthigesu S, Coall D, Sim M, Dare J, Boxall K. What makes a space safe? Consumers' perspectives on a mental health safe space. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2023; 32:1355-1364. [PMID: 37231985 DOI: 10.1111/inm.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The provision of community-based space for people experiencing a mental health crisis is regarded as a favourable alternative to the emergency department. However, the only non-emergency department safe spaces in Western Australia are located within hospitals or hospital grounds. This qualitative study asked mental health consumers in Western Australia with experience of presentation at the emergency department during a mental health crisis to describe what a safe space would look and feel like. Data were collected through focus groups and thematically analysed. The findings present the voices of mental health consumers through the framework of health geography and the therapeutic landscape. These participants articulated important physical and social features of a therapeutic safe space and their symbolism as inclusive, accessible places where they would experience a sense of agency and belonging. Participants also expressed a need for trained peer support within the space to complement the skilled professional mental health team. Participants' experiences of the emergency department during mental health crises were described as contrary to their recovery needs. The research reinforces the need for an alternative to the emergency department for adults who experience mental health crises and provides consumer-led evidence to inform the design and development of a recovery-focused safe space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley Andrew
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Shantha Karthigesu
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David Coall
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Moira Sim
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Julie Dare
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kathy Boxall
- School of Arts and Humanities, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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2
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Dare J, Seiver H, Andrew L, Coall DA, Karthigesu S, Sim M, Boxall K. Co-creating visual representations of safe spaces with mental health service users using photovoice and zoom. Methods in Psychology 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.metip.2021.100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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3
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Matheson CJ, Coxon CR, Bayliss R, Boxall K, Carbain B, Fry AM, Hardcastle IR, Harnor SJ, Mas-Droux C, Newell DR, Richards MW, Sivaprakasam M, Turner D, Griffin RJ, Golding BT, Cano C. 2-Arylamino-6-ethynylpurines are cysteine-targeting irreversible inhibitors of Nek2 kinase. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:707-731. [PMID: 33479670 PMCID: PMC7649933 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00074d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Renewed interest in covalent inhibitors of enzymes implicated in disease states has afforded several agents targeted at protein kinases of relevance to cancers. We now report the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 6-ethynylpurines that act as covalent inhibitors of Nek2 by capturing a cysteine residue (Cys22) close to the catalytic domain of this protein kinase. Examination of the crystal structure of the non-covalent inhibitor 3-((6-cyclohexylmethoxy-7H-purin-2-yl)amino)benzamide in complex with Nek2 indicated that replacing the alkoxy with an ethynyl group places the terminus of the alkyne close to Cys22 and in a position compatible with the stereoelectronic requirements of a Michael addition. A series of 6-ethynylpurines was prepared and a structure activity relationship (SAR) established for inhibition of Nek2. 6-Ethynyl-N-phenyl-7H-purin-2-amine [IC50 0.15 μM (Nek2)] and 4-((6-ethynyl-7H-purin-2-yl)amino)benzenesulfonamide (IC50 0.14 μM) were selected for determination of the mode of inhibition of Nek2, which was shown to be time-dependent, not reversed by addition of ATP and negated by site directed mutagenesis of Cys22 to alanine. Replacement of the ethynyl group by ethyl or cyano abrogated activity. Variation of substituents on the N-phenyl moiety for 6-ethynylpurines gave further SAR data for Nek2 inhibition. The data showed little correlation of activity with the nature of the substituent, indicating that after sufficient initial competitive binding to Nek2 subsequent covalent modification of Cys22 occurs in all cases. A typical activity profile was that for 2-(3-((6-ethynyl-9H-purin-2-yl)amino)phenyl)acetamide [IC50 0.06 μM (Nek2); GI50 (SKBR3) 2.2 μM] which exhibited >5-10-fold selectivity for Nek2 over other kinases; it also showed > 50% growth inhibition at 10 μM concentration against selected breast and leukaemia cell lines. X-ray crystallographic analysis confirmed that binding of the compound to the Nek2 ATP-binding site resulted in covalent modification of Cys22. Further studies confirmed that 2-(3-((6-ethynyl-9H-purin-2-yl)amino)phenyl)acetamide has the attributes of a drug-like compound with good aqueous solubility, no inhibition of hERG at 25 μM and a good stability profile in human liver microsomes. It is concluded that 6-ethynylpurines are promising agents for cancer treatment by virtue of their selective inhibition of Nek2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Matheson
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit , Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)191 208 7060
| | - Christopher R Coxon
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit , Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)191 208 7060
| | - Richard Bayliss
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology , The Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology , University of Leeds , UK
- Section of Structural Biology , The Institute of Cancer Research , Sutton , UK
| | - Kathy Boxall
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit , The Institute of Cancer Research , Sutton , UK
| | - Benoit Carbain
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit , Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)191 208 7060
| | - Andrew M Fry
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology , The Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology , University of Leeds , UK
| | - Ian R Hardcastle
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit , Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)191 208 7060
| | - Suzannah J Harnor
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit , Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)191 208 7060
| | - Corine Mas-Droux
- Section of Structural Biology , The Institute of Cancer Research , Sutton , UK
| | - David R Newell
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit , Translational and Clinical Research Institute , Newcastle University Centre for Cancer , Faculty of Medical Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Mark W Richards
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology , The Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology , University of Leeds , UK
| | - Mangaleswaran Sivaprakasam
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit , Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)191 208 7060
| | - David Turner
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit , Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)191 208 7060
| | - Roger J Griffin
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit , Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)191 208 7060
| | - Bernard T Golding
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit , Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)191 208 7060
| | - Céline Cano
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit , Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)191 208 7060
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4
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Sharp SY, Boxall K, Rowlands M, Prodromou C, Roe SM, Maloney A, Powers M, Clarke PA, Box G, Sanderson S, Patterson L, Matthews TP, Cheung KMJ, Ball K, Hayes A, Raynaud F, Marais R, Pearl L, Eccles S, Aherne W, McDonald E, Workman P. Correction: In vitro Biological Characterization of a Novel, Synthetic Diaryl Pyrazole Resorcinol Class of Heat Shock Protein 90 Inhibitors. Cancer Res 2019; 79:287. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Coxon CR, Wong C, Bayliss R, Boxall K, Carr KH, Fry AM, Hardcastle IR, Matheson CJ, Newell DR, Sivaprakasam M, Thomas H, Turner D, Yeoh S, Wang LZ, Griffin RJ, Golding BT, Cano C. Structure-guided design of purine-based probes for selective Nek2 inhibition. Oncotarget 2017; 8:19089-19124. [PMID: 27833088 PMCID: PMC5386672 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Nek2 (NIMA-related kinase 2) is a cell cycle-dependent serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates centrosome separation at the onset of mitosis. Overexpression of Nek2 is common in human cancers and suppression can restrict tumor cell growth and promote apoptosis. Nek2 inhibition with small molecules, therefore, offers the prospect of a new therapy for cancer. To achieve this goal, a better understanding of the requirements for selective-inhibition of Nek2 is required. 6-Alkoxypurines were identified as ATP-competitive inhibitors of Nek2 and CDK2. Comparison with CDK2-inhibitor structures indicated that judicious modification of the 6-alkoxy and 2-arylamino substituents could achieve discrimination between Nek2 and CDK2. In this study, a library of 6-cyclohexylmethoxy-2-arylaminopurines bearing carboxamide, sulfonamide and urea substituents on the 2-arylamino ring was synthesized. Few of these compounds were selective for Nek2 over CDK2, with the best result being obtained for 3-((6-(cyclohexylmethoxy)-9H-purin-2-yl)amino)-N,N-dimethylbenzamide (CDK2 IC50 = 7.0 μM; Nek2 IC50 = 0.62 μM) with >10-fold selectivity. Deletion of the 6-substituent abrogated activity against both Nek2 and CDK2. Nine compounds containing an (E)-dialkylaminovinyl substituent at C-6, all showed selectivity for Nek2, e.g. (E)-6-(2-(azepan-1-yl)vinyl)-N-phenyl-9H-purin-2-amine (CDK2 IC50 = 2.70 μM; Nek2 IC50 = 0.27 μM). Structural biology of selected compounds enabled a partial rationalization of the observed structure activity relationships and mechanism of Nek2 activation. This showed that carboxamide 11 is the first reported inhibitor of Nek2 in the DFG-in conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Coxon
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Christopher Wong
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Richard Bayliss
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Kathy Boxall
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Katherine H. Carr
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Andrew M. Fry
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Ian R. Hardcastle
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Christopher J. Matheson
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - David R. Newell
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mangaleswaran Sivaprakasam
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Huw Thomas
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - David Turner
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sharon Yeoh
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Lan Z. Wang
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Roger J. Griffin
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Bernard T. Golding
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Céline Cano
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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6
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Gurden MD, Westwood I, Faisal A, Naud S, Cheung J, McAndrew C, Wood A, Schmitt J, Boxall K, Mak G, Workman P, Burke R, Hoelder S, Blagg J, Van Montfort R, Linardopoulos S. Abstract 5450: Naturally occurring mutations in the MPS1 gene predispose cells to kinase inhibitor drug-resistance. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-5450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Acquired resistance is the greatest challenge to the effectiveness of targeted anti-cancer therapies in the clinic. With several MPS1 inhibitors under pre-clinical development, we aimed to investigate how cancer cells will develop resistance against these inhibitors; therefore we modeled acquired resistance using a range of MPS1 inhibitors. We identified and characterized five point mutations in the kinase domain of MPS1 that confer resistance against multiple inhibitors. Structural studies showed that several MPS1 mutants conferred resistance by causing steric hindrance to inhibitor binding. One mutation in particular, p.C604W, which is close to the gatekeeper residue, rendered MPS1 resistant to all the inhibitors we tested. However, we were able to design new compounds to specifically overcome this mutation, which in fact targeted the mutant with more potency than the wild-type MPS1 protein. Importantly, we show that these mutations are present in untreated cancer cell lines and primary tumour samples, and also pre-exist in normal lymphoblast and breast tissues. Furthermore, to confirm this is not specific to MPS1, we show that the EGFR p.T790M mutation is also pre-existing in cancer cell lines and normal tissue. Our data therefore suggest that mutations conferring resistance to targeted therapy are naturally occurring mutations in normal and cancer cells that are not introduced due to cancer cells being more mutagenic.
Citation Format: Mark D. Gurden, Isaac Westwood, Amir Faisal, Sébastien Naud, Jack Cheung, Craig McAndrew, Amy Wood, Jessica Schmitt, Kathy Boxall, Grace Mak, Paul Workman, Rosemary Burke, Swen Hoelder, Julian Blagg, Rob Van Montfort, Spiros Linardopoulos. Naturally occurring mutations in the MPS1 gene predispose cells to kinase inhibitor drug-resistance. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 5450. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-5450
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amir Faisal
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jack Cheung
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Amy Wood
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kathy Boxall
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Grace Mak
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Workman
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Swen Hoelder
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Blagg
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Gurden MD, Westwood IM, Faisal A, Naud S, Cheung KMJ, McAndrew C, Wood A, Schmitt J, Boxall K, Mak G, Workman P, Burke R, Hoelder S, Blagg J, Van Montfort RLM, Linardopoulos S. Naturally Occurring Mutations in the MPS1 Gene Predispose Cells to Kinase Inhibitor Drug Resistance. Cancer Res 2015. [PMID: 26202014 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Acquired resistance to therapy is perhaps the greatest challenge to effective clinical management of cancer. With several inhibitors of the mitotic checkpoint kinase MPS1 in preclinical development, we sought to investigate how resistance against these inhibitors may arise so that mitigation or bypass strategies could be addressed as early as possible. Toward this end, we modeled acquired resistance to the MPS1 inhibitors AZ3146, NMS-P715, and CCT251455, identifying five point mutations in the kinase domain of MPS1 that confer resistance against multiple inhibitors. Structural studies showed how the MPS1 mutants conferred resistance by causing steric hindrance to inhibitor binding. Notably, we show that these mutations occur in nontreated cancer cell lines and primary tumor specimens, and that they also preexist in normal lymphoblast and breast tissues. In a parallel piece of work, we also show that the EGFR p.T790M mutation, the most common mutation conferring resistance to the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib, also preexists in cancer cells and normal tissue. Our results therefore suggest that mutations conferring resistance to targeted therapy occur naturally in normal and malignant cells and these mutations do not arise as a result of the increased mutagenic plasticity of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Gurden
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isaac M Westwood
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom. Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amir Faisal
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sébastien Naud
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kwai-Ming J Cheung
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Craig McAndrew
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Wood
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Schmitt
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathy Boxall
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Grace Mak
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Workman
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary Burke
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Swen Hoelder
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Blagg
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rob L M Van Montfort
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom. Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Spiros Linardopoulos
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom. Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.
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8
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Couty S, Westwood IM, Kalusa A, Cano C, Travers J, Boxall K, Chow CL, Burns S, Schmitt J, Pickard L, Barillari C, McAndrew PC, Clarke PA, Linardopoulos S, Griffin RJ, Aherne GW, Raynaud FI, Workman P, Jones K, van Montfort RLM. The discovery of potent ribosomal S6 kinase inhibitors by high-throughput screening and structure-guided drug design. Oncotarget 2014; 4:1647-61. [PMID: 24072592 PMCID: PMC3858552 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The ribosomal P70 S6 kinases play a crucial role in PI3K/mTOR regulated signalling pathways and are therefore potential targets for the treatment of a variety of diseases including diabetes and cancer. In this study we describe the identification of three series of chemically distinct S6K1 inhibitors. In addition, we report a novel PKA-S6K1 chimeric protein with five mutations in or near its ATP-binding site, which was used to determine the binding mode of two of the three inhibitor series, and provided a robust system to aid the optimisation of the oxadiazole-substituted benzimidazole inhibitor series. We show that the resulting oxadiazole-substituted aza-benzimidazole is a potent and ligand efficient S6 kinase inhibitor, which blocks the phosphorylation of RPS6 at Ser235/236 in TSC negative HCV29 human bladder cancer cells by inhibiting S6 kinase activity and thus provides a useful tool compound to investigate the function of S6 kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Couty
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
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9
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Naud S, Westwood IM, Faisal A, Sheldrake P, Bavetsias V, Atrash B, Cheung KMJ, Liu M, Hayes A, Schmitt J, Wood A, Choi V, Boxall K, Mak G, Gurden M, Valenti M, de Haven Brandon A, Henley A, Baker R, McAndrew C, Matijssen B, Burke R, Hoelder S, Eccles SA, Raynaud FI, Linardopoulos S, van Montfort RLM, Blagg J. Structure-based design of orally bioavailable 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine inhibitors of mitotic kinase monopolar spindle 1 (MPS1). J Med Chem 2013; 56:10045-65. [PMID: 24256217 PMCID: PMC3873811 DOI: 10.1021/jm401395s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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The
protein kinase MPS1 is a crucial component of the spindle assembly
checkpoint signal and is aberrantly overexpressed in many human cancers.
MPS1 is one of the top 25 genes overexpressed in tumors with chromosomal
instability and aneuploidy. PTEN-deficient breast tumor cells are
particularly dependent upon MPS1 for their survival, making it a target
of significant interest in oncology. We report the discovery and optimization
of potent and selective MPS1 inhibitors based on the 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine scaffold, guided by structure-based
design and cellular characterization of MPS1 inhibition, leading to 65 (CCT251455). This potent and selective chemical tool stabilizes
an inactive conformation of MPS1 with the activation loop ordered
in a manner incompatible with ATP and substrate-peptide binding; it
displays a favorable oral pharmacokinetic profile, shows dose-dependent
inhibition of MPS1 in an HCT116 human tumor xenograft model, and is
an attractive tool compound to elucidate further the therapeutic potential
of MPS1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Naud
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research , London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
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10
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Silva-Santisteban MC, Westwood IM, Boxall K, Brown N, Peacock S, McAndrew C, Barrie E, Richards M, Mirza A, Oliver AW, Burke R, Hoelder S, Jones K, Aherne GW, Blagg J, Collins I, Garrett MD, van Montfort RLM. Fragment-based screening maps inhibitor interactions in the ATP-binding site of checkpoint kinase 2. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65689. [PMID: 23776527 PMCID: PMC3680490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2) is an important serine/threonine kinase in the cellular response to DNA damage. A fragment-based screening campaign using a combination of a high-concentration AlphaScreen™ kinase assay and a biophysical thermal shift assay, followed by X-ray crystallography, identified a number of chemically different ligand-efficient CHK2 hinge-binding scaffolds that have not been exploited in known CHK2 inhibitors. In addition, it showed that the use of these orthogonal techniques allowed efficient discrimination between genuine hit matter and false positives from each individual assay technology. Furthermore, the CHK2 crystal structures with a quinoxaline-based fragment and its follow-up compound highlight a hydrophobic area above the hinge region not previously explored in rational CHK2 inhibitor design, but which might be exploited to enhance both potency and selectivity of CHK2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Cris Silva-Santisteban
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Chelsea, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isaac M. Westwood
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Chelsea, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathy Boxall
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan Brown
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Peacock
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Craig McAndrew
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Barrie
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Meirion Richards
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Amin Mirza
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Antony W. Oliver
- Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Chelsea, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary Burke
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Swen Hoelder
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Jones
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - G. Wynne Aherne
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Blagg
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Collins
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle D. Garrett
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Rob L. M. van Montfort
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Chelsea, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Carbain B, Bayliss R, Boxall K, Coxon C, Lebraud H, Matheson C, Turner D, Zhen-Wang L, Griffin R. 118 2-arylamino-6-ethynylpurines as Potent Irreversible Inhibitors of the Mitotic Kinase Nek2. Eur J Cancer 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(12)71916-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Innocenti P, Cheung KMJ, Solanki S, Mas-Droux C, Rowan F, Yeoh S, Boxall K, Westlake M, Pickard L, Hardy T, Baxter JE, Aherne GW, Bayliss R, Fry AM, Hoelder S. Design of potent and selective hybrid inhibitors of the mitotic kinase Nek2: structure-activity relationship, structural biology, and cellular activity. J Med Chem 2012; 55:3228-41. [PMID: 22404346 DOI: 10.1021/jm201683b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report herein a series of Nek2 inhibitors based on an aminopyridine scaffold. These compounds have been designed by combining key elements of two previously discovered chemical series. Structure based design led to aminopyridine (R)-21, a potent and selective inhibitor able to modulate Nek2 activity in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Innocenti
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
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13
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Reader JC, Matthews TP, Klair S, Cheung KMJ, Scanlon J, Proisy N, Addison G, Ellard J, Piton N, Taylor S, Cherry M, Fisher M, Boxall K, Burns S, Walton MI, Westwood IM, Hayes A, Eve P, Valenti M, de Haven Brandon A, Box G, van Montfort RLM, Williams DH, Aherne GW, Raynaud FI, Eccles SA, Garrett MD, Collins I. Structure-guided evolution of potent and selective CHK1 inhibitors through scaffold morphing. J Med Chem 2011; 54:8328-42. [PMID: 22111927 PMCID: PMC3241339 DOI: 10.1021/jm2007326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
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Pyrazolopyridine inhibitors with low micromolar potency
for CHK1
and good selectivity against CHK2 were previously identified by fragment-based
screening. The optimization of the pyrazolopyridines to a series of
potent and CHK1-selective isoquinolines demonstrates how fragment-growing
and scaffold morphing strategies arising from a structure-based understanding
of CHK1 inhibitor binding can be combined to successfully progress
fragment-derived hit matter to compounds with activity in vivo. The
challenges of improving CHK1 potency and selectivity, addressing synthetic
tractability, and achieving novelty in the crowded kinase inhibitor
chemical space were tackled by multiple scaffold morphing steps, which
progressed through tricyclic pyrimido[2,3-b]azaindoles
to N-(pyrazin-2-yl)pyrimidin-4-amines and ultimately
to imidazo[4,5-c]pyridines and isoquinolines. A potent
and highly selective isoquinoline CHK1 inhibitor (SAR-020106) was
identified, which potentiated the efficacies of irinotecan and gemcitabine
in SW620 human colon carcinoma xenografts in nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Reader
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit and Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
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14
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Matthews TP, Klair S, Cheung KMJ, Scanlon J, Lainchbury M, Piton N, Fisher M, Cherry M, Boxall K, Walton MI, Westwood IM, Hayes A, Eve P, Valenti M, de Haven Brandon A, Box G, van Montfort RLM, Williams DH, Aherne W, Raynaud FI, Eccles SA, Garrett MD, Reader JC, Collins I. Abstract A235: Structure-guided evolution of potent and selective oral inhibitors of CHK1 through scaffold morphing. Mol Cancer Ther 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.targ-11-a235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The DNA damage response network ensures the fidelity of DNA replication and controls the repair of damage arising during cellular replication or from exogenous agents such as genotoxic drugs. Checkpoint Kinase 1 (CHK1) is a serine/threonine kinase occupying a central position in this complex network of cell regulatory and DNA repair mechanisms. G1/S, S or G2/M cell cycle checkpoints are activated in response to genotoxic antitumor drugs to provide an opportunity for repair of damaged DNA or to activate apoptotic pathways. Unlike normal cells, human cancer cells frequently have functional defects in the tumor suppressor p53 with consequent loss of G1/S checkpoint control and greater reliance on S and G2/M checkpoints. Thus CHK1 inhibitors which abrogate the S and G2/M checkpoints will selectively sensitize p53 deficient cancer cells to DNA damaging agents. CHK1 inhibition by siRNA and several small molecule inhibitors have confirmed this in preclinical studies.
The challenges of improving the CHK1 potency and selectivity of our initial, fragment derived pyrazolopyridine inhibitors, addressing synthetic tractability, and achieving novelty in the crowded kinase inhibitor chemical space were tackled by multiple scaffold morphing steps. Initial hit compounds were optimised into potent inhibitors of CHK1 using iterative cycles of design, synthesis, assay and crystallography, progressing through tricyclic pyrimido[2,3-b]azaindoles to N-(pyrazin-2-yl)pyrimidin-4-amines and isoquinolines. The potent and highly selective isoquinoline CHK1 inhibitor (SAR-020106) was identified, and potentiated the efficacies of irinotecan and gemcitabine in SW620 human colon carcinoma xenografts when dosed i.p. in nude mice. Further lead optimisation led to orally bioavailable analogues with good in vitro ADME and in vivo pharmacokinetic properties, exemplified by CCT244747. CCT244747 has demonstrated both in vivo pharmacodynamic modulation of signaling through CHK1 and potentiation of cytotoxic drugs in human tumor xenografts.
In summary, we show how a fragment derived compound with weak, micromolar activity against CHK1 evolved through a scaffold hopping strategy to give the selective CHK1 isoquinoline inhibitor SAR-020106, from which optimisation of pharmacokinetic properties led to potent, selective and orally bioavailable CHK1 inhibitors such as CCT244747.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A235.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Matthews
- 1Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kwai-Ming J. Cheung
- 1Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael Lainchbury
- 1Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Kathy Boxall
- 1Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Michael I. Walton
- 1Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Isaac M. Westwood
- 1Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Hayes
- 1Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Eve
- 1Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie Valenti
- 1Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Alexis de Haven Brandon
- 1Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Box
- 1Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Rob L. M. van Montfort
- 1Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Wynne Aherne
- 1Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Florence I. Raynaud
- 1Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne A. Eccles
- 1Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle D. Garrett
- 1Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ian Collins
- 1Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
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15
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Solanki S, Innocenti P, Mas-Droux C, Boxall K, Barillari C, van Montfort RLM, Aherne GW, Bayliss R, Hoelder S. Benzimidazole Inhibitors Induce a DFG-Out Conformation of Never in Mitosis Gene A-Related Kinase 2 (Nek2) without Binding to the Back Pocket and Reveal a Nonlinear Structure−Activity Relationship. J Med Chem 2011; 54:1626-39. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1011726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Savade Solanki
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Innocenti
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Corine Mas-Droux
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Section of Structural Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Kathy Boxall
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Caterina Barillari
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Section of Structural Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Rob L. M. van Montfort
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Section of Structural Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - G. Wynne Aherne
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Bayliss
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Section of Structural Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Swen Hoelder
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
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16
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Whelligan DK, Solanki S, Taylor D, Thomson DW, Cheung KMJ, Boxall K, Mas-Droux C, Barillari C, Burns S, Grummitt CG, Collins I, van Montfort RLM, Aherne GW, Bayliss R, Hoelder S. Aminopyrazine inhibitors binding to an unusual inactive conformation of the mitotic kinase Nek2: SAR and structural characterization. J Med Chem 2010; 53:7682-98. [PMID: 20936789 PMCID: PMC2972649 DOI: 10.1021/jm1008727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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We report herein the first systematic exploration of inhibitors of the mitotic kinase Nek2. Starting from HTS hit aminopyrazine 2, compounds with improved activity were identified using structure-based design. Our structural biology investigations reveal two notable observations. First, 2 and related compounds bind to an unusual, inactive conformation of the kinase which to the best of our knowledge has not been reported for other types of kinase inhibitors. Second, a phenylalanine residue at the center of the ATP pocket strongly affects the ability of the inhibitor to bind to the protein. The implications of these observations are discussed, and the work described here defines key features for potent and selective Nek2 inhibition, which will aid the identification of more advanced inhibitors of Nek2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Whelligan
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
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17
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Caldwell JJ, Welsh EJ, Matijssen C, Anderson VE, Antoni L, Boxall K, Urban F, Hayes A, Raynaud FI, Rigoreau LJM, Raynham T, Aherne GW, Pearl LH, Oliver AW, Garrett MD, Collins I. Structure-based design of potent and selective 2-(quinazolin-2-yl)phenol inhibitors of checkpoint kinase 2. J Med Chem 2010; 54:580-90. [PMID: 21186793 DOI: 10.1021/jm101150b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Structure-based design was applied to the optimization of a series of 2-(quinazolin-2-yl)phenols to generate potent and selective ATP-competitive inhibitors of the DNA damage response signaling enzyme checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2). Structure-activity relationships for multiple substituent positions were optimized separately and in combination leading to the 2-(quinazolin-2-yl)phenol 46 (IC(50) 3 nM) with good selectivity for CHK2 against CHK1 and a wider panel of kinases and with promising in vitro ADMET properties. Off-target activity at hERG ion channels shown by the core scaffold was successfully reduced by the addition of peripheral polar substitution. In addition to showing mechanistic inhibition of CHK2 in HT29 human colon cancer cells, a concentration dependent radioprotective effect in mouse thymocytes was demonstrated for the potent inhibitor 46 (CCT241533).
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Caldwell
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK.
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18
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Hilton S, Naud S, Caldwell JJ, Boxall K, Burns S, Anderson VE, Antoni L, Allen CE, Pearl LH, Oliver AW, Aherne GW, Garrett MD, Collins I. Corrigendum to “Identification and characterisation of 2-aminopyridine inhibitors of checkpoint kinase 2” [Bioorg. Med. Chem. 18 (2010) 707]. Bioorg Med Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Hilton S, Naud S, Caldwell JJ, Boxall K, Burns S, Anderson VE, Antoni L, Allen CE, Pearl LH, Oliver AW, Wynne Aherne G, Garrett MD, Collins I. Identification and characterisation of 2-aminopyridine inhibitors of checkpoint kinase 2. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 18:707-18. [PMID: 20022510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
5-(Hetero)aryl-3-(4-carboxamidophenyl)-2-aminopyridine inhibitors of CHK2 were identified from high throughput screening of a kinase-focussed compound library. Rapid exploration of the hits through straightforward chemistry established structure-activity relationships and a proposed ATP-competitive binding mode which was verified by X-ray crystallography of several analogues bound to CHK2. Variation of the 5-(hetero)aryl substituent identified bicyclic dioxolane and dioxane groups which improved the affinity and the selectivity of the compounds for CHK2 versus CHK1. The 3-(4-carboxamidophenyl) substituent could be successfully replaced by acyclic omega-aminoalkylamides, which made additional polar interactions within the binding site and led to more potent inhibitors of CHK2. Compounds from this series showed activity in cell-based mechanistic assays for inhibition of CHK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Hilton
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
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20
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Matthews TP, Klair S, Burns S, Boxall K, Cherry M, Fisher M, Westwood IM, Walton MI, McHardy T, Cheung KMJ, Van Montfort R, Williams D, Aherne GW, Garrett MD, Reader J, Collins I. Identification of inhibitors of checkpoint kinase 1 through template screening. J Med Chem 2009; 52:4810-9. [PMID: 19572549 DOI: 10.1021/jm900314j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) is an oncology target of significant current interest. Inhibition of CHK1 abrogates DNA damage-induced cell cycle checkpoints and sensitizes p53 deficient cancer cells to genotoxic therapies. Using template screening, a fragment-based approach to small molecule hit generation, we have identified multiple CHK1 inhibitor scaffolds suitable for further optimization. The sequential combination of in silico low molecular weight template selection, a high concentration biochemical assay and hit validation through protein-ligand X-ray crystallography provided 13 template hits from an initial in silico screening library of ca. 15000 compounds. The use of appropriate counter-screening to rule out nonspecific aggregation by test compounds was essential for optimum performance of the high concentration bioassay. One low molecular weight, weakly active purine template hit was progressed by iterative structure-based design to give submicromolar pyrazolopyridines with good ligand efficiency and appropriate CHK1-mediated cellular activity in HT29 colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Matthews
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
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21
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Abstract
The aim of this paper is to encourage debate about the use of creative visual approaches in intellectual disability research and discussion about Internet publication of photographs. Image-based research with people with intellectual disability is explored within the contexts of tighter ethical regulation of social research, increased interest in the use of visual methodologies, and rapid escalation in the numbers of digital images posted on the World Wide Web. Concern is raised about the possibility that tighter ethical regulation of social research, combined with the multitude of ethical issues raised by the use of image-based approaches may be discouraging the use of creative visual approaches in intellectual disability research. Inclusion in research through the use of accessible research methods is also an ethical issue, particularly in relation to those people who have hitherto been underrepresented in research. Visual approaches which have the potential to include people with profound and multiple intellectual disabilities are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Boxall
- Department of Sociological Studies, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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22
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Eccles SA, Massey A, Raynaud FI, Sharp SY, Box G, Valenti M, Patterson L, de Haven Brandon A, Gowan S, Boxall F, Aherne W, Rowlands M, Hayes A, Martins V, Urban F, Boxall K, Prodromou C, Pearl L, James K, Matthews TP, Cheung KM, Kalusa A, Jones K, McDonald E, Barril X, Brough PA, Cansfield JE, Dymock B, Drysdale MJ, Finch H, Howes R, Hubbard RE, Surgenor A, Webb P, Wood M, Wright L, Workman P. NVP-AUY922: a novel heat shock protein 90 inhibitor active against xenograft tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Cancer Res 2008; 68:2850-60. [PMID: 18413753 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We describe the biological properties of NVP-AUY922, a novel resorcinylic isoxazole amide heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitor. NVP-AUY922 potently inhibits HSP90 (K(d) = 1.7 nmol/L) and proliferation of human tumor cells with GI(50) values of approximately 2 to 40 nmol/L, inducing G(1)-G(2) arrest and apoptosis. Activity is independent of NQO1/DT-diaphorase, maintained in drug-resistant cells and under hypoxic conditions. The molecular signature of HSP90 inhibition, comprising induced HSP72 and depleted client proteins, was readily demonstrable. NVP-AUY922 was glucuronidated less than previously described isoxazoles, yielding higher drug levels in human cancer cells and xenografts. Daily dosing of NVP-AUY922 (50 mg/kg i.p. or i.v.) to athymic mice generated peak tumor levels at least 100-fold above cellular GI(50). This produced statistically significant growth inhibition and/or regressions in human tumor xenografts with diverse oncogenic profiles: BT474 breast tumor treated/control, 21%; A2780 ovarian, 11%; U87MG glioblastoma, 7%; PC3 prostate, 37%; and WM266.4 melanoma, 31%. Therapeutic effects were concordant with changes in pharmacodynamic markers, including induction of HSP72 and depletion of ERBB2, CRAF, cyclin-dependent kinase 4, phospho-AKT/total AKT, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha, determined by Western blot, electrochemiluminescent immunoassay, or immunohistochemistry. NVP-AUY922 also significantly inhibited tumor cell chemotaxis/invasion in vitro, WM266.4 melanoma lung metastases, and lymphatic metastases from orthotopically implanted PC3LN3 prostate carcinoma. NVP-AUY922 inhibited proliferation, chemomigration, and tubular differentiation of human endothelial cells and antiangiogenic activity was reflected in reduced microvessel density in tumor xenografts. Collectively, the data show that NVP-AUY922 is a potent, novel inhibitor of HSP90, acting via several processes (cytostasis, apoptosis, invasion, and angiogenesis) to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis. NVP-AUY922 has entered phase I clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne A Eccles
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom.
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23
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Brough PA, Aherne W, Barril X, Borgognoni J, Boxall K, Cansfield JE, Cheung KMJ, Collins I, Davies NGM, Drysdale MJ, Dymock B, Eccles SA, Finch H, Fink A, Hayes A, Howes R, Hubbard RE, James K, Jordan AM, Lockie A, Martins V, Massey A, Matthews TP, McDonald E, Northfield CJ, Pearl LH, Prodromou C, Ray S, Raynaud FI, Roughley SD, Sharp SY, Surgenor A, Walmsley DL, Webb P, Wood M, Workman P, Wright L. 4,5-diarylisoxazole Hsp90 chaperone inhibitors: potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer. J Med Chem 2007; 51:196-218. [PMID: 18020435 DOI: 10.1021/jm701018h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the Hsp90 molecular chaperone are showing considerable promise as potential chemotherapeutic agents for cancer. Here, we describe the structure-based design, synthesis, structure-activity relationships and pharmacokinetics of potent small-molecule inhibitors of Hsp90 based on the 4,5-diarylisoxazole scaffold. Analogues from this series have high affinity for Hsp90, as measured in a fluorescence polarization (FP) competitive binding assay, and are active in cancer cell lines where they inhibit proliferation and exhibit a characteristic profile of depletion of oncogenic proteins and concomitant elevation of Hsp72. Compound 40f (VER-52296/NVP-AUY922) is potent in the Hsp90 FP binding assay (IC50 = 21 nM) and inhibits proliferation of various human cancer cell lines in vitro, with GI50 averaging 9 nM. Compound 40f is retained in tumors in vivo when administered i.p., as evaluated by cassette dosing in tumor-bearing mice. In a human colon cancer xenograft model, 40f inhibits tumor growth by approximately 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Brough
- Vernalis Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GB, U.K. p.brough@ vernalis.com
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24
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Rayter S, Elliott R, Travers J, Rowlands MG, Richardson TB, Boxall K, Jones K, Linardopoulos S, Workman P, Aherne W, Lord CJ, Ashworth A. A chemical inhibitor of PPM1D that selectively kills cells overexpressing PPM1D. Oncogene 2007; 27:1036-44. [PMID: 17700519 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The PPM1D gene is aberrantly amplified in a range of common cancers and encodes a protein phosphatase that is a potential therapeutic target. However, the issue of whether inhibition of PPM1D in human tumour cells that overexpress this protein compromises their viability has not yet been fully addressed. We show here, using an RNA interference (RNAi) approach, that inhibition of PPM1D can indeed reduce the viability of human tumour cells and that this effect is selective; tumour cell lines that overexpress PPM1D are sensitive to PPM1D inhibition whereas cell lines with normal levels are not. Loss of viability associated with PPM1D RNAi in human tumour cells occurs via the activation of the kinase P38. To identify chemical inhibitors of PPM1D, a high-throughput screening of a library of small molecules was performed. This strategy successfully identified a compound that selectively reduces viability of human tumour cell lines that overexpress PPM1D. As expected of a specific inhibitor, the toxicity to PPM1D overexpressing cell lines after inhibitor treatment is P38 dependent. These results further validate PPM1D as a therapeutic target and identify a proof-of-principle small molecule inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rayter
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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Sharp SY, Prodromou C, Boxall K, Powers MV, Holmes JL, Box G, Matthews TP, Cheung KMJ, Kalusa A, James K, Hayes A, Hardcastle A, Dymock B, Brough PA, Barril X, Cansfield JE, Wright L, Surgenor A, Foloppe N, Hubbard RE, Aherne W, Pearl L, Jones K, McDonald E, Raynaud F, Eccles S, Drysdale M, Workman P. Inhibition of the heat shock protein 90 molecular chaperone in vitro and in vivo by novel, synthetic, potent resorcinylic pyrazole/isoxazole amide analogues. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:1198-211. [PMID: 17431102 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitor 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) shows clinical promise, potential limitations encourage development of alternative chemotypes. We discovered the 3,4-diarylpyrazole resorcinol CCT018159 by high-throughput screening and used structure-based design to generate more potent pyrazole amide analogues, exemplified by VER-49009. Here, we describe the detailed biological properties of VER-49009 and the corresponding isoxazole VER-50589. X-ray crystallography showed a virtually identical HSP90 binding mode. However, the dissociation constant (K(d)) of VER-50589 was 4.5 +/- 2.2 nmol/L compared with 78.0 +/- 10.4 nmol/L for VER-49009, attributable to higher enthalpy for VER-50589 binding. A competitive binding assay gave a lower IC(50) of 21 +/- 4 nmol/L for VER-50589 compared with 47 +/- 9 nmol/L for VER-49009. Cellular uptake of VER-50589 was 4-fold greater than for VER-49009. Mean cellular antiproliferative GI(50) values for VER-50589 and VER-49009 for a human cancer cell line panel were 78 +/- 15 and 685 +/- 119 nmol/L, respectively, showing a 9-fold potency gain for the isoxazole. Unlike 17-AAG, but as with CCT018159, cellular potency of these analogues was independent of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1/DT-diaphorase and P-glycoprotein expression. Consistent with HSP90 inhibition, VER-50589 and VER-49009 caused induction of HSP72 and HSP27 alongside depletion of client proteins, including C-RAF, B-RAF, and survivin, and the protein arginine methyltransferase PRMT5. Both caused cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Extent and duration of pharmacodynamic changes in an orthotopic human ovarian carcinoma model confirmed the superiority of VER-50589 over VER-49009. VER-50589 accumulated in HCT116 human colon cancer xenografts at levels above the cellular GI(50) for 24 h, resulting in 30% growth inhibition. The results indicate the therapeutic potential of the resorcinylic pyrazole/isoxazole amide analogues as HSP90 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swee Y Sharp
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Sharp SY, Boxall K, Rowlands M, Prodromou C, Roe SM, Maloney A, Powers M, Clarke PA, Box G, Sanderson S, Patterson L, Matthews TP, Cheung KMJ, Ball K, Hayes A, Raynaud F, Marais R, Pearl L, Eccles S, Aherne W, McDonald E, Workman P. In vitro Biological Characterization of a Novel, Synthetic Diaryl Pyrazole Resorcinol Class of Heat Shock Protein 90 Inhibitors. Cancer Res 2007; 67:2206-16. [PMID: 17332351 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) has emerged as an exciting molecular target. Derivatives of the natural product geldanamycin, such as 17-allylamino-17-demethoxy-geldanamycin (17-AAG), were the first HSP90 ATPase inhibitors to enter clinical trial. Synthetic small-molecule HSP90 inhibitors have potential advantages. Here, we describe the biological properties of the lead compound of a new class of 3,4-diaryl pyrazole resorcinol HSP90 inhibitor (CCT018159), which we identified by high-throughput screening. CCT018159 inhibited human HSP90beta with comparable potency to 17-AAG and with similar ATP-competitive kinetics. X-ray crystallographic structures of the NH(2)-terminal domain of yeast Hsp90 complexed with CCT018159 or its analogues showed binding properties similar to radicicol. The mean cellular GI(50) value of CCT018159 across a panel of human cancer cell lines, including melanoma, was 5.3 mumol/L. Unlike 17-AAG, the in vitro antitumor activity of the pyrazole resorcinol analogues is independent of NQO1/DT-diaphorase and P-glycoprotein expression. The molecular signature of HSP90 inhibition, comprising increased expression of HSP72 protein and depletion of ERBB2, CDK4, C-RAF, and mutant B-RAF, was shown by Western blotting and quantified by time-resolved fluorescent-Cellisa in human cancer cell lines treated with CCT018159. CCT018159 caused cell cytostasis associated with a G(1) arrest and induced apoptosis. CCT018159 also inhibited key endothelial and tumor cell functions implicated in invasion and angiogenesis. Overall, we have shown that diaryl pyrazole resorcinols exhibited similar cellular properties to 17-AAG with potential advantages (e.g., aqueous solubility, independence from NQO1 and P-glycoprotein). These compounds form the basis for further structure-based optimization to identify more potent inhibitors suitable for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swee Y Sharp
- Haddow Laboratories, Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Belmont, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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Proisy N, Sharp SY, Boxall K, Connelly S, Roe SM, Prodromou C, Slawin AMZ, Pearl LH, Workman P, Moody CJ. Inhibition of Hsp90 with synthetic macrolactones: synthesis and structural and biological evaluation of ring and conformational analogs of radicicol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 13:1203-15. [PMID: 17114002 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2006.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/08/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A series of benzo-macrolactones of varying ring size and conformation has been prepared by chemical synthesis and evaluated by structural and biological techniques. Thus, 12- to 16-membered lactones were obtained by concise routes, involving ring-closing metathesis as a key step. In enzyme assays, the 13-, 15-, and 16-membered analogs are good inhibitors, suggesting that they can adopt the required conformation to fit in the ATP-binding site. This was confirmed by cocrystallization of 13-, 14-, and 15-membered lactones with the N-terminal domain of yeast Hsp90, showing that they bind similarly to the "natural" 14-membered radicicol. The most active compounds in the ATPase assays also showed the greatest growth-inhibitory potency in HCT116 human colon cancer cells and the established molecular signature of Hsp90 inhibition, i.e., depletion of client proteins with upregulation of Hsp70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Proisy
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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McErlean CSP, Proisy N, Davis CJ, Boland NA, Sharp SY, Boxall K, Slawin AMZ, Workman P, Moody CJ. Synthetic ansamycins prepared by a ring-expanding Claisen rearrangement. Synthesis and biological evaluation of ring and conformational analogues of the Hsp90 molecular chaperone inhibitor geldanamycin. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:531-46. [PMID: 17252137 DOI: 10.1039/b615378j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A series of ansa-quinones has been prepared by chemical synthesis, and evaluated by biological techniques. Thus, 19-membered ansa-lactams, simplified analogues of the naturally occurring Hsp90 molecular chaperone inhibitor geldanamycin, were obtained by concise routes, the key steps being the combination of a ring-closing metathesis to give a 17-membered ring followed by Claisen rearrangement to effect ring expansion. The methodology was also used to prepare an "unnatural" 18-membered ring analogue. In ATPase enzyme assays, the synthetic ansa-quinones were weak inhibitors of Hsp90.
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Hardcastle A, Boxall K, Richards J, Tomlin P, Sharp S, Clarke P, Workman P, Aherne W. Solid-phase immunoassays in mechanism-based drug discovery: their application in the development of inhibitors of the molecular chaperone heat-shock protein 90. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2006; 3:273-85. [PMID: 15971989 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2005.3.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput screening of chemical libraries and the subsequent rapid progress of hit compounds through an iterative developmental test cascade are essential parts of modern molecular mechanism-based drug discovery. These processes depend on the use of efficient assay technologies and equipment. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays have historically been carried out in 96-well microtitre plates. Improvements in reagents and assay technologies mean that solid-phase immunoassays can be adapted for higher throughput to play an important role in modern drug discovery. The molecular chaperone heat-shock protein (Hsp) 90 is an important anticancer drug target because it maintains the conformation, stability, and function of many important oncogenic client proteins, including those involved with signal transduction, cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, motility angiogenesis, and metastasis. Using the standard inhibitors of the adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity of Hsp90, geldanamycin (GA) and 17-allylamino-17- demethoxygeldanamycin (17AAG), novel solid-phase immunoassays have been validated using a time-resolved fluorescence (TRF) end point. Their utility for confirming the mechanism of action of Hsp90 inhibition in secondary cell-based assays has been shown and applied to the novel Hsp90 inhibitor CCT018159. Adaptation of these assays for later studies using human tumour xenografts and samples obtained from a Phase 1 trial of 17AAG is also described. Finally, comparison is made between the use and applicability of this type of immunoassay and other techniques such as western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthea Hardcastle
- Haddow Laboratories, Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics at Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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Wright L, Barril X, Dymock B, Sheridan L, Surgenor A, Beswick M, Drysdale M, Collier A, Massey A, Davies N, Fink A, Fromont C, Aherne W, Boxall K, Sharp S, Workman P, Hubbard RE. Structure-activity relationships in purine-based inhibitor binding to HSP90 isoforms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 11:775-85. [PMID: 15217611 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2004] [Revised: 03/02/2004] [Accepted: 03/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the ATPase activity of the chaperone protein HSP90 is a potential strategy for treatment of cancers. We have determined structures of the HSP90alpha N-terminal domain complexed with the purine-based inhibitor, PU3, and analogs with enhanced potency both in enzyme and cell-based assays. The compounds induce upregulation of HSP70 and downregulation of the known HSP90 client proteins Raf-1, CDK4, and ErbB2, confirming that the molecules inhibit cell growth by a mechanism dependent on HSP90 inhibition. We have also determined the first structure of the N-terminal domain of HSP90beta, complexed with PU3. The structures allow a detailed rationale to be developed for the observed affinity of the PU3 class of compounds for HSP90 and also provide a structural framework for design of compounds with improved binding affinity and drug-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Wright
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd., Granta Park, Abington, Cambridge CB1 6GB, UK
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Sharp S, Boxall K, Matthews T, Cheung J, James K, McDonald T, Drysdale M, Workman P. 347 Biological evaluation of a novel, synthetic pyrazole class of Hsp90 inhibitors. EJC Suppl 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(04)80354-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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